RATSNAKE FOUNDATION FULL MEMBER ARTICLES

(As of August 2008)

www.ratsnakefoundation.org

ASIAN RATSNAKE ARTICLES

1. Asian Ratsnakes of the Elaphe genus: quadrivigata
Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word Count: 1,304

Introduction:
The Japanese Fourlined or Red Eyed Rat Snake is one of the most frequently imported Japanese snakes. Even though here we are dealing with
a true Rat Snake, in appearance it is much more reminiscent of a terrestrial Coluber species. On the many Japanese islands E. quadrivirgata has
evolved numerous colour variations. The two best known of these are the normally coloured variety and the melanistic variety which has also
been designated as Elaphe quadrivirgata f. atra (Jan, 1867).

2. Asian Rat Snakes of the Genus Elaphe - Elaphe davidi

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word Count: 395

Introduction:
Amongst herpetologists, David’s Rat Snake is an absolutely unknown species as is the case with almost all Asian Elaphe species. Even profes-
sional herpetologists have had to refer to the various literature sources in order to be able to give exact details of this species. Unfortunately this
snake is only known to me from literature and from a few bad photographs.

3. It’s a Love Thing

Author: Sue Knight
Word Count: 1,193

Introduction:
Photographic guide to reproductive behaviour in Elaphe dione with notes on courtship rituals. Including a glossary of common terms used
when describing breeding behaviour in snakes.

4. An Introduction to the Mandarin Ratsnake

Author: Mike Heinrich
Word count - 735

Introduction -
Mandarin Rat Snakes are found mostly in the mountains of south China. They can also be found in the mountain forests of Burma, Vietnam,
and Taiwan. They are arguably the most beautiful and most sought after snake kept in captivity. Just looking at these awesome beauties you get
a sense of their prestige and mystique. Their facial markings resemble an oriental style painted porcelain mask. Even their name “Mandarin”
commands honor; a Mandarin is a person of very high rank in the Chinese Empire. As little as 10 years ago, Mandarins were practically
unheard of in the reptile hobby, but as each year passes they continue to get more and more popular with keepers. These majestic little snakes
are the “crown jewel” of any collection.

5. Mandarin Ratsnakes
Author: Anon
Word count - 1,525

Introduction -
A keepers experience with acclimatizing WC mandarin Ratsnakes and keeping CB hatchlings
The Mandarin Ratsnake is one of the most breathtaking ratsnake species.
Problem is, they are just as hard to acclimate and keep alive, as they are pretty. Very few imported specimens stay alive longer than just a few
months, the amount of snakes that actually live and do well are maybe in the 2-5% range. Now I know that sounds crazy but to get five snakes
to live and do well for you, you will need to get 100 or more imports.

6. Indian Trinket Snake Coelognathus (Elaphe) helena (Daudin, 1803)

Author: K.C. Rudy
Word count - 710

Introduction
An Introduction to the Trinket Snake, Coelognathus helena. Physical description, Captive care, Behaviour, Natural History & Recent
Nomenclature Changes.

Trinket snakes are moderately-sized rat snakes. They are tan and dark brown with a checkered pattern throughout the anterior half of the body
transitioning to two prominent dark stripes on the posterior part of the body. There are two short dark lines on either side of the neck. Scales,
which are smooth or weakly keeled, exist in 23 to 27 rows. The ventral side is pearly white, and the anal plate is single. The head is long and
unmarked, except for a small dark medial line toward the posterior part of the head. The eyes are prominent with round pupils.

7. The Indonesian Ratsnake - Coelognathus subradiatus subradiatus

Author: Gidi Van de Belt
Word count - 1,162
Introduction
This species knows two subspecies; these are Coelognathus subradiatus subradiatus and Coelognathus subradiatus enganensis.

Coelognathus subradiatus lives in tropical forests in Indonesia (the Lesser Sunda Islands and the subspecies Coelognathus s. enganensisis said
to come from Engano Island ). They are found from 0-1200 meters above sea level. There are many pattern and colour morphs known, from
light brown to almost black. The normal length of an adult snake is about 140-170 cm but there are some specimens of more than 2 meters, but
these are quite rare exceptions.

8. Asian Ratsnakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.12 moellendorffi

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 793

Introduction -
Because of its beautiful colouration the Hundred Flower Snake awakens the desire of many herpetologists to keep this species in their vivaria.
Unfortunately, Orthriophis (Elaphe) moellendorffi only reaches the pet trade in a very weakened state and with numerous illnesses. The most
common cause of death in the animals which were examined was an extreme loss of electrolytes, which is caused by keeping them under too
dry conditions and depriving them of drinking water.

9. The Colubrids of Laos

Author: Mark Boilstone
Word count - 3,523
Introduction
The following is largely translated from “Les Serpents du Laos”, an important work written by J. Deuve and published by ORSTROM (Paris)
in 1970. Where more recent information is available, the text has been updated. The original work covers all the snakes of Laos with extensive
treatment of the venomous species and other interesting sections such as vernacular names and the distribution of ethnic peoples.

10. Orthriophis moellendorffi (Boettger, 1886)

Author: Kert Lipponen
Word count - 1,280
Introduction
An introduction to the 100 Flower Ratsnake with notes on captive care and breeding.
Orthriophis moellendorffiis a large snake with long head distinctly set off from neck. The elongate snout is almost three times longer than the
eye in diameter. The tail is relatively long and slender. Fairly well developed ventral scales are present. The body is higher than wide in cross-
section. Medium sized eyes are directly bordered by supralabials on their lower edge, and the pupils are round, the diameters of which are dis-
tinctly reduced with increasing light intensity.

11. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.11. conspicillata

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 983
Intorduction
The Japanese Forest Rat Snake, Euprepiophis (Elaphe) conspicillatus is not a very well known species. Its habitat is very similar to the closely
related Mandarin Snake, Euprepiophis (Elaphe) mandarinus.

12. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.10 helena

Authors: Guido Niehaus & Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 1,827
Introduction
The magnificent “Trinket Snake” (or Kattu Pambu in Tamil) cannot complain about having a shortage of appropriate names. In Sri Lanka it is
also called ‘Mudu Karawala’ and Bröer & Enge (1981) also call it the Indian Jeweled Snake. In spite of its many common names, the Latin
term explains everything. The daughter of the god Zeus was the most beautiful woman in Greek mythology. Why, therefore, should a snake not
be described as the ‘most beautiful snake’? It is a matter of taste and disagreements have caused wars! Many herpetologists are, however, of the
opinion that even though it appears to be relatively uniformly coloured, Elaphe helena reflects a certain unique beauty. By reflects we mean
that, especially after sloughing helena takes on a wonderful sheen reflecting the colours of the rainbow. Even under normal circumstances the
light brown body has a blue sheen.

13. Studies of a Natural Monument, Shirohebi

Authors: S.MISHIMA, V. SAWAI, S.YAMASATO and R. SAWAI The Japan Snake Institute, Yabuzuka hommachi, Nitta gun, Gunma
Prefecture 379-23, Japan.
Word count - 908
Introduction
Observation on copulation, egg laying and hatching of an albino population of Elaphe climacophora the Japanese Ratsnake - considered to be a
national Monument in Japan.
The Japanese Rat Snake (Elaphe climacophora) is endemic to Japan, occurring on all four of the islands which make up the country. It is con-
sidered a common snake, often living close to human habitation.

14. Asian Ratsnakes of The Elaphe Genus Pt.9 Elaphe flavolineata

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 589
Introduction
The Malayan Black Tailed Ratsnake which was at first called Coluber melanurus and later Elaphe melanura is still not very well known to her-
petologists. These snakes only appear very occasionally on the open market and even then as single specimens. In older and, inevitably, foreign
literature Elaphe flavolineata is frequently described and is not classified as rare.

15. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.8 Beauty Snakes
Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 4,138
Introduction
The 8th Part of a series of articles on Asian Ratsnakes looks at the Beauty Snake Clan. Subspecies are dealt with by Distribution, habitat, main-
tenance in the vivarium and reproduction where possible. The article has a couple of line drawings showing the differences between the sub-
species a distribution map and is illustrated with several photo’s by members of the Ratsnake Foundation.

16. Ratsnakes of the Genus Elaphe Pt.7 ... radiata

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 1,729
Introduction
This is the 7th part of a series of articles on Asiatic ratsnakes, where Klaus gives an introduction to the Radiated Ratsnake, Coelognathus radia-
tus, its description, distribution and habitat, maintenance in the vivarium and an account of its captive reproduction.

17. The captive Care & breeding of Gonyosoma oxycephalum & Janseni
Author: Freight Freitas
Word count - 9,473
Introduction
A very detailed look at Gonyosoma oxycephalum with notes on G. janseni. This article is over 6 pages long and covers most aspects of this
species care, including disease and treatments of WC specimens. The author also gives accounts of his incredible breeding successes with this
species, housing, diet, captive requirements are all covered and several photo’s accompany the extensive text.

18. The Captive care and breeding of Two Asiatic Ratsnakes

Author: Trevor Smith
Word count - 3,249
Introduction
The purpose of this article is to re-assess the status of two of the established’ Asian Ratsnakes - Elaphe taeniura friesei and Elaphe helena - and
to update enthusiasts regarding their progress. For those readers for whom they represent new species, I hope you enjoy being introduced to
them. Perhaps you will view them as interesting and worthwhile additions to your collections.
19. Asian Ratsnakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt6. Elaphe hodgsoni
Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 526
Introduction
Asian Ratsnakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt6. Elaphe hodgsoni, gives a brief overview of this very rare ratsnake with notes on distribution and
care in the vivarium.

20. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt 5. Elaphe bimaculata

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 1,727
Introduction
This, the 5th in a series of articles by Klaus-Dieter Schulz, gives us an introduction to the Twin Spotted Ratsnake, Elaphe bimaculata. Included
with a note on the comparison of the Dione’s ratsnake. A seldom kept snake in hobbyist’s collections, although not that difficult to source with-
in the trade the world over

21. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.4 Elaphe dione
Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 1,469
Introduction
The 4th part of a series of articles by Klaus-Dieter Schulz gives us an introduction to Dione’s Ratsnakes, Elaphe dione. A description of the
species is given, its distribution in nature, its maintenance and reproduction in the vivarium. Also a comparison diagram showing the differ-
ences in markings between E. dione & E. bimaculata are illustrated.

22. Maintaining the Red Tailed Tree Racer, Gonyosoma oxycephala

Author: Mark Wotton
Word count - 2,724
Introduction
This article is an account of the authors extensive experiences, of keeping and breeding Gonyosoma oxycephalum successfully in captivity, cov-
ering obtaining specimens, incubation and additional useful information.

23. Introduction to The Yellow Striped Ratsnake

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 2,974
Introduction
This article covers the basic care of Coelognathus flavolineatus in captivity with sections on Taxonomy, Etymology, Scutellation counts,
Natural History, Locales, Behavioural Traits, Captive History & Care, Temperature, Humidity, Water, Substrate, Cage Furnishings, Breeding,
Cycling, Copulation, Gestation, Egg Laying, Incubation & Rearing Hatchlings.

24. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus, Pt 3 Elaphe schrencki

Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 1,772
Introduction
In the third part of Klaus-Dieter Schulz articles on the Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus, he looks at the Amur (Russian) Ratsnake, Elaphe
schrencki with brief notes on Elaphe anomala.

25. Introduction to the Thai Red Mountain Ratsnake

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 3,621
Introduction
This article covers the basic care of Oreocryptophis porphyraceus coxi in captivity. Sections include Natural History, Captive Origins,
Temperament, Temperature & Lighting requirements, Humidity, Substrate, Water, Hides, Feeding, Sloughing, Brumation, Breeding, Multiple
Clutches, Egg Incubation & Rearing Hatchlings. It is based on the authors own observations with the species and references drawn from vari-
ous internet forums, books and websites.
26. Dione Ratsnake Elaphe dione Pallas, 1773:
Author: Ivan Yu. Arinin
Word count - 2,897
Introduction
An enlightening survey of geographical and selective variations of Elaphe dione in the collection of famous Tula Exotarium in Russia.
Descriptions of the various morphs are given with locality details where known and accompanied by photographs of several of the morphs.

27. The Dione Ratsnake (Elaphe dione, PALLAS, 1773)

Author: Gidi & Wim van de Belt
Word count - 2,474
Introduction
A detailed article on Elaphe dione, the Dione’s Ratsnake, the authors give descriptions of several known morphs in their own collection, and
their successful breeding attempts, sharing the knowledge that they have gained through their own experiences. Care in the vivarium is also
given as well as certain behavioural quirks of the specimens in their care.

28. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.1 - Elaphe rufodorsata
Author: Klaus Dieter Schulz
Word count - 2,519
Introduction
First of a series of articles by Klaus-Dieter Schulz. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus. Here in Part 1 Elaphe rufodorsata is discussed,
these articles were originally published (in German) in the magazine Sauria and are reproduced here by kind permission of the author.

29. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus Pt.2 - Elaphe climacophora
Author: Klaus-Dieter Schulz
Word count - 1,000
Introduction
Second of a series of articles by Klaus-Dieter Schulz. Asian Rat Snakes of the Elaphe Genus in Part 2 Elaphe climacophora is discussed, this
was originally published in the magazine Sauria in German and is reproduced here in English by kind permission of the author.

30. A Guide to Ratsnakes Pt.5 Asiatic

Author: James Coppen
Word count - 2,136
Introduction
The final part of a series of five articles, in this last article, James gives us an overview of some of the most popular Asiatic Ratsnakes available
within the hobby covering; Elaphe bimaculata, E. carinata, E. dione, Euprepiophis mandarinus, Orthriophis moellendorffi, Coelognathus
radiatus, E. schrencki & Orthriophis taeniurus friesi.

EUROPEAN RATSNAKE ARTICLES

31. First record of the four-lined snake Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lacépède, 1789) in Serbia
Authors: Nemanja Ristic, Ljiljana Tomovic, Rastko Ajtic, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic
Word Count: 1,358.
Introduction
This paper presents the first record of Four-Lined Snake Elaphe quatuorlineata in Serbia. In Serbia and Montenegro, according to the literature
data, this species was found only in Mediterranean and submediterranean Montenegro. We present here data about founding site and suggest
conservation measures for this species in Serbia.

32. A review of distribution and conservation status of Zamenis situla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Bulgaria
Authors:1.Borislav Naumov, 2.Ljiljana Tomovi
Word count - 1,479

Abstract. The leopard snake is one of the rarest snake species in Bulgaria. It is included in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as threatened species
under high anthropogenic pressure. Its distribution range in Bulgaria includes only three very distant regions in the southern part of the country.
Precise literature data about the leopard snake in Bulgaria are scarce. The aim of this paper is to present distribution data as well as to review
the conservation status of the leopard snake in Bulgaria.
33. Retention of juvenile markings into adulthood in a female Ladder Snake Rhinechis scalaris (= Elaphe scalaris)
Author: Roger Hugh Butler
Word count - 1,243
Introduction
In many rat snake species the juvenile colour and markings can be completely different to that of the adults, which is the case in R. scalaris.
However an anomaly in an individual snake in my care has occurred, as described below.

34. Notes on the keeping and breeding of the Ladder Snake, Elaphe scalaris.
Author: Roger Hugh Butler
Word count - 2,181
Introduction
A keepers account of breeding and observations from the husbandry of the Ladder Snake - Rhinechis scalaris (syn. Elaphe scalaris).
The range of the Ladder Snake, Elaphe scalaris, is contained within the continent of Europe, but only in the westerly countries of Portugal and
Spain, with an easterly intrusion along the French Mediterranean coast which includes the Iles D’Hyeres. Minorca also comes within its range
but strangely not other Balearic Islands.

35. A new record for the Blotched Snake Elaphe sauromates (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Romania
Authors: Paul Lucian ?IBU & Alexandru STRUGARIU
Word count - 993
Introduction
Elaphe sauromates is a critically endangered species in Romania, being cited in the past in very few localities from south-eastern Romania
(Dobrudja and Moldavia). On the 13th of May, 2007, a young adult female Elaphe sauromates was found in the geographical unit of
“Subcarpatii de curbur?”, near the “Vulcanii Noroiosi Pâclele Mari” Nature Reserve in the administrative territory of Pâclele, in Buz?u county
(Romania). This is the first sighting of this species outside of Dobrudja for the past 70 years and the first ever record for this species in this
region of Romania.

36. A Pictorial mating to hatching sequence Zamenis hohenackeri

Author: Rob Kool
Word count – 0
Photograph count - 21
Introduction
A pictorial reference of the author breeding Zamenis hohenackeri, the Transcauscian Ratsnake, a sequence of photo’s from mating through to
hatching.

37. The European Ladder Snake – Rhinechis scalaris

Author: Dave Royans
Word count - 5,458
Introduction
Taxonomic Description and a hobbyist’s view of taxonomy. Notes on captive husbandry and further incidental ramblings about the
Laddersnake.
The European Ladder Snake is one of the most hardy species out of all its European cousins, tolerant of temperature changes although enjoying
warmer temperatures and is somewhat timid. Its often a spirited captive, enjoying its privacy in preference to interaction with the keeper.
Ladder snakes have a fairly chunky appearance with smooth scales. Ventral scales vary from a cream to yellow green in adults and a white with
irregularly dotted black markings in the young. Hatchlings and juveniles additionally have crossbars against a silvery background, that joins the
two longer lines and form a ladder like appearance, hence the common name for this species. This pattern usually fades along with the silvery
appearance only after twelve to eighteen months or so, leaving the adults with brown or black stripes, from the neck to their tail, on an olive
green background.

38. A Guide to Ratsnakes Pt.4 European

Author: James Coppen
Word count - 1,428
Introduction
The fouth part of this series of articles looks at the European Ratsnakes giving an overview of five ratsnake species. This article covers
Zamenis longissimus, Z. situla, Z. hohenackeri, Rhinechis scalaris & Elaphe quatuorlineata.
AMERICAN RATSNAKE ARTICLES
39. Guide to North American obsoletus sp.
Author: Sue Knight
Word count: 1,906
Introduction
This guide gives a quick overview of recent classification of North American obsoletus sp. past and present. Photo’s of adults & hatchlings.
Traditional distribution map & Burbrink classification distribution map.

40. An Introduction to Western Green Ratsnakes

Author: Thurgess Cranston
Word count: 2,052
Introduction
The western green rat snake, Senticolis (formerly Elaphe) triaspis intermedia, has held a certain mystical appeal for me ever since I first visited
the Chiricahua Mountains of south east Arizona during my senior year in high school. While I was in graduate school, I was given the option of
doing research for my thesis in the Chiricahua Mountains. Naturally, I jumped at the opportunity, in large part, to spend time looking for this
very elusive rat snake. My days during the spring of 1978 were spent studying the energetics’s of a population of the striped plateau lizard,
Sceloporus virgatus; the late afternoons and early evening were spent hiking and road cruising for the green ratsnake.

41. Bug Eyed Beauties: Bogertophis subocularis

Author: Micheal Price
Word count - 2,543.
Introduction
An account by the author of the Trans Pecos Ratsnake, including field observations, captive care & breeding. illustrated with some stunning
comparative photo’s of various locales.
It was June 1988, I was on my first of countless excursions to the River Road which was made famous by the late Carl Kauffeld in his book
Snakes and Snake Hunting. In this book, Kauffeld described an animal so beautiful and yet so elusive that I could not wait until I arrived at this
prime collecting area. In fact Kauffeld devoted an entire chapter ‘The search for subocularis’ to his experiences attempting to find this animal.
The animal that he and I were so desperately searching for was the Trans Pecos Ratsnake (Bogertophis subocularis).

42. Leucistic Texas Ratsnakes

Author: Richard Allen
Word count - 523
Introduction
An account of the UK’s First Captive-Breeding.
The Texas Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus lindheimeri) is, in its normal form, very variable in colouration and markings but is generally a
fairly dull brown, black and tan blotched animal. It shares with the Grey Rat the characteristic of retaining juvenile saddle-pattern.
They are now available in a number of different colour mutations, the most attractive of which is probably the leucistic form. Such animals
have opaque, pattern white skin and dark (often almost blue) eyes. This differs from the true albino form in which the translucent skin allows
the underlying blood vessels to lend the animal an overall pinkish colouration. The Texas Ratsnake is also available in an amelanistic form in
which some remnant of the dark saddle pattern is still visible. In both of these forms the eyes are pink.

43. Introduction to the Everglades Ratsnakes

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 939
Introduction
This article includes a brief description, scale counts, distribution maps, typical habitat photographs, a breeding account by the author and a
description of the various morphs available to the hobby.
The Everglades Ratsnake, Pantherophis obsoletus rossalleni is a bright orange ratsnake and as the name suggests, this snake can be found in
the Everglades in the USA.

44. The Keeping of The Bairds ratsnake

Author: Kevin Kingley
Word count - 896
Introduction
Baird’s Ratsnake, Pantherophis (Elaphe) bairdi, is a North American species. Its range is defined as Western Central Texas and into adjacent
areas of Northern Mexico (Weir, 1991). Originally described as a species, this snake was later reduced to being a subspecies of the common
North American rat snake, Patherophis (Elaphe) obsoletus before being reinstated as a full species.
This article is an account of keeping and breeding this species in captivity.

45. The Captive Husbandry of The Great Plains Ratsnake

Author: Carol Friend
Word count - 1,469
Introduction
Carol Friend’s account of keeping and breeding the Great Plains Ratsnake, Pantherophis emoryi.
The Great Plains Ratsnake (Elaphe guttata emoryi) is a less brightly coloured subspecies of the Cornsnake (E. g. guttata). It is similar in
appearance to the Cornsnake except that the background colour of the Great Plains is light greyish with rich olive or blown blotches. In general,
the Great Plains is slightly more robust in appearance than the Cornsnake.

46. A Guide To Ratsnakes Pt.1 Cornsnake & Great Plains Ratsnake

Author: James Coppen
Word count - 1,779
Introduction
The first part of this series of articles looks at the Cornsnake & Great Plains Ratsnakes.
During the course of this series of articles I shall attempt to provide the reader with a basic guide to Ratsnakes, with notes on their captive care,
my own observations and their breeding in the vivarium.
Ratsnakes are very widespread, many species being present in North America, a few in India, some in Europe and a large number in Asia. I
have kept and studied many different species and the aim of this article is to set down my experiences and the husbandry techniques that have
enabled me to keep these beautiful serpents successfully.

47. A Guide To Ratsnakes Pt.2 obsoletus complex

Author: James Coppen
Word count - 1,275
Introduction
The second part of this series of articles looks at the obsoletus species of North America.
During the course of this series of articles I shall attempt to provide the reader with a basic guide to Ratsnakes, with notes on their captive care,
my own observations and their breeding in the vivarium.
Ratsnakes are very widespread, many species being present in North America, a few in India, some in Europe and a large number in Asia. I
have kept and studied many different species and the aim of this article is to set down my experiences and the husbandry techniques that have
enabled me to keep these beautiful serpents successfully.

48. A Guide to Ratsnakes Pt.3 Central America

Author: James Coppen
Word count - 822
Introduction
The third part of this series by James Coppen looks at the Central American genus, Pseudoelaphe, Bogertophis & Senticolis.
During the course of this series of articles I shall attempt to provide the reader with a basic guide to Ratsnakes, with notes on their captive care,
my own observations and their breeding in the vivarium.
Ratsnakes are very widespread, many species being present in North America, a few in India, some in Europe and a large number in Asia. I
have kept and studied many different species and the aim of this article is to set down my experiences and the husbandry techniques that have
enabled me to keep these beautiful serpents successfully.

QUICK GUIDE REFRENCES

49. Hybrid Ratsnakes
Author: Lou Reading
Word count: 1,985
Introduction
A visual guide to Ratsnake hybrids. Including photos of over 50 hybrids, marketing names, breeding photos in an easy guide format.

50. Clutch and Incubation Parameters for Ratsnake species and subspecies
Author: Sue Knight
Word count: 1,421
Introduction
This is a guide to the incubation temperatures, incubation duration and clutch size of most Ratsnake species and subspecies with notes on eggs
and incubation.

51. Vivarium Temps & Humidity Requirements of New World Ratsnakes

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 253
Introduction
Vivarium Temps & Humidity Requirements of New World Ratsnakes in an at a glance format.

52. Vivarium Temps & Humidity Requirements of Old World Ratsnakes

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 470
Introduction
At a glance guide to vivarium temperatures and humidity requirements of Old World ratsnakes.

53. Head scutellation of a typical Ratsnake

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 78
Introduction
Diagrams of the head scutellation of a typical Ratsnake, detailing their names and position.

54. Visual Guide to Beauty Snakes

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 780
Introduction
The Orthriophis taeniurus tribe are described, detailing differences and identifiers.

55. Old World Ratsnakes and Their Common Names

Authors: Dave Royans & Sue Knight
Word count - 560
Introduction
A quick reference to species and subspecies of Old World Ratsnakes by Common Name and Scientific Name.

56. Comparison E. bimaculata, E.dione & O.rufodorsatus

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 624
Introduction
A chart & photo’s showing the differences between Elaphe bimaculata, Elaphe dione & Oocatochus rufodorsatus.

57. Ratsnake Scale Counts

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 391
Introduction
Scale counts of Asiatic, European and American Ratsnakes.

58. Brumation & Cooling Temperatures

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 334
Introduction
A guide to brumation temperatures and lengths of time required for Asiatic & European Ratsnake species.

59. Prey of ratsnakes in the wild

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 641
Introduction
This is a quick guide to the prey preferences of Ratsnakes in the wild. Presented in a chart for quick reference. Illustrated with various photo’s
of wild ratsnakes eating.

60. Ratsnake Reclassification

Author: Sue Knight
Word count - 417
Introduction
Major changes have been made to the classification of both Old World & New World Ratsnakes. Which were recently published in the Russian
Journal of Herpetology. In his most recent work Mr. N. Helfenberger reclassified many of the species of the genus Elaphe. A summary of this
reclassification follows below.

61. Species distribution in the Americas

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 104
Introduction
This guide shows you at a glance, which ratsnakes share the same country as others, in the Americas.

62. Species distribution in Europe

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 154
Introduction
This guide shows you at a glance, which ratsnakes share the same country as others, in Europe

63. Phonetic Pronounciation

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 749
Introduction
This article is a guide to the pronounciation of the scientific ratsnake names. It is one thing to write these names but a different matter entirely
to say them!!

64. Species distribution in Asia

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 222
Introduction
This guide shows you at a glance, which ratsnakes share the same country as others, throughout the Asian Continent.

GENERAL RATSNAKE ARTICLES

65. Ratsnake Refugia & Habitat: some uses and their consequences
Author: Frankley Delôrés
Word count: 6,633
Introduction
The following is not meant to be an exhaustive study of all ratsnake species and the habitat they use, if it has use at all, it is hoped that it prove
to be a brief overview of such.
Snakes that English speaking people commonly call (vernacular) ‘ratsnakes’, have a wide distribution all over the Palearctic, Nearctic,
Neotropic and the Orient, with additional representatives present even in Indo-Australasia (Coelognathus erythrurus, C. subradiatus &
Gonyosoma janseni). If Diadem snakes (Spalerosophis genera) are included, then they are even present on the African continent too. Despite
the name ‘Ratsnake’, they are actually an eclectic group, eating a wide prey base that sometimes shifts as they mature, with the general sce-
nario being that as they increase in size, so does the variety of their diet. Choice of habitat in turn is largely dependant on what is available
(prey and water, refugia, humidity and thermal scope) when juvenile or adult and the way in which they use the habitat may depend on their
present life stage. A specimen of any single species, may exhibit different physical characteristics, prey preference or habits, due to the environ-
ment it lives in and may be further influenced by sympatric species that it shares its potential resources with.
66. A Brief Look at Reptile Taxonomy
Author: Shawn R. Lockhart
Word count: 2,517
Introduction
I will provide a simplified explanation of taxonomy and explain how and why the names of our favorite reptiles keep changing:-
“Morelia viridis? That looks like a green tree python to me.”
“It is.”
“I thought they were Chondropython viridis.”
“A few years ago they were.”
“Why did they change the name?”
Because the 1993 article by Arnold Kluge in the Records of the Australian Museum: Supplement 19 is not easy to come by, you may wonder
the same thing. Conversations similar to this one can be heard at herp shows and in chat rooms all over the world. So who makes these name
changes, and why do they do it? Using my favorite snakes - the genus Elaphe- as examples, I will provide a simplified explanation of taxono-
my and explain how and why the names of our favorite reptiles keep changing.

67. Build your own incubator

Author: Paul Macy
Word count: 848
Introduction
Step by Step how to build your own incubator, easily and cheaply.

68. Pathogenic Amoebiasis (Entamoeba invadens) infections in Captive Snakes

Author: Steven Divers
Word count - 2,414
Introduction
Snakes are often considered to most impressive exhibits in zoological collections, with the majority of establishments maintaining and breeding
a large population. Recently however, interest in reptiles has spread, many novice herpetologists keeping and breeding snakes as pets, and con-
sequently the veterinary surgeon is increasingly likely to be approached to provide advice and treatment in various areas of reptilian husbandry
and medicine. It is therefore vital that the clinician is as informed as possible, especially where a perilous disease such as amoebiasis is a dis-
tinct possibility. The following review of Entamoeba invadens, a protozoan parasite causing disease in captive snakes, aims to provide the clini-
cian with the information required to successfully recognise, understand and treat this highly pathogenic infection, termed amoebiasis.

69. Stomatitis (Mouth Rot) in Reptiles

Author: Bruce Maclean B.Sc., B.V.M. & S., M,R.C.V.S.
Word count - 1,386
Introduction
Mouth rot, or stomatitis, is a fairly common health problem in captive reptiles, especially snakes. It is very important that it is recognised and
treated early as it can lead to serious, indeed potentially fatal, complications such as lung or generalised infections if allowed to go untreated.

70. Herpetological Record-Keeping

Author: Bruce Maclean B.Sc.,B.V,,M & S, M.R.C.V.S.
Word count - 1,471
Intorduction
This article is about keeping records concerning your herptiles. It will describe an idealized record keeping system, so not all aspects may be
feasible in certain husbandry systems. The recording discussed here is something to aim for; practicality will affect what can be reasonably
achieved.

71. Snake Cryptosporidia an Emerging Nightmare

Author: Stephen J. Divers B.Sc.(Hons), CBI0I. MiBiol, BVetMed, MRCVS
Word count - 1,075
Introduction
Renowned reptile vet, Stephen J. Divers B. Sc. (Hons), gives us an insight into a condition of great concern that may be present in collections
the world over. He explains what it is, how it is transmitted from host to host, how it affects the inflicted animal, how it may be diagnosed, its
treatment or otherwise (as explained in the article) and what to be on the look out for.

72. Prey - their life, death and thawing

Author: Lou Reading
Word count - 2,117
Introduction
The diet of Ratsnakes in the wild is extremely varied but when kept in captivity our choice of prey items are greatly reduced. We use prey that
is easy to breed, easy to store (frozen), relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. The choice of what we feed to our snakes depends on numer-
ous factors, firstly size. A prey animal that fits the above list and is of the right size. The type of species we choose to keep, be it a lizard feed-
er, fish or even an egg eater and also what we learn from other keepers can influence the way we choose to feed our snakes.

73. Dilemma of name Recognition: Why and When to Use New Combinations of Scientific Names
Authors: HOBART M. SMITH AND DAVID CHISZAR
Word count - 1,864
Introduction
Recently, several long-accepted scientific names of numerous genera with world-wide or hemispheric distribution were split into two or more
genera. Although most of these better represent the intricate relationships among groups of species within a genus in the broad sense (sensu
lato), many biologists (especially those lacking taxonomic training) become confused by new taxonomic changes and are now uncertain how or
what nomenclature is acceptable. An insurgence of new names has appeared with the increasing role of molecular genetic techniques and their
inherent role in expressing phylogenetic relationships through genus-group names.

74. Prey Choice and Feeding Methods

Author: Dan Fryer
Word count - 3,077
Introduction
Due to the fact that snakes typically eat whole prey, no matter what species of snake you keep (with the obvious exception of Gerarda prevos-
tiana which bites its prey into more manageable mouthfuls) the questions of what the best prey items are, how to feed them and when to change
them, all weigh heavily on our minds.

75. Cycling Colubrids for Healthy Offspring

Author: Kim Caldwell
Word count - 2,116
Introduction
Captive-bred colubrids are some of the most popular pet snakes in the world today. Dedicated hobbyists are breeding these wonderful animals
every year, making it easier to acquire many varieties of kingsnakes, milksnakes and ratsnakes, especially here in the United States. Captive
bred specimens are generally heartier and more colourful than wild-caught specimens, and their accessibility through breeders helps alleviate
stress on wild populations and destruction of natural habitats from over-collecting. In the wild, daylight is constantly changing and a wide range
of temperatures is provided for these animals. Their biological rhythms are cycled as the light and heat change throughout the seasons. Through
this natural process, they know to hibernate in winter, emerge and feed in spring and seek mates with which to breed.

76. Snake Egg Incubation using Peat as a Medium

Author: Kevin Hingley
Word count - 1,704
Introduction
An account of incubating snake eggs using peat as a substrate from Kevin Hingley. Detailed are how the author used this medium and also a
useful tip for treating mould growth on incubating fertile eggs. This alternative incubation medium has been used with success by the author.

77. Vivarium Hygiene

Author: Stephen Divers BSc(Hons), GIBiol, BVetMed, MRCVS
Word count - 1,561
Introduction
This article by specialist herpetological vet, Stephen Divers, looks at vivarium hygiene, considerations when building a vivarium, the substrate
used, its routine cleaning and disinfectants.
There seems to be an undeniable link between a poor captive environment and the incidence of disease, and therefore in this article the princi-
ples and practicalities of good hygiene will be examined. Hygiene incorporates the science of cleanliness and maintaining health, and is con-
cerned with decisions on vivarium design, structural and litter materials, cleaning and disinfection.

78. Reptilian and Amphibian Parasitism - Hookworms (nematodes)

Author: Stephen Divers BSc(Hons), GIBiol, BVetMed, MRCVS
Word count - 1,550
Introduction
Hookworms are commonly diagnosed as causing widespread disease and mortality if untreated. These parasites have a direct life-cycle and can
cross species boundaries - they require no intermediate host and can spread from one animal to another in the same vivarium, or between
vivaria if adequate hygiene is not practised. The author discusses with us the signs to look out for in an animal with a suspected parasitic load
and it’s diagnosis and treatment, as well as preventive methods to keep your reptile handy. The article has several photo’s to accompany it.

79. Some Tips and Tricks for Non-Feeding Ratsnakes

Author: Frankley Delôrés
Word count - 6,240
Introduction
The following subjects are really concerned with newly born snakes after initial ecdysis but can with little adaptation, be applied to adult non-
feeding snakes as well. All food ‘offered’ to snakes are done so via tongs, to dissociate the smell and where relevant, the heat signature of your
hand with the smell of the food. Although a small baby snake isn’t likely to cause fatal injury by biting your hand unless venomous, a huge
adult especially of a species of snake belonging to one of the larger groups could cause a nasty bite and injury. More importantly than the likeli-
hood of you being bitten, the snake may well be fearful of your scent and become further discouraged to consume the proposed food item.
Also, it isn’t to be advised that snakes coming up to a slough or in the ‘blue’ stage be disturbed or offered food. During this process, they are
using energy to complete the slough and once blue won’t be able to see very well, making them feel insecure and consequently less likely to
feed anyway. Unnecessary molestation at this time will not aid your attempts to get a baby or adult snake to feed on its own if it was reluctant
in the first place.

RATSNAKE RELATED ARTICLES

80. Acclimation and Captive Husbandry of the Giant bird snake
Author: Roy Blodgett
Word count: 2,049
Introduction
The Giant bird snake, Pseustes sulphureus, is a large colubrid species native to much of northern South America - throughout the Amazon
Basin. Generally, they are known to inhabit heavily forested areas, but are also be found in disturbed habitat with some regularity. They are
moderately built, and can grow to immense lengths, with adults sometimes exceeding ten feet in length. Most specimens exhibit striking col-
oration, and two color phases are commonly seen, green and yellow or black and yellow. I suspect that these two color phases distinguish
between the two valid subspecies of the Giant bird snake; P. sulphureus sulphureus, and P. sulphureus dieperinkii.

81. Rhino Ratsnake, Rhynchophis boulengeri (MOCQUARD, 1897)

Author: Gidi Van de Belt
Word count - 1,346
Introduction
This is a really special ratsnake which can be found in North Vietnam and South China. Its horn on top of his nose makes it a snake with a spe-
cial and unique characteristic. They are quite easy to maintain in captivity and should not normally present many problems. I find it remarkable
that you can handle this species so easily; they never try to escape or bite me, as they are so placid. Only when they are young is it sometimes
difficult to get them started to eat.
It is also very typical for this species that the hatchlings are born grey and will change to their adult colour by two years of age.

82. Captive Care of Spilotes pullatus

Author: PrimaReptilia.com
Word count - 1,755
Introduction
Also known as: Mexican Rat snake (ssp mexicanus), Tiger Rat snake, Tropical Rat snake, Tropical Chicken snake and our favorite, Thunder
and Lightning snake.

83. The Smooth Snake

Author: The Reptilian/unknown
Word count - 646
Introduction
A small article on the Smooth Snake, Coronella austriaca, with notes on it’s habitat, lifestyle, physical description. status in the UK and its diet
on the Heathland it inhabits.

NEWSLETTERS & OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Ratsnakes Digest
Dec – 2007
News, Announcements and Updates about the Ratsnake Foundation’s Website
Herping Arizona by Terry Cox
Trinket Snakes by Sue Knight
Herpetological Events Worldwide
Chairperson’s Chatter by Dave Royans
Chief Editor’s Epilogue by Dave Royans
Brumation by Sue Knight
Members Interview Toby Brock (sotexgp) by Terry Cox

Jan – 2008
News, Announcements and Updates about the Ratsnake Foundation’s Website
In the News - Two Headed Japanese Ratsnake
Species Spot Light by Sue Knight - Thai Red Mountain Ratsnake
Herpetological Events Worldwide
Chairperson’s Chatter by Dave Royans
Chief Editor’s Epilogue by Dave Royans
Alien Ratsnakes by Sue Knight
Ratsnakes of the Mediterranean region by Terry Cox

Feb- 2008
Ratsnake Foundation News
Chairperson’s Chatter by Dave
In the Snake Room by Ratsnakehaven
On the Wild Side by Ratsnakehaven
Dicephalism in Ratsnakes by Sue
members Interview with Miqe Erikzen by Ratsnakehaven
Species Spotlight, Elaphe Climacophora by Sue
The Search for the Western Fox Snake by Ratsnakehaven

March – 2008
Ratsnake Foundation News
Chairperson’s Chatter by Dave
In the Snake Room - Rob Stone from High Plains Herpetoculture
Eastern Fox Snakes by Ratsnakehaven
Home Tanning of Snake Skin
And More .....

July – 2008
Page 2. Exciting Times Ahead - Treasurer
Welcoming Thoughts - Membership Secretary
Page 3. Looking Forward - Chairman
Page 4. Eggciting Times, When Bad Eggs Come Good
-Oreocryptophis porphyraceaus coxi - Rob Kool
-Coelognathus radiatus - Sue Knight
Page 5. Unexpectedly low mitochondrial DNA variation within the Ladder Snake Rhinechis scalaris - Valeria Nulchis
et al.
Page 8. Snakes Can’t hear ... Or can they?
Page 9. Breeders Notes - Japanese Forest Ratsnake - Rob Kool
Page 10. Eggztended Incubation in Coelognathus helena - Dave Royans
Page 11. Patronyms of the Pioneer West XIV. Bogertophis subocularis (Brown, 1901), Trans-Pecos Ratsnake - Edward
O. Moll and Manny Rubio
Page 15. Reptile Art - Tell Hicks Prints
Page 16. Members Interview - Dusty Rhoads
page 21. Albino Chocolate Pantherophis emoryi - KJ & Kasi Lodrigue / KJUN Snakehaven
Page 22. Outdoor Enclosure for Fox Snakes - Tell Hicks
Page 23. Trinket Snakes

www.ratsnakefoundation.org