THE OPPOSITE GENERATING FACTOR (OR OPPOSITE GENERATOR) IN THE DIGITAL ROOT SYSTEM OF ANY NUMBERING SYSTEM

by Renato de Melo E-mail: renatodemelo1958@gmail.com Santos SP, Brazil December 10t !01". 1 A FEW PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS # ro$g o$t t is article, e%ce&t ' ere ot er'ise stated, t e (ollo'ing terms and e%&ressions are de(ined as) a* literal constants or +ariables, s$c as a, b, d, k, m, n, q, r, x, y etc, are &re+io$sl, de(ined (or t e set o( t e whole numbers, N0 - . 0, 1, !, /, 0 12 as do t e e%&ressions whole number, or sim&l, number2 b* t e digital root d o( a n$mber k 'ill be e%&ressed as (ollo's) dr3k* - d. 2 INTRODUCTION Digital root s,stems o( an, n$mbering s,stem &resent certain elements t at are common to all t ose s,stems, no matter t e base, b$t o( co$rse +ar,ing t eir +al$es in eac s,stem. 4or instance, t e, all a+e m$lti&licati+e and additi+e identit, elements) in t e decimal s,stem, s$c elements are dr3k* - 9 as t e additi+e identit, and dr3k* - 1 as t e m$lti&licati+e identit,2 in t e base 5 s,stem, s$c elements are dr3k* - " as t e additi+e identit, and dr3k* - 1 as t e m$lti&licati+e identit,. 5t is note'ort , t at dr3k* - 9 in t e decimal s,stem and dr3k* - " in t e base 5 s,stem also ($nction as t e n$ll element and ma, also be re&resented as a generic digital root b 1 6dr3k* - b 17 (or all bases 3b being t e base o( t e n$mbering s,stem*. 3 THE OPPOSITE GENERATING FACTOR (OR OPPOSITE GENERATOR) 5n t e digital root s,stem o( t e decimal s,stem, dr3k* - 9, being its zero, is also t e element t at de(ines t e additive inverses, or opposites. 8ence, dr3k* - ! and dr3k* - 9 are

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additi+e in+erses, as 'ell as, dr3k* - / and dr3k* - :2 dr3k* - " and dr3k* - 52 dr3k* - 1 and dr3k* - 82 and (inall, dr3k* - 9 being its o'n in+erse. # e &rod$ct p o( an, n$mber k a+ing dr3k* - 1 'it an, n$mber n is a n$mber 'it t e same digital root o( n2 ' ereas, t e &rod$ct p o( an, n$mber k a+ing dr3k* - 8 'it an, n$mber n is a n$mber 'it t e opposite digital root o( n. ;lso, an, n$mber 'it digital roots 1 or 8 dividing an, n$mber n ,ields t e same res$lts 3i.e., t e <$otient=s digital root is t e same as n i( t e di+isor=s digital root is 1, and t e <$otient=s digital root is t e o&&osite o( n i( t e di+isor=s digital root is 8*, as long as n is a m$lti&le o( t e di+isor. ;ll n$mbering s,stems, e%ce&t (or t e binar, s,stem as s o'n a little ($rt er in to&ic ", ,ield a digital root 3eight in t e decimal s,stem* t at be a+es li>e a (actor, or di+isor, generating opposites. ?o', t e &roo( o( t e e%istence o( s$c an opposite generator in t e digital root s,stem o( an, n$mbering s,stem. 3.1 THE OPPOSITE GENERATOR AS A FACTOR OF A PRODUCT #o start 'it , t e conce&t o( digital roots can be generalized to an, n$mbering s,stem, ' ere b is t e base, and t e null element, as 'ell as t e additive identity, in all o( t em is al'a,s a generic digital root b 1 3nine in t e decimal s,stem*. # $s, b 1 is t e common di((erence t at r$les t e arit metic &rogressions bet'een t e elements &resenting t e same digital root. # e additi+e in+erses, or o&&osites, are al'a,s related to b 1, i.e., all o&&osites are e%actl, at t e same distance (rom b 1 in an, n$mbering s,stem. @et, b 1 is onl, t e null element, o((ering t e re(erences (or t e s,stem, ' ile digital root b ! is t e opposite generator in an, n$mbering s,stem. 5t also is im&ortant to note t at b ! is al'a,s t e o&&osite o( 1, t e $nit element, in an, n$mbering s,stem, as) (b 2) + 1 = b 1. 4rom t at, let rA and rAA be an, t'o distinct remainders obtained b, di+iding an, t'o distinct n$mbers b, di+isor b 1. 5n t e case rA and rAA are o&&osites t en t eir addition e<$als t e n$ll element b 12 and conse<$entl, one o( t em is e<$al to s$btracting t e ot er (rom b 1, t e largest digital root o( t e s,stem, ma>ing t em o&&osites, as (ollo's) rA B rAA - b 1 r = (b 1) r 2 or r = (b 1) r . ;s b 1 is t e additi+e identit, element o( t e s,stem, ' ic added or s$btracted to an, digital root d res$lts in d itsel(, t en) (I) r = r 2 or r = r .
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# e &roo( (or t e e%istence o( t e opposite generator is <$ite sim&le. 4irstl,, let p be t e &rod$ct o( p - n % g. Secondl,, let n - 3b 1* k B r, an, n$mber ' ere k and r are res&ecti+el, t e <$otient and t e remainder (rom t e di+ision o( n b, b 1. ;nd t irdl, let g - 3b 1* q B 3b x*, an, n$mber 'or>ing as t e o&&osite generatorC'it t e digital root o( t e o&&osite generator, b ! 6 dr3g* - b ! 7, s$&&osedl,, b$t still $nder &roo( so its remainder 'ill be b x, necessaril, (e'er t an bC' ere q and b x are res&ecti+el, t e <$otient and t e remainder (rom t e di+ision o( g b, b 1. B, s$bstit$ting n and g abo+e in t e sentence p - n % g, t e res$lt is) p - 6 3b 1* k B r 7 % 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 - 3b 1* k 3b 1* q B 3b 1* k 3b x* B r 3b 1* q B r 3b x* - kq 3b 1*D B k 3b 1* 3b x* B brq rq B rb rx - kq 3b 1*D B k 3bD b bx B x* B brq rq B rb rx - kq 3b 1*D B 6 k 3bD* bk 7 6 bxk xk 7 B 6 brq rq 7 B rb rx - kq 3b 1*D B 6 bk 3b 1* 7 6 xk 3b 1* 7 B 6 rq 3b 1* 7 B rb rx - 3b 1* 6 kq 3b 1* B bk xk B rq 7 B rb rx - 3b 1* 6 kq 3b 1* B bk xk B rq 7 B rb rx + ! r r " - 3b 1* 6 kq 3b 1* B bk xk B rq 7 B 6 rb r 7 3 rx r * - 3b 1* 6 kq 3b 1* B bk xk B rq 7 B 6 r 3b 1* 7 r 3x 1* - (b 1) ! kq (b 1) + bk xk + rq + r " r (x 1). # e term 3b 1* 6 kq 3b 1* B bk xk B rq B r 7 (rom t e e%&ression abo+e denotes a n$mber di+ided b, b 1 'it <$otient e<$al to 6 kq 3b 1* B bk xk B rq B r 7 and remainder e<$al to r 3x 1*, ' ic is in t e case x = 2, as (ollo's) r 3x 1* - r x 1 - 3r # r* x - !, and r B 3r* - 0, or, in t e case o( t e digital roots, b 1. # e anal,sis o( some ot er &ossible +al$es o( x in base b (or p - n % g starts 'it t e inter+al 0 E x E b and res$lts in t e inter+al 1 E x E b, as (ollo's) x-0 6 r 3x 1* 7 - 6 r 30 1* 7 - 6 r 3 1* 7 - + r, so dr3p* - dr3n* - r2 b$t t en t e remainder o( g is b, an im&ossible res$lt since t e largest digital root as to be b 1. # ere(ore, t e lo'er bo$nd (or t e remainders o( n # 3b 1* is 1 and t e $&&er bo$nd, b 1, or 0 3(or e%am&le, in base 10, 9 di+iding 18*. Since no ot er remainder is greater t an b 1 - 02 as to x, i( x - b t en r 3b 1* - 0, ma>ing 0 F x E b2 olds a negati+e +al$e r. 4rom p - n % g and (I) abo+e, t e onl, 'a, (or t e remainder r 3x 1* - r 3t e o&&osite o( t e remainder o( n*,

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x-1 6 r 3x 1* 7 - 6 r 31 1* 7 - 0, so dr3p* - dr3g* - b 1, bot g and p are m$lti&les o( b 1 3com&are to x - b belo', t e o&&osite o( x - 1*2 x-/ 6 r 3x 1* 7 - 6 r 3/ 1* 7 - 2r, so dr3p* - !r, dr3g* - b / 3com&are to x - b ! belo', t e o&&osite o( x - /*2 x-" 6 r 3x 1* 7 - 6 r 3" 1* 7 - 3r, so dr3p* - /r, dr3g* - b " 3com&are to x - b / belo', t e o&&osite o( x - "*2 etc. Gonse<$entl,, t e remainders o( t e &rod$ct n % g di+ided b, b 1, 'it x H 0, are 0, r, !r, /r, "r etc, (or x e<$al to 1, !, /, ", 5, etc res&ecti+el,. ;s t e $&&er bo$nd o( t e inter+al (or t e +al$es o( x is b2 t en, in ascending order, t e last &ossible +al$es o( x, related to t e res$lts abo+e, are) x-b/ . r 6 3b /* 1 7 1 - 6 r 3b "* 7 - rb B "r - rb B r B /r - r 3b 1* + 3r, so dr3p* - /r, dr3g* - /2 t e o&&osite o( x - " abo+e beca$se /r /r - 02 x-b! . r 6 3b !* 1 7 1 - 6 r 3b /* 7 - rb B /r - rb B r B !r - r 3b 1* + 2r, so dr3p* - !r, dr3g* - !2 t e o&&osite o( x - / abo+e beca$se !r !r - 02 x-b1 . r 6 3b 1* 1 7 1 - 6 r 3b !* 7 - rb B !r - rb B r B r - r 3b 1* + r, so dr3n* - dr3p* - r, dr3g* - 12 t e o&&osite o( dr3g* - b ! 3r r - 0*, ,ielding t e same digital root o( t e original n$mber, dr3p* - dr3n* - r2 x-b . r 6 3b* 1 7 1 - r 3b 1* - 0, so dr3p* - dr3g* - 0, bot m$lti&les o( b 12 t e o&&osite o( dr3g* - b 1 beca$se 0 0 - 0) t e o&&osite o( digital root b 1 is b 1. Gonse<$entl,, in ascending order, t e last remainders o( t e &rod$ct n % g di+ided b, b 1, 'it x H 0, are 0 /r, !r, r, and 0, (or x e<$al to 0 b /, b !, b 1, and b, res&ecti+el,.

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3.2

THE OPPOSITE GENERATOR AS THE DI$ISOR OF A DI$ISION ?onet eless, s$c res$lts consider onl, t e product o( n and t e opposite generator.

8o'e+er, t e di+ision o( an, n$mber n b, t e opposite generator also res$lts in n$mbers a+ing digital roots o&&osite to t e digital root o( n. # en let d - 3b 1* m B rA, t e <$otient (rom n # g2 n - 3b 1* k B r, an, n$mber ($nctioning as t e di+idend in n # g and necessaril, a m$lti&le o( g2 g - 3b 1* q B 3b x*, an, n$mber ($nctioning as t e di+isor and t e o&&osite generatorCagain s$&&osedl, 'it digital root e<$al to b !, still $nder &roo(, so its remainder is b x F b, and t ere(ore ma>ing rA - 3b 1* r, or rA - r, as s o'n in (I) abo+e. I en s$bstit$ting t em all in t e sentence n - d % g, (rom d - n # g, t e res$lt is) n - 6 3b 1* m B r 7 % 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 - 6 3b 1* m B (b 1) r 7 % 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 - 6 3b 1* 3m B 1* r 7 % 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 - 6 3b 1* 3m B 1* 3b 1* q B 3b 1* 3m B 1* 3b x* 7 r 3b 1* q r 3b x* - 3b 1* 3m B 1* 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 qr 3b 1* r 3b x* - 3b 1* . 3m B 1* 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 qr 1 br B xr - 3b 1* . 3m B 1* 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 qr 1 br B xr ! + r r " - 3b 1* . 3m B 1* 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 qr 1 br B r B xr r - 3b 1* . 3m B 1* 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 qr 1 r 3b 1* B r 3x 1* - (b 1) % (m + 1) ! (b 1) q + (b x) " qr r & + r (x 1). # e term 3b 1* . 3m B 1* 6 3b 1* q B 3b x* 7 qr r 1 (rom t e e%&ression abo+e denotes a n$mber di+ided b, b 1 res$lting in remainder e<$al to r 3x 1*, b$t t is time t e remainder starts 'it &ositi+e r. 4rom n - d % g and (I) abo+e, t e onl, 'a,, (or t e remainder r 3x 1* - r 3t e remainder o( n*, is in t e case x = 2, beca$se t en) r 3x 1* - r x 1 - 3r # r* x - !, and r B 3r* - 0, or b 1, in t e case o( t e digital root s,stem. # e anal,sis o( some ot er &ossible +al$es o( x in base b (or n - d % g also starts 'it t e inter+al 0 E x E b and again res$lts in t e inter+al 1 E x E b, as (ollo's) x-0 r 3x 1* - r 30 1* - r, so dr3n* - dr3d* - r2 and again t e remainder o( g is b, anot er im&ossible res$lt since t e largest digital root as to be b 1. # ere(ore, t e lo'er bo$nd (or t e remainders o( t e <$otient (rom n # 3b 1* is 1 and t e $&&er bo$nd, b 1, or 0. Since no ot er remainder is greater t an b 1 - 02 as to x, i( x - b t en r 3b 1* - 0, ma>ing 0 F x E b2 x-1 r 3x 1* - r 31 1* - 0,

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so dr3n* - dr3g* - b 1, m$lti&les o( b 1 3com&are to x - b belo', t e o&&osite o( x - 1*2 x-/ r 3x 1* - r 3/ 1* - 2r, so dr3n* - !r, dr3g* - b / 3com&are to x - b ! belo', t e o&&osite o( x - /*2 x-" r 3x 1* - r 3" 1* - 3r, so dr3n* - /r, dr3g* - b " 3com&are to x - b / belo', t e o&&osite o( x - "*2 etc. Gonse<$entl,, t e remainders o( t e <$otient d - n # g, di+ided b, b 1, 'it x H 0, are 0, r, !r, /r, "r etc, (or x e<$al to 1, !, /, ", 5, etc res&ecti+el,. ;s t e $&&er bo$nd o( t e inter+al (or t e +al$es o( x is b2 t en, in ascending order, t e last &ossible +al$es o( x, related to t e res$lts abo+e, are) x-b/ r 6 3b /* 1 7 - r 3b "* - rb "r - rb r /r - r 3b 1* 3r, so dr3n* - /r, dr3g* - /2 t e o&&osite o( x - " abo+e beca$se /r /r - 02 x-b! r 6 3b !* 1 7 - r 3b /* - rb /r - rb r !r - r 3b 1* 2r, so dr3n* - !r, dr3g* - !2 t e o&&osite o( x - / abo+e beca$se !r !r - 02 x-b1 r 6 3b 1* 1 7 - r 3b !* - rb !r - rb r r - r 3b 1* r, so dr3n* - dr3d* - r, dr3g* - 12 t e o&&osite o( dr3g* - b ! beca$se 3r)3r) - r B r - 02 ,ielding t e same digital root o( t e original n$mber, dr3n* - dr3g* - r2 x-b r 6 3b* 1 7 - r 3b 1* - 0, so dr3n* - dr3g* - 0, bot m$lti&les o( b 12 t e o&&osite o( dr3g* - b 1 beca$se 0 0 - 0) t e o&&osite o( digital root b 1 is b 1. Gonse<$entl,, in ascending order, t e last remainders o( t e <$otient d - n # g, di+ided b, b 1, 'it x H 0, are 0 /r, !r, r, and 0, (or x e<$al to 0 b /, b !, b 1, and b, res&ecti+el,. ;s a res$lt, (or an, n$mbering s,stem $sed to re&resent <$antities, t e digital root s,stem generates onl one opposite generator, ' ic is b !, al!a s t e o&&osite o( 1, as long as b ' /, b$t e+en i( b - / t en b ! - 1, 'it 1 being t e opposite generator o( t e s,stem and t e opposite o( 1 itsel(, as 'ell as t e $nit o( t e s,stem.

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THE ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL ROOT SYSTEMS IN DISTINCT NUMBERING SYSTEMS Basicall,, t e elements o( digital roots s,stems are t ose ta$g t in Mat ematics at

an, elementar, sc ool, namel,) a) t e )*+,, ' ic is 1 3one* (or all bases, incl$ding t e binar, s,stem2 b) t e *)-- .-./.*,, t e zero o( t e s,stem, ' ic is b 1 in digital root s,stems2 c) t e 011+,+2. +*2.34.4 3a B b - 0*, ' ic in terms o( digital roots e<$als b 12 d) t e /)-,+5-+60,+2. +*2.34.4 3a % b - 1*2 and e) t e 75574+,. 8.*.30,73 b !. Some considerations m$st be added. 4irstl,, in digital root s,stems all nulls are al'a,s t eir o'n o&&osites, i.e., 3b 1* B 3b 1* - b 1. Secondl,, in digital root s,stems, t ere is no o&&osite generator (or t e base ! s,stem, as seen in #able 1 belo', beca$se digital root zero does not e%ist. # irdl,, digital root s,stems a+e at least one &air o( additi+e in+erses, and n$mbering s,stems 'it a base ig er t an ! a+e at least t'o beca$se one o( t em is al'a,s t e o&&osition bet'een t e $nit digital root and t e o&&osite generator. 4inall,, t e m$lti&licati+e in+erse o( digital root 1 is digital root 1 itsel( in all bases2 and as t e o&&osite o( digital root 1 is digital root b !, t en t e m$lti&licati+e in+erse o( digital root b ! is digital root b ! itsel( 6 3b !* % 3b !* - 1 7 in all bases ig er t an ! 3t'o*. 4rom t is last remar> 'e can concl$de t at, all digital root s,stems o( all n$mbering s,stems a+e at least one &air o( m$lti&licati+e in+erses 31 % 1 - 1*2 and, as seen in #able 1 belo', n$mbering s,stems 'it a base ig er t an / a+e at least t'o &airs o( m$lti&licati+e in+erses. 5nterestingl,, in n$mbering s,stems 'it e+en bases, digital root b # ! and digital root ! are al'a,s m$lti&licati+e in+erses. 4irst, let b be an e+en base and p - 3b 1* m B 1, an, n$mber ' ere m is t e <$otient (rom t e di+ision o( p b, b 1 'it t e remainder e<$al to 7*., and also let p - n % g. # en, let n - 3b 1* k B r, an, n$mber ' ere k and r are res&ecti+el, t e <$otient and t e remainder (rom t e di+ision o( n b, b 1. ;nd, (inall,, let h - 3b 1* q B 3b # !*, an, n$mber ' ere q and b # ! are res&ecti+el, t e <$otient and t e remainder (rom t e di+ision o( h b, b 1. B, s$bstit$ting n and h abo+e in t e sentence p - n % h, t e res$lt is) p - 6 3b 1* k B r 7 % 6 3b 1* q B 3b # !* 7 - 3b 1* k 3b 1* q B 3b 1* k 3b # !* B r 3b 1* q B r 3b # !* Page 9 o( 9

- kq 3b 1*D B k 3b 1* 3b # !* B brq rq B r 3b # !* - kq 3b 1*D B k 3b 1* 3b # !* B 6 brq rq 7 B r 3b # !* - kq 3b 1*D B k 3b 1* 3b # !* B 6 rq 3b 1* 7 B r 3b # !* - (b 1) ! kq (b 1) + k (b # 2) + rq " + (rb # 2). ;s de(ined abo+e, p - 3b 1* m B 1, conse<$entl,, 3b 1* m - 3b 1* 6 kq 3b 1* B k 3b # !* B rq 72 and t e remainder rb # ! - 1. ;s t e digital root o( b is al'a,s 7*. 31* 6 dr3b* - 1 7, t en r - !.

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T09-. 1. The Elements of igital !oot "ystems in istinct #ases

B04. b 2 3 ( ; N)-b1 1 ! / " Opposite generator b2 JJ 1 ! / A11+,+2. I*2.34.4 a+b=b1 1+1 1B1 !B! 1+2 /B/ 1B/ !B! "B" 1B" !B/ 5B5 1B5 !B" /B/ :B: 1B: !B5 /B" 9B9 1B9 !B: /B5 "B" 8B8 1B8 !B9 /B: "B5 9B9 1B9 !B8 /B9 "B: 5B5 10 B 10 A11+,+2. I*2.34.4 a+b=b1 M)-,+5-+60,+2. I*2.34.4 a:b=1 1%1 1%1 1%1 !%! 1%1 /%/ 1%1 !%/ "%" 1%1 5%5 1%1 !%" /%5 :%: 1%1 /%/ 5%5 9%9 1%1 !%5 "%9 8%8

<

"

>

10

11

10

1%1 /%9 9%9 M)-,+5-+60,+2. I*2.34.4 a:b=1

B04. b

N)-b1

Opposite generator b2

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