THE BENEFITS OF APPLYING IEC 61000-5-2 TO CABLE SCREEN BONDING AND EARTHING

EurIng Keith Armstrong

Cherry Clough Consultants, U.K., www.cherryclough.com E-mail: keith.armstrong@cherryclough.com

INTRODUCTION
It is sometimes said that EMC engineers di ide into two cam!s:

"hose concerned with !ower, surges, lightning, and electrical installations "hose concerned with radio #re$uencies %&'( and electronic !roducts "his !a!er will ho!e#ully )e alua)le to )oth cam!s. Issues o# ca)les screen )onding and earthing are )ecoming more im!ortant )ecause* "he #re$uencies used in electronics are increasing "he en ironment is )ecoming more !olluted with noise at mains harmonic and radio #re$uencies Electronic de ices are )ecoming more com!le+ and also more ulnera)le to inter#erence EMC regulations are increasing world-wide ,creened ca)les only !ro ide their #ull !er#ormance at high #re$uencies when their screens are correctly terminated to their e$ui!ment-s 'araday cage or local .earth- re#erence at both ends. "his !a!er discusses the design and installation issues in ol ed in terminating screens at )oth ends, with !articular re#erence to the e+cellent guidance gi en )y IEC /0111-2-3 405. "he #ollowing to!ics are co ered here: "erminating screens at )oth ends to control &' 6e er use .!igtails- #or screen termination "erminating screens at one end e+!oses electronics to damaging o er oltages Meshed earth )onding is )etter than single-!oint "he !arallel earth conductor %7EC( %!re ents e+cessi e currents when ca)le screens are terminated at )oth ends( 8hen screens cannot )e terminated at )oth ends Co!!er communications )etween )uildings

%&'( here. "his need is )ecoming more demanding as electronic technology continues to !rogress and as a!!lications increase to include areas not !re iously under electronic control, including sa#ety-related #unctions. At the moment most en ironments, other than in some military and scienti#ic a!!lications, re$uire control o# &' u! to at least 3<:; %3,111M:;( )ecause o# the cell!hone systems o!erating near that #re$uency. "o realise the #ull &' screening !otential o# a screened ca)le there must )e no ga!s in its screen along its entire length, including its connectors at )oth ends. "his is o#ten called .end-to-end =/1o screening-, and 'igure 0 illustrates its general !rinci!les.
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TERMINATING SCREENS AT BOTH ENDS TO CONTROL RF 9e elo!ments in electronic technologies, including micro!rocessors, wireless communications, switchmode !ower con ersion and aria)le-s!eed motor dri es, !lus de elo!ments in EMC regulations, mean that we now ha e a general re$uirement to control #re$uencies a)o e 021k:;, called radio #re$uencies

Achie ing e##ecti e screening at &' is rather like !lum)ing > any ga!s or incom!lete seals %including at all cou!lings and ?oints( that would leak i# the system was #illed with water under !ressure, would leak &'. "he &' screening !er#ormance o# ca)le screens and their connectors is characterised )y their sur#ace trans#er im!edance: @". A low alue o# @" im!lies a good screening !er#ormance. ,ection A.3.3 o# 8illiams and Armstrong 435 descri)es the @" o# di##erent ty!es o# ca)les, and shows that the tiny a!ertures in the )raid or #oil o# screened ca)les causes @" to rise at #re$uencies a)o e 0M:; or so. But since there are no a!ertures in solid co!!er screened ca)les their @" #alls a)o e 0M:;. Connectors ha e a similar !ro)lem > any a!ertures in their screening causes their @" to rise a)o e a certain #re$uency, which is why so-called .EMC 9-ty!es- %see 'igure 3( ha e rows o# dim!les all around their )odies > to make multi!le screen connections when mated > to reduce the si;e o# the ga!s in their o erall screening.

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At a ca)le connection there are a num)er o# !ossi)ilities #or large ga!s to a!!ear in the screening > e.g. ca)le screen to ca)le connector )ackshellC )ackshell to mating connectorC mating connector to its ca)le screen or enclosure shield. Ca)le screens are o#ten )onded at one end to !reser e single-!oint earthing schemes and !re ent .hum loo!s#rom a##ecting signals. But single-!oint earthing is an old techni$ue that cannot control screen currents at &' and is now no longer !re#erred, as discussed )elow. A !a!er )y Armstrong and 8aldron 4=5 e+!lains why using circuit and e$ui!ment design !ractices known )e#ore 0DD2 mean that multi!le earth )onds are a real )ene#it #or signal $uality. 8hen a ca)le screen is only terminated at one end, a large ga! in the screen e+ists at its other end. "his creates a num)er o# !ro)lems: "he ga! .leaks- a great deal at &', com!romising the screening !er#ormance o# the whole ca)le 8hen the length o# a ca)le e+ceeds one-si+th o# a wa elength the screen will )egin to act as a resonant antenna > worse than ha ing no screen at all :igh-s!eed data communications use transmission line techni$ues, and )reaking their screen anywhere creates im!edance discontinuities which harm signal integrity and data rates 6o screening is !ro ided against magnetic #ields with certain orientations "he )est &' screening !er#ormance o# connectors or glands is only achie ed i# their assem)ly does not re$uire the ca)le screen to )e distur)ed. ,creen termination arrangements that do not distur) the lie o# the screen are !re#erred, and an e+am!le o# a 9-ty!e connector is shown in 'igure 3. "he military ha e a lot o# e+!erience with &' control, and the need #or =/1 o )onding o# ca)le screens at )oth ends is clearly e+!ressed in two military EMC installation guides #rom the U, 9e!artment o# the 6a y 4E5 and the UK-s Ministry o# 9e#ence 425. Commercial and industrial EMC )est !ractices in )onding screens at )oth ends are descri)ed in detail in 405, IEC /0111-2-/ 4/5 and )y Armstrong 4A5. Ne0er u"e 1ig(,i*" %!r "#ree$ (er&i$,(i!$

"raditionally, terminating a ca)le screen was done )y connecting it with a wire to an a!!ro!riate terminal. "hese wires are o#ten called .!igtails- and they ruin the ca)le-s screening !er#ormance at &'. 7igtails inside e$ui!ment are o#ten around 011mmm in length, )ut are sometimes #ound to )e o er =11mm. In installations, !igtails o# se eral metres length are sometimes seen. "he inductance o# a !igtail is ery signi#icant at high #re$uencies. A 011mm long wire has an inductance o# around 011n: %1.0F:(, which has a reacti e im!edance o# 0D ohms at =1M:; and 0D1 ohms at =11M:;. But resonance o# a !igtail-s inductance with the ca)le screen-s ca!acitance causes a much greater reduction in !er#ormance. 7igtails ?ust 32mm long ha e )een seen to com!letely ruin any shielding e##ect in a = metre long ca)le at #re$uencies a)o e =1 M:;. &es!ected EMC guides 405 435 4E5 425 4/5 and 4A5 all warn against the use o# !igtails #or screen termination. "heir )ad e##ects on &' control ha e )een well-known in EMC circles since at least 0DG2. TERMINATING SCREENS AT ONE END E2POSES ELECTRONICS TO DAMAGING O+ER+OLTAGES 9uring transient electromagnetic distur)ances > such as those caused )y lightning, earth #aults, the switching o# large inducti e loads, and :H circuit )reaker o!eration > large !otential di##erences can e+ist )etween the !rotecti e earth conductors in di##erent !arts o# the same structure. "hese !otential di##erences are caused )y the #low o# transient currents through the ine ita)le im!edances o# the common )onding network %CB6, sometimes called the !rotecti e earthing network(. Ca)le screens are traditionally only terminated at one end so as to !reser e the single-!oint earthing scheme and !re ent .hum loo!s-, )ut 'igure = shows how single-!oint earthing e+!oses electronic in!ut and out!ut de ices to the transient o er oltages caused )y %#or e+am!le( a lightning-induced current surge.
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8hen a lightning surge %#or e+am!le( is e+!erienced )y one item o# e$ui!ment, the inductance in its earth connection causes it to e+!erience a local .earth-li#t!otential. But the other item o# e$ui!ment does not

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e+!erience the earth-li#t, so the di##erences )etween the .earths- o# the two items is a!!lied in common-mode to the electronic circuits at their interconnected in!ut and out!ut %IIJ( !orts. A ty!ical simulated lightning surge, used #or com!liance testing to the EMC directi e, would result in )etween K211H and K3kH o# earth-li#t #or a single!oint earthed e$ui!ment with a 01 metre long !rotecti e earth conductor. In real li#e most single!hase e$ui!ment is su)?ected to lightning-related surges o# u! to three times higher than this, so #or the a)o e e$ui!ment we should e+!ect earth-li#t oltages somewhere )etween K0.2kH and K/kH. ,ome three!hase and other e$ui!ment could )e e+!osed to e en higher le els o# lightning-related surge and conse$uent earth-li#t. ,uch common-mode transient oltages can cause signal and communication errors, )ut can also cause the electronic circuits to #ail. Actual !hysical damage can occur, increasing the risks o# electric shock and other sa#ety ha;ards such as to+ic #umes, smoke, and #ire. A lighting !rotection e+!ert has descri)ed seeing the unterminated screens at the ends o# long ca)les arc to the e$ui!ment #rame during a thunderstorm > hardly a recommendation #or sa#ety, ne er mind e$ui!ment relia)ility. ,o we can see that the age-old !ractice o# single-!oint grounding and its conse$uent re$uirement to only terminate ca)le screens at one end is !oor #or EMC, !oor #or surge !rotection and relia)ility, and !oor #or sa#ety. A 1r,#(i#,* e8,&1*e !% e,r()-*i%( In 4G5 an der Laan and an 9uerson ga e an e+am!le o# how the o er oltage e+!osure o# an instrumentation unit aried with the )onding o# its ca)le screen and related metalwork. A tem!erature sensor monitored a :H %021kH( trans#ormer, and was connected )y a 3= metre ca)le to the tem!erature indicating electronics in a control room. 8hen the :H circuit )reaker which connected the trans#ormer to the 021kH )us)ar o!ened, its #lash-o er created an intense ringing wa e o# around 321A at E11k:;. "his induced signi#icant oltages into the tem!erature electronics in the control room, ia the 3= metre multiconductor ca)le carrying the sensor signal. "he results o# their in estigations into the e##ects o# )onding at )oth ends are shown in 'igure E. 8ith the sensor signal conductor and its associated armour and steel duct connected at the :H trans#ormer end only, o!ening the :H )reaker e+!osed the tem!erature electronics in the control room to 3.=kH. "his was !ro)a)ly a great deal more than the designer o# the tem!erature electronics had e+!ected. 8hen one o# the other conductors in the 3= metre ca)le was )onded to the CB6 at )oth o# its ends %the :H trans#ormer and tem!erature electronics e$ui!ment #rame(, the o er oltage was reduced to /11H. Bonding the ca)le armour at )oth ends then reduced the o eroltage to 31H, and when the steel duct was also

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MESHED EARTH BONDING IS PREFERRED TO SINGLE-POINT EARTHING "he traditional techni$ue o# single-!oint earthing %sometimes called star earthing( is clearly a !ro)lem > it !re ents us #rom directly terminating ca)le screens at )oth ends to get the )est EMC !er#ormance, and it does nothing to !rotect electronic de ices to o er oltages. At the #re$uencies #or which a conductor %including steelwork, metal !i!es and ducts, and other conductors( is longer than hal# o# the wa elength, &' distur)ances in the en ironment cause signi#icant currents to #low regardless o# its earthing or other ty!e o# end termination. .,tray- ca!acitances and .stray- mutual inductances, sometimes )etween conductors that are some distance a!art, dominates the #low o# high#re$uency current in a system or installation. ,o we now see that single-!oint earthing and terminating ca)le screens at one end are a method that e ol ed in the days when high le els o# &' were rarely encountered, and is $uite unsuited to the modern world. 8hen ca)le screens are directly terminated to the chassis, #rame, or enclosure shield o# the e$ui!ment at )oth ends, a meshed common )onding network %ME,:-CB6( is created. 8here the e$ui!ment is also connected to the !rotecti e earth #or sa#ety reason we could also descri)e this as a meshed !rotecti e earthing system. Mesh )onding has its draw)acks, )ut they can )e dealt with whereas the draw)acks o# single-!oint earthing in the modern world cannot )e dealt with in any !ractical manner. ,ince the ca)le screens create a ME,:-CB6, there is now no reason not to carry on in this ein and gain signi#icant ad antages )y meshing the !rotecti e earthing network too. 'igure 2 shows the scheme recommended )y 405 #or the ME,:-CB6 o# a )uilding. "his achie es a ery low im!edance at 21I/1:;, and also achie es a low im!edance at higher #re$uencies > de!ending on its mesh si;e. A greater num)er o# smaller meshes means a lower inductance, and means a higher #re$uency o# control o# systematic &' currents and oltages.

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:ea y current e$ui!ment re$uires a closer mesh to !re ent high oltage dro!s in the case o# leakage or #ault currents. :igh-#re$uency e$ui!ment %such as com!uter or telecommunications systems( re$uires a small mesh si;e %o#ten /11mm or less( to hel! control the high #re$uencies their interconnections use. ,ensiti e instrumentation o#ten re$uires a smaller mesh si;e to hel! !re ent inter#erence with its signals o er a wider range o# #re$uencies. Meshing creates a lower im!edance CB6 that reduces earth-li#t oltages and so hel!s to !rotect e$ui!ment #rom o er oltages. 'or e+am!le, to hel! !ro ide !rotection #rom lightning induced surges it is generally recommended to use a CB6 with a mesh si;e no larger than E metres in any dimension %e.g. the mesh diagonals(. ,o-called .natural- metalwork, such as re-)ars, girders, structural metalwork, and any other metalwork can )e !ressed into ser ice to hel! achie e a ME,:-CB6, as shown )y 'igure /.
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Jne common techni$ue is merely to run e ery new ca)le, whether screened or not, with its own dedicated !arallel earth conductor %see later(, )ut this can cause !ro)lems #or sensiti e e+isting e$ui!ment when its care#ully-honed single-!oint earthing system is degraded to a !oor mesh %e.g. one or two large earth loo!s(. 8here a com!uter or telecommunications room or other area o# modern high-tech e$ui!ment is to )e installed in an old )uilding, sometimes a locally meshed )onding network is used ?ust #or its area %sometimes called a )onding mat or system re#erence !otential !lane, ,&77(. "his local mesh is isolated #rom the )uilding-s earthing system e+ce!t at a single !oint o# connection %called its ,7C(. All the ca)les and ser ices entering or lea ing this isolated mesh-)onded area enter I lea e near to the ,7C and are either directly )onded to the ,7C or are #itted with surge !rotection de ices %,79s( andIor #ilters which are )onded to the ,7C. "his locally meshed techni$ue is o#ten called a ME,:IB6 %meshed isolated )onding network. Its )iggest !ro)lem is that it is easily com!romised )y cra#tsmen and engineers and so re$uires a)solute control o# all wiring, e$ui!ment, and ser ices )y a skilled !erson em!loyed )y the site. ME,:-CB6s and ME,:-IB6s are descri)ed in detail in 405, and also in Cha!ter 2 o# 435 and 7art 3 o# 4A5. THE PARALLEL EARTH CONDUCTOR 5PEC6 ,ince we can-t generally now a oid the need to terminate ca)le screens at )oth ends, a way must )e #ound to !re ent ca)le screen currents #rom causing o erheating. %6ote that, as mentioned a)o e, 4=5 shows that ca)le screen currents do not cause noise !ro)lems when e$ui!ment is designed so that screen currents do not #low in internal circuits.( 8here a ME,:-CB6 as recommended )y 405 is #ully im!lemented, it will reduce the !otential di##erences )etween items o# e$ui!ment to such low le els that connecting ca)le screens at )oth ends does not result in signi#icant le els o# screen currents at !owerline #re$uencies, e en during earth #aults. But where an ade$uate ME,:-CB6 cannot )e #ully im!lemented and i# screen currents could )e so large as to damage the ca)les or cause emissions o# #umes, the techni$ue recommended )y 405 is the .!arallel earth conductor-, or 7EC %although it would ha e )een )etter to ha e called it a !arallel )onding conductor(. As its name im!lies, a 7EC is a conductor connected in !arallel with the ca)le screen. "he largest currents #lowing in an earthing system are at !ower #re$uency. <i en a choice o# !aths they will !re#er to #low in the !ath o# least im!edance, and at these low #re$uencies it is usually only the resistance that matters. ,o 7ECs need to ha e a much lower resistance %hence a much higher cross-sectional area, C,A( than a ca)le-s screen to reduce the !ower#re$uency currents in that screen to acce!ta)le amounts.

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"he ideal ME,:-CB6 can )e thought o# as a large num)er o# small earth loo!s. A lot more on the construction o# ME,:-CB6s, including the use o# )onding ring conductors %B&Cs( and the ad antages o# multi!le )onds to the lightning !rotection system %L7,( can )e #ound in the re#erences. I"!*,(e' &e")e' -!$'i$g $e(.!r/" Many older )uildings ha e single-!oint earthing systems, and these .legacy- systems can make it costly to install new technology that re$uire ME,:-CB6s.

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"ransient e ents generally in ol e considera)ly higher #re$uencies than the ty!ical continuous currents which #low in CB6s. Lightning surges ha e their !eak energies at around 01k:;, )ut can in ol e #re$uencies o# u! to 211k:;. "he o!eration o# high- oltage circuit )reakers can create currents o# 321kA at 211k:; 4G5. Earth #aults ha e almost all their energy at the !ower #re$uency, )ut any arcing during the #ault or in the #ault-clearance de ices can create #re$uencies u! to thousands o# M:;. At these #re$uencies the !ath o# least im!edance is usually the !ath o# least !artial inductance. ,o to reduce the le els o# transient currents #lowing in a ca)le-s screen, its 7EC needs to ha e a much lower !artial inductance than the screen, and also must ha e a high mutual inductance to the screen %achie ed )y the 7EC #ollowing the ca)le-s route ery closely(. 7ECs with lower !artial inductances also !ro ide )etter control o# the &' common-mode currents associated with the wanted signals carried )y the ca)les, there)y im!ro ing ca)le crosstalk and signal integrity and also im!ro ing the radiated emissions and immunity o# the e$ui!ment. 8here a num)er o# ca)le screens are )onded at )oth ends to the same items o# e$ui!ment, they may act as their own 7EC. Although each has $uite a high resistance and high !artial inductance, a num)er connected in !arallel will share the screen currents )etween themsel es and there may )e no need #or a se!arate 7EC.
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Jne o# the !ro)lems with using .natural- metalwork and armour as 7ECs is that it may )e ulnera)le to cra#tsmen and #uture modi#ications. I# they are only thought to !ro ide mechanical su!!ort or !rotection, their continuity may )e com!romised in the #uture )y !eo!le un#amiliar with their rMle as 7ECs. "he ca)ling and earthing recommendations made )y IEC /0111-2-3 405 are re#erenced, or else du!licated to some degree, )y most o# the latest standards concerned with the installation o# electronics in )uildings and other structures, #or e+am!le 4D5 4015 4005 4035 40=5 40E5 and 4025. CHEN CABLE SCREENS CANNOT BE TERMINATED AT BOTH ENDS In general, ca)le screens should )e terminated at )oth ends unless there is a good technical reason not to do so. In the ast ma?ority o# cases, including !ro#essional audio 4=5 and other a!!lications in ol ing low signal le els and high signalInoise s!eci#ications, )onding screens at )oth ends and using ME,:-CB6s is well!ro en to )e #ar su!erior to more traditional methods. :owe er, sometimes there is a real !ractical !ro)lem with )onding ca)le screens at )oth ends. In these cases > i# signals and data are only communicated at low #re$uencies > all unwanted high #re$uencies should )e #iltered out. It may still )e necessary to use a screened ca)le to hel! !re ent noise and crosstalk within the #re$uency )and o# the signals, )ut this screen will )e )onded at one end. ,urge !rotection de ices may also )e re$uired to !rotect #rom transient o er oltages. :owe er, the )est a!!roach is to a oid the use o# co!!er ca)les altogether. <al anically isolated #i)reo!tics %with metal-#ree ca)les(, in#ra-red, or wireless communications are all ery e##ecti e alternati es. "hese are o#ten dismissed at an early stage in a design on grounds o# material cost, )ut o#ten turn out to ha e the lowest cost when the o erall !ro?ect is costed taking into account its regulatory com!liance, warranty costs, and customer satis#action. Un#ortunately, many designers only )egin to a!!reciate their cost )ene#its when struggling to sol e the relia)ility !ro)lems, inter#erence, or damage created )y the use o# co!!er conductors, )y which time it is too late to sa e cost. J!to-isolator de ices on !rinted circuit )oards %7CBs( within e$ui!ment are o#ten used #or gal anic isolation, )ut ty!ically are o#ten rated #or only 211H. 8hen used on long ca)les run inside a )uilding co ered )y a single !rotecti e earth-)onding network they need to )e a)le to withstand at least /kH to !rotect against transient e ents. ,ometimes one is #aced with an item o# e$ui!ment which has )een designed to !ermit screen currents to #low in its internal circuitry. I# it cannot )e modi#ied to a more sensi)le design that con#ines !otentially inter#ering screen currents to its chassis, #rame, or enclosure shield it is o#ten !ossi)le to use a .dou)le insulated screen- ca)le.

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8here a )uilding has a ME,:-CB6 it is o#ten most con enient to use !arts o# its CB6 as 7ECs, es!ecially ca)le trays, ducts, and conduits. 8here suita)le metalwork is not handy, wires with a large crosssectional area may )e used instead. 'igure A shows a num)er o# common ty!es o# 7EC, ranking them in order o# decreasing !artial inductance and increasing mutual inductance, hence their a)ility to control &'. A lot more in#ormation on 7ECs is gi en in 405, #or e+am!le what ty!es o# ca)le trays !er#orm )est and how they should )e )onded together. Ca)le armour can also )e used as a 7EC, and can ha e a good res!onse at #re$uencies a)o e 21:; %de!ending on the construction o# the armour and the $uality o# its =/1 o )onding at its ?oints and )oth ends(. But ordinary ca)le armour %e.g. steel wire armour( should not )e relied u!on alone, to !ro ide any )ene#its a)o e 0M:;.

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"he inner screen would )e connected at the s!eci#ied end %e en using a !igtail i# that is what the su!!lier-s installation instructions re$uired(, whilst the outer screen is =/1o )onded at )oth ends as shown in 'igure 0 to !ro ide &' control. COPPER COMMUNICATIONS BETCEEN BUILDINGS <enerally s!eaking, the most relia)le and sa#e way to interconnect signals or data )etween two di##erent )uildings, shi!s, ehicles, or whate er, is to use gal anic isolation which can co!e with at least 3MH. Metal-#ree #i)re-o!tic ca)les, wireless %radio( links, #ree-s!ace lasers or microwa e links are all suita)le candidates and are now !ro ided )y a large num)er o# com!anies. :owe er, co!!er ca)le interconnections may )e a)le to )e used, where the #unctions o# or in the )uildings %or shi!s, etc.( will acce!t an element o# risk. "his would re$uire each structure has a com!lete ME,:-CB6 which e+tends to the ca)les )etween them. "he ME,:-CB6 should )e designed to handle the greatest transient e ents thought to )e !ossi)le, such as an earth-#ault in a near)y :H su)station or a direct lightning strike to one o# the )uildings %or shi!s, etc.(. Cha!ter D o# 435 and 7art 2 o# 4A5 ha e more on this issue. CONCLUSIONS "he recommendations #or ca)le screen termination and earthing in IEC /0111-2-3 are o# ery great )ene#it in hel!ing to control &' as re$uired )y systems and installations, in these days o# ra!idly increasing electronic so!histication and ra!idly worsening electromagnetic en ironment. REFERENCES 405 IEC /0111-2-3:0DDA, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 5: Installation and Mitigation Guidelines !ection ": Earthing and cabling# 435 "im 8illiams and Keith Armstrong, 3111, EMC $or !ystems and Installations# , 6ewnes, I,B6: 1 A21/ E0/A = 4=5 Keith Armstrong and "ony 8aldron, 311=, %E! &'( and inter$erence $ree pro audio systems# , IEE ,eminar EMC it)s nearly all about the cabling#, London, 33 Nanuary 311= 4E5 6AHAI& A9 002, Electromagnetic Compatibility design guide $or a*ionics and related ground support e+uipment, (rd Edition -une './/#, 9e!artment o# the 6a y, 8ashington 9.C. 425 9e#ence ,tandard 2D-E0 7art A Issue 0, Electromagnetic Compatibility, Part 0: Code o$ practice $or 1M ships Installation guidelines# , Ministry o# 9e#ence, 01th 6o em)er 0DD2, htt!:IIwww.dstan.mod.uk

4/5 IEC "& /0111-2-/:3113, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 5 2: Installation and mitigation guidelines Mitigation o$ e3ternal EM in$luences#4 4A5 Keith Armstrong, EMC $or !ystems and Installations#, EMC Com!liance Nournal, Nan-9ec 3111, www.com!lianceclu).comIKeithArmstrong7ort#olio

4G5 7 C " an der Laan and A 7 N an 9uerson, 0DDG, 5eliable protection o$ electronics against lightning: some practical e3amples#, IEEE 6ransactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 7ol4 EMC 89 :o 8, :o*ember '../, pp 5'( 5"94 %lso: 5eliable protection o$ electronics against lightning#, "(rd IC;P International Con$erence on ;ightning Protection, <iren=e, Italy, !eptember "( "0, '..2, pp (09 (0(4 4D5 IEC =/E-E-EEE:0DD/, Electrical Installations o$ >uildings Part 8: Protection $or sa$ety Chapter 88: Protection against o*er*oltages !ection 888: Protection against electromagnetic inter$erence (EMI) in installations o$ buildings# 4015 E6 21=01:3111, %pplication o$ e+uipotential bonding and earthing in buildings ?ith in$ormation technology e+uipment# 4005 E", =11 32=:0DD2, Earthing and bonding o$ telecommunication e+uipment in telecommunication centres# 4035 I"U &ecommendation K.3A, 0DD/, >onding con$igurations and earthing ?ithin a telecommunications building# 40=5 I"U &ecommendation K.=2, 0DD/, >onding con$igurations and earthing at remote electronic sites# 40E5 E6 210AE-3:3110, In$ormation 6echnology Cabling Installation Part ": Installation planning and practice inside buildings# 4025 IEC /0=03-0:0DD2, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse Part ': General principles#

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