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INTRODUCTION The protection system is one o the important aspect on which major manufacturers is concentrating.

The companies like L&T, SIMENS etc. The protection system not only provides durability to the equipment but also avoid hazards. The protection system is one of the major fields in the electrical engineering. There are different types of protection systems out of that very common and important one is the voltage protection system. Normally all the electrical equipment is specified with a specific voltage range for its safe operation. When ever that equipment are applied with a voltage more then the upper specified limit the system may draw excess current which may cause to burn the equipment. The equipment is designed to withstand a specific voltage when ever the voltage goes beyond the limit value then automatically the insulations used in that equipment get punctured and cause a damage to the equipment. Similarly whenever the equipment is applied with a voltage lower then the lower specified voltage it draws excess current to maintain the efficiency. The out put may not be proper and the equipment may damage. The over voltage and under voltage relay in combination protect the device from fluctuation of voltage. This type of relay provides the equipment complete protection against undesired voltage condition. The over voltage and under voltage relay is one of the important protective relays which is used in the practical application at industries to protect motors transformers and other electronic and electrical equipment and power system.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER SUPPLY:
The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of ac because of economical consideration but for operation of most of the electronic devices and circuits, dc supply is required. Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose. No doubt, they have the advantages of being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they need frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional dc power supplies. Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that converts ac supply into dc supply. The part of equipment that converts ac into dc is called DC power supply. In general at the input of the power supply there is a power transformer. It is followed by a rectifier (a diode circuit)a smoothing filter and then by a voltage regulator circuit. From the block diagram, the basic power supply is constituted by four elements viz a transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and a regulator put together. The output of the dc power supply is used to provide a constant dc voltage across the load. Let us briefly outline the function of each of the elements of the dc power supply. Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to step-down) the-supply voltage as per need of the solid-state electronic devices and circuits to be supplied by the dc power supply. It can provide isolation from the supply line-an important safety consideration. It may also include internal shielding to prevent unwanted electrical noise signal on the power line from getting into the power supply and possibly disturbing the load.

TRANSFORMER Transformer works on the basis of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION and they are mainly classified into two

STEPUP TRANSFORMER STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER

Stepup transformer upconvert the input voltage where stepdown transformer downconverts. For a DC Power Source we have to use stepdown transformers, to covert the high voltage AC supply to low voltage DC.

RECTIFIER Rectifiers are used to convert the sinusoidal AC voltage to non-sinusoidal pulsating DC. The main component used in Rectifiers are diodes due to its switching action. They will conduct Current only in one direction, hence the voltage. So we can use them on rectifiers to make the alternating Current unidirectional. Rectifiers are classified into Three :

HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

FILTERS Filters are used to eliminate or filter-out the unwanted ripples from the rectified output. Filters play an important role in dc Power supplies, they make the pulsating dc steady. VOLTAGE REGULATOR Voltage Regulators are used to regulate the output Voltage over load. They make the Voltage unvaried with load connected to it. This will eliminates the remaining ripples from the filter output. The output from Voltage Regulator may be the required DC. Voltage Regulators includes some safety measures such as Current Limiting, short circuit etc......

HIGH VOLTAGE CONNECTION DEFINITION:

There is no universally accepted definition, although some industry standards do specify various minimum voltages, above which is considered high voltage. These definitions are generally based on safety considerations or the voltage where arcing will occur. It would be convenient if high voltage was universally accepted to start at a nice round number, for example, 1kV. Instead, we've seen voltages as low as 5V referred to as high voltage. In contrast, according to the Bonneville Power Administration, to be considered high voltage, it needs to be 100kV and above! We'd like to define this relative term from a more practical viewpoint instead:
Low voltage is a relative term, the definition varying by context. Different definitions are used in electric power transmission and distribution, and in the electronics industry. Electrical safety codes define "low

voltage" circuits that are exempt from the protection required at higher voltages. These definitions vary by country and specific code.

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