Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Torit
INTO
BATTLE.
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
BUSINESS
BRIEFS
Hypertherm Transitions to a 100%
Employee-Owned Company
Hypertherm, Hanover, N.H., a manufacturer of plasma, laser,
and waterjet cutting systems, recently announced the transfer of
all its common stock into an Employee Stock Ownership Plan
(ESOP), making the company 100% employee owned under an
S-Corporation structure.
Previously, Hypertherms ESOP (known internally as the Hy-
pertherm Stock Ownership Plan, HSOP) held approximately one-
third of the companys stock. Controlling shareholders Dick and
Barbara Couch created the plan in 2001, followed by a Global
Stock Value Program for international associates in 2004.
With the redemption and purchase of all remaining shares
into the HSOP, Dick and Barbara Couch seek to ensure the con-
tinuation of Hypertherm as an independent company living its
core values and pursuing the long-term interests of its customers,
associates, and communities.
The well-being of our associates and shared rewards have
been cultural cornerstones of Hypertherm since our founding in
1968, said Dick Couch, founder and CEO.
TRUMPF and Partners Win German
Future Prize
Recently, the German Future Prize was presented to a team
of experts from TRUMPF, Bosch, and the University of Jena.
Federal President Joachim Gauck awarded the honor at a cere-
mony in Berlin to Dr. Jens Ko nig (Bosch), Dr. Dirk Sutter
(TRUMPF), and Prof. Stefan Nolte (University of Jena).
The three researchers have established ultrashort pulse lasers
as a new tool for industrial production with virtually unlimited
possibilities. The ultrashort pulse laser emits up to 24,000 pulses
of high energy in a fraction of a second. It drills ultrafine holes
in metal, cuts medical stents from tiny polymer tubes, produces
shatterproof touch screens for smartphone displays, structures
the surfaces of thin-film solar cells, and cuts through ultrathin
plastic foil, brittle ceramic components, and diamonds.
At this point, the technology is entering new sectors of mass
production and replacing conventional methods such as mechan-
ical drilling, eroding, and chemical etching. In addition, there is
no heat transferred to the material and no residue after process-
ing. This is because the ultrashort pulse only heats the material
locally and so intensely it is ejected and vaporized before the heat
can be transferred. This enables areas just a few micrometers in
diameter to be ablated.
Flame Spray Increases South Carolina
Manufacturing Operation
Flame Spray North America, Inc., a thermal spray coating
manufacturer and wholly owned subsidiary of Italian firm Flame
Spray S.p.A., is expanding its existing manufacturing facility in
Laurens County, S.C., essentially doubling its operation in the
Woodfield Industrial Park. The company plans to invest another
$9.1 million and create 45 new jobs as well.
Back in 2011, when we announced our first investment in
South Carolina, we had a lot of concerns on how fast we would
be able to grow, said Marco Prosperini, president and CEO,
Flame Spray North America. Today, we are thrilled to announce
a new investment to expand our operations...thanks to our team,
we will develop new applications to serve different industries.
We thank the South Carolina Department of Commerce and the
local authorities for their continuing support.
Armstrong Marine to Create 200 Jobs
North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory and Commerce Sec-
retary Sharon Decker announced Armstrong Marine, Inc., is
building a welded aluminum boat manufacturing operation in
Onslow County. The company plans to create 200 jobs and in-
vest more than $8.4 million at the new facility near Swansboro.
Josh Armstrong, company president and CEO, realized its ex-
isting manufacturing facility in Port Angeles, Wash., was inade-
quate to meet market demands and incurred substantial ship-
ping cost to clients on the Eastern seaboard.
Project partners include the N.C. Department of Commerce,
Coastal Carolina Community College, Onslow County, and Jack-
sonville Onslow Economic Development.
Dr. Jens Knig, Prof. Stefan Nolte, and Dr. Dirk Sutter (from left)
have developed ultrashort laser pulses from basic research into a
new tool for industrial mass production.
MARCH 2014 14
An overhead picture shows Dick Couch, Hypertherms founder and
CEO, making this announcement to associates at the companys
facility in Hanover, N.H.
continued on page 108
Victor
Thermal Dynamics
introduces
ULTRA-CUT
XT
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
THE NEXT GENERATION OF HIGH
PRECISION PLASMA CUTTING
We Bring Intelligence to the Table.
TM
O
ur next generation of high precision plasma cutters
works the way you do intelligently. Ultra-Cut XT
systems give you the exibility to increase cutting power
and the assurance of superior quality, higher productivity
and lower cutting costs. Ultra-Cut XT systems are
available in 100- 400 Amp outputs for cutting plate up
to 2" (50 mm) thick. And because its Modular Power
Technology allows adding 100 Amp modules, the system
grows with your business.
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
Friends and Colleagues:
The American Welding Society established the honor of Counselor to recognize individual
members for a career of distinguished organizational leadership that has enhanced the image and
impact of the welding industry. Election as a Counselor shall be based on an individuals career of
outstanding accomplishment.
To be eligible for appointment, an individual shall have demonstrated his or her leadership in the
welding industry by one or more of the following:
Leadership of or within an organization that has made a substantial contribution to the welding
industry. The individuals organization shall have shown an ongoing commitment to the industry, as
evidenced by support of participation of its employees in industry activities.
Leadership of or within an organization that has made a substantial contribution to training and
vocational education in the welding industry. The individuals organization shall have shown an
ongoing commitment to the industry, as evidenced by support of participation of its employee in
industry activities.
For specifics on the nomination requirements, please contact Wendy Sue Reeve at AWS
headquarters in Miami, or simply follow the instructions on the Counselor nomination form in this
issue of the Welding Journal. The deadline for submission is July 1, 2014. The committee looks
forward to receiving these nominations for 2015 consideration.
Sincerely,
Lee Kvidahl
Chair, Counselor Selection Committee
Nomination of AWS Counselor
I. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
In 1999, the American Welding Society established the honor of Counselor to recognize indi-
vidual members for a career of distinguished organizational leadership that has enhanced the
image and impact of the welding industry. Election as a Counselor shall be based on an
individuals career of outstanding accomplishment.
To be eligible for appointment, an individual shall have demonstrated his or her leadership in
the welding industry by one or more of the following:
- Loudorshp ol or vthn un orgunzuton thut hus mudo u substuntu contrbuton to tho
welding industry. (The individuals organization shall have shown an ongoing
commitment to the industry, as evidenced by support of participation of its employees
in industry activities such as AWS, IIW, WRC, SkillsUSA, NEMA, NSRP SP7 or other
similar groups.)
- Loudorshp ol or vthn un orgunzuton thut hus mudo substuntu contrbuton to trunng
and vocational education in the welding industry. (The individuals organization shall
have shown an ongoing commitment to the industry, as evidenced by support of partici
pation of its employees in industry activities such as AWS, IIW, WRC, SkillsUSA, NEMA,
NSRP SP7 or other similar groups.)
ll. kLLLS
A. Candidates for Counselor shall have at least 10 years of membership in AWS.
B. Each candidate for Counselor shall be nominated by at least five members of
the Society.
C. Nominations shall be submitted on the official form available from AWS
headquarters.
D. Nominations must be submitted to AWS headquarters no later than July 1
of the year prior to that in which the award is to be presented.
E. Nominations shall remain valid for three years.
F. All information on nominees will be held in strict confidence.
G. Candidates who have been elected as Fellows of AWS shall not be eligible for
election as Counselors. Candidates may not be nominated for both of these awards
at the same time.
lll. NLMLk Cl CCLNSLLCkS 1C L SLLLC1LD
Maximum of 10 Counselors selected each year.
Return completed Counselor nomination package to:
Wendy S. Reeve
American Welding Society
Senior Manager
Award Programs and Administrative Support
Telephone: 800-443-9353, extension 293
SUBMISSION DEADLINE: July 1, 201
8669 Doral Blvd., #130
4
Miami, FL 33166
(please type or print in black ink)
COUNSELOR NOMINATION FORM
DATE_________________NAME OF CANDIDATE________________________________________________________________________
AWS MEMBER NO.___________________________YEARS OF AWS MEMBERSHIP____________________________________________
HOME ADDRESS____________________________________________________________________________________________________
CITY_______________________________________________STATE________ZIP CODE__________PHONE________________________
PRESENT COMPANY/INSTITUTION AFFILIATION_______________________________________________________________________
TITLE/POSITION____________________________________________________________________________________________________
BUSINESS ADDRESS________________________________________________________________________________________________
CITY______________________________________________STATE________ZIP CODE__________PHONE_________________________
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND, AS APPLICABLE:
INSTITUTION______________________________________________________________________________________________________
MAJOR & MINOR__________________________________________________________________________________________________
DEGREES OR CERTIFICATES/YEAR____________________________________________________________________________________
LICENSED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER: YES_________NO__________ STATE______________________________________________
SIGNIFICANT WORK EXPERIENCE:
COMPANY/CITY/STATE_____________________________________________________________________________________________
POSITION____________________________________________________________________________YEARS_______________________
COMPANY/CITY/STATE_____________________________________________________________________________________________
POSITION____________________________________________________________________________YEARS_______________________
SUMMARIZE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS IN THESE POSITIONS:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IT IS MANDATORY THAT A CITATION (50 TO 100 WORDS, USE SEPARATE SHEET) INDICATING WHY THE NOMINEE SHOULD BE
SELECTED AS AN AWS COUNSELOR ACCOMPANY THE NOMINATION PACKET. IF NOMINEE IS SELECTED, THIS STATEMENT MAY
BE INCORPORATED WITHIN THE CITATION CERTIFICATE.
**MOST IMPORTANT**
The Counselor Selection Committee criteria are strongly based on and extracted from the categories identified below. All in-
formation and support material provided by the candidates Counselor Proposer, Nominating Members and peers are considered.
SUBMITTED BY:
PROPOSER_______________________________________________
AWS Member No.___________________
The proposer will serve as the contact if the Selection Committee requires further information. The proposer is encouraged to include a
detailed biography of the candidate and letters of recommendation from individuals describing the specific accomplishments of the can-
didate. Signatures on this nominating form, or supporting letters from each nominator, are required from four AWS members in addition
to the proposer. Signatures may be acquired by photocopying the original and transmitting to each nominating member. Once the sig-
natures are secured, the total package should be submitted.
NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________Print Name___________________________________
AWS Member No.______________
NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________Print Name___________________________________
AWS Member No.______________
NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________Print Name___________________________________
AWS Member No.______________
NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________Print Name___________________________________
AWS Member No.______________
CLASS OF 201
SUBMISSION DEADLINE JULY 1, 2014
5
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
STAINLESS
Q&A
BY DAMIAN J. KOTECKI
Q: We have built a number of mobile
structures using 17-4PH stainless steel
because the high strength and weldability
of this alloy are very attractive. Now our
designers are proposing to seek still
higher design strength by using 17-7PH
stainless in such structures. We have an
inventory of 17-4PH bars and plates along
with matching ER630 filler metal, and it
would help us economically if we could use
the 17-4PH material and ER630 for stiff-
eners that are not stressed quite as highly
as the main components of the structure.
But we note that 17-4PH is strengthened
by copper alloying while 17-7PH is
strengthened by aluminum alloying.
Would there be a compatibility issue con-
cerning the Al with Cu in the welds that
join 17-4PH to 17-7PH? Also, to maximize
strength, we would need to heat treat the
structure (all of the steels are supplied in
the soft Condition A), but the heat treat-
ments for these two alloys are different
is there a problem there?
A: Both 17-7PH (a.k.a. UNS S17700 or
ASTM A693 Type 631) and 17-4PH (a.k.a.
UNS S17400 or ASTM A693 Type 630) are
precipitation hardening stainless steels
that require heat treatment from the soft
Condition A (mill annealed) to their high-
strength conditions. But they are different
in that 17-4PH is a martensitic grade while
17-7PH is a semiaustenitic grade. The heat
treatment to develop high strength in 17-
4PH is simple because it is martensitic in
Condition A and therefore only requires
aging at about 900F (480C) to develop
maximum strength. But 17-7PH in Condi-
tion A is austenitic. It first needs to be
transformed to martensite (which involves
either cold work or thermal treatment)
followed by aging to develop maximum
strength. More about these treatments
later.
Table 1 lists the compositions of 17-
4PH and 17-7PH stainless steels as given
in ASTM A693. It also includes the com-
position of ER630 filler metal from AWS
A5.9/A5.9M and the composition of the
17-7PH filler metal as given in AMS 5824
(there is no AWS specification for this
filler metal). It can be seen that the filler
metal compositions are somewhat more
restrictive than the base metal composi-
tions. The higher nickel content of the 17-
7PH and AMS 5824, as compared to that
of the 17-4PH and ER630, is responsible
for the retention of austenite to room tem-
perature in the two former grades while
the two latter grades transform to marten-
site (Condition A in all four cases). A cop-
per-rich phase precipitates during the
aging heat treatment of 17-4PH base
metal and ER630 weld metal. A destabi-
lization of the austenite (cold work, deep
refrigeration or austenite conditioning
heat treatment) in the 17-7PH base metal
and AMS 5824 weld metal to induce
martensite transformation is necessary be-
fore the aging heat treatment of the 17-
7PH and AMS 5824 weld metal.
In 17-4PH, Condition A is reached by
annealing at 1925F (1050C), while Con-
dition A is reached in 17-7PH by anneal-
ing at 1950F (1065C), both followed by
cooling to room temperature. In the as-
welded condition, the weld metal and
HAZ of both steels is essentially also Con-
dition A, although it should be recognized
that both weld metals will contain some
ferrite (much more, on the order of 25%
in 17-7PH).
Mechanical properties of 17-4PH and
17-7PH are strongly affected by process-
ing history after reaching Condition A.
ASTM A693 includes the minimum me-
chanical property requirements shown in
Table 2. There are additional mechanical
property requirements after cold working
to destabilize austenite in 17-7PH, but I
am assuming that cold work is not possible
in your structure. So I do not include those
requirements. The elongation require-
ments are also affected by thickness, and
Table 2 includes only requirements for
3
16
Table 1 Compositions of 17-4PH, ER630, 17-7PH, and AMS 5824
Compositions, wt-% (single value is maximum)
Grade C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Nb Al
17-4PH 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0 to 3.0 to 3.0 to 0.15 to
17.5 5.0 5.0 0.45
ER630 0.05 0.25 to 0.03 0.03 0.75 16.00 to 4.5 to 0.75 3.25 to 0.15 to
0.75 16.75 5.0 4.00 0.30
17-7PH 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0 to 6.5 to 0.75 to
18.0 7.7 1.50
AMS 5824 0.09 1.00 0.025 0.025 0.50 16.00 to 6.50 to 0.75 to
17.25 7.75 1.25
Table 2 Mechanical Property Requirements for 17-4PH and 17-7PH
Type Heat Tensile Yield Elongation Hardness,
Treatment Strength, Strength, in 2 in. Rockwell C
Condition ksi (MPa) ksi (MPa) %
17-4PH(630) H900 190 (1310) 170 (1170) 8 4048
H925 170 (1170) 155 (1070) 8 3847
17-7PH(631) RH950 200 (1380) 180 (1240) 6 43 min
H900 = Start from Condition A, then aged for 1 h at 900F (480C)
H925 = Start from Condition A, then aged for 1 h at 925F (495C)
RH950 = Start from Condition A, then austenite conditioning at 1750F (955C) for 10 min, rapidly cooled to room temperature, cooled to 100F (75C) within 24 h
and held for at least 8 h, warmed to room temperature, then aged at 950F (510C) for 1h.
MARCH 2014 20
to
5
8 in. (8 to 16 mm) thicknesses. In thin-
ner gauges, the tensile and yield strength
requirements do not change, but the elon-
gation requirements do change.
Note that the tensile and yield strength
requirements of 17-4PH drop appreciably
with increase of the aging temperature
from 900 to 925F. ASTM A693 does not
address what happens to 17-4PH if it goes
through the entire RH950 processing that
would be used for 17-7PH, but it seems
likely that the 1750F austenite condi-
tioning for the 17-7PH would return 17-
4PH to Condition A (perhaps with not all
carbides dissolved). So RH950 would
somewhat overage 17-4PH and its
strength would be a little less than in the
H925 condition if the entire weldment
were run through the RH950 treatment
for 17-7PH. The austenite conditioning
treatment at 1750F will cause most of the
ferrite in the weld metal to transform to
austenite, so the weld metal responds to
the RH950 treatment much like the base
metal responds.
It may not be desirable or necessary to
take the entire weldment through the
RH950 treatment, but you can expect
lower strength. Harkins (Ref. 1) cites data
from General Electric that indicate typi-
cal mechanical properties of GTA weld-
ments of 17-4PH to 17-7PH as 180 ksi
(1240 MPa) tensile strength, 165 ksi (1140
MPa) yield strength, and 7% elongation
after a compromise thermal treatment
of 1600F (870C) for 90 min, air cooling
to 60F (15C), then aging at 900F for 1
h followed by air cooling. These data
clearly indicate that there is no incompat-
ibility between the Al in the 17-7PH and
the Cu in the 17-4PH or ER630 filler
metal. Harkin states that either ER630 or
AMS 5824 filler metal can be used for
GTA welds between 17-7PH and 17-4PH.
If you want to take full advantage of
the 17-7PH strength possibilities, then
you will need to use AMS 5824 filler metal
for the 17-7PH to 17-7PH joints, and you
need to use the RH950 thermal treat-
ment. Harkins quotes typical weldment
mechanical properties of
1
16-in. (1.6 mm)
17-7PH GTA welded with AMS 5824 filler
metal, given the RH950 treatment after
welding, of 220 ksi (1520 MPa) tensile
strength, 205 ksi (1410 MPa) yield
strength, and 6% elongation, which equal
or exceed the requirements shown in
Table 2.
To conclude, if you weld 17-4PH stiff-
eners into the 17-7PH main structure with
AMS 5824 filler metal, and use AMS 5824
filler metal for the 17-7PH to 17-7PH
joints, RH950 thermal treatment of the
structure will allow you to take full ad-
vantage of the higher strength of 17-7PH,
but the stiffeners will be appreciably less
strong. If you instead elect to go with the
compromise thermal treatment cited by
Harkins, your main structure will not be
as strong and you will lose the advantage
in design with 17-7PH for the main
structure.
I am indebted to John Grubb, ATI Al-
legheny Ludlum, and Paul Lovejoy, re-
tired from Westinghouse, for their in-
sights into this inquiry.
Reference
1. Harkins, F. G. 1965. Welding of age-
hardenable stainless steels. WRC Bulletin
103, Welding Research Council, Shaker
Heights, Ohio.
21 WELDING JOURNAL
DAMIAN J. KOTECKI is president, Damian
Kotecki Welding Consultants, Inc. He is treasurer
of the IIW and a member of the A5D Subcom-
mittee on Stainless Steel Filler Metals, D1K Sub-
committee on Stainless Steel Structural Welding;
and WRC Subcommittee on Welding Stainless
Steels and Nickel-Base Alloys. He is a past chair
of the A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied
Materials, and served as AWS president
(20052006). Send questions to damian@ dami-
ankotecki.com, or mail to Damian Kotecki, c/o
Welding Journal Dept., 8669 NW 36th St. # 130,
Miami, FL 33166-6672.
For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
MARCH 2014 22
RWMA
Q&A
BY ROGER HIRSCH
Q: I am trying to weld a 0.031-in.-thick
steel ring to a 0.093-in.-thick steel oil fil-
ter thread ring Fig. 1. The ring is
about 3 in. in diameter and has six small
projections. This is being done in one hit
on a 250-kVA press welding machine. The
part is in a nest to align components. The
problem is that some of the projections
are good; some are low on strength
or have no fusion. We also noticed burn
marks on the flat part near the
projections.
A: Welding large parts with multiple pro-
jections can be a challenge. The last part
in your question regarding burn marks
near the weld zones gives me a clue as to
what is happening. I am betting that the
fixture holding the parts in line is actu-
ally preventing the two parts from com-
pletely coming together. This often hap-
pens when fixtures are used. It is impor-
tant that the fixture does not restrict ver-
tical movement of either part during the
entire weld sequence.
If the lower electrode area in line with
a projection has been eroded from weld-
ing on one spot, the welding current will
find a better path for conduction outside
the projection location and produce a
poor weld. Careful dressing of the elec-
trodes should cure this problem. Also,
check to see which copper alloy is being
used for the lower electrode (against the
nonprojection side of the part). I usually
recommend the use of RWMA Class 11
tungsten-copper for this application since
it has the best balance of high surface
hardness and electrical conductivity.
Another thing to check is the absolute
parallel of the upper and lower elec-
trodes when they are under full welding
force. Your 250-kVA press welding ma-
chine, if properly maintained, should
have a rigid ram guide system, but the
rear part of the electrode (closest to the
back of the welding machines throat) will
have higher force than the front part due
to normal flexing of the machines frame.
This means the electrodes will have to be
shimmed so that, when under full weld-
ing force, the front and back of the elec-
trodes touch with the same force. Be sure
the shimming is done so that welding
current passes through solid copper
surfaces.
One trick to get these electrodes par-
allel is to put soft solid-core solder on the
areas between the electrodes and then
close them under full welding force. Use
a micrometer to see the thickness of the
crushed solder. Shim until all thicknesses
are the same.
One last thing to consider is move-
ment of the welding machines ram
(upper moving part holding the elec-
trode). When doing any projections, and
especially multiple projections, it is im-
portant that the welding machines ram
is able to follow the part quickly as the
projections fuse down. This is called low
inertia. If it does not move fast enough,
the hot projections will expel some of the
metal outward away from the weld and
reduce strength considerably. Adjust the
ram guides or rollers, lubricate, and be
sure the air cylinder has flexible seals.
Rebuild the air cylinder if necessary.
Chances are nobody has looked inside
the welding machines air cylinder in
decades. If you remove all air from the
welding machine, a properly set ram
should drop quickly by its own weight.
Q: A prototype of a new part was just
brought into the welding department to
be welded and sent to our customer for
approval prior to production. The prob-
lem is that two of the welds are on 14-
gauge clips (Fig. 2) that have very small
welding surfaces, which puts the weld
area near the edge. Even with a -in.-di-
ameter electrode that has a -in. contact
surface, we are getting metal spitting out
the open edge of the clip. This leaves
rough metal sticking out the side. We
tried using a smaller diameter contact
surface on the electrodes but could not
achieve anywhere near the required weld
strength.
A: Metal in a nugget-forming zone is
molten at the time the nugget is being
formed. The electrode force pushes the
metal around the nugget zone down to
keep this molten metal from being ex-
pelled (flash). And the metal mass
around the edges of this molten zone acts
as a heat sink that lowers the tempera-
ture around the nugget zone to a point
below the liquidus temperature of the
metal. Unfortunately, when you are that
close to the edge of the part, there is not
enough material to sink heat away, and
since the molten metal cannot be con-
tained, it spits out, forming the rough
edges you are seeing.
If the design of the part cannot be
changed to allow more surface area all
around the nugget zone, then the only
other solution is to use pulsation. This is
a function in a welding control that
breaks up the welding heat time into a
group of smaller weld pulses that alter-
nate with nonheat times (cool). This
forms a heat-cool-heat-cool-heat-cool
sequence.
Fig. 1 An oil filter thread ring assembly.
Fig. 2 The prototype part has 14-gauge
clips with small welding surfaces.
Figure 3 shows what happens during
a pulsation weld sequence. Temperature
inside the nugget area rises during heat
pulses, and continues to rise, but at a
slower rate, during the cool phase. But
during cool times, the area outside the
weld nugget pulls heat away from the
metal into the rest of the part and the
electrode sucks heat out of the outer sur-
face to slow down the temperature rise.
If done properly, pulsation will form a
deep nugget and minimize or eliminate
expulsion from the edge of the part.
Typically, four or five heat pulses are
used. As a start, divide the classical weld
time obtained from an RWMA welding
chart by the number of pulses that will
be used. Add one cycle (or 17 ms) to each
of these times. Then set the control with
two to three cycles of cool time between
the pulses. Finally, adjust the weld cur-
rent as needed to get the desired nugget
strength.
Pulsation is also useful when welding
very thick metal with a welding machine
that does not have the required second-
ary current available. It is also useful
when welding 12 gauge or heavier galva-
nized steel parts. For both of these ap-
plications, use the heat/cool setting se-
quence as described previously.
23 WELDING JOURNAL
ROGER HIRSCH is past chair of the
RWMA, a standing committee of the Amer-
ican Welding Society. He is also president
of Unitrol Electronics, Inc., Northbrook,
Ill., a manufacturer of resistance welding
controls and process water chillers. Send
your comments and questions to Roger
Hirsch at Roger@unitrol-electronics.
com, or by mail to Roger Hirsch, c/o Weld-
ing Journal, 8669 NW 36th St., #130,
Miami, FL 33166.
Fig. 3 Heat rise during a pulsation weld.
For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
Own the entire library of
AWS Welding Handbooks.
Be the person with
the answers.
For 75 years, the most accurate and complete answers for
virtually every process and material have been found in the
volumes of the most current AWS Welding Handbooks. Hundreds
of leading authorities have ensured that all the facts you need are
at your fingertips and confirmed to be reliable.
For hard questions, the answers are easy to find. Find solutions
fast in the AWS Welding Handbooks.
Drum Fans
New deslgn- more
durable, powerlul and
cosf ellecflve
The ideal solution for
employee comfort and
productivity!
For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
The future your future is on full display at FABTECH. From 1,400+ exhibits with end-to-end
solutions in metal forming, fabricating, welding and nishing, to the industrys leading education
and peer-to-peer networking, this is your opportunity to capitalize on the future.
The answers and know-how you need for the challenges of tomorrow can be found at FABTECH.
Visit fabtechexpo.com for complete event details. REGISTER TODAY!
Friends and Colleagues:
I want to encourage you to submit nomination packages for those individuals whom you feel
have a history of accomplishments and contributions to our profession consistent with the standards
set by the existing Fellows. In particular, I would make a special request that you look to the most
senior members of your Section or District in considering members for nomination. In many cases,
the colleagues and peers of these individuals who are the most familiar with their contributions, and
who would normally nominate the candidate, are no longer with us. I want to be sure that we take
the extra effort required to make sure that those truly worthy are not overlooked because no obvious
individual was available to start the nomination process.
For specifics on the nomination requirements, please contact Wendy Sue Reeve at AWS
headquarters in Miami, or simply follow the instructions on the Fellow nomination form in this issue
of the Welding Journal. Please remember, we all benefit in the honoring of those who have made
major contributions to our chosen profession and livelihood. The deadline for submission is July 1,
2014. The Committee looks forward to receiving numerous Fellow nominations for 2015
consideration.
Sincerely,
Thomas M. Mustaleski
Chair, AWS Fellows Selection Committee
Fellow Description
DEFINITION AND HISTORY
The American Welding Society, in 1990, established the honor of Fellow of the Society to recognize members for
distinguished contributions to the field of welding science and technology, and for promoting and sustaining the professional
stature of the field. Election as a Fellow of the Society is based on the outstanding accomplishments and technical impact of the
individual. Such accomplishments will have advanced the science, technology and application of welding, as evidenced by:
Sustained service and performance in the advancement of welding science and technology
Publication of papers, articles and books which enhance knowledge of welding
Innovative development of welding technology
Society and chapter contributions
Professional recognition
RULES
1. Candidates shall have 10 years of membership in AWS
2. Candidates shall be nominated by any five members of the Society
3. Nominations shall be submitted on the official form available from AWS Headquarters
4. Nominations must be submitted to AWS Headquarters no later than July 1 of the year prior to that in
which the award is to be presented
5. Nominations will remain valid for three years
6. All information on nominees will be held in strict confidence
7. No more than two posthumous Fellows may be elected each year
NUMBER OF FELLOWS
Maximum of 10 Fellows selected each year.
AWS Fellow Application Guidelines
Nomination packages for AWS Fellow should clearly demonstrate the candidates outstanding contributions to the advance-
ment of welding science and technology. In order for the Fellows Selection Committee to fairly assess the candidates qualifica-
tions, the nomination package must list and clearly describe the candidates specific technical accomplishments, how they con-
tributed to the advancement of welding technology, and that these contributions were sustained. Essential in demonstrating the
candidates impact are the following (in approximate order of importance).
1. Description of significant technical advancements. This should be a brief summary of the candidates most
significant contributions to the advancement of welding science and technology.
2. Publications of books, papers, articles or other significant scholarly works that demonstrate the contributions cited
in (1). Where possible, papers and articles should be designated as to whether they were published in
peer-reviewed journals.
3. Inventions and patents.
4. Professional recognition including awards and honors from AWS and other professional societies.
5. Meaningful participation in technical committees. Indicate the number of years served on these committees and
any leadership roles (chair, vice-chair, subcommittee responsibilities, etc.).
6. Contributions to handbooks and standards.
7. Presentations made at technical conferences and section meetings.
8. Consultancy particularly as it impacts technology advancement.
9. Leadership at the technical society or corporate level, particularly as it impacts advancement of welding technology.
10. Participation on organizing committees for technical programming.
11. Advocacy support of the society and its technical advancement through institutional, political or other means.
Note: Application packages that do not support the candidate using the metrics listed above
will have a very low probability of success.
Supporting Letters
Letters of support from individuals knowledgeable of the candidate and his/her contributions are encouraged. These
letters should address the metrics listed above and provide personal insight into the contributions and stature of the
candidate. Letters of support that simply endorse the candidate will have little impact on the selection process.
Return completed Fellow nomination package to:
Wendy S. Reeve
American Welding Society
Senior Manager
Award Programs and Administrative Support
Telephone: 800-443-9353, extension 293
SUBMISSION DEADLINE: July 1, 201
8669 Doral Blvd., #130
4
Miami, FL 33166
(please type or print in black ink)
FELLOW NOMINATION FORM
DATE_________________NAME OF CANDIDATE________________________________________________________________________
AWS MEMBER NO.___________________________YEARS OF AWS MEMBERSHIP____________________________________________
HOME ADDRESS____________________________________________________________________________________________________
CITY_______________________________________________STATE________ZIP CODE__________PHONE________________________
PRESENT COMPANY/INSTITUTION AFFILIATION_______________________________________________________________________
TITLE/POSITION____________________________________________________________________________________________________
BUSINESS ADDRESS________________________________________________________________________________________________
CITY______________________________________________STATE________ZIP CODE__________PHONE_________________________
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND, AS APPLICABLE:
INSTITUTION______________________________________________________________________________________________________
MAJOR & MINOR__________________________________________________________________________________________________
DEGREES OR CERTIFICATES/YEAR____________________________________________________________________________________
LICENSED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER: YES_________NO__________ STATE______________________________________________
SIGNIFICANT WORK EXPERIENCE:
COMPANY/CITY/STATE_____________________________________________________________________________________________
POSITION____________________________________________________________________________YEARS_______________________
COMPANY/CITY/STATE_____________________________________________________________________________________________
POSITION____________________________________________________________________________YEARS_______________________
SUMMARIZE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS IN THESE POSITIONS:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IT IS MANDATORY THAT A CITATION (50 TO 100 WORDS, USE SEPARATE SHEET) INDICATING WHY THE NOMINEE SHOULD BE
SELECTED AS AN AWS FELLOW ACCOMPANY NOMINATION PACKET. IF NOMINEE IS SELECTED, THIS STATEMENT MAY BE IN-
CORPORATED WITHIN THE CITATION CERTIFICATE.
SEE GUIDELINES ON REVERSE SIDE
SUBMITTED BY: PROPOSER_______________________________________________AWS Member No.___________________
Print Name___________________________________
The Proposer will serve as the contact if the Selection Committee requires further information. Signatures on this nominating form, or
supporting letters from each nominator, are required from four AWS members in addition to the Proposer. Signatures may be acquired
by photocopying the original and transmitting to each nominating member. Once the signatures are secured, the total package should
be submitted.
NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________
Print Name___________________________________ Print Name___________________________________
AWS Member No.______________ AWS Member No.______________
NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________NOMINATING MEMBER:___________________________________
Print Name___________________________________ Print Name___________________________________
AWS Member No.______________ AWS Member No.______________
CLASS OF 201
SUBMISSION DEADLINE July 1, 2014
5
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
CONFERENCES
Workshop on Major Changes in OSHA
Labeling and Safety Data Sheets
for Welding Products
March 3, 4
Miami, Fla.
Strategies will be presented to help consumables manufactur-
ers meet new Globally Harmonized System (GHS) standards for
product classification, labeling, and hazard communication.
Sponsored by the AWS Safety and Health Committee. For fur-
ther information, contact P. Henry, phenry@aws.org, (800/305)
443-9353, ext. 215.
Pipelines Conference
March 4, 5
Houston, Tex.
Welding has always been an integral part of pipeline construc-
tion, going all the way back to the days when hand-held oxyacety-
lene torches were used to connect pipes together in the field.
Current pipeline welding trends and whats expected in future
pipeline welding trends will be discussed.
Stainless Steel Conference
March 25, 26
Philadelphia, Pa.
This conference will bring together some of industrys out-
standing experts to discuss the welding of austenitic, duplex, and
other grades of stainless steel. Topics will include dissimilar metal
welds between stainless and steel, repair welding, cladding, clean-
ing, and the pitfalls involved in stress corrosion cracking.
Weld Cracking Conference
April 15, 16
Denver, Colo.
This conference will help welding engineers and others avoid
mistakes and turn out high-quality products. Topics range from
impact tests and how they relate to potential weld cracking as
well as the control of moisture in welding consumables.
International Symposium on Advances
in Resistance Welding
April 2830
Atlanta, Ga.
This is a first-ever technical conference on resistance welding
topics presented by AWS and the Resistance Welding Manufac-
turing Alliance (RWMA).
Aluminum Conference
May 28, 29
New Orleans, La.
The 17th Aluminum Welding Conference will feature a dis-
tinguished panel of aluminum-industry experts who will survey
the state of the art in aluminum welding technology and prac-
tice. This conference also provides several opportunities for you
to network informally with speakers and other participants, as
well as to visit an exhibition showcasing products and services
available to the aluminum welding industry.
Welding Education, Skills, and
Certifications Conference
July 2325
Indianapolis, Ind.
The American Welding Society has created a conference pro-
gram that answers questions on the essential requirements to be-
come an Accredited Testing Facility. Conference topics include
skill training, curriculum strategies, advanced e-learning strate-
gies, and many others. Educational institutions, corporate train-
ers, and educators are all encouraged to attend.
Heat Treatment Conference
August 12, 13
Dallas, Tex.
The thermal effects from welding and heat treatment influ-
ence the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds. Var-
ious materials, such as carbon steels and other alloy grades, are
affected by heat treatment, which changes the weld metallurgy
and influences the final welded product. Better understanding
of the impact of welding and heat treatment practices can allow
for optimization of weld quality and reliability.
Additive Manufacturing Conference
September 9, 10
Orlando, Fla.
Come and learn about additive manufacturing processes such
as powder bed fusion, material extrusion, directed energy depo-
sition, and material jetting. These are but a few of the topics that
will be discussed.
For more information, please contact the AWS Conferences and Seminars Business Unit at (800) 443-9353, ext. 223, or e-mail
ablanco@aws.org. You can also visit the Conference Department website at www.aws.org/conferences for upcoming conferences
and registration information.
MARCH 2014 54
Durable. Flexible. Reliable.
www.mercerabrasives.com sales@mercerabrasives.com
North American Headquarters Ronkonkoma, NY t. 631.243.3900 f. 631.243.3209
Mercer Abrasives West Fullerton, CA t. 714.441.4975 f. 714.44.8665
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
COMING
EVENTS
Pipelines Conference. March 4, 5. Sheraton Houston Brookhol-
low, Houston, Tex. Sponsored by the American Welding Society.
Topics to include current and future pipeline welding trends. Con-
tact P. Henry, phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
ABB Robotics Technology Days and Open House. March 13, 14.
1250 Brown Rd., Auburn Hills, Mich. Offering workshops, train-
ing, and demonstrations. To register, visit www.abb.com/robotics;
call (800) 435-7365.
FABTECH Canada. March 1820. Toronto Congress Centre,
Toronto, Ont., Canada. Cosponsored by the American Welding
Society. www.fabtechcanada.com.
Stainless Steel Conference. March 25, 26. Loews Philadelphia
Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. Sponsored by AWS. Topics to include
welding of austenitic, duplex, and other grades of stainless steel
including dissimilar metals, and repair welding, cladding, clean-
ing, and coping with stress corrosion cracking. Contact P. Henry,
phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
Aluminium Brazil 2014. April 13. Centro de Exposies Imi-
grantes, So Paulo, Brazil. www.aluminium-brazil.com.
Metal & Steel Saudi Arabia 2014. April 710. Riyadh, Saudi Ara-
bia. Visit www.metalsteelsaudi.com.
FABTECH India colocated with Weld India. April 1012. Pra-
gati Maidan Exhibition Complex, New Delhi, India. Concurrent
with the 2014 Intl Congress of the IIW. Cosponsored by AWS,
FMA, SME, PMA, CCAI, and India Institute of Welding.
www.fabtechexpoindia.com.
Weld Cracking Conference. April 15, 16. Hilton Garden Inn
Denver Downtown, Denver, Colo. Sponsored by AWS. Topics to
include impact tests, control of moisture in welding consumables,
and information for welding engineers to ensure higher-quality
welded products. Contact P. Henry, phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-
9353, ext. 215.
1st Smart Laser Processing Conf. 2014. April 2224. Pacifico
Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan. Organized by Japan Laser Pro-
cessing Society, colocated with Optics & Photonics Intl Congress
2014. www.jlps.gr.jp/slpc2014/.
ITSA International Thermal Spray Assn. Annual Meeting.
April 2426. Savannah, Ga. Sponsored by ITSA, an AWS Stand-
ing Committee. itsa@thermalspray.org; www.thermalspray.org.
JOM, 18th Intl Conf. on Joining Materials. April 2629. Kon-
ventum LO-Skolen, Helsingr, Denmark. In association with the
Intl Institute of Welding, cosponsored by American Welding So-
ciety, Japan Welding Society, Welding Technology Institute of
Australia, Brazilian Welding Society, and others. E-mail
jom_aws@post10.tele.dk; download brochure at www.aws.org/wj/
JOM-18-CallForPapers.pdf.
Aluminum Conference. April 2830. Hotel Monteleone, New
Orleans, La. Sponsored by AWS. Aluminum industry experts will
survey the state of the art in aluminum welding technology and
practice. Contact P. Henry, phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext.
215.
First Intl Symposium on Advances in Resistance Welding. April
2830. Atlanta, Ga. Sponsored by AWS and the Resistance Weld-
ing Manufacturing Alliance (RWMA), an AWS Standing Com-
mittee. Topics will include research results, projects, and industrial
experiences that describe significant advances in resistance weld-
ing technology. Visit www.aws.org/rwma, or contact P. Henry,
phenry@aws.org; (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 215.
AWS Weldmex, FABTECH Mexico, METALFORM Mexico.
May 68. Centro Banamex, Mexico City, Mexico. www.fabtech-
mexico.com.
JOIN-TRANS
3
Third European Conf., Joining and Construc-
tion of Railway Vehicles. May 6, 7. An IIW-associated event. Weld-
ing Training and Research Centre, SLV Halle GmbH, Halle
(Saale), Germany. www.jointrans.eu.
mfg4 colocated with MicroManufacturing Conf. and Exhibits.
May 68. Connecticut Convention Center, Hartford, Conn. The
Society of Manufacturing Engineers; (800) 733-4763;
www.mfg4event.com.
AKL 14, Intl Laser Technology Congress and Expo. May 79.
Aachen, Germany. Visit www.lasercongress.org/en/home/.
MMTS Montreal Mfg. Technology Show. May 1214. Place
Bonaventure, Montreal, Que., Canada. www.mmts.ca.
Composites Manufacturing. May 1315. Northern Kentucky
Convention Center, Covington, Ky. Society of Manufacturing En-
gineers. www.sme.org/composites.
NDE Aerospace Materials and Structures IV. May 13, 14. Crowne
Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, (800) 222-2768, www.asnt.org.
Metal & Steel Middle East 2014. May 1517. Cairo, Egypt. Visit
www.metalsteeleg.com.
THE BIG M including SME Annual Meeting, RAPID Conf. and
Expo, and North American Research Conf. June 912. Cobo Cen-
ter, Detroit, Mich. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. www.the-
bigmevent.com.
U.S-Japan NDT Symposium. June 1620. Makena Beach and
Golf Resort, Maui, Hawaii. American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, (800) 222-2768, www.asnt.org.
Welding Education, Skills, and Certifications Conference. July
2325. Indianapolis, Ind. Sponsored by AWS. This program an-
swers questions on the requirements to become an AWS Accred-
ited Testing Facility (ATF), including skills training and curricu-
lum. Contact P. Henry, phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
Digital Imaging XVII. July 2830. Crowne Plaza Hotel, Warwick,
R.I. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (800) 222-2768,
www.asnt.org.
Heat Treatment Conference. Aug. 12, 13. Sheraton Arlington
Hotel, Dallas, Tex. Sponsored by AWS. Attendees will get a bet-
ter understanding of the impact of welding and heat treatment
practices to optimize weld quality and reliability. Contact P.
Henry, phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
NDE/NDT for Highways and Bridges: Structural Materials Tech-
NOTE: A DIAMOND ( ) DENOTES AN AWS-SPONSORED EVENT.
MARCH 2014 56
57 WELDING JOURNAL
nology (SMT) 2014. Aug. 2527. Grand Hyatt Washington, Wash-
ington, D.C. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (800)
222-2768, www.asnt.org.
Additive Manufacturing Conference. Sept. 9, 10. Renaissance
Orlando Airport Hotel, Orlando, Fla. Sponsored by AWS. Con-
tact P. Henry, phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
ASNT Annual Conference 2014. Oct. 2730. Charleston Conven-
tion Center, Charleston, S.C. American Society for Nondestruc-
tive Testing; (800) 222-2768; www.asnt.org.
7th Offshore Energy Expo and Conf. Oct. 28, 29. Amsterdam RAI,
The Netherlands. Visit www.offshore-energy.biz.
FABTECH 2014. Nov. 1113. Georgia World Congress Center,
Atlanta, Ga. This exhibition is the largest event in North America
dedicated to showcasing the full spectrum of metal forming, fab-
ricating, tube and pipe, welding equipment, and myriad manufac-
turing technologies. American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-
9353, ext. 264; www.fabtechexpo.com.
Educational Opportunities
Workshop on Major Changes in OSHA Labeling and Safety
Data Sheets for Welding Products. March 3, 4. AWS Headquar-
ters, Miami, Fla. Sponsored by the AWS Safety and Health Com-
mittee. Strategies for consumables manufacturers to meet new
GHS (Globally Harmonized System) standards for product clas-
sification, labeling, and hazard communication. Contact P. Henry,
phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
Acoustic Emission: The PACwin Software Suite. April 1517.
MISTRAS Group, Inc., 195 Clarksville Rd., Princeton Junction,
N.J. www.mistrasgroup.com/training/courses/pacwin.aspx.
Clean Air Act Compliance Workshop. April 13. Houston, Tex.;
April 2324, Las Vegas, Nev. EPA Alliance Training Group.
www.epaalliance.com.
EWI Courses. April 10, Sheet Metal Forming; May 59, Aug.
48, Fundamentals of Welding Engineering; June 19, High-Power
Ultrasonic Processes. Columbus, Ohio. http://ewi.org/.
Grounding and Electrical Protection Courses. April 3, 4 in
Miami, Fla.; June 12, 13 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; Aug. 14, 15 in
Syracuse, N.Y.; Oct. 9, 10 in Phoenix, Ariz.; Nov. 13, 14 in New
Orleans, La. Lyncole XIT Grounding; (800) 962-2610; www.lyn-
cole.com/courses/.
Laser Safety Officer Training Courses. March 1014, San
Antonio, Tex.; June 26, Boston, Mass.; June 2426, St. Louis,
Mo. Laser Institute of America; (800) 345-2737; www.lia.org.
LAM Laser Additive Manufacturing Workshop. March 12, 13.
Houston, Tex. Laser Institute of America; (800) 345-2737;
www.lia.org/lam.
For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
MARCH 2014 58
Medical Laser Safety Officer Training Courses. March 29, 30,
Chicago, Ill.; June 7, 8, Boston, Mass. Laser Institute of America;
(800) 345-2737; www.lia.org.
Modern Furnace Brazing School. May 68, Aerobraze
Engineered Technologies Brazing Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio. Contact Jim Nicoll, (248) 585-6400, ext. 233;
brazingschool@wallcolmonoy.com.
Shot and Flap Peening Workshops. Shot Peening Workshop,
April 2224; Flap Peening Workshop, April 25; Superior Shot
Peening, Inc., 2350 Security Forest Dr., Cleveland (Houston),
Tex. Metal Finishing News; www.mfn.li/workshops.
Welder Training & Testing Institute Courses. API Endorsement:
May 29, Nov. 1; D1.5 Endorsement: May 30, Aug. 2; CWI: June
26, Aug. 1115, Nov. 37; D1.1 Endorsement: June 6, Aug. 15,
Nov. 7; Bolting Endorsement: Aug. 1. Contact Tracy Wiswesser,
WTTI, 1144 N. Graham St., Allentown, Pa.; (610) 820-9551, ext.
204; www.wtti.com.
E-Courses in Destructive and Nondestructive Testing of Welds.
Online video courses taken at ones own pace offer certificates of
completion and continuing education units. Hobart Institute of
Welding Technology. hiwt@welding.org; www.welding.org.
Hypertherm Cutting Institute Online. Includes video tutorials, in-
teractive e-learning courses, discussion forums, and blogs. Visit
www.hyperthermcuttinginstitute.com.
INTEG Courses. Courses in NDE disciplines to meet certifica-
tions to Canadian General Standards Board or Canadian
Nuclear Safety Commission. The Canadian Welding Bureau;
(800) 844-6790; www.cwbgroup.org.
Laser Safety Online Courses. Courses include Medical Laser
Safety Officer, Laser Safety Training for Physicians, Industrial
Laser Safety, and Laser Safety in Educational Institutions. Laser
Institute of America; (800) 345-2737; www.lia.org.
Laser Safety Training Courses. Courses based on ANSI Z136.1,
Safe Use of Lasers, Orlando, Fla., or customers site. Laser
Institute of America; (800) 345-2737; www.lia.org.
Laser U Online Education Portal. Offers practical informa-
tion to use on the job. Topics range from 3D printing to drilling,
welding, wireless and optical product requirements, and many
others. Visit website for complete information and to sign up for
modules. Laser Institute of America; www.lia.org/laseru.
Laser Vision Seminars. Two-day classes, offered monthly and on
request, include tutorials and practical training. Presented at
Servo-Robot, Inc., St. Bruno, QC, Canada. For schedule, cost,
and availability, send your request to info@servorobot.com.
Machine Safeguarding Seminars. Rockford Systems, Inc.; (800)
922-7533; visit www.rockfordsystems.com.
Machining and Grinding Courses. TechSolve, www.TechSolve.org.
NACE Intl Training and Certification Courses. National Assoc.
of Corrosion Engineers; (281) 228-6223; www.nace.org.
NDE and CWI/CWE Courses and Exams. Allentown, Pa., and
customers locations. Welder Training and Testing Institute; (800)
223-9884; www.wtti.edu.
NDT Courses and Exams. Brea, Calif., and customers locations.
Level I and II and refresher courses in PA, UT, MP, radiation
safety, radiography, visual, etc. Test NDT, LLC; (714) 255-1500;
www.testndt.com.
Online Education Courses. Topics include Introduction to Die
Casting ($99), Metal Melting and Handling ($99), Product
Design ($59), Energy Training ($19), Dross Training ($19),
Managing Dust Hazards ($19), Safety (free). North American
Die Casting Assn.; (847) 808-3161; www.diecasting.org/educa-
tion/online.
Plastics Welding School. A two-day course for certification to
European plastics welding standards. Malcom Hot Air Systems;
www.plasticweldingtools.com.
Protective Coatings Training and Certification Courses. At vari-
ous locations and online. The Society for Protective Coatings;
(877) 281-7772; www.sspc.org.
Robotics Operator Training. Presented by ABB University at 13
locations nationwide. For course titles and locations: (800) 435-
7365, opt. 2, opt. 4; www.abb.us/abbuniversity.
Safety Training Online. Unlimited training on myriad industrial
safety course titles for $45/employee/year. Visit website for com-
plete information and previews of several courses;
www.safety99.com.
Service Manager Course. For sheet metal workers and HVAC
service shop owners. Various locations and dates. International
Training Institute; www.sheetmetal-iti.org; (703) 739-7200.
Welder training and qualification coupons
Destructive test equipment
Full testing services
For info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
continued on page 109
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
CERTIFICATION
SCHEDULE
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)
LOCATION SEMINAR DATES EXAM DATE
San Francisco, CA Apr. 611 Apr. 12
New Orleans, LA Apr. 611 Apr. 12
Nashville, TN Apr. 611 Apr. 12
Corpus Christi, TX Exam only Apr. 12
Miami, FL Exam only Apr. 17
St. Louis, MO Exam only Apr. 19
Edmonton, Canada Exam only Apr. 28
Annapolis, MD Apr. 27May 2 May 3
Detroit, MI Apr. 27May 2 May 3
Corpus Christi, TX Apr. 27May 2 May 3
Knoxville, TN Exam only May 3
Fresno, CA May 49 May 10
Miami, FL May 49 May 10
Albuquerque, NM May 49 May 10
Oklahoma City, OK May 49 May 10
Corpus Christi, TX Exam only May 31
Birmingham, AL June 16 June 7
Hutchinson, KS June 16 June 7
Spokane, WA June 16 June 7
Bakersfield, CA June 813 June 14
Pittsburgh, PA June 813 June 14
Beaumont, TX June 813 June 14
Miami, FL Exam only June 19
Hartford, CT June 2227 June 28
Orlando, FL June 2227 June 28
Memphis, TN June 2227 June 28
Miami, FL Exam only July 10
Los Angeles, CA July 1318 July 19
Jacksonville, FL July 1318 July 19
Omaha, NE July 1318 July 19
Cleveland, OH July 1318 July 19
Phoenix, AZ July 2025 July 26
Louisville, KY July 2025 July 26
Kansas City, MO July 2025 July 26
Waco, TX July 2025 July 26
Sacramento, CA July 27Aug. 1 Aug. 2
Denver, CO July 27Aug. 1 Aug. 2
Miami, FL July 27Aug. 1 Aug. 2
Milwaukee, WI July 27Aug. 1 Aug. 2
Corpus Christi, TX Exam only Aug. 2
Chicago, IL Aug. 38 Aug. 9
Baton Rouge, LA Aug. 38 Aug. 9
Portland, ME Aug. 38 Aug. 9
Las Vegas, NV Aug. 38 Aug. 9
Philadelphia, PA Aug. 38 Aug. 9
Charlotte, NC Aug. 1015 Aug. 16
Mobile, AL Aug. 1015 Aug. 16
Rochester, NY Exam only Aug. 16
Seattle, WA Aug. 1015 Aug. 16
San Diego, CA Aug. 1722 Aug. 23
Minneapolis, MN Aug. 1722 Aug. 23
San Antonio, TX Aug. 1722 Aug. 23
Salt Lake City, UT Aug. 1722 Aug. 23
Certified Welding Educator (CWE)
Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code
Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).
Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
CWSR exams will be given at CWI exam sites.
Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
LOCATION SEMINAR DATES EXAM DATE
New Orleans, LA Mar. 31Apr. 4 Apr. 5
Minneapolis, MN July 1418 July 19
CWS exams are also given at all CWI exam sites.
9-Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI
(No exams given.)
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education require-
ments without taking the exam. The exam can be taken at any site
listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
LOCATION SEMINAR DATES
Dallas, TX Mar. 914
Miami, FL Mar. 2328
Sacramento, CA Apr. 27May 2
Boston, MA Apr. 27May 2
Charlotte, NC May 49
Pittsburgh, PA June 16
San Diego, CA July 1318
Miami, FL July 27Aug. 1
Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
LOCATION SEMINAR DATES EXAM DATE
Houston, TX Mar. 31Apr. 4 Apr. 5
Las Vegas, NV May 59 May 10
Miami, FL June 26 June 7
The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
The seminar dates (S:) are followed by the exam dates (E:)
S: July 2831, E: Aug. 1; S: Dec. 811, E: Dec. 12; at
ABB, Inc., Auburn Hills, MI; (248) 3918421
S: Apr. 2123, E: Apr. 24, 25; S: Oct. 2022, E: Oct. 23, 24; at
OTC Daihen, Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800
S: Oct. 2022, E: Oct. 23; at
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-8542
S: Apr. 710, E: Apr. 11; S: Aug. 1114, E: Aug. 15;
S: Oct. 1316, E: Oct. 17; at
Genesis-Systems Group, Davenport, IA; (563) 445-5688
S: May 1921, E: May 22, 23; S: July 2123, E: July 24, 25
S: Sept. 2224, E: Sept. 25, 26; S: Nov. 1719, E: Nov. 20, 21; at
Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7736
On request at
MATC, Milwaukee, WI; (414) 297-6996
Certification Seminars, Code Clinics, and Examinations
IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the sem-
inar/exam or exam. Applications received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline
dates by visiting our Web site www.aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. Verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to
confirm your course status before making travel plans. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register
online, visit www.aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.
MARCH 2014 60
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
!
WARNING
OSHA rules for welding consumables
labeling, classification, and
Safety Data Sheets have changed!
AWS Workshop on Major Changes in OSHA Labeling
and Safety Data Sheet Compliance
March 45, 2014 AWS Headquarters, Miami
The AWS Safety and Health Committee will conduct a workshop for welding, brazing, and thermal
spray consumables manufacturers about meeting new OSHA standards for product labeling and
hazard communication. Some have estimated that the new GHS (Globally Harmonized System)
Safety Data Sheet reporting requirements are four to eight times more laborious than those of a
traditional MSDS, for instance.
The workshop will be led by Denese A. Deeds, CIH, from Industrial Health & Safety Consultants,
Inc., and will provide the strategies your company can use to minimize the costs and risks of
complying with the new regulations.
Cost is $250 for AWS members and $325 for nonmembers. Register at aws.org/conferences
or call (800) 443-9353 ext. 223. Group hotel rates are available.
URGENT NEWS: The U.S. has adopted the United Nations
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS).
SOCIETYNEWS SOCIETYNEWS
BY HOWARD WOODWARD
woodward@aws.org
63 WELDING JOURNAL
Central Piedmont Community College Celebrates
50th Anniversary with a Welded Time Capsule
On December 13, 2013, Central Pied-
mont Community College (CPCC), Char-
lotte, N.C., celebrated its 50th anniver-
sary with an open house to showcase a new
classroom building and inter a hermeti-
cally sealed stainless steel time capsule
designed by Steven Gore, program chair,
welding technology. The capsule project
was headed by AWS Student Chapter
members headed by Advisor Ray Sosko
and Welding Technology department stu-
dents and staff including instructors Terry
Mayes, John McPherson, and Greg Bel-
lamy; and Dr. Anver Classens, division di-
rector, Applied Technologies.
The welding work was performed by
Terry Mayess advanced students, includ-
ing Adam Calton, Brandon Adams, Bryan
Durrette, Clarence Fowler, Conor
Pohlman, Derek Waldo, George Price,
James Brooks, Justin Wilmoth, and Scott
Willard. The time capsule was con-
structed from an 18-in.-long section of 12-
in.-diameter Schedule 10, Type 304 stain-
less steel, with a 12-in.-diameter end cap
of the same metal that was circumferen-
tially welded using automatic gas tungsten
arc welding (A-GTAW) with ER 308L
filler metal. The other end consisted of a
standard Type 304 12-in.-diameter slip-on
flange that was welded by Justin Wilmoth
using manual GTAW and ER 308L filler
metal (see photo).
The CPCC 50th anniversary logo was
robotically welded using the gas metal arc
process and ER 308L filler metal with the
19632013 anniversary dates inscribed
in by machining student Saul Curson.
One purge and one vent port were in-
stalled and joined to the capsule using
manual GTAW by student Derek Waldo.
The purge and vent line lockable valves
were purchased and welded in place using
A-GTAW. This work was performed by
Managers Tim Gittens and Matt Schwall
at Liburdi Dimetrics, Inc.
The Science Technology Engineering
Math Division (STEM) members were
major players in this project. They de-
signed the two 50th Anniversary name
plates that were laser etched by Project
Specialist Amy Dowdy. Stephen Gerhardt
and Priscilla Kay of the colleges Graphic
Arts and Imaging Technology Depart-
ment contributed to the success of this
project. Once assembled, the time cap-
sule was loaded with memorabilia. The
capsule was then purged of air and back-
filled with argon to help preserve the con-
tents until its reopening in 25 years.
Dr. Kathy Drumm, executive vice pres-
ident, presided as the capsule was interred
in the lobby wall of the new 106,000-sq-ft
Elizabeth Avenue Classroom Building,
where it will remain on display until it is
removed and unsealed in 2038 to cele-
brate the colleges 75th anniversary.
College President Dr. Tony Zeiss said
Justin Wilmoth (left photo) welds the finishing touches on the stainless steel time capsule. Right photo: The Welding Technology staff mem-
bers are (from left) Terry Mayes, Steven Gore, Student Chapter Advisor Ray Sosko, John McPherson, and Greg Bellamy. Photos by Ray Sosko.
The time capsule will remain on display in
its nitch until unsealed in year 2038. Photo
by Chris Record.
the anniversary celebration offered the
ideal opportunity for an open house to
showcase the expertise of the colleges
welding students and other creative staff
members, and offer faculty and staff an op-
portunity to tour the recently opened 100-
seat, tiered auditorium, and 40 smart class-
rooms.
Tucked inside the time capsule are
myriad items including detailed instruc-
tions on how the time capsule was con-
structed, a ZIP drive with digital photo-
graphs depicting the Welding Depart-
ment and various AWS Student Chapter
activities, a 2013 student-designed AWS
Student Chapter welding T-shirt, and a
copy of the book, CPCC: The First Thirty
Years, by Carol L. Timblin. Visit the
CPCC website www.cpcc.edu/welding.
MARCH 2014 64
Erratum
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012
Sheet Metal Welding Code
Page 61 Title Correct Guide-
lines for the Preparation of Technical In-
quiries for Structural Welding Commit-
tee to read Guidelines for the Prepara-
tion of Technical Inquiries
Standard for Public Review
AWS was approved as an accredited
standards-preparing organization by the
American National Standards Institute in
1979. AWS rules require that all standards
be open to public review for comment dur-
ing the approval process. The following
standard has been submitted for review.
D16.4M/D16.4:201X, Specification for
the Qualification of Robotic Arc Welding Per-
sonnel. Public review expires 3/4/14. Con-
tact C. Lewis, ext. 215, for a draft copy.
New Standards Projects
Development work has begun to revise
the following standard. Affected individ-
uals are invited to contribute to this work.
B1.10M/B1.10:201X, Guide for the Non-
destructive Examination of Welds. This
guide addresses which examination
method visual, liquid penetrant, mag-
netic particle, radiographic, ultrasonic,
electromagnetic (eddy current), or leak
testing best detects various types of dis-
continuities. Acceptance criteria are not
addressed. Stakeholders: Welding indus-
try. Contact E. Abrams, ext. 307.
Revised Standard Approved by ANSI
B2.1/B2.1M:2013, Specification for
Welding Procedure and Performance Quali-
fication.
ISO Standards
In the United States, if you wish to par-
ticipate in the development of Interna-
tional Standards for welding, contact A.
Davis, ext. 466, adavis@aws.org. Other-
wise, contact your national standards-
preparing organization.
Technical Committee Meetings
All AWS technical committee meet-
ings are open to the public. To attend a
meeting, e-mail the program manager
listed.
March 11, D15C Subcommittee on
Track Welding. St. Louis, Mo. J. Rosario,
ext. 308.
March 12, D15 Committee on Railroad
Welding. St. Louis, Mo. J. Rosario, ext.
308.
March 12, D15A Subcommittee on
Cars and Locomotives. St. Louis, Mo. J.
Rosario, ext. 308.
March 18, 19, C3 Committee and Sub-
committees on Brazing and Soldering.
Torrance, Calif. S. Borrero, ext. 334.
March 18, A5M Subcommittee on Car-
bon and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for
Flux Cored Arc Welding. Orlando, Fla. R.
Gupta, ext. 301.
March 19, 20, A5 Committee on Filler
Metals and Allied Materials. Orlando,
Fla. R. Gupta, ext. 301.
March 20, 21, A5O Subcommittee on
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes
and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding.
Orlando, Fla. R. Gupta, ext. 301.
March 27, 28, D16 Committee on Ro-
botic and Automatic Welding. Columbus,
Ohio. C. Lewis, ext. 306.
April 14, D1 Committee and Sub-
committees on Structural Welding.
Miami, Fla. B. McGrath, ext. 311.
April 2124, D14 Committee and Sub-
committees on Machinery and Equip-
ment. Pittsburgh, Pa. E. Abrams, ext. 307.
April 29, 30, A2 Committee and Sub-
committees on Definitions and Symbols.
Columbus, Ohio. S. Borrero, ext. 334.
Nominations Sought for
Masubuchi Award
The Prof. Koichi Masubuchi Award,
with a $5000 honorarium, is presented
to one person, 40 years old or younger,
who has made significant contributions
to the advancement of materials join-
ing through research and development.
Send a list of your candidates expe-
rience, publications, honors, awards,
and at least three letters of recommen-
dation from fellow researchers to Todd
Palmer, tap103@psu.edu, associate pro-
fessor, The Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity. The award is sponsored by the Mas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology,
Dept. of Ocean Engineering.
Tech Topics
Teambuilding behind the Scenes to Better Expedite AWS Standards
Shown with their inspirational Teamwork display are (from left) Willie Chinn, Yojaidy
Acosta, Sara Vidal, Alex Diaz, Vivian Perez, and Sissibeth Lopez.
Alex Diaz, associate director of opera-
tions, Technical Services Div., asked his team
members to analyze their strengths as well as
the strengths of their colleagues, then report
on how these strengths collectively define the
team. The key strengths reported were Mo-
tivation, Success, Creativity, Communica-
tion, Willingness, Collaboration, Skillful, and
Assertiveness. Graphic Artist Willie Chinn,
Marketing Div., then arranged these key-
words to design an image highlighting a let-
ter in each to spell the word TEAMWORK in
the brilliant colors of the codes, specifica-
tions, guides, and recommended practices
AWS publishes. The background images of
gears and AWS documents serve as an anal-
ogy, that like gears in a reliable timepiece,
the support arm of the Technical Services Div.
is always working in the background to facil-
itate production of its myriad publications.
Diazs team members include Standards Co-
ordinator Yojaidy Acosta and Senior Stan-
dards Coordinators Sissibeth Lopez, Vivian
Perez, and Sara Vidal.
65 WELDING JOURNAL
BY DENNIS HARWIG
The American Welding Society hosted
the U.S. and European Welding Stan-
dards Conference, which was jointly or-
ganized with the help of Gesellschaft fr
Schweitechnik Intl (GSI) Jan. 27, 28, at
its World Headquarters in Miami, Fla.
Seventy-seven welding industrialists from
around the world gathered for the event.
With increased globalization and com-
plexity of supply chains, more and more
companies in Europe and in North
America have realized the need to be
knowledgeable about the many national
and international fabrication codes and
standards.
AWS partnered with GSI to prepare
the program for the event. Gesellschaft
fr Schweitechnik Intl is an innovative
service provider in all areas of joining, cut-
ting, and thermal spraying. Founded in
1999 by The German Welding Society
(DVS), GSI is the result of a merger of
several German research institutes.
This conference bought together ex-
perts from both AWS and European stan-
dards-writing committees for the second
time. The 2012 meeting was held in Mu-
nich, Germany. This conference offered
a unique opportunity to present a num-
ber of U.S. and European welding stan-
dards on numerous topics to be compared
and discussed. Expert Panels were formed
to provide solutions and strategies to re-
solve the standards-conflict issues experi-
enced by American fabricators.
The conference attendees also learned
about ISO 3834, Quality requirements for
fusion welding of metallic materials
Parts 1 through 5, a quality system for
welding fabricators. GSI provided statis-
tical data indicating more than 5000 Eu-
ropean companies have already com-
pleted this certification.
Both AWS and GSI are certifying bod-
ies under the International Institute of
Welding (IIW) for United States markets.
ISO 3834 can be used independently or in
conjunction with ISO 9000 quality systems
to address the special process control re-
quirements associated with fusion weld-
ing and allied processes. ISO 3834 pro-
vides a range of quality levels to accom-
modate the complexity and risk for struc-
tures from basic-to-high integrity, with a
heavy focus on the role of welding coor-
dination. Under ISO 3834, fabricators can
map their countrys and/or companys
standards to other ISO and global stan-
dards, and use this quality system platform
to foster trade.
This conference benefited engineers,
inspectors, supervisors, and quality con-
trol personnel who are familiar with one
set of standards but needed to know more
about the other standards. The industrial
segment sessions were used to cover weld-
ing standards for structural fabrication,
pressure vessels and piping, railroads, and
heavy machinery segments. In each indus-
trial segment session, the experts provided
a detailed overview of the U.S. and Euro-
pean standards, and identified equivalent
standards and gaps requiring assessment
for improving trade.
The Europeans noted in each session
how the roles of welding coordinators can
improve the welding quality control sys-
tems. As a result, American representa-
tives expressed interest in implementing
the ISO 3834 system in their companies.
The presenters included Christian
Ahrens (GSI), Lyndsey Deckard (Senior
CWI), Peter Gerster (QA consultant),
Dennis Harwig, David Landon (AWS vice
president, Vermeer Corp.), Jrg Mhrlein
(SLV Duisburg), Carsten Ruchhoeft
(pressure vessel engineer), Bob Shaw
(president, Steel Structures Technology
Center), Walter Sperko (ASME Boiler
Code Committee), and Georg Wachken-
bauer (GSI, CWI).
This conference was recorded and will
be made available for viewing on the
American Welding Online website
(http://awo.aws.org/) in the near future for
those who want to experience this impact-
ful event. AWS and GSI plan to continue
presenting this conference annually. Plans
are underway to host the 2015 conference
in Germany.
The U.S./European Welding Standards Conference participants are shown January 28 at AWS World Headquarters in Miami, Fla.
AWS Hosts U.S./European Welding Standards Conference
DENNIS HARWIG (dharwig@aws.org), an AWS Fellow, is chief technology officer for the American Welding Society, Miami, Fla.
MARCH 2014 66
Joining of plastics and composites, G1
Committee seeks educators, users, general
interest, and consultants. S. Hedrick,
steveh@aws.org.
Methods of weld inspection, The B1
Committee seeks educators, general inter-
est, and end users. E. Abrams,
eabrams@aws.org.
Safety and Health Committee seeks ed-
ucators, users, general interest, and con-
sultants. S. Hedrick, steveh@aws.org.
Oxyfuel gas welding and cutting, C4
Committee seeks educators, general inter-
est, and end users. C. Lewis,
clewis@aws.org.
Friction welding, C6 Committee seeks
professionals. C. Lewis, clewis@aws.org.
High energy beam welding and cutting,
C7 Committee seeks professionals. C.
Lewis, clewis@aws.org.
Magnesium alloy filler metals, A5L
Subcommittee seeks professionals. R.
Gupta, gupta@aws.org.
Robotic and automatic welding, D16
Committee seeks general interest and ed-
ucational members. C. Lewis,
clewis@aws.org.
Local heat treating of pipe, D10P Sub-
committee seeks professionals. B. Mc-
Grath, bmcgrath@aws.org.
Mechanical testing of welds, B4 Com-
mittee seeks professionals. S. Hedrick,
steveh@aws.org.
Reactive alloys, G2D Subcommittee
seeks volunteers. A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Titanium and zirconium filler metals,
A5K Subcommittee seeks professionals. A.
Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Welding qualifications, B2B Subcommit-
tee seeks members. J. Rosario,
jrosario@aws.org.
Friction stir welding of aluminum al-
loys for aerospace applications, D17J Sub-
committee seeks members. A. Diaz,
adiaz@aws.org.
Resistance welding equipment, J1 Com-
mittee seeks educators, general interest,
and users. E. Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
Thermal spraying, The C2 Committee
seeks educators, general interest, and end
users. J. Rosario, jrosario@aws.org.
Automotive, The D8 Committee seeks
members. E. Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
Machinery and equipment and surfac-
ing and reconditioning of industrial mill
rolls, D14 Committee and D14H Subcom-
mittee seek educators, end users, consult-
ants, and general interest members. E.
Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
Hybrid welding. The C7D Subcommit-
tee seeks volunteers. C. Lewis,
clewis@aws.org.
Opportunities to Serve on Technical Committees
Volunteers are sought to contribute to the following technical committees. Visit www.aws.org/technical/jointechcomm.html.
The U.S. TAG (Technical Advisory
Group) that serves as the United States
National Committee to ISO/TC 44/SC 10,
Unification of Requirements in the Field
of Metal Welding, seeks United States ex-
perts to serve on a newly created subgroup
dealing with micro melting diffusion
bonding.
The group is curently working on a new
ISO standard concerning micro joining of
second-generation high-temperature su-
perconductors.
For complete information, contact An-
drew Davis, managing director, technical
services, adavis@aws.org.
U.S. Experts Sought to Develop ISO Standard on Micro Melting Diffusion Bonding
Member-Get-A-Member Campaign
End of Campaign Final Tally
M. Pelegrino, Chicago 216
J. Compton, San Fernando Valley 120
J. Morris, Mobile 75
M. Anderson, Indiana 57
D. Ebenhoe, Kern 50
G. Fudala, Philadelphia 45
M. Box, Mobile 42
B. Scherer, Cincinnati 40
J. Russell, Fox Valley 36
K. Rawlins, Columbia 31
S. Lindsey, San Diego 31
R. Richwine, Indiana 30
S. Siviski, Maine 29
D. Schnalzer, Lehigh Valley 27
B. Trankler, W. Tennessee 27
J. Foley, Pittsburgh 25
D. Wheeler, Oklahoma City 25
G. Gammill, NE Mississippi 24
R. Hammond, Greater Huntsville 24
D. Saunders, Lakeshore 22
J. Ciaramitaro, N. Central Florida 21
F. Babish, Lehigh Valley 20
C. Daon, Israel 20
R. Jones, Atlanta 20
D. Crifase, Racine-Kenosha 20
M. Kress, Chattanooga 19
J. Theberge, Boston 19
J. Vincent, Kansas City 18
C. Donnell, NW Ohio 17
D. Bastian, Northwestern Pa. 16
G. Burrion, S. Florida 16
P. Kreitman, Chicago 15
S. Lathrop, Puget Sound 15
F. Oravets, Pittsburgh 15
R. Riggs, Tulsa 15
S. Schulte, Kansas City 15
J. Terry, Greater Huntsville 15
A. Duron, New Orleans 14
H. Hughes, Mahoning Valley 13
J. Goodson, New Orleans 12
S. Robeson, Cumberland Valley 12
J. Carney, W. Michigan 11
R. Poirier, Tidewater 11
T. Shirk, Tidewater 11
Michael A. Pelegrino, Chicago Section, is the campaign winner with 216 points earned.
Listed below are the members who participated in the 2013 AWS Member-Get-A-Mem-
ber Campaign. The campaign ran from June 1 through Dec. 31, 2013. Members received
five points for each Individual Member recruited and one point for every Student Mem-
ber recruited. See page 69 of this issue for campaign information and the prize list, or call
Rhenda Kenny, Membership Dept., (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 260, for information.
AWS Member Counts
February 1, 2014
Sustaining ......................................608
Supporting.....................................341
Educational ...................................664
Affiliate..........................................552
Welding Distributor........................47
Total Corporate ..........................2,212
Individual .................................59,723
Student + Transitional .................9,735
Total Members.........................69,458
67 WELDING JOURNAL
SECTIONNEWS
SECTIONNEWS
District 1
Thomas Ferri, director
(508) 527-1884
thomas_ferri@victortechnologies.com
District 2
Harland W. Thompson, director
(631) 546-2903
harland.w.thompson@us.ul.com
Shown at the Long Island Section meeting are (from left) Jack Billig, speaker Jennifer Trumino, Deborah McInnis, Chair Brian Cassidy,
Dist. 2 Director Harland Thompson, Ray OLeary, and Tom Gartland.
Shown at the New Jersey Section program are from left (back row) Seann Bradley, Larry
Abernethy, George Sheehan, (front row) Robert Petrone, Vince Murray, Jim Dolan, and
Harland Thompson, Dist. 2 director.
BOSTON
NOVEMBER 11
Activity: Section members met at Baker
Testing in Rockland, Mass., where Tom
Ferri, Dist. 1 director, presented William
Elliott the District Certified Welding In-
spector of the Year Award.
LONG ISLAND
JANUARY 8
Speaker: Jennifer Trumino, sales manager
Affiliation: Mercer Abrasives
Activity: Ray OLeary received the District
Meritorious Award from Harland Thomp-
son, Dist. 2 director.
NEW JERSEY
JANUARY 15
Speaker: Jeff Wiswesser, director, indus-
trial services; and Michael Warner
Affiliation: Welder Testing and Training
Institute
Topic: Proper use of welding symbols
Activity: Harland Thompson, Dist. 2 di-
rector, presented Life Member certificates
to Larry Abernethy and George Sheehan.
Other awardees included Robert Petrone
(District Director), Jim Dolan (District
Meritorious), George Sheehan (District
Educator), and Seann Bradley (Speaker
of the Year).
William Elliott (left) receives the CWI of the
Year Award fromTom Ferri, Dist. 1 director.
MARCH 2014 68
District 4
Stewart A. Harris, director
(919) 824-0520
stewart.harris@altec.com
District 5
Carl Matricardi, director
(770) 979-6344
cmatricardi@aol.com
District 6
Kenneth Phy, director
(315) 218-5297
kenneth.phy@gmail.com Presenters Jeff Wiswesser (left) and Michael
Warner (center) are shown with Paul Lenox,
New Jersey Section chair.
Pittsburgh Section members are shown at the January program.
Harland Thompson (far right), Dist. 2 di-
rector, is shown with wife Eileen and Ken
Temme, Philadelphia Section secretary.
Shown at the Tidewater Section program are
(from left) presenters Stephen Williams and
George Suiter with Wayne Smith, chairman.
PHILADELPHIA
DECEMBER 7
Activity: The Section held a holiday meet-
ing for board members at Riverwinds
Restaurant in West Deptford, N.J. The
event was hosted by Harland Thompson,
Dist. 2 director.
Central Piedmont C. C.
Student Chapter
DECEMBER 13
Activity: The college welding department
faculty and Student Chapter members,
headed by Advisor Ray Sosko, manufac-
tured a time capsule to commemorate
Central Piedmont Community Colleges
50th anniversary in Charlotte, N.C. The
complete story appears on the first page
of Society News (see page 63).
TIDEWATER
JANUARY 9
Speakers: Stephen Williams, metallurgist,
Newport News Shipbuilding; and George
Suiter, master gunsmith, Colonial
Williamsburg
Topic: The successful casting of a colonial-
style cannon for Colonial Williamsburg
Activity: The program was held at Smoke
BBQ Restaurant in Newport News, Va.
FLORIDA WEST COAST
JANUARY 8
Speaker: Jay L.Ginder, senior application
engineer
Affiliation: ESAB Welding & Cutting
Products
Topic: New trends in flux cored wires
DAYTON
OCTOBER 8
Speaker: Vern Mangold, consultant
Topic: Certification of robotic arc welding
personnel
Activity: The program was held at OTC
Daihen in Tipp City, Ohio.
NOVEMBER 12
Activity: The Dayton Section members
met at Miami County Fairgrounds in Troy,
Ohio. Gary Ward and Steve Roth from
Southern Ohio Forge and Anvil presented
demonstrations of various blacksmithing
techniques and offered attendees a chance
to try their hand at the art.
DECEMBER 10
Speaker: Uwe Aschemeier, Dist. 7 direc-
tor
Affiliation: Miami Diver, welding engineer
Topic: Underwater welding
Activity: This Dayton Section program was
held at Giuliano Tavern in Miamisburg,
Ohio, for 17 attendees.
PITTSBURGH
JANUARY 14
Speaker: Steve Forde, vice president
Affiliation: Marcellus Shale Coalition
District 3
Michael Wiswesser, director
(610) 820-9551
mike@welderinstitute.com
District 7
Uwe Aschemeier, director
(786) 473-9540
uwe@miamidiver.com
CONTACT INFORMATION
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP
PAYMENT INFORMATION
AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP
AWS MEMBERS
ERSHIP APPLICA
AT ATION
New Member Renewal
Mr. Ms. Mrs. Dr.
Last Name:
CONTA TACT T INFORMAT ATI RR ON
4 Easy Ways to Join or Rene
Mail: Form with your paymen
Fax: Completed form to (305) 443-5647
AWS MEMBERS
Please prlnt - Dupllcate thls
ON
o Join or Renew:
yment, to AWS Call: Membership D
(305) 443-5647 Online: www
ERSHIP APPLICA
page as needed
Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext
w.aws.org/membership
AT ATION
Mlaml, PL 33l66 66
Te Telephone (800) 44
PA PAX (305) 443-5647
vlslt our webslte: w
T (C ype of Business (Check ONE onl
A Contract construction
B Chemicals & allied pr
C Petroleum & coal industries
D Primary metal industries
t. 480
672
43-9353
7
www.aws.org
heck ONE only)
tion
als & allied products
oal industries
y metal industries
__
__
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
8lrthdate: ________________
Cell Phone ( )________
were you ever an Aw AwS Memb
Company (lf appllcable):____
Address:________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
__
__ __
_______________________________________________________________________________
irst Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
______________L-Mall:__________
___________________ Secondary P
ber! LS NO If YES,give year________ and Member #:
______________________________
:________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__ __
__
__ __
_______________________________________________________________________________
irst Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
_____________________________
Phone ( )_________________
ear________ and Member #:____________________
_____________________________
:________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
__
__
E Fabricated metal pr
F Machinery except elec
G Electrical equip., supplies
H Transportation equip
I Transportation equip
J Transportation equip
K Transportation equip
L Utilities
M Welding distributors & r
N Misc. repair services (incl
O Educational Services (univ
P Engineering & archit
Q Misc. business servic
R Government (feder
S Other
_______________________________________________________________________________
irst Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
_______
______
____________________
_______
:________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
oducts
ept elect. (incl. gas welding)
., supplies, electrodes
tion equip r, . air, aerospace
tion equip. automotive
tion equip. boats, ships
tion equip. railroad
ors & retail trade
es (incl. welding shops)
es (univ., libraries, schools)
chitectural services (incl. assns.)
vices (incl. commercial labs)
al, state, local)
__ __
__
Please check each box that applies to the Membership or ser
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEM
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEM
New Member |nltlatlon P
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS BB H
Clty:_____________________
Zlp/PostalCode:___________
Check here if you learned of the Society thr
Check here if you would prefer not to rec
__ __
__ __ __ __
o the Membership or service youd like, and then add the c
EMBERSHIP (O Ye ne Year)..................................
EMBERSHIP (Tw Ye o Years) SAVE $25
Pee ...............................................................
HIP
_________________State/Provlnce
___________Country:____________
y through an AWS Member? Members name:_______________________Member
eive email updates on AWS programs, new Member benefts
__ __ __
__ __ __ __
, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment.
..................................................................................................$84
New Members Only....................................$143
......................................................................
e:____________________________
_____________________________
s name:_______________________Members # (if known):________
, new Member benefts, savings opportunities and events.
__
__
................................................................$84
...............................$143
........$l2
S Other
Job Classifca (C tion (Check ONE onl
01 President, owner, par
02 r, Manager, direct r, or, s
03 Sales
04 Purchasing
05 Engineer welding
20 Engineer design
21 Engineer manufac
06 Engineer other
10 Architect designer
12 Metallurgist
13 Research & developmen
22 Quality control
Inspec
_______
_______
wn):________
heck ONE only)
, par r, tner, ofcer
, superintendent (or assistant)
elding
ngineer design
ngineer manufacturing
elopment
OPTIONS VA AVAILABLE TO AW
A.) OPT|ONAL Book Selec
|ndlvldual Members ln
|ndlvldual Members ou
LY ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For mor
fe Jefersons WWe s W En elding E cy ncyc yclopedia
We W Ha elding Handbook Selections:
Po ke ck Ha et Handbook Selections: PHB
8.) OPT|ONAL We Welding Jou
|ndlvldual Members ou
WS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS O LY NLY
tion (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling)
the U.S.......................................................
utslde the U.S (includes International shipping)
or more book choices visit www.aws.org/membership
edia (CD-ROM only) Design & Planning Manu fo al f Co or Co
H WH (9th Ed., Vol. 4) H WH (9th Ed., Vol. 3)
PHB-1 (Arc Welding Steel) PHB-2 (Visual Inspection)
elding Journal Hard Copy (fo for Members out
utslde North Amerlca (note: digital deliv
Y:
alue; includes shipping & handling)
......................................................................
tional shipping).....................................................................
g/membership
Ef ost-Efe fectiv We e Welding We W rg elding Metallurgy gy
WH (9th Ed., Vol. 2) H WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1)
tion) PHB-4 (GMAW / FCAW)
slde North Amerlca)
e: digital delivery of WJ is standard).......................................
$
.......$35
.......$85
........$50
07 Inspect r, or, tester
08 Super r, visor, foreman
14 Technician
09 W r, elder, welding or c
11 Consultant
15 Educator
17 Librarian
16 Student
18 Customer Service
19 Other
Technical Inter C ests (Check all tha
A Ferrous metals
B Aluminum
C Nonferrous metals e
eman
elding or cutting operator
heck all that apply)
ous metals except aluminum
STUDENT MEM ERSHI
Please check each box that applies to the Membership or ser
AW AWS STUDENT MEMBERS
OPT|ONAL We Welding Journ
Note: Hard copy option applies to students in U
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP TO
B
PAY AYMENT INFORMAT AT RR IO
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP T
NOTL: Dues lnclude $l8.70 for weldln
BE P
o the Membership or service youd like, and then add the c
ERSHIP(O Ye neYear).......................................
elding Journal Hard Copy (Only available to students in the U
ts in U.S., Canada and Mexico. Digital delivery of magazine is standar
OTAL PA PAY AYMENT................................................
ION
e: digital deliv
TOTAL PA PAY AYMENT............................................
ng 1ournal subscrlptlon and $4.00 fo for the Aw p
P
, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment.
......................................................................
ts in the U.S., Canada and Mexico)....................
y of magazine is standard beneft for all student members.
......................................................................................$_____________
y of
..................................................................................$_____________
S Poundatlon.
........$l5
........$20
......................................$_____________
......................................$_____________
D Advanced materials/In
E Ceramics
F High energy beam pr
G Arc welding
H Brazing and soldering
I Resistance welding
J Thermal spray
K Cutting
L NDT
M Safety and health
N Bending and shearing
O Roll forming
P Stamping and punching
Q Aerospace
R Automotiv
erials/Intermetallics
gy beam processes
azing and soldering
ending and shearing
tamping and punching
EV REV. V
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money or
Check Money Order AM
CC#:____________ / _________
Slgnature of Appllcant:________
. 11/13
OFFICE USE ONLY Check #:_______________________________
Source Code: WJ Date:_________________________________
__ __
__ __
d check or money order (international or foreign), pa
MLX Dlners Club MasterCard
___ / ____________ / ____________ L
__________________________________
heck #:_______________________________ Accoun
e:_________________________________ Amoun
__
eign), payable to the American Welding Society, y, or by char
Visa Dlscover Other
Lxplratlon Date (mm/yy) ________ / ___
_ Appllcatlon Date:_________________
ount #____________________________________
mount:_____________________________________
y charge card.
______
_______
t #____________________________________
R Automotive
S Machinery
T Marine
U Piping and tubing
V Pressure vessels and tanks
W Sheet metal
X Structures
Y Other
Z Automation
1 Robotics
2 Computerization of
t:_____________________________________
essels and tanks
Welding
71 WELDING JOURNAL
Topic: Alternative fracking technology
Activity: The Pittsburgh Section hosted its
past chairmens night program at La Mont
Restaurant in Pittsburgh, Pa. Honored
were Past Chairs John Folley, John Men-
hart, Ed Yevick, Roger Hilty, Tom Geisler,
Dick LaFave, Tom White, Dave Daugherty,
Carl Ott, and Bob Jackson.
NORTHEAST TENNESSEE
DECEMBER 12
Activity: The Section members attended
the open house held at Oak Ridge High
School in Oak Ridge, Tenn. Instructor Jeff
Hankins hosted the program that included
his students showcasing their welding skills
and use of a CNC plasma cutting system.
Erica Heckman presented her welded
gold-medal-winning metal sculpture. The
dinner was held at Ruby Tuesday in Oak
Ridge.
NEW ORLEANS
NOVEMBER 9
Activity: The Section hosted its 15th an-
nual student welder competition hosted by
Randy Rovira with the New Orleans Pipe
Trades in Metairie, La. The judges were
Chair Aldo Duron, Travis Moore, and Tony
DeMarco. The top welding instructor was
Paul Newton of the New Orleans Pipe
Trades who received a jacket of honor
from executive committee members Chair
Aldo Duron and Bruce Hallila.
Pittsburgh Section past chairs shown at the January program are John Folley (front) and
(from left) John Menhart, Dick LaFave, Ed Yevick, Tom White, Roger Hilty, Dave Daugh-
erty, Tom Geisler, Carl Ott, and Bob Jackson.
Shown at the NE Tennessee Section tour are (from left) Jonaaron Jones, Scott Mulleur, Mark Cade, Evan Eschenberg, John Folk, Briza
Wolfe, Byington Solway Technology Center Instructor Chris Ottinger, Lucia Roussa, Patrick Ford, Thomas Bowling, Chance Littleford,
Erica Heckman, South Doyle Instructor Jim Thomas, Kristen Lloyd, Keith Daniels, Mike DiTrapani, Oak Ridge High School Instructor Jeff
Hankins, Paul Pipkin, Barry Slaven, and Tyler Wyatt.
Speaker Jay Ginder (left) is shown with
Charles Crumpton III, Florida West Coast
Section chair.
Speaker Steve Forde (right) is shown with
John Menhart, Pittsburgh Section chair.
New Orleans Section welding contest judges
are (from left) Aldo Duron, Travis Moore,
and Tony DeMarco.
District 8
D. Joshua Burgess, director
(931) 260-7039
joshburgess1984@gmail.com
District 9
George Fairbanks Jr., director
(225) 473-6362
ts@bellsouth.net
District 10
Robert E. Brenner, director
(330) 484-3650
bobren28@yahoo.com
CLEVELAND
DECEMBER 11
Activity: The Section hosted its annual
holiday party featuring an auction to ben-
efit its scholarship fund. More than 100
attendees supported the live and silent
auctions to raise $11,000. Heading the
auction committee were Marilyn Har-
mon, Regis Holland, and Mike Sherman
who drew out the high bids as auction-
eer. The event was held at Toscana Party
Center in Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio.
DRAKE WELL
JANUARY 9
Activity: Chair Mike Owens presented
Travis Crate the Section Educator and
the Section CWI of the Year Awards. Rolf
Laemmer received the Section Meritori-
ous Award. Ward Kiser, who was not
present, was named to receive the Dis-
trict Meritorious Award. The meeting
was held at The Commons at Franklin,
in Franklin, Pa.
MARCH 2014 72
Some of the participants are shown at the New Orleans Section student welder competition.
The student welders and Drake Well Section judges are shown at the Northwest SkillsUSA District welding competition.
Shown at the New Orleans Section event are
(from left) Chair Aldo Duron, Bruce Hallila,
and Welding Instructor Paul Newton.
Rolf Laemmer (right) received the Section
Meritorious Award from Mike Owens,
Drake Well Section chair.
Travis Crate (right) received the Section Ed-
ucator and CWI of the Year Awards from
Mike Owens, Drake Well Section chair.
73 WELDING JOURNAL
JANUARY 17
Activity: The Drake Well Section mem-
bers participated in the Northwest Skills-
USA District welding competition held at
the New Castle School of Trades in New
Castle, Pa.
MAHONING VALLEY
JANUARY 16
Speaker: Matthew Brady, regional engi-
neer
Affiliation: American Institute of Steel
Construction
Topic: The new QC/QA specifications for
building with structural steel
Activity: Bob Brenner, Dist. 10 director,
presided at this awards-presentation pro-
gram held at Columbiana County Career
& Technical Center (CCCTC) in Lisbon,
Ohio. Huck Hughes, advisor to the
CCCTC Student Chapter, received the
District and Section Educator Awards.
Awards were presented to Jeff Andrews
and William Cunningham (CWI of the
Year), Denny Naples and Donald Jessop
(Section Educator), and Mike Sampson
(Section Meritorious). Tom Kostreba,
chair, Northwestern Pa. Section, attended
the program.
JANUARY 21
Activity: Donald Jessop, a welding instruc-
tor at Plumbers & Pipefitters Local #396
Apprenticeship Program, received the Ma-
honing Valley Educator Award from
Kenny Jones, Section treasurer.
NORTHWESTERN PA.
DECEMBER 15
Activity: The Section hosted its annual
holiday party and awards-presentation
program at Barbatos Italian Restaurant
in Erie, Pa. Chair Tom Kostreba hosted
the program. The awardees included
Mark Brereton, District CWI of the Year;
Marty Siddall, Section Meritorious; Don
Adams, Section Educator, Jesse McIn-
tosh, Section Educator; John Stempka,
Section CWI of the Year; and Vice Chair
Donna Bastian, District Private Sector
Educator.
Donald Jessop (left) is shown with Kenny
Jones at the Mahoning Valley Section event.
CWI Mark Brereton (left) receives his award
from Tom Kostreba, chair, Northwestern
Pennsylvania Section.
Shown at the Detroit Section program are (from left) Jeff Grivas, Ron Brown, Bill Forquer,
Wesley Doneth, and Sean Gleeson.
Awardees Jesse McIntosh (left) and Don
Adams are shown at the Northwestern Penn-
sylvania Section event.
Shown at the Northwestern Pennsylvania
Section program are (from left) Donna Bas-
tian, Marty Siddall, and Chair Tom
Kostreba.
District 11
Robert P. Wilcox, director
(734) 721-8272
rwilcox1@ford.com
tems gave presentations on material han-
dling innovations, resistance spot welding
inspection, and virtual welder training.
John Bohr from General Motors won a
pair of tickets to attend the Sections
Ladies Night event to be held April 12 at
the Detroit MGM Grand.
DETROIT
JANUARY 16
Activity: Ron Brown, business develop-
ment manager, hosted the program at EWI
in Madison Heights, Mich. Jeff Grivas with
Easom Automation, Sean Gleeson with
EWI, and Bill Forquer with Real Weld Sys-
NORTHWEST OHIO
MARK YOUR CALENDAR
APRIL 3, 6:009:00 PM
18th Annual Lincoln Electric
Motorsports Welding Program
Owens Community College
Perrysburg (Toledo), Ohio.
The public is invited. A Lincoln Elec-
tric speaker will discuss the materials and
welding processes that are used to fabri-
cate competition vehicles. About 25 com-
petition vehicles will be on display. A
VRTEX 360 virtual arc welding trainer
will be set up for guests to try their hand
at welding.
MARCH 2014 74
Milwaukee Section past chairs are (from left) Robert Bruss, Roger Edge, David Biddle, Gail Beyer II, Robert Schuster, Craig Wentzel, Ken
Karwowski, and John Albanese.
Shown at FABTECH are (from left) Chicago Section Chair Eric Krauss, Linda Brissey, Pete Host, Robert Zimny, incoming Director-at-
Large Rick Polanin, Dist. 13 Director John Willard, and Cliff Iftimie.
Shown at the Louisville Section awards-presentation dinner are (from left) Ben Coons, John Emmons, Tom Gillespie, Paul Twigg, Jim
Gillespie, Chair Bud Merill, Irvin Ziegler Jr., and Dan Hayes Sr.
Louisville Section members participated in the trophy presentation at Churchill Downs.
75 WELDING JOURNAL
District 13
John Willard, director
(815) 954-4838
kustom_bilt@msn.com
District 14
Robert L. Richwine, director
(765) 606-7970
rlrichwine2@aol.com
District 15
David Lynnes, director
(701) 365-0606
dave@learntoweld.com
Louisville Section members pose for a group shot during their Churchill Downs event.
Kansas Section members are shown at their November meeting.
CWI Scott Wallermann (left) is shown with
Todd Gilbert, Lakeshore Section chair.
District 12
Daniel J. Roland, director
(715) 735-9341, ext. 6421
daniel.roland@us.ncantieri.com
LAKESHORE
JANUARY 9
Activity: The Section toured the Broad-
wind Towers & Heavy Industries facility in
Manitowoc, Wis., to study the manufac-
ture of wind and drilling towers used in the
power-generation and shale oil industries.
Scott Wallermann, a Certified Welding In-
spector, conducted the program. The din-
ner and business meeting were held at
Knoxs Silver Valley Supper Club.
MILWAUKEE
DECEMBER 19
Activity: The Section hosted its annual hol-
iday party and past chairmens night at
Sprecher Brewery in Milwaukee, Wis. The
event included a tour of the brewery. Past
chairs in attendance included Robert
Bruss, Roger Edge, David Biddle, Gail
Beyer II, Robert Schuster, Craig Wentzel,
Ken Karwowski, and John Albanese.
CHICAGO
NOVEMBER 19
Activity: The Section members partici-
pated in the FABTECH activities in
Chicago, Ill. Robert Zimny received his
Gold Member certificate for 50 years of
AWS membership and Linda Brissey re-
ceived her Life Member certificate for 35
years of service to the Society from Nancy
Cole, AWS president.
LOUISVILLE
NOVEMBER 30
Activity: The Section sponsored race No.
5 at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Ky., to
boost awareness of the Section and the
American Welding Society. The race was
won by Jockey Joe Rocco Jr. riding Home-
sick Angel #12.
DECEMBER 17
Activity: The Louisville Section held its
awards-presentation dinner at Louisville
Yacht Club in Louisville, Ky. Jim Gillespie
received his Life Member certificate for
35 years of service to the Society, and John
Emmons and Paul Twigg received Silver
Member certificates for 25 years of serv-
ice.
District 16
Dennis Wright, director
(913) 782-0635
awscwi1@att.net
KANSAS
NOVEMBER 14
Speaker: David Landon, AWS vice presi-
dent and manager of welding engineering
Affiliation: Vermeer Mfg. Co.
MARCH 2014 76
District 17
Jerry Knapp, director
(918) 224-6455
jerry.knapp@gasandsupply.com
Topic: Implementing virtual reality weld-
ing for training and preemployment
screening
Activity: Following the talk, Jamie Kap-
pler (Lincoln Electric) demonstrated the
VRTEX360 virtual arc welding training
system. Dennis Wright, Dist. 16 director,
presented Diane Steadham the District
Meritorious Award. Chair Greg Siepert
presented Bob Simon his Silver Member
Certificate for 25 years of service to the
Society. This Kansas Section meeting was
held at WATC National center for Avia-
tion Training in Wichita, Kan.
JANUARY 18
Activity: The Kansas Section hosted its 5th
annual bowling tournament.
NEBRASKA
DECEMBER
Activity: The Section members presented
a week-long Certified Welding Inspector
training seminar and exam at Valmont In-
dustries in Valley, Neb., for 30 participants.
DISTRICT 17
SEPTEMBER
Activity: J. Jones, Dist. 17 director, pre-
sented Caterpillar Work Tools, Inc., in
Waco, Tex., the District Director Certifi-
cate Award for its continued support of
the Society and using AWS codes and stan-
dards. Receiving the award were Facility
Manager Jon Stalnaker, CWI Jason Mag-
nett, Bryan Neely, and Matt Lakata.
OZARK
DECEMBER
Activity: J. Jones, Dist. 17 director, pre-
sented Kenny McCoy the 20112012 Dis-
trict Director Certificate Award, and the
20112012 District and Section Private
Sector Instructor Awards to Brent Russell.
TULSA
NOVEMBER 19
Speaker: Ed Overshiner, industrial prod-
ucts specialist
Affiliation: Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
Topic: Submerged arc welding
Activity: The program was held at Golden
Coral in Tulsa, Okla.
Shown during the presentation of the District Director Certificate Award to Caterpillar Work
Tools, Inc., are (from left) Jason Magnett, Jon Stalnaker, Bryan Neely, District 17 Director
J. Jones, and Matt Lakata.
Kenny McCoy (right) is shown with J.
Jones, Dist. 17 director, at the Ozark Sec-
tion presentation.
Ozark Section member Brent Russell (right) is shown with J. Jones, Dist. 17 director, at Tin
Man Sheet Metal Workers Local 36.
Shown at the Tulsa Section program are (from left) Chair Paul Wittenbach, speaker Ed
Overshiner, and Rich Howard, vice chair.
77 WELDING JOURNAL
El Paso Section members are shown at their holiday dinner December 19.
Vince Martinez (left) is shown with John
Bray, Dist. 18 director, at the El Paso Sec-
tion event.
Shown at the El Paso Section program are
(from left) David Twitty, Dino Robles, and
Section Chair Jose Gomez.
Hon. Edward M. Emmett (left) receives a
speakers gift from Derek Stelly, Houston
Section chair.
Barbara Henon receives a speaker gift from
Steve Pollard, Puget Sound Section chair.
Bill Tatt (left) demonstrates cast iron weld-
ing at the Spokane Section program.
District 18
John Stoll, director
(713) 724-2350
John.Stoll@voestalpine.com
EL PASO
DECEMBER 19
Activity: The Section hosted its holiday
event and awards-presentation dinner at
Great American Land & Cattle Restau-
rant in Anthony, Tex. John Bray, Dist. 18
director, and Chair Jose (Pep) Gomez
presided. The awardees included Vince
Martinez (Section Meritorious), David
Twitty and Dino Robles (Section Educa-
tor), Chair Jose Gomez (Section CWI of
the Year), and Marco Costa (Student
Chapter). Dona Ana Community College
received the District Director Award for
its support of the Section.
HOUSTON
JANUARY 15
Speaker: Hon. Edward M. Emmett
Affiliation: Harris County judge
Topic: The countys industrial growth
Activity: The Section hosted its past chair-
mens night event at Bradys Landing in
Houston, Tex., for 165 attendees. Honored
were its long-time AWS members includ-
ing Roy Morton (56 years), Gold Members
Dick Wright and Larry Wilmesmeier (50),
Jim Bolton (49), John Stoll (39), Jon Lee
(35), Ron Theiss (34), Asif Latiff (28),
Robert Hunt (27), AWS Vice President
John Bray (25), Dennis Eck (24), Jerry
Koza (22), John Husfeld (13), and Justin
Gordy (11).
PUGET SOUND
JANUARY 9
Speaker: Barbara K. Henon
Affiliation: Magnatech LLC
Topic: Orbital welding in the biopharma-
ceutical industry
Activity: The program was held at Belle-
vue Coast Hotel in Bellevue, Wash.
SPOKANE
JANUARY 15
Speakers: Bill Tatt, Todd Kelsey
Affiliation: Bohler Welding Group USA
Topic: Cast iron welding and repair
Activity: The lecture and demonstrations
were held in the computerized classroom
and welding shop at Spokane Community
College. Following the talks, the members
had a chance to try their skills welding cast
iron and making other repairs.
Colorado School of Mines
Student Chapter (CSMSC)
DECEMBER 13
Activity: Several CSMSC members met at
the college in Golden, Colo., to congratu-
late Sindhu Thomas on her graduation
with a master of science degree. Attend-
ing were Advisor Prof. Stephen Liu, Steve
Klimowicz, Zhifen Wang, Ali AlShawaf,
Stephen Tate, Devon Gonzales, and Erik
Pfeif.
District 19
Ken Johnson, director
(425) 957-3553
kenneth.johnson@vigorindustrial.com
District 20
Pierrette H. Gorman, director
(505) 284-9644
phgorma@sandia.gov
MARCH 2014 78
District 21
Nanette Samanich, director
(702) 429-5017
nan07@aol.com
District 22
Kerry E. Shatell, director
(925) 866-5434
kesi@pge.com
JANUARY 16
Activity: The Colorado School of Mines
(CSM) Student Chapter members and Ad-
visor Stephen Liu held a special meeting
to welcome Dr. Zhenzhen Yu who joined
the CSM faculty in January.
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
DECEMBER 15
Activity: The Section held its holiday party
at Cattlemens Steakhouse in the Sacra-
mento, Calif., area. Dan Finnigan, with
Victor Technologies, received his Silver
Certificate for 25 years of membership in
the Society from Chair Ken Morris.
CALIFORNIA CENTRAL
COAST
DECEMBER 9
Activity: At the invitation of Warden
Richard Ives, Chair Stan Luis and Dist.
21 Director Nanette Samanich joined
labor union and industrial leaders and em-
ployers to present a job fair for 90 inmates
preparing for release from the Federal
Correctional Complex in Lompoc, Calif.
(FCC Lompoc). The talks focused on job
and educational opportunities, appren-
ticeship programs, and scholarships in the
fields of welding, pipe fitting, and plumb-
ing. Christopher Gandee from Lincoln
Electric demonstrated the VRTEX 360
virtual reality arc welding training system,
then offered each attendee the opportu-
nity to try their skills using the technology.
Shown at the January CSMSC event are (from left) Zhifen Wang, Ali AlShawaf, Dr. Zhenzhen Yu, Cheryl Hawk, Nathan Switzner,
Advisor Prof. Stephen Liu, Erik Pfeif, Devon Gonzales, Stephen Tate, and Pedro Andrade.
Shown (from left) are CSMSC members Steve Klimowicz, Zhifen Wang, Ali AlShawaf, Ad-
visor Prof. Stephen Liu, Sindhu Thomas, Stephen Tate, Devon Gonzales, and Erik Pfeif.
Presenters at the FCC Lompoc job fair are (from left) Matthew Brown, Robbie Rhodes, Matthew Hoskins, Michael Lopez, Christo-
pher Gandee, Dist. 21 Director Nanette Samanich, Warden Richard Ives, California Central Coast Section Chair Stan Luis, and
Rayvon Snowden.
Dan Finnigan (left) receives his Silver
Member award from Ken Morris, Sacra-
mento Valley Section chair.
79 WELDING JOURNAL
New AWS Supporters
SUSTAINING
Brozelco Federal Services
229 Dunavant Dr.
Rockford, TN 37853
Rep.: Bob Hamilton
www.brozelco.com
Aero Bending Co.
560 Auto Center Dr., Ste. #A
Palmdale, CA 93551
Rep.: Robert Burns
www.aerobendingco.com
National Inspection Testing
Certification Corp. (NITC)
501 Shatto Pl., Ste. #201
Los Angeles, CA 90020
Rep.: Jaime Valdivia
www.nationalitc.com
National Inspection Testing Certifica-
tion Corp. tests and certifies personnel in
the plumbing, heating, ventilation, air-
conditioning, and refrigeration
(HVACR), and related industries. Certi-
fied to ISO 9001:2008, it offers numerous
personnel certifications and specializes in
examination question development and
manual torch brazing processes.
Trail King Industries
2130 3rd Ave. NW
West Fargo, ND 58078
Rep.: Kray Olson
www.trailking.com
SUPPORTING
Equipment & Controls, Inc.
210 Riverfront Dr.
Monessen, PA 15062
Louis Smith Construction, Inc.
18500 Hwy. 53
Gulfport, MS 39503
AFFILIATE
Ameri-Force Management Services
9485 Regency Sq. Blvd., Ste. 300
Jacksonville, FL 32233
Cincinnati Crane & Hoist
10860 Paddys Run Rd.
Harrison, OH 45030
Erickson Engineering
9330 James Ave. S.
Bloomington, MN 55431
Gjertson Metal Work
6681 Colorado Blvd., Unit 5
Commerce City, CO 80022
Metalcraft Services
of Tampa, Inc.
10706 N. 46th St.
Tampa, FL 33617
Rose Fabricating & Industrial Solutions
290 Industrial Rd.
Covington, TN 38019
Searles Mechanical, Inc.
14873 Sherwood Dr.
Greencastle, PA 17225
Teems Mfg., LLC
14290 U.S. Hwy. 287
Amarillo, TX 79118
Whelan Machine & Tool
134 Rochester Dr.
Louisville, KY 40214
WELDING DISTRIBUTOR
The Ramsey Companies
6805 N. 55th Ave.
Glendale, MO 65301
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Arkansas Welding Academy
1920 N. Redmond Rd.
Jacksonville, AR 72076
Fortis College
11499 Chester Rd., Ste. # 200
Cincinnati, OH 45150
Ingram State Technical College
5375 Ingram Rd.
Deatsville, AL 36022
Waxahachie ISD
1001 Hwy. 77 N.
Waxahachie, TX 75165
Welder Skill
Carrera 8 No. 15-44
Soacha, Bogota, Colombia
WorldSpec NDT Training
Div. of Hellier NDT
16631 W. Hardy R.
Houston, TX 77060
Candidates Sought for Welding-Related Awards
William Irrgang Memorial Award
This award is given to the individual who has done the most
over the past five years to enhance the Societys goal of advanc-
ing the science and technology of welding. It includes a $2500
honorarium and a certificate.
Honorary Membership Award
This award acknowledges eminence in the welding profession,
or one who is credited with exceptional accomplishments in the
development of the welding art. Honorary Members have full
rights of membership.
Nat. Meritorious Certificate Award
This award recognizes the recipients counsel, loyalty, and
dedication to AWS affairs, assistance in promoting cordial rela-
tions with industry and other organizations, and for contribu-
tions of time and effort on behalf of the Society.
George E. Willis Award
This award is given to an individual who promoted the ad-
vancement of welding internationally by fostering coopera-
tive participation in technology transfer, standards rationali-
zation, and promotion of industrial goodwill. It includes a
$2500 honorarium.
International Meritorious Certificate Award
This honor recognizes recipients significant contributions to
the welding industry for service to the international welding com-
munity in the broadest terms. The award consists of a certificate
and a one-year AWS membership.
The deadline for nominating candidates for the following awards is December 31 prior to the year of the awards presentations. Contact
Wendy Sue Reeve, wreeve@aws.org; (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 293.
MARCH 2014 80
Guide to AWS Services
American Welding Society
8669 NW 36th St., #130, Miami, FL 33166-6672
T: (800/305) 443-9353; F: (305) 443-7559
Staff phone extensions are shown in parentheses.
AWS PRESIDENT
Dean R. Wilson
deanwilsonaws@gmail.com
Welldean Enterprises
151 Oak Tree Circle
Glendora, CA 91741
ADMINISTRATION
Executive Director
Ray W. Shook.. rshook@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(210)
Sr. Associate Executive Director
Cassie R. Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . . . .(253)
Chief Financial Officer
Gesana Villegas.. gvillegas@aws.org . . . . . .(252)
Chief Technology Officer
Dennis Harwig..dharwig@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(213)
Executive Assistant for Board Services
Gricelda Manalich.. gricelda@aws.org . . . . .(294)
Administrative Services
Managing Director
Jim Lankford.. jiml@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(214)
Director
Hidail Nuez..hidail@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(287)
Director of IT Operations
Natalia Swain..nswain@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(245)
Human Resources
Director, Compensation and Benefits
Luisa Hernandez.. luisa@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(266)
Director, Human Resources
Dora A. Shade.. dshade@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(235)
International Institute of Welding
Senior Coordinator
Sissibeth Lopez . . sissi@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(319)
Liaison services with other national and international
societies and standards organizations.
GOVERNMENT LIAISON SERVICES
Hugh K. Webster . . . . . . . . .hwebster@wc-b.com
Webster, Chamberlain & Bean, Washington, D.C.,
(202) 785-9500; FAX (202) 835-0243. Monitors fed-
eral issues of importance to the industry.
CONVENTION and EXPOSITIONS
Director, Convention and Meeting Services
Matthew Rubin.....mrubin@aws.org . . . . . . .(239)
ITSA International Thermal
Spray Association
Senior Manager and Editor
Kathy Dusa.kathydusa@thermalspray.org . . .(232)
RWMA Resistance Welding
Manufacturing Alliance
Management Specialist
Keila DeMoraes....kdemoraes@aws.org . . . .(444)
WEMCO Association of
Welding Manufacturers
Management Specialist
Keila DeMoraes....kdemoraes@aws.org . . . .(444)
Brazing and Soldering
Manufacturers Committee
Stephen Borrero..sborrero@aws.org . . . . . .(334)
GAWDA Gases and Welding
Distributors Association
Executive Director
John Ospina.. jospina@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(462)
Operations Manager
Natasha Alexis.. nalexis@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(401)
INTERNATIONAL SALES
Managing Director, Global Exposition Sales
Joe Krall..jkrall@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(297)
Corporate Director, International Sales
Jeff P. Kamentz..jkamentz@aws.org . . . . . . .(233)
Oversees international business activities involving
certification, publication, and membership.
PUBLICATION SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(275)
Managing Director
Andrew Cullison.. cullison@aws.org . . . . . .(249)
Welding Journal
Publisher
Andrew Cullison.. cullison@aws.org . . . . . .(249)
Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen.. mjohnsen@aws.org . .(238)
National Sales Director
Rob Saltzstein.. salty@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(243)
Society and News Editor
Howard Woodward..woodward@aws.org . .(244)
Welding Handbook
Editor
Annette OBrien.. aobrien@aws.org . . . . . . .(303)
MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS
Director
Lorena Cora.. lcora@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(417)
Public Relations Manager
Cindy Weihl..cweihl@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(416)
Webmaster
Jose Salgado..jsalgado@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(456)
Section Web Editor
Henry Chinea...hchinea@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(452)
MEMBER SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(480)
Sr. Associate Executive Director
Cassie R. Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . . . .(253)
Director
Rhenda A. Kenny... rhenda@aws.org . . . . . .(260)
Serves as a liaison between members and AWS head-
quarters.
CERTIFICATION SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(273)
Managing Director
John L. Gayler.. gayler@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(472)
Oversees all certification activities including all inter-
national certification programs.
Director, Certification Operations
Terry Perez..tperez@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(470)
Oversees application processing, renewals, and exam
scoring.
Director, Accreditation Programs
Linda Henderson..lindah@aws.org . . . . . . .(298)
Oversees the development of new certification pro-
grams, as well as AWS-Accredited Test Facilities, and
AWS Certified Welding Fabricators.
EDUCATION SERVICES
Director, Operations
Martica Ventura.. mventura@aws.org . . . . . .(224)
Director, Development and Systems
David Hernandez.. dhernandez@aws.org . . .(219)
AWS AWARDS, FELLOWS, COUNSELORS
Senior Manager
Wendy S. Reeve.. wreeve@aws.org . . . . . . . .(293)
Coordinates AWS awards and Fellow and Coun-
selor nominations.
TECHNICAL SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(340)
Managing Director
Technical Services Development & Systems
Andrew R. Davis.. adavis@aws.org . . . . . . .(466)
International Standards Activities, American Coun-
cil of the International Institute of Welding (IIW)
Director, Operations
Annette Alonso.. aalonso@aws.org . . . . . . .(299)
Technical Activities Committee
Associate Director, Operations
Alex L. Diaz.... adiaz@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(304)
Welding Qualification, Sheet Metal Welding, Air-
craft and Aerospace, Joining of Metals and Alloys
Manager, Safety and Health
Stephen P. Hedrick.. steveh@aws.org . . . . . .(305)
Metric Practice, Safety and Health, Joining of Plas-
tics and Composites, Personnel and Facilities Qual-
ification, Mechanical Testing of Welds
Program Managers II
Stephen Borrero... sborrero@aws.org . . . . .(334)
Brazing and Soldering, Brazing Filler Metals and
Fluxes, Brazing Handbook, Soldering Handbook,
Definitions and Symbols, Structural Subcommit-
tees on Bridge Welding, Stainless Steel, and Rein-
forcing Steel
Rakesh Gupta.. gupta@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(301)
Filler Metals and Allied Materials, International
Filler Metals, UNS Numbers Assignment, Arc
Welding and Cutting Processes, Computerization
of Welding Information
Brian McGrath .... bmcgrath@aws.org . . . . .(311)
Structural Welding, Welding in Marine Construc-
tion, Piping and Tubing
Program Managers
Efram Abrams.. eabrams@aws.org . . . . . . . .(307)
Automotive, Resistance Welding, Machinery and
Equipment, Methods of Inspection
Chelsea Lewis.. clewis@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(306)
Friction Welding, Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cut-
ting, High-Energy Beam Welding, Robotics Weld-
ing, Welding in Sanitary Applications
Jennifer Rosario.. jrosario@aws.org . . . . . .(308)
Railroad Welding, Thermal Spraying, Welding Iron
Castings, Welding Qualification
Note: Official interpretations of AWS standards
may be obtained only by sending a request in writ-
ing to Andrew R. Davis, managing director, Tech-
nical Services, adavis@aws.org. Oral opinions on
AWS standards may be rendered, however, oral
opinions do not constitute official or unofficial
opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition,
oral opinions are informal and should not be used
as a substitute for an official interpretation.
AWS FOUNDATION, Inc.
www.aws.org/w/a/foundation
General Information
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 212, vpinsky@aws.org
Chairman, Board of Trustees
Gerald D. Uttrachi
Executive Director, Foundation
Sam Gentry.. sgentry@aws.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (331)
Corporate Director, Workforce Development
Monica Pfarr.. mpfarr@aws.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (461)
The AWS Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation
established to provide support for the educational
and scientific endeavors of the American Welding
Society. Promote the Foundations work with your fi-
nancial support. For information, call Vicki Pinsky,
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 212; e-mail vpinsky@aws.org.
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
PERSONNEL
Bunting Magnetics Hires
Territory Managers
Bunting Magnetics Co., Newton,
Kan., a supplier of precision magnetic prod-
ucts for the automotive, electronics, recy-
cling, and other industries, has hired Gre-
gory L. Massey and Alex J. Schlosser to
serve as territory managers for standard
products. Massey is responsible for sales in
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas,
and Tennessee. Schlosser will service ac-
counts in southern California, Arizona,
New Mexico, and Clark County, Nev.
3M Announces Changes to
Safety Staff
3M, St. Paul, Minn., has named Frank
Little executive vice president of the com-
panys Safety and Graphics business. Pre-
viously, Little served as vice president and
general manager, Personal Safety division.
Succeeding Little in this post is Ashish
Khandpur who previously served as vice
president, research and development, In-
dustrial Business.
Intelligrated Appoints VP
Intelligrated, Cincinnati, Ohio, a
supplier of automated material-handling
systems, has hired
Chris Lingamfelter
as vice president,
integrated system
sales and strategy.
Lingamfelter has
more than 20 years
experience in the
supply chain software
and material-han-
dling industry.
Robotics Association
Elects Board Members
The Robotics Industries Association
(RIA), Ann Arbor, Mich., has named Stu
Shepherd, CEO, Americas, KUKA
Robot Group, chairperson. Joining Shep-
herd on the executive committee are Past
Chair Catherine Morris, ATI Industrial
Automation; First Vice Chair Joe
Gemma, Staubli Robotics; Second Vice
Chair Mike Jacobs, Applied Manufac-
turing Technologies; Secretary Curtis
Richardson, Spirit Aerosystems; and
RIA President Jeff Burnstein.
Fronius USA Names
Wisconsin Sales Manager
Fronius USA, Portage, Ind., a supplier
of manual and fully
automatic arc weld-
ing equipment, has
hired Jessie Roberts
as area sales manager
for the Wisconsin re-
gion. Roberts previ-
ously served as
branch manager for a
welding supply com-
pany.
IWDC Welding Cooperative
Names Event Planner
The Independent Welding Distribu-
tors Cooperative
(IWDC), Indianapo-
lis, Ind., has named
Jenne Schwartz
event and meeting
planner, responsible
for managing all of its
events. Previously,
Schwartz was a mar-
keting specialist and
the event planner at
St. Vincent Health.
Obituaries
Pamela A. Michalski
Pamela (Pam) A. Michalski, 48, died
Jan. 4 in Lyndhurst, Ohio, after a long ill-
ness. She was a 20-year AWS member af-
filiated with the Cleveland Section. A
graduate of Case Western Reserve Uni-
versity, she served as a project manager
at Dominion East
Ohio. Michalski was
active in the AWS
technical committees
involved with writing
the qualification stan-
dards for welding in-
spectors and techni-
cians, and held lead-
ership positions in the
preparation of tech-
nical standards for
welding pipe and tubing. She chaired the
B5F Subcommittee on Welding Techni-
cians and the D10T Subcommittee on
Low-Carbon Steel Pipe, was second vice
Ashish Khandpur
Jessie Roberts
Frank Little
Alex Schlosser
Chris Lingamfelter
Greg Massey
Jenne Schwartz
MARCH 2014 82
F
o
r
i
n
f
o
,
g
o
t
o
w
w
w
.
a
w
s
.
o
r
g
/
a
d
-
i
n
d
e
x
Pamela Michalski
continued on page 84
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
chair of the Personnel & Facilities Quali-
fication Committee, and a member of the
B5A and B5B Subcommittees on Welding
Inspectors, B5I Subcommittee on Super-
visor Programs, D10 Committee on Pip-
ing and Tubing, D10S Subcommittee on
Purging and Root Pass Welding, and
served as AWS representative to the API
1104 Committee.
Joseph W. Harris Jr.
Joseph (Joe) W. Harris Jr., 80, died
Jan. 21 in Cincinnati, Ohio. His lifelong
career was serving as
head of J. W. Harris
Co., Inc., headquar-
tered in Cincinnati.
The soldering, braz-
ing, and welding
products manufac-
turer has numerous
facilities in the
United States and an
operation in Spain.
Founded by his father
in 1914, the company celebrates its 100th
anniversary this year.
Robert D. Stout
Robert D. Stout, 97, AWS president
19721973, died Dec. 18, 2012, at Mora-
vian Village of Bethlehem, in Bethlehem,
Pa. Born in Reading, Pa., Dr. Stout was
Dean Emeritus at Lehigh University,
where he served in various capacities for
70 years. A pioneer in the field of welding
materials, he remained an active re-
searcher through his 90s. He developed a
series of corrosion-resistant copper-nickel
steels approved
by the Federal
Highway Admin-
istration to build
bridges in Mis-
souri and West
Virginia. In 1996,
he received the
Lehigh Distin-
guished Alumni
Award, and later
the colleges
welding testing
laboratory was
named in his
honor. In 1981,
the Robert D. Stout Distinguished Profes-
sorship was established in his honor. The
chair is currently held by John N. DuPont,
professor of materials science and
engineering.
MARCH 2014 84
Robert D. Stout
Joseph Harris Jr.
Publish Your
Research in the
and Youll Get
No page charges
Impact Testing
X-Ray Diffraction
Hydrogen Cracking
THE AMERICAN WELDER
MARCH 2014 106
for help with tuition costs. The student
screening pays off in that the program
maintains a more than 90% graduation
rate and 85% employment rate.
Merrill offers more than just welding
training. Several manufacturing courses
are offered and students may choose to
take just the manufacturing courses with-
out any welder training. Other offerings
include a specialized course titled
Everything Disc Work of Leaders, per-
formance improvement, effective hiring,
respect in the workplace, and learning to
be an effective trainer.
The Welding Lab
Johnston said two new welding labs
were added to the facility in 2013 for a
total of 35 welding booths. The students
work with the latest equipment, including
multiprocess Lincoln Flextec 650,
Precision TIG 275, and Power Wave
S350 with PF-10 wire feeders, to perform
the major arc welding processes: gas
tungsten, flux core, gas metal, and shield-
ed metal. The cutting operations use
Miller Spectrum 2050 plasma cutting
machine, Messer plasma cutting table,
oxyfuel and heavy-duty air-carbon arc
cutting tools used with a 9- 6-ft
Hypertherm 105-amp table. Students
fabricate and weld metal components
together using the common arc welding
processes including SMAW, GMAW,
FCAW, and GTAW. Students also log
time using the welding-support opera-
tions of the oxyfuel cutting process, and
carbon arc gouging and cutting.
Our Accredited Testing Facility
(ATF) designation through the American
Welding Society authorizes the institute
to perform welder qualification and ATF
assessment testing for companies and
individuals across the country, said
Johnston. Its ATF program is audited by
the AWS to meet established criteria to
test and certify welders according to the
very high standards of the AWS.
The Reverse Career Fair
Prior to the completion of each class,
Merrill hosts a unique reverse career fair
to showcase its recent graduates for local
employers to interview. In this event,
the students set up booths and the
recruiters visit the students to discuss job
opportunities.
Vince Cohoon practices gas metal arc welding with an uplhill progession.
Merrill students are shown during a classroom session.
LEARNING TRACK
Merrill Institute
www.merrillinstitute.com
520 Republic Ave.
Alma, MI 48801
Office: (989) 462-0322
Contact:
Mark Johnston, Director
Merrill Institute
info-min@merrillinst.com
MARCH 2014 108
sheet metal workers, structural metal fabricators, boilermakers,
and pipe and steam fitters led to creating these new programs.
Our conversations with the regions employers indicate a
high demand in western Pennsylvania for professionals skilled in
electronics engineering, welding, and HVAC, said DeFeo. A
lot of resources are coming out of the ground in this region, in-
cluding natural gas, methane, propane, butane, both liquid and
gas. These need to be measured, processed, and transported and
electronics technicians such as those prepared by PTIs Oil and
Gas Electronics program are needed for every phase of these
processes.
As students begin their career training, the colleges Career
Services Department has also been receiving requests from re-
gional employers for both interns and graduates.
Industry Notes
Electrical Builders, Inc., a high-power conductor service
provider and AWS Sustaining Member Company, is celebrat-
ing a milestone in 2014 with its 40th year in business. From be-
ginnings out of a home office in Kimball, Minn., it has expanded
resulting in power projects throughout North America, includ-
ing servicing 60% of the domestic nuclear fleet.
Harvest Technologies, Belton, Tex., an additive manufacturing
service bureau, recently added to its in-house fleet of 3D print-
ers an XL-sized Fortus 900mc machine and will soon take de-
livery of two mid-sized Fortus 400mc machines.
TST Tooling Software Technology, LLC, Clarkston, Mich., and
Vero Software have made a grant of Edgecam software with a
retail value of $750,000 to Lawrence Technological University.
Its Blue Devil Motorsports teams can use this to create parts
to assemble its vehicles for international competitions.
The Boy Scouts of America has presented its North Star Award
to The Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio, for its support
of the Welding Merit Badge program. The companys group
at Tennessee Rand has also been recognized by the Small Busi-
ness Institute for Excellence in Commerce with the 2013 Ten-
nessee Excellence Award. In addition, Lincoln has been named
Top Plant of 2013 by Plant Engineering magazine.
NuCor Steel has donated 60 tons of steel to the welding and
truck driver training programs at Greenville Technical College.
Its Darlington, S.C., operation donated the steel to be used by
welding students at the Brashier and Barton campuses. Three
students and their instructor took 8 h to drive the round trip
and spent another hour at the site loading/securing the steel
that is valued at $46,000.
Methods Machine Tools, Inc., will be opening a new, expanded
technology center in Anaheim, Calif. New applications, sales,
and service staff are being added to support the facility.
ABICOR Binzel has received the Frost & Sullivan Product
Leadership Award for Welding Torches 2013 for its RAB Grip
fume-extraction torch line and ABIMIG A T LW.
Lake Superior College will open a new campus in downtown
Duluth, Minn., to house integrated manufacturing training
programs, including welding and machine tool courses.
Laboratory Testing, Inc., Hatfield, Pa., has completed an audit
and was reapproved by Nuclear Industry Assessment Com-
mittee member Crane Nuclear, Inc. The results approved the
company for another three-year term.
The Robert C. Byrd Institute for Advanced Flexible Manu-
facturing, Huntington, W.Va., will work with the Wayne
County Board of Education, Spring Valley Career Technol-
ogy Center, and Mountwest Community & Technical College
to deliver programs/classes that will prepare students to earn
associate degrees in welding technology from Mountwest.
They will be tested to AWS standards, among others.
The Association for Advancing Automation, Ann Arbor,
Mich., has launched a new website at www.a3automate.org.
Features include blog posts covering automation strategies.
Magic-Aire Industries, Inc., which distributes Uniweld prod-
ucts, hosted training on brazing technologies for HVAC/R
systems and emphasizing safety in Manila, Philippines.
Linn State Technical College, Linn, Mo., has been accredited
by AWS as an official testing facility. Students benefit from
this as it enhances their skills/employability as welding
technicians.
Promation, Inc., has completed renovating its soldering lab
in Kenosha, Wis., to offer many services, including robot
configurations, nitrogen assist, and a range of solders/tip
profiles.
FRIMO, Inc., installed a JoinLine IR-H-Highspeed infrared
welding machine at its TechCenter in Wixom, Mich., making
it possible to get processing speeds previously unachievable.
Lynnes Welding Training, Fargo, N.Dak., recently hosted its
2nd Annual Boy Scouts Welding Merit Badge training event
with 15 Scouts. Also, the school has added two new welding
booths.
Osborn, a supplier of surface treatment solutions and finish-
ing tools, has launched its new website at osborn.com joining
the different sites from various company locations worldwide.
Norton/Saint-Gobain will continue as primary sponsor to USA
Luge, Lake Placid, N.Y., through the 2018 Peyongchang Win-
ter Games. The relationship began nearly 30 years ago when
it donated sandpaper to the team for shaping/polishing their
steel runners and has grown to include product donations.
FANUC Merges All of Its Operations in the
Americas into a Single Corporation
FANUC has officially merged all of its operations in the Amer-
icas into a single company named FANUC America Corp. The
new company, headquartered in Rochester Hills, Mich., will have
combined annual sales in excess of $1 billion and 22 locations.
The merger of the FANUC companies in the Americas bet-
ter enables us to accomplish our mission of increasing the com-
petitiveness of North and South American manufacturers by cre-
ating opportunities for them to maximize their efficiency, relia-
bility, quality, and profitability, said Rick Schneider, president
and CEO, FANUC America Corp.
Also, in related company news, FANUC Corp. has been named
the 26th most innovative company in the world and sixth top-
ranked innovator in Asia by Forbes. Additionally, FANUC Amer-
ica Corp. has been recognized as one of Michigans top 100 work-
places by the Detroit Free Press.
BUSINESS BRIEFS
continued from page 14
NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY
continued from page 12
109 WELDING JOURNAL
Servo-Robot Training Seminars. Two-day laser-vision seminars
held throughout the year at Servo-Robot, Inc., near Montreal,
Canada. Seminars include tutorials and hands-on practical train-
ing. For seminar schedule and costs, e-mail request to info@
servorobot.com.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding of 2-in. Pipe in the 6G Position
Uphill. Troy, Ohio. Hobart Institute of Welding Technology;
(800) 332-9448; www.welding.org.
SSPC Training and Certification Courses. Courses in protective
coatings, abrasive blasting, paint inspector, bridge coatings
inspector, surface preparation, NAVSEA inspector, and many
others. The Society for Protective Coatings; www.sspc.org.
Thermadyne Distributor Training. Year-around training at
Denton, Tex.; West Lebanon, N.H.; Bowling Green, Ky.; and
Chino, Calif. Contact trainingteam@victortechnologies.com.
TIP TIG Manual and Automated Plate and Pipe Welding
Workshops. Held the third Thursday of every month. 1901 Kitty
Hawk Ave., Bldg. 68, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Philadelphia,
Pa.; (215) 389-7700; www.tiptigusa.com.
Tool and Die Welding Courses. Troy, Ohio. Hobart Institute of
Welding Technology; (800) 332-9448; www.welding.org.
Unitek Miyachi Corp. Training Services. Personalized training
services on resistance and laser beam welding and laser marking;
(626) 303-5676; www.unitekmiyachi.com.
Vibration Training Short Courses. Presented at locations nation-
wide, customers site, and by correspondence. Vibration
Institute; www.vibinst.org.
Welding Courses. A wide range of specialized courses presented
throughout the year. The Lincoln Electric Co.; (216) 486-1751;
www.lincolnelectric.com.
Welding Introduction for Robot Operators and Programmers.
This one-week course is presented in Troy, Ohio, or at customers
locations. Hobart Institute of Welding Technology; (800) 332-
9448, ext. 5603; www.welding.org.
Welding Skills Training Courses. Courses include weldability of
ferrous and nonferrous metals, arc welding inspection, quality
control, and preparation for recertification of Certified Welding
Inspectors. Hobart Institute of Welding Technology; (800) 332-
9448; www.welding.org.
continued from page 58
COMING EVENTS
For more information visit our website at http://videos.aws.org or please contact:
Rob Saltzstein
salty@aws.org
(800) 443-9353, ext. 243
Sandra Jorgensen
sjorgensen@aws.org
(800) 443-9353, ext. 254
Lea Paneca
lea@aws.org
(800) 443-9353, ext. 220
By Placing Your Product Video on the AWS Website
Bring Brand
Awareness to Your Company
(800) 443-9353, ext. 243
salty@aws.org
Rob Saltzstein
For more information visit our website at
(800) 443-9353, ext. 220
lea@aws.org
Lea Paneca
(800) 443-9353, ext. 243
salty@aws.org
Rob Saltzstein
For more information visit our website at
(800) 443-9353, ext. 220
lea@aws.org
Lea Paneca
(800) 443-9353, ext. 254
sjorgensen@aws.org
Sandra Jorgensen
or please contact: videos.aws.org http:// /v For more information visit our website at
(800) 443-9353, ext. 254
sjorgensen@aws.org
Sandra Jorgensen
or please contact:
CLASSIFIEDS
MARCH 2014 110
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
CERTIFICATION
& TRAINING
Professionals Sought for
IIW Training Courses
The American Welding Society, the
Gesellschaft fr Schweisstechnik
International (German Welding
Institute, GSI), and the National
Center for Welding Education and
Training (Weld-Ed) are seeking
candidates interested in obtaining
the IIW International Welding
Engineer or International Welding
Technologist diploma. Courses are
being planned that will blend
Internet-delivered training with
classroom training conducted in the
United States.
The 440-hour course will be offered
during the next two summers and
is designed to promote career
development for busy welding
professionals.
Please contact Jeff Hufsey at:
hufsey@aws.org for more details.
CWI PREPARATORY
80+ HOUR COURSE
MORE HANDSON/PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Ellijay, GA Apr. 718 Aug. 1829
Marksville, LA Apr. 28May 9
Waco, TX May 1223
Loveland, CO June 213
Ardmore, OK June 23July 4
Searcy, AR July 718
Temple, TX July 21Aug. 1
Pascagoula, MS Sep. 819
Port Arthur, TX Sep. 22Oct. 3
+ Includes additional self study for weekend
FOR DETAILS CALL OR E-MAIL:
(800) 489-2890
info@realeducational.com
Also offering: RT Film Interpretation,
MT/PT/UT Thickness, CWS, SCWI,
Welding Procedure Fundamentals,
And Advanced Inspection Courses
2014
Quality Assurance Manager
Select-Arc, Inc., the manufacturer which sets The Standard of Excellence in Tubular
Welding Electrodes, is expanding and seeking a Quality Assurance Manager for our
headquarters in Fort Loramie, Ohio.
This position, which reports to Executive Management, is responsible for all aspects of
effective implementation of ISO 9001, Military, Automotive, ASME (NCA 3800) and other
industry / customer Quality Management Systems requirements. Candidates should have
good communication skills and the ability and the experience to interface with all functions
of the organization, including customer and supplier interaction. Multi-Plant Quality System
experience is a plus.
Candidates will be responsible to perform as the Management Representative and ensure
that Quality Goals and Objectives are established and deployed within the organization(s).
Select-Arc will consider candidates with the following experience:
ASME, Military, ISO 9001 and Automotive Quality System Management. Strong ASME &
Military is preferred and a plus.
CQM, CQE or CQA (IRCA) Certification
Quality System or Lead Auditor Certification/Managing Internal Audits
Managing Multi-Plant Internal Audits and Supplier-Based Audits
Control Plans, PPAP and PFMEA
A minimum of 5 years experience, preferably in a continuous process or welding-related
industry
Welding Technology or Engineering/Technical related discipline
Quality Data Analysis & Reporting Systems
The position will require travel (up to 10%) to fulfill job requirements. Competitive salary,
relocation and comprehensive benefits packages are offered.
E-mail: mseitz@select-arc.com , fax: 888-511-5217 or mail resume to Melvin Seitz,
Quality Manager at Select-Arc, Inc., 600 Enterprise Dr., PO Box 259, Fort Loramie, OH,
45845. No Phone Calls, Please. Select-Arc, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
Win Potential Clients
by Showing Them Videos on
How to Save Money and Time
By Using Your Products!
For more information
visit our website at http://videos.aws.org or please contact:
Rob Saltzstein
salty@aws.org
(800) 443-9353, ext. 243
Sandra Jorgensen
sjorgensen@aws.org
(800) 443-9353, ext. 254
Lea Paneca
lea@aws.org
(800) 443-9353, ext. 220
111 WELDING JOURNAL
JOE FULLER LLC
We manufacture tank turning rolls
3-ton through 120-ton rolls
www.joefuller.com
email: joe@joefuller.com
Phone: (979) 277-8343
Fax: (281) 290-6184
Our products are made in the USA
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE OR RENT
SERVICES
CERTIFICATION
& TRAINING
MITROWSKI RENTS
Made in U.S.A.
Welding Positioners
1-Ton thru 60-Ton
Tank Turning Rolls
Used Equipment for Sale
www.mitrowskiwelding.com
sales@mitrowskiwelding.com
(800) 218-9620
(713) 943-8032
Hawkeye
Borescopes
e
y e k w a H
e p o c s e r o B
s e p
g n i d l e w / m o c . s n e l t n e i d a r g 0 . 6 3 5 . 0 0 8
0 880
e yye e kke
eex lle FFl , dd,
o e dde iid VVi
p oop c s
! k c o
0 9 7 0
e
1
]
1
1
G N
T
T
T
0.617
1
CET
N
C CET
C CET
0
1
3
3
,
3
,
N
1
d
0
3
T
G D
R
A R
.
C
0 5
+
A 2 2
m 1 k C
D
.
L 0
0 5
( )
_
,
x (1)
89-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Fig. 6 Four images of insufficient weld illuminated from four different zones. A Zone 1;
B zone 2; C zone 3; D zone 4.
Table 3 Computations of Standard Deviation for a Good Weld in Butt Joint
Class Interval Mid Value Frequency
x
i
(f
i
) d
i
f
i
d
i
f
i
d
i
2
118 9.5 6 -4 -24 96
1936 27.5 9 -3 -27 81
3754 45.5 11 -2 -22 44
5572 63.5 14 -1 -14 14
7390 81.5 10 0 0 0
91108 99.5 15 1 15 15
109126 117.5 10 2 20 40
127144 135.5 9 3 27 81
145162 153.5 5 4 20 80
163180 171.5 7 5 35 175
181198 189.5 4 6 24 144
Total 100 11 54 770
A
B
C
D
few important levels of significance (chi-
square table), and then used to decide
whether the null hypothesis may be ac-
cepted or rejected. In the present case, the
null hypothesis assumed is that the cross-
section curve of the welded surface is a
normal curve.
After the conversion of the grayscale
image, the values of pixels of images in all
rows and columns are added and the per-
centage of pixel values is calculated and
taken as frequency (f
i
). The arithmetic
mean of a set of observations is the sum of
the observed values divided by their num-
ber. The arithmetic mean of this distribu-
tion is calculated as follows:
If the values of midvalue and f
i
are
large, the calculation of mean is quite time
consuming and tedious. The arithmetic
computations are reduced to a great ex-
tent by taking the deviations of the given
values from any arbitrary value A. Any
number can serve the purpose of arbitrary
value A but, usually, the value of x
i
corre-
sponding to the middle part of the distri-
bution will be more convenient. In case of
grouped frequency distribution, the com-
putation is simplified by taking
Where x
i
is midvalue of class interval,
A is an arbitrary value, and C
l
is length of
the class interval (length of the group of
the pixels). The computations of observed
frequencies for images of a good weld in
the butt joint are shown in Table 1. Stan-
dard deviation () is the positive square
root of the arithmetic mean for the
squares in the deviations of the given val-
ues in their arithmetic mean. It is also the
best and most powerful measure of dis-
persion. In this case, the variance is inde-
pendent of change in origin but not of the
scale. The standard deviation () is calcu-
lated in this distribution as follows:
To fit a normal distribution to the given
data, calculated values of the mean ()
and standard deviations () from the
given data are used in the equation of the
normal curve, and expected normal fre-
quencies are calculated. To calculate the
expected normal frequencies, first the
standard normal varieties corresponding
to the midpoint of each of the class inter-
vals are computed by the following for-
mula. Table 2 illustrates computations of
expected frequencies in images for a good
weld in the butt joint. Table 3 shows the
computations of a standard deviation for a
good weld in the butt joint
Then the ordinate values of normal
curves (z) are computed from the nor-
mal distribution tables. Finally, the ordi-
nates of normal probability curve values
are multiplied by NC/, and the expected
normal frequencies are obtained.
Validity of Chi-Square Test
The chi-square (
2
) distribution is used
to test the goodness of fit and also the in-
dependence of attributes. For the
2
test of
goodness for fit to be effective and valid,
the number of observations must be large;
individual frequencies must not be too
small, i.e., O
i
10 (in case O
i
< 10, it is
combined with the neighboring frequen-
cies); and the number of classes must be
neither too small nor too large (Refs.
1517). In this experiment, it is assumed
that random samples (grayscale of pixels)
have been drawn from a normal popula-
tion with a specific variance (
2
). To test
the goodness of fit, differences between
observed and expected frequencies have
been determined after combining the end
classes to make the individual frequencies
neither too small nor too large.
Table 4 shows the expected frequencies
of grouped interval good welds in a butt
joint.
The number of degrees of freedom
2
is given by = number of classes (n)
Z
x
i
=
(5)
= =
1
( ) (
1
)
1
2
1
2
N
f d
N
f d
i i i i i i
(4)
d
x A
C
i
i
=
( )
(3)
1
= +
=
A
N
f d
i
n
i i
1
(2)
1
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 90-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Fig. 7 Four images of no weld illuminated from four different zones. A Zone 1; B zone 2; C
zone 3; D zone 4.
A
C D
B
Table 4 The Expected Frequencies of Grouped Interval for a Good Weld in Butt Joint
Class Mid Value
Interval x
i
z (z) Nc / Expected Frequency
( (z) (f
i
)
118 9.5 -1.67 0.0990 3.6382 4
1936 27.5 -1.30 0.1714 6.2976 7
3754 45.5 -0.93 0.2589 9.5125 10
5572 63.5 -0.57 0.3390 12.4556 13
7390 81.5 -0.20 0.3910 14.3662 15
91108 99.5 0.17 0.3931 14.4434 15
109126 117.5 0.54 0.3447 12.665 13
127144 135.5 0.90 0.2661 9.7771 10
145162 153.5 1.27 0.1781 6.5438 7
163180 171.5 1.64 0.1040 3.8212 4
181198 189.5 2.01 0.0529 1.9437 2
Total 100
number of statistical constants obtained
from the data (k). In this experiment, to
find the expected frequencies, the values
of o
i
, and have been used. Hence, de-
grees of freedom = 8 3 = 5. From the
2
table for the 5% level of significance
(LOS),
2
5%
( = 5) = 11.09. Since
o
2
<
2
5%
, the null hypothesis that assumes the
grayscale value-based distribution is
nearly normal is accepted, and the normal
fit for this distribution is satisfactory.
Table 5 shows the computation of chi-
squared values of a good weld in the butt
joint. Then the test of goodness of fit ap-
plies to all types of samples of welded im-
ages one by one and analyzed. Samples of
good and excess weld images are accepted,
and images of insufficient and no weld are
not accepted at a 5% level of significance.
Figure 8 depicts the probability curves
of the observed and expected frequencies
for a good weld. Figure 9 shows the prob-
ability curves of observed and expected
frequencies of the excess weld. Figures 10
and 11 illustrate the probability curves of
the observed and expected frequencies of
the insufficient weld and no weld.
Feature Extraction
A feature is a value describing an ob-
ject in a numerical form and the selection
of the best features is essential for the suc-
cess of any classification algorithm.
Rather than using the raw data directly,
some measures or descriptors are often se-
lected upon which the classes of the ob-
served objects are determined by the clas-
sifier. These measures, commonly called
features, are generally of a much lower di-
mension than the data space. The process
of searching for internal structure in data
items, that is for the features or properties
of the data, is called feature extraction.
The process of choosing desirable features
from the initial set of observations is called
feature selection. The relevancy of ex-
tracting features is determined either by
trial and error or based on an automatic
feature selection procedure (Ref. 10).
Extracting desirable features is an ex-
tremely difficult task and problem de-
pendent (Ref. 8). To distinguish welds
from nonwelds, features with discriminat-
ing capability must be identified (Ref. 9).
In this process, the gray level values of the
pixels from the captured images are as-
sumed to fit a Gaussian distribution, test
the fitness through
2
test, and then char-
acteristic of the distribution is considered
as a feature extraction. Then true color
images are converted into a grayscale
image. After this selection, a region of in-
terest is cropped for further processing.
Finally, features of the images are com-
puted as shown at right.
The average gray values of pixels in the
cropped images were calculated and tabu-
91-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Features Gaussian Distribution Formula
Properties
F
1
Mean
where d
i
= (x
i
A) (6)
C
1
F
2
Standard deviation
(7)
F
3
Coefficient of variation
(8)
F
4
Median
(9)
F
5
Mode
(10)
F
6
Pearsons coefficient
of skewness
(11)
F
7
Bowleys coefficient
of skewness
(12)
F
8
Coefficient of kurtosis
(13)
where l is the lower limit of the median class,
f is the frequency of the median class,
h is the magnitude of the median class,
c is the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class,
and N =f.
f
1
is the frequency of the modal class,
f
o
and f
2
are the frequencies of the classes preceding and succeeding the
modal class, respectively.
is the standard deviation of the distribution.
Q
1
is the first quartile of the distribution.
Q
3
is the third quartile of the distribution.
2
is the second central moment.
4
is the fourth central moment.
+
A
N
f d
i
n
i i
1
1
_
,
1
( )
1
1
2
1
2
N
f d
N
f d
i
n
i i i
n
i i
M=1+
h
f
N
2
c
_
,
Mo=1+
h(f -f )
2f -f -f
1 0
1 0 2
1
0
=
3( ) M M
4
4
2
2
S
Q Q M
Q Q
Q l
c
f
N
m
k
d
+
+
3 1
3 1
1
2
where =
4
_
,
_
,
Q l
c
f
N
m
3
3
4
C V . * 100
pj
= o
pi
(1 O
pi
)(T
pj
O
pi
) (17)
For hidden layers
pj
= O
pi
(1 O
pi
)O
pi
W
jk
(18)
In this work, a BPN classifier is used to
classify the weld joints. The backpropaga-
tion algorithm was used to train the net-
work. The network was trained by using av-
erage gray values for four zones of images
as input variables and types of weld joints as
output variables. To improve the perform-
ance of the system, normalizing the data is
important (Ref. 12). It can make the neural
network training more efficient due to a sig-
nificant reduction of the dimensionality of
E T O
p i pi pi
=
1
2
2
( - ) (14)
E E
p
=
(15)
W O
ij pj pi
= (16)
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 92-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Fig. 8 Probability curves of the observed and expected frequencies of a good
weld.
Fig. 10 Probability curves of the observed and expected frequencies of an
insufficient weld.
Fig. 9 Probability curves of the observed and expected frequencies of an
excess weld.
Fig. 11 Probability curves of the observed and expected frequencies of a
no weld.
Table 5 Computations of Chi-Squared Values for a Good Weld in Butt Joint
Class Observed Frequency Expected Frequency (O
i
E
i
)
2
X
2
=(O
i
E
i
)
2
O
i
E
i Ei
1 15 11 16 1.45
2 11 10 1 0.10
3 14 13 1 0.07
4 10 15 25 1.60
5 15 15 0 0.00
6 10 13 9 0.69
7 9 10 25 0.83
8 16 13 16 0.69
Total = 5.43
the input data. Normalization is done as
follows:
Where x
1
is the value of the feature in
the welded image, and x
max
is the maxi-
mum value of the feature in the welded
image.
The average gray values of four zones
in images for four types of welded joints
are used as input variables. Four types of
joints such as good weld, excess weld, in-
sufficient weld, and no weld are assigned
values 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1, respectively,
as output variables. Table 7 shows normal-
ized values of input and output of welded
images.
The features like average gray values
of four zones for four types of weld joints
are the inputs given to the input layer of
the ANN.
The weights between input layer and
hidden layer and weights between hidden
layer and output layer are generated ran-
domly for the selected topology 4-5-5-1 of
the network.
The number of training patterns used
for training is 80.
The patterns were normalized.
The training was done offline using
the computer.
x
x
x
1
1
=
max
(19)
93-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Fig. 12 Schematic flow chart of the ANN-BP. Fig. 13 Schematic flow chart for ANN training using DEA.
Fig. 14 Classification performance of neural network using a Gaussian dis-
tribution-based feature vector in a butt joint.
Fig. 15 Comparison of computational speed for ANN using BP and DEA
for a butt joint in GMAW.
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 94-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Table 6 The Values of Gaussian Feature for Welded Images in Butt Joint
Sample No. Gaussian Feature Type of Weld
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
1 89.55 43.69 48.80 87.78 80.92 0.040 0.057 3.317
2 89.52 43.96 48.63 87.92 80.12 0.034 0.075 3.32
3 89.46 43.94 48.87 87.49 80.64 0.043 0.089 3.23
4 89.56 43.67 48.36 87.43 80.56 0.023 0.098 3.63
5 89.32 43.13 48.78 87.61 80.17 0.064 0.071 3.36
6 89.25 43.19 48.93 87.16 80.75 0.079 0.017 3.39
7 89.23 43.71 48.39 87.33 80.67 0.097 0.029 3.93
8 89.76 43.17 47.56 87.29 80.71 0.046 0.092 3.78
9 89.73 43.31 47.32 87.94 80.65 0.032 0.037 3.87
10 89.67 43.76 47.81 87.71 80.76 0.072 0.073 3.89 No weld
11 89.37 43.75 47.49 87.17 80.57 0.014 0.091 3.98
12 89.31 43.57 47.65 88.43 81.12 0.039 0.019 3.45
13 89.13 43.28 47.23 88.34 80.69 0.043 0.044 3.54
14 89.71 43.82 47.18 88.56 80.46 0.059 0.066 3.65
15 89.17 43.59 47.94 88.12 80.21 0.095 0.099 3.56
16 89.69 43.95 47.42 88.21 80.79 0.093 0.015 3.61
17 89.96 43.63 47.24 88.67 80.97 0.034 0.056 3.16
18 89.39 43.36 49.72 88.76 80.96 0.041 0.019 3.17
19 89.93 43.68 49.27 88.72 81.21 0.027 0.029 3.71
20 89.74 43.86 49.51 88.27 81.75 0.022 0.039 3.82
21 85.365 48.75 57.73 83.65 80.65 0.035 0.026 2.503
22 85.87 48.65 57.78 84.23 80.25 0.029 0.024 2.58
23 85.59 48.54 57.87 84.76 81.45 0.027 0.021 2.81
24 85.46 48.98 57.79 84.19 80.94 0.038 0.018 2.96
25 85.71 48.89 57.97 84.79 80.26 0.041 0.017 2.17 Insufficient weld
26 85.78 48.45 57.13 84.77 80.74 0.039 0.012 2.36
27 85.95 48.87 57.64 82.73 80.92 0.040 0.025 2.28
28 85.64 48.56 57.12 82.19 81.46 0.042 0.027 2.95
29 85.17 48.78 57.91 82.71 81.63 0.045 0.031 2.83
30 85.82 48.12 57.46 82.39 80.39 0.055 0.028 2.92
31 85.34 48.21 57.31 82.57 81.27 0.032 0.015 2.67
32 85.93 48.13 57.73 84.12 80.76 0.033 0.029 2.84
33 85.76 48.73 57.21 84.76 80.94 0.046 0.036 2.39
34 85.43 48.31 57.19 84.49 81.92 0.048 0.044 2.87
35 85.28 48.76 57.43 84.37 80.70 0.053 0.024 2.38
36 85.14 48.19 57.49 84.39 80.52 0.039 0.014 2.54
37 85.39 48.91 56.72 84.74 80.41 0.036 0.021 2.62
38 85.41 48.37 56.71 84.93 80.37 0.032 0.032 2.69
39 85.67 48.67 56.76 85.46 80.18 0.033 0.033 2.32
40 86.12 48.46 56.71 85.23 81.28 0.029 0.048 2.94
41 87.34 39.74 46.09 87.14 85.112 0.004 -0.019 3.350
42 87.25 39.75 46.93 87.18 85.42 0.006 -0.011 3.36
43 87.49 39.78 46.23 87.12 85.72 0.007 -0.015 3.37
44 87.19 39.48 46.37 87.19 87.46 0.002 -0.017 3.39
45 87.76 39.71 46.21 87.46 87.12 0.003 -0.018 3.38
46 87.45 39.52 46.19 87.43 87.45 0.005 -0.012 3.31
47 84.42 39.64 46.75 87.42 87.49 0.001 -0.014 3.33
48 87.69 39.65 46.92 87.19 87.16 0.008 -0.016 3.38
49 87.17 39.44 46.78 87.56 87.18 0.012 -0.020 3.39 Excess weld
50 87.49 39.88 46.22 87.28 87.49 0.013 -0.016 3.31
51 87.92 39.54 46.23 87.49 87.43 0.019 -0.022 3.34
52 87.93 39.61 46.27 87.22 87.44 0.017 -0.021 3.36
53 87.97 39.63 46.51 87.88 87.42 0.016 -0.025 3.35
54 87.75 39.75 46.19 87.87 87.43 0.018 -0.011 3.37
55 87.71 39.48 46.11 87.43 87.49 0.019 -0.013 3.39
56 87.95 39.24 46.17 87.65 87.59 0.020 -0.015 3.34
57 87.76 39.32 46.12 87.66 87.56 0.023 -0.017 3.31
58 87.43 39.37 46.13 87.44 87.26 0.015 -0.012 3.37
59 87.42 39.78 46.28 87.11 87.26 0.016 -0.022 3.31
60 87.12 39.66 46.37 87.42 87.13 0.017 -0.018 3.39
61 85.05 42.99 51.85 83.89 80.54 0.026 0.011 2.784
62 85.63 42.35 51.12 83.12 80.12 0.026 0.012 2.77
63 85.61 42.61 51.45 83.16 80.16 0.021 0.015 2.79
64 85.6 42.68 51.13 83.17 80.13 0.022 0.017 2.74
65 85.61 42.23 51.42 83.26 80.17 0.024 0.019 2.75
66 85.84 42.98 51.48 83.71 80.75 0.027 0.018 2.76
67 85.74 42.95 51.28 83.28 80.19 0.029 0.016 2.73
68 85.13 42.56 51.23 83.42 80.43 0.026 0.015 2.71
69 85.12 42.16 51.57 83.65 80.45 0.024 0.014 2.79
70 85.46 42.76 51.75 83.61 80.77 0.023 0.016 2.73
71 85.75 42.78 51.79 83.94 80.33 0.022 0.012 2.74 Good weld
72 87.49 42.79 51.89 83.69 80.23 0.027 0.016 2.63
73 85.15 42.96 51.59 83.67 80.56 0.021 0.017 2.64
74 87.69 42.93 51.26 83.49 80.44 0.029 0.018 2.65
75 87.26 42.16 51.23 83.17 80.66 0.025 0.011 2.69
76 85.79 42.16 51.42 83.47 80.96 0.026 0.021 2.61
77 85.45 42.35 51.78 83.46 80.39 0.028 0.023 2.63
78 87.16 42.96 51.26 83.79 80.37 0.030 0.022 2.68
79 85.19 42.75 54.19 83.44 80.27 0.034 0.026 2.69
80 85.16 42.19 51.28 83.22 80.29 0.038 0.028 2.64
95-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Table 7 Normalized Values of Input and Output for Welded Images
Sample No. Normalized Values Output Type of Weld
1 0.995442 0.993881 0.981657 0.989049 0.989933 0.04 0.057 0.833417 1
2 0.995109 1 0.978077 0.990536 0.980061 0.034 0.075 0.834171 1
3 0.994442 0.999545 0.982904 0.985692 0.986422 0.043 0.089 0.811558 1
4 0.995554 0.993403 0.972647 0.985016 0.985443 0.023 0.098 0.91206 1
5 0.992886 0.981119 0.981094 0.987044 0.980673 0.064 0.071 0.844221 1
6 0.992108 0.982484 0.984111 0.981974 0.987768 0.079 0.017 0.851759 1
7 0.991885 0.994313 0.97325 0.983889 0.986789 0.097 0.029 0.987437 1
8 0.997777 0.982029 0.956557 0.983438 0.987278 0.046 0.092 0.949749 1
9 0.997443 0.985214 0.95173 0.990762 0.986544 0.032 0.037 0.972362 1
10 0.996776 0.99545 0.961585 0.98817 0.98789 0.072 0.073 0.977387 1
11 0.993442 0.995223 0.955149 0.982087 0.985566 0.014 0.091 1 1 No weld
12 0.992775 0.991128 0.958367 0.996282 0.992294 0.039 0.019 0.866834 1
13 0.990774 0.984531 0.94992 0.995268 0.987034 0.043 0.044 0.889447 1
14 0.997221 0.996815 0.948914 0.997747 0.98422 0.059 0.066 0.917085 1
15 0.991218 0.991583 0.9642 0.99279 0.981162 0.095 0.099 0.894472 1
16 0.996999 0.999773 0.953741 0.993804 0.988257 0.093 0.015 0.907035 1
17 1 0.992493 0.950121 0.998986 0.990459 0.034 0.056 0.79397 1
18 0.993664 0.986351 1 1 0.990336 0.041 0.019 0.796482 1
19 0.999667 0.993631 0.990949 0.999549 0.993394 0.027 0.029 0.932161 1
20 0.997554 0.997725 0.995776 0.994479 1 0.022 0.039 0.959799 1
21 0.9912332 0.99540629 0.99596343 0.9788205 0.98452148 0.035 0.026 0.84560811 0.75
22 0.9970971 0.99326256 0.99672244 0.9856073 0.97961426 0.029 0.024 0.87162162 0.75
23 0.9938458 0.99101674 0.99827497 0.99180903 0.9942627 0.027 0.021 0.94932432 0.75
24 0.9923363 1 0.99689495 0.98513925 0.98803711 0.038 0.018 1 0.75
25 0.9952392 0.99816252 1 0.99216007 0.97973633 0.041 0.017 0.73310811 0.75
26 0.996052 0.98917926 0.98550975 0.99192605 0.9855957 0.039 0.012 0.7972973 0.75
27 0.998026 0.99775419 0.9943074 0.96805523 0.98779297 0.04 0.025 0.77027027 0.75
28 0.9944264 0.99142507 0.98533724 0.96173648 0.99438477 0.042 0.027 0.99662162 0.75
29 0.9889689 0.9959167 0.99896498 0.9678212 0.99645996 0.045 0.031 0.95608108 0.75 Insufficient weld
30 0.9965165 0.98244181 0.99120235 0.96407676 0.98132324 0.055 0.028 0.98648649 0.75
31 0.9909429 0.9842793 0.9886148 0.96618301 0.99206543 0.032 0.015 0.90202703 0.75
32 0.9977938 0.98264598 0.99585993 0.98432015 0.98583984 0.033 0.029 0.95945946 0.75
33 0.9958198 0.99489588 0.98688977 0.99180903 0.98803711 0.046 0.036 0.80743243 0.75
34 0.9919879 0.98632095 0.98654476 0.98864966 1 0.048 0.044 0.96959459 0.75
35 0.9902462 0.99550837 0.99068484 0.98724549 0.98510742 0.053 0.024 0.80405405 0.75
36 0.9886205 0.98387097 0.99171986 0.98747952 0.98291016 0.039 0.014 0.85810811 0.75
37 0.9915235 0.99857085 0.97843712 0.99157501 0.98156738 0.036 0.021 0.88513514 0.75
38 0.9917557 0.98754594 0.97826462 0.99379827 0.9810791 0.032 0.032 0.90878378 0.75
39 0.9947747 0.99367089 0.97912713 1 0.97875977 0.033 0.033 0.78378378 0.75
40 1 0.98938342 0.97826462 0.99730868 0.9921875 0.029 0.048 0.99324324 0.75
41 0.9928953 0.99661484 0.98216493 0.99157943 0.9717091 0.004 -0.019 0.98820059 0.5
42 0.9918154 0.99674022 1 0.99203459 0.97522548 0.006 -0.011 0.99115044 0.5
43 0.9945436 0.99749248 0.98508417 0.99135184 0.97865053 0.007 -0.015 0.99410029 0.5
44 0.9911333 0.98996991 0.98806733 0.99214838 0.99851581 0.002 -0.017 1 0.5
45 0.9976128 0.99573721 0.984658 0.99522076 0.99463409 0.003 -0.018 0.99705015 0.5
46 0.9940889 0.99097292 0.98423183 0.99487938 0.99840164 0.005 -0.012 0.97640118 0.5
47 0.9596453 0.99398195 0.9961645 0.99476559 0.99885832 0.001 -0.014 0.98230088 0.5
48 0.9968171 0.9942327 0.99978692 0.99214838 0.99509076 0.008 -0.016 0.99705015 0.5
49 0.990906 0.9889669 0.99680375 0.99635867 0.9953191 0.012 -0.02 1 0.5 Excess weld
50 0.9945436 1 0.98487108 0.99317251 0.99885832 0.013 -0.016 0.97640118 0.5
51 0.9994316 0.99147442 0.98508417 0.99556213 0.99817331 0.019 -0.022 0.98525074 0.5
52 0.9995453 0.99322969 0.9859365 0.99248976 0.99828748 0.017 -0.021 0.99115044 0.5
53 1 0.99373119 0.9910505 1 0.99805914 0.016 -0.025 0.98820059 0.5
54 0.9974991 0.99674022 0.98423183 0.99988621 0.99817331 0.018 -0.011 0.99410029 0.5
55 0.9970444 0.98996991 0.98252717 0.99487938 0.99885832 0.019 -0.013 1 0.5
56 0.9997726 0.98395186 0.98380567 0.99738279 1 0.02 -0.015 0.98525074 0.5
57 0.9976128 0.98595787 0.98274025 0.99749659 0.9996575 0.023 -0.017 0.97640118 0.5
58 0.9938615 0.98721163 0.98295333 0.99499317 0.99623245 0.015 -0.012 0.99410029 0.5
59 0.9937479 0.99749248 0.98614958 0.99123805 0.99623245 0.016 -0.022 0.97640118 0.5
60 0.9903376 0.99448345 0.98806733 0.99476559 0.99474826 0.017 -0.018 1 0.5
61 0.9698939 1 0.95691087 0.99947582 0.994849308 0.026 0.011 0.99784946 0.25
62 0.9765082 0.98506699 0.94334748 0.99023112 0.989624506 0.026 0.012 0.99283154 0.25
63 0.9762801 0.99111463 0.94943717 0.99070765 0.990118577 0.021 0.015 1 0.25
64 0.976166 0.99274284 0.94353202 0.99082678 0.989748024 0.022 0.017 0.98207885 0.25
65 0.9762801 0.98227577 0.94888356 0.99189898 0.990242095 0.024 0.019 0.98566308 0.25
66 0.978903 0.99972088 0.94999077 0.99725995 0.997406126 0.027 0.018 0.98924731 0.25
67 0.9777626 0.99902307 0.94630006 0.99213724 0.99048913 0.029 0.016 0.97849462 0.25
68 0.9708062 0.98995162 0.94537738 0.9938051 0.993453557 0.026 0.015 0.97132616 0.25
69 0.9706922 0.98064756 0.9516516 0.99654515 0.993700593 0.024 0.014 1 0.25
70 0.9745695 0.99460365 0.95497324 0.99606862 0.997653162 0.023 0.016 0.97849462 0.25
71 0.9778766 0.99506885 0.95571139 1 0.992218379 0.022 0.012 0.98207885 0.25
72 0.9977192 0.99530145 0.95755674 0.99702168 0.990983202 0.027 0.016 0.94265233 0.25
73 0.9710343 0.99925568 0.95202067 0.99678342 0.995059289 0.021 0.017 0.94623656 0.25 Good weld
74 1 0.99855787 0.94593098 0.99463903 0.993577075 0.029 0.018 0.94982079 0.25
75 0.9950964 0.98064756 0.94537738 0.99082678 0.996294466 0.025 0.011 0.96415771 0.25
76 0.9783328 0.98064756 0.94888356 0.99440076 1 0.026 0.021 0.93548387 0.25
77 0.9744555 0.98506699 0.95552685 0.99428163 0.992959486 0.028 0.023 0.94265233 0.25
78 0.993956 0.99925568 0.94593098 0.99821301 0.992712451 0.03 0.022 0.96057348 0.25
79 0.9714905 0.99437105 1 0.99404336 0.991477273 0.034 0.026 0.96415771 0.25
80 0.9711484 0.98134537 0.94630006 0.99142244 0.991724308 0.038 0.028 0.94623656 0.25
The training function of Levenberg-Mar-
quardt (TrainLM) is used in this network.
The application of Levenberg-Marquardt
to neural network training is the fastest
method for training a moderate-sized feed
forward neural network. In many cases,
TrainLM is able to obtain lower mean
square errors than any of the other algo-
rithms tested. The number of iterations in
this work was 5000, learning rate was
0.0001, hyperbolic tangent function is an ac-
tivation function, and three-layered feed
forward BPN was used. Figure 12 shows the
schematic flow chart of ANN using BP.
ANN Using DEA
Differential evolution algorithm
(DEA) is a heuristic method for optimiz-
ing nonlinear and nondifferentiable con-
tinuous space functions. Hence, it can be
applied to global searches within the
weight space of a typical neural network.
In this work, a very popular feed forward
multilayer perceptron neural network
(MLPNN) was used. Training a MLPNN
to recognize the objectors is typically real-
ized by adopting an error correction strat-
egy that adjusts the network weights
through minimization of learning error.
E = E (Y0, Y) (20)
Where Y is the real output vector of a
MLPNN, Y0 is the target output vector,
and Y is a function of synaptic weights w
and input values X. In the MLPNN, the
input vector x and the target output vector
Y0 are known, and the synaptic weights in
Ware adapted to obtain appropriate func-
tional mappings from the input x to the
output Y0. Normally, the adaptation can
be carried out by minimizing the network
error function E, i.e., network training
procedure. The opimization goal is to
minimize the objective function E by opti-
mizing the values of the network weights.
W = (W1, W2...WD) (21)
Differential evolution maintains a pop-
ulation M of constant size, and the real
value vector l
i
G
I l
i
G
, , h, re, (i = 1,2,...,M)
is the index to the popu (ati, n a, d G(G =
1,2,,Gmax) is the generation to which
the population belongs
PG = {l
1
G
, l
2
G
,...,l
m
G
} (22)
Each individual of the population is
compared with its counterpart in the cur-
rent population, and the vector with the
lower objective function value wins a place
in the next generations population. As a
result, all the individuals of the next gen-
eration are as good as or better than their
counterparts in the current generation.
In this work, the values extracted from
different features through experiments
have been used to train the neural network
with DEA rather than the type of welded
images that have been classified as per
standards. The schematic flow chart for
the neural network training using differ-
ential evolution algorithm is shown in Fig.
13. A neural network with different
topologies has been trained, and the opti-
mal structure (4-5-5-1) found out by a
trial-and-error approach for the error con-
vergence is 0.0001. The results obtained
from the DEA-based ANN model were
compared with the BP-based ANN model.
Results and Discussion
In this work, a total of 80 images of
welded joints were used for training and
testing by dividing each 20 images into 4
sets as good weld, excess weld, insufficient
weld, and no weld. These 80 images were
used in the ANN using BP and DEA net-
works. The data were fed into the neural
network (values of Gaussian distribution-
based feature extraction of images) as
input variables and types of weld joints
(assigned values: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were
considered as output variables. The train-
ing and testing data of the four types of
welded joints classified as good, excess, in-
sufficient, and no weld are shown in Table
8. Accuracy of the ANN is determined by
means of recognition rate. The recogni-
tion rate mostly depends on the number of
hidden neurons and the learning rate used
in the network. The recognition rate is de-
fined as follows:
The network was trained at 0.0001 al-
lowable errors. It can be seen that the
error coverage was 7.8222e-005. The per-
formance of the proposed classifier has
been evaluated in terms of recognition
rate and execution time. The classification
performance of the network using a
Gaussian distribution-based feature vec-
tor in a butt joint is shown in Table 9. For
individual comparison, it was found that
the accuracy varies with the type of defect.
The results obtained by ANN using BP
shows the highest accuracy is 100% for in-
sufficient welds and the lowest is for ex-
cess, good, and no welds (90%). The over-
all accuracy is 96.25%. In ANN using
DEA, 95% is the greatest accuracy
achieved in all types of welds. The overall
performance of neural networks in a butt
joint is shown in Table 10.
Figure 14 depicts the classification per-
formance of neural networks using a
Gaussian distribution-based feature vec-
tor in a butt joint.
In comparison of computational times,
ANN using DEA computational time was
shorter than that of ANN using BP. Table
11 and Fig. 15 show the comparison of
overall computational time for the inspec-
tion system in a butt joint. These images
were used in the average grayscale-2D fea-
ture vector method. In the average
grayscale-2D feature vector, the average
gray levels and percentage of the high-
lights were extracted from the digitized
images of welded joints and then average
values of pixels in the cropped images
were computed as follows (Ref. 12):
Recognitionrate =
Number ofunseenpatterns s correctly classified
Total number ofunseeenpatterns
100 (23)
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 96-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Table 9 Classification Performance of Network Using Gaussian Distribution Based Feature
Vector in Butt Joint
S. No. Type Number Results
of of Sample Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect
Weld (%) (%)
BP DEA BP DEA BP DEA BP DEA
1 Good weld 20 19 19 1 1 95 95 5 5
2 Excess weld 20 19 19 1 1 95 95 5 5
3 Insufficient weld 20 20 19 0 1 100 95 0 5
4 No weld 20 19 19 1 1 95 95 5 5
Total 80 77 76 3 4 96.25 95 3.75 5
Table 8 Training and Testing Data of the Four Types of Welds
S. No. Type of Weld Training Data Testing Data
1 Good 20 20
2 Excess weld 20 20
3 Insufficient weld 20 20
4 No weld 20 20
Total 80 80
x = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) (24)
Where x is the 2D feature vector; x
1
is
the average grayscale value of the zone 1
cropped image; x
2
is the average grayscale
value of the zone 2 cropped image; x
3
is the
average grayscale value of the zone 3
cropped image; x
4
is the average grayscale
value of the zone 4 cropped image; I
i
(x,y)
is the image of the i
th
layer; Ris the welded
region; and Nis the number of pixels in the
welded region.
These average gray values of images
for four types of welded joints were used
as input variables, and the type of weld
joint as output variables. This feature ex-
traction method was performed only in
95% accuracy level in ANN using both BP
and DEA (Ref. 12). In fact, Gaussian dis-
tribution-based features show a significant
difference in computational time as well
as accuracy level.
Conclusion
The vision inspection of welded joints
using a Gaussian distribution-based fea-
ture image extraction has been devel-
oped as well as verified with real-time
practices. In this technique, four zones of
LEDs were used for efficient extraction
of shape information, which is used to
characterize the weld nature. The classi-
fication is based on the neural network
using BP and DEA. It provides the high-
est overall accuracy of 96.25%. When the
same method was used in an average
grayscale-2D feature vector, the per-
formance showed only 95% in accuracy
level. This vision-based inspection sys-
tem could be further expanded for clas-
sification of images with different types
of joints in the welding process.
References
1. Wang, G., and Liao, T. W. 2002. Auto-
matic identification of different types of weld-
ing defects in radiographic images. NDT & E In-
ternational 35: 519528.
2. Shafeek, H. I., Gadelmawla, E. S., Abdel-
Shafy, A. A., and Elewa, I. M. 2004. Automatic
inspection of gas pipeline welding defects using
an expert vision system. NDT & E International
37: 301307.
3. Jagannathan, S. 1992. Intelligent inspec-
tion of wave soldered joints technical report.
Journal of Manufacturing Systems 11(2):
137143.
4. Jagannathan, S. 1997. Automatic inspec-
tion of wave soldered joints using neural net-
works. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 16(6):
389398.
5. Kim, Tae-Hyeon, Cho, Tai-Hoon, Shik-
Moon, Young, and Han Park, Sung. 1999. Vi-
sual inspection system for the classification of
solder joints. Pattern Recognition 32: 565575.
6. Liao, T. Warren, and Li, Yueming. 1998.
An automated radiographic NDT system weld
inspection. NDT & E International 31: 183192.
7. Liao, T. Warren. 2009. Improving the ac-
curacy of computer-aided radiographic weld in-
spection by feature selection. NDT & E Inter-
national 42: 229239.
8. Chang, Joongho, et al. 1997. Cork quality
classification system using a unified image pro-
cessing and fuzzy-neural network methodology.
IEEE Transactions of Networks 8(4): 964974.
9. da Silva, Romeu R., et al. 2005. Estimated
accuracy of classification of defects detected in
welded joints by radiographic tests. NDT & E
International 38: 335343.
10. Wang, Xin, et al. 2010. Recognition of
welding defects in radiographic images by using
support vector machine classifier. Research
Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and
Technology 2(3): 295301.
11. Kumar, Rajneesh, et al. 2005. Applica-
tion of digital image magnification for surface
roughness evaluation using machine vision. In-
ternational Journal of Machine Tools & Manu-
facture 45: 228234.
12. Senthil Kumar, G., Natarajan, U., and
Ananthan, S. S. 2012. Vision inspection system
for the identification and classification of de-
fects in MIG welding joints. International Jour-
nal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
(IJAMT) 61: 923933.
13. Gauss, M., Buerkle, A., Laengle, T.,
Woern, H., Stelter, J., Ruhmkorf, S., and Mid-
delmann, R. 2003. Adaptive robot based visual
inspection of complex parts. ISR2003.
14. Carrasco, Miguel, and Merry, Domingo.
2010. Automatic multiple view inspection using
geometrical tracking and feature analysis in alu-
minum wheels. Machine Vision and
Applications.
15. Veerarajan, T. 2010. Probability, Statistics
and Random Processes. Third edition. Tata Mc-
Graw-Hill Publishing.
16. Gupta, S. C., and Kapoor, V. K. 1999.
Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics. Sultan
Chand & Sons Publishing.
17. Sonka, M., Hilavac, H., and Boyle, R.
1998. Image Processing, Analysis and Machine
Vision. Second edition. PWS Publishing (USA).
18. Sonka, M., Hilavac, H., and Boyle, R.
2011. Digital Image Processing and Computer
Vision. Fourth edition. Cengage Learning
Products.
19. Gonzalez, Rafeal C., and Woods,
Richard E. 2002. Digital Image. Second edition.
Addison-Wesley.
20. Umbaugh, Scott E. Computer Vision and
Image Processing. Prentice Hall International
Editions.
21. Gonzalez, Rafeal C., Woods, Richard E.,
and Eddins, S. L. 2009. Digital Image Processing
Using MATLAB, Fifth Impression. Pearson Ed-
ucation in South Asia.
22. Schalkoff, Robert J. Digital Image Pro-
cessing and Computer Vision. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
23. Sridhar, S. 2011. Digital Image Process-
ing. First Edition. Oxford University Press.
x
N
I x y
x y R 1 1
1
=
( , )
( , ) (25)
97-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Table 10 Overall Performance of Neural Network in Butt Joint
S. No. Feature Extraction Overall Performance
Method BP DEA
1. 2D feature vector 95% 95%
2. Gaussian distribution features 96.25% 95%
Table 11 Comparison of Overall Computational Time of Inspection System in Butt Joint
S. No. Feature Extraction Overall Computational Time (s)
Method BP DEA
1. 2D feature vector 46 32
2. Gaussian distribution features 49 33
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 98-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Introduction
Steels are currently being used as the
principal structural material in naval ship
construction, primarily because of their
relatively low cost and good combination
of mechanical properties. For many years,
the U.S. Navy has focused on developing
stronger and tougher steels for the hull
and deck applications (Refs. 13). The
projected property requirements for high-
strength, blast-resistant naval steels
needed for future ship applications is im-
pact fracture toughness above 115 J
at 64C with a yield strength in the range
from 1030 to 1240 MPa. These steels
should possess good formability and weld-
ability, especially good resistance to heat-
affected zone (HAZ) hydrogen-induced
cracking (HIC) (Ref. 4).
A new steel, BlastAlloy 160 (BA-160),
was developed at Northwestern Univer-
sity to meet these rigorous requirements
for blast-resistant naval material applica-
tions. It was designed based on a theoret-
ical computational materials design con-
cept, using a multiscale materials
modeling method and detailed advanced
microstructural characterization tech-
niques. It has high yield strength of 1100
MPa (160 ksi) and impact toughness of
176 J at 25C. The chemical composition
of BA-160 is listed in Table 1. The steel
heat treatment procedure, as outlined in
Table 2, was used to achieve the combina-
tion of high strength and toughness. The
high strength results from the combined
effects of a martensite/bainite matrix,
M
2
C carbides (where M=Cr, Mo, and V)
and copper precipitates, which are in the
range of 35 nm. High toughness results
from the presence of finely dispersed, Ni-
stabilized austenite, based on a dispersed
phase transformation toughening mecha-
nism. More information on the design and
microstructure development of BA-160
can be found in publications by Saha et al.
(Refs. 5, 6).
As with most steels developed for ship-
building applications, one of the primary
design objectives for BA-160 is that it
should possess good weldability. Among
the weldability issues associated with
welding high-strength steels, HAZ HIC is
one of the biggest concerns, as validated
by numerous publications by previous re-
searchers (Refs. 715). Heat-affected
zone HIC was also referred to as HAZ
cold cracking or delayed cracking in the
welding literature. Researchers have pro-
posed a number of theories to describe the
cracking mechanism. Some of the more
popular theories that have evolved over
the years include the surface adsorption
theory by Petch (Ref. 16), the decohesion
theory by Troiano (Ref. 17), and the the-
ory proposed by Beachem stating that
fracture behavior is dependent on the
combined effect of stress intensity at crack
tip and hydrogen concentration (Ref. 18).
Even though a unified mechanism for HIC
still does not exist, it is generally agreed
that the occurrence of HIC in the HAZ of
welds in high-strength steels requires the
simultaneous presence of a threshold level
of hydrogen, a susceptible microstructure,
and tensile residual stress (Ref. 19).
In order for the new steel to be welded
with good resistance to HAZ HIC, an un-
derstanding of the influence of welding
Effect of Welding Parameters on the
Heat-Affected Zone Hydrogen-Induced
Cracking Tendency of a Blast-Resistant Steel
The effect of heat input and preheat on the HAZ hydrogen-induced cracking
tendency of BA-160 was evaluated by the implant test
BY X. YUE, X.-L. FENG, AND J. C. LIPPOLD
ABSTRACT
An implant test was used to investigate the effect of welding conditions on the
susceptibility of a blast-resistant steel, BlastAlloy-160 (BA-160), to heat-affected
zone (HAZ) hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). The lower critical stress (LCS)
was determined using the implant test with different heat input conditions and
preheat temperatures. Welding was performed using the gas metal arc process and
hydrogen was introduced using an Ar-15%H
2
shielding gas. The microstructure
of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of BA-160 was characterized
by means of both optical and transmission electron microscopy. The CGHAZ mi-
crostructure of the as-welded, low-heat-input welds consisted of untempered
martensite with some retained interlath austenite. Increased heat input leads to
the formation of lower bainite, decreasing the hardness of the microstructure. Use
of preheat for low-heat-input welds also slightly reduced CGHAZ hardness, and
the microstructure is predominantly martensite with the possibility of some bai-
nite. It was shown in the implant test results that both increasing heat input and
using preheat improved the HIC resistance of the HAZ. The fracture behavior
was studied using scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that both welding
with high-heat input and applying preheat resulted in an increase in fracture mor-
phology dominated by microvoid coalescence with no intergranular fracture.
X. YUE (yuexinosu@gmail.com), X.-L. FENG,
and J. C. LIPPOLD are with the Welding Engi-
neering Program, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio.
KEYWORDS
High-Strength Steels
Hydrogen-Induced Cracking
Heat Input
Preheat
Implant Test
CGHAZ Microstructure
Fracture Behavior
BA-160
parameters on the cracking tendency
using lab test is needed. In the present
study, the implant test was used to evalu-
ate the HAZ HIC tendency of BA-160
under different welding conditions. The
influence of heat input and effectiveness
of preheat on reducing cracking suscepti-
bility have been investigated using the im-
plant test. The CGHAZ microstructure
was characterized using optical and trans-
mission electron microscopy, and the frac-
ture behavior was studied with scanning
electron microscopy.
Material and Experimental
Procedures
BA-160 was provided in the form of 35-
mm- (1.375-in.-) diameter bar stock by
QuesTek Innovations LLC, Evanston, Ill.
The composition of the material used in
this study is listed in Table 1. It was heat-
treated following the procedure in Table 2,
and the base metal microstructure is
shown in Fig 1.
The implant test, which was originally
developed by Henri Granjon (Ref. 20),
was used in the present investigation to
evaluate the HAZ HIC susceptibility. It
has been shown to be an effective HAZ
HIC test method, which provides a quan-
titative measure of HIC susceptibility
(Refs. 21, 22). The schematic of the im-
plant test, testing system, and implant
specimen are shown in Fig. 2AD. The im-
plant specimens, as shown in Fig. 2D, were
machined from the BA-160 steel along the
rolling direction of the bar stock, with di-
mensions shown in Table 3. One end of the
implant specimen was 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)
long with a 10-32 UNF thread and was in-
serted into a clearance hole in the center
of the specimen plate, with the top of the
10-32 UNF thread section flush with the
specimen plate top surface. The other end
of the implant specimen was 0.5 in. (12.7
mm) long with a 1/4-20 UNC thread and
was threaded into a connection rod of The
Ohio State University Modified Implant
Testing System (OSU-MITS) so that a
constant tensile load could be applied
after welding is completed.
A weld bead was deposited using the
gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process
with 0.047-in.- (1.2-mm-) diameter Su-
perArc LA-100 wire (composition
shown in Table 1) on the surface of the
specimen plate directly over the 10-32
UNF thread and the hole. A low and a
high heat input, which were 33 kJ/in. (1.3
kJ/mm) (voltage, 30 V; current, 220 A;
travel speed, 12 in./min); and 66 kJ/in(2.6
kJ/mm) (voltage, 30 V; current, 220 A;
travel speed: 6 in./min), respectively,
were used to evaluate the effect of heat
input on the HAZ cracking tendency. In
addition, for the low heat input, preheat
of 60, 100, and 150C were applied be-
fore welding to evaluate the preheat ef-
fect on reducing the HIC tendency. Be-
fore welding, the specimen plate and
implant specimen were heated to 300C
in a heating furnace, then were quickly
moved to the OSU-MITS and fixed on
the testing system. A Type K thermocou-
99-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Fig. 1 Microstructure of the BA-160 base metal,
which shows a tempered martensite/bainite matrix
with various precipitates dispersed on the matrix.
Table 1 Chemical Composition of BA-160 Steel and SuperArc LA-100 (wt-%)
C Mn Si P S Cu Ni Cr Mo V Nb Ti Al Zr
BA-160 0.059 0.001 0.015 <0.005 <0.001 3.39 6.8 1.9 0.61 <0.001 <0.001 0.016 0 0
SuperArc LA-100 0.05 1.63 0.46 0.005 0.002 0.11 1.88 0.04 0.43 0.01 0 0.03 0.01 0.01
0.06 1.69 0.50 0.009 0.005 0.14 1.96 0.06 0.45 0.04
Fig. 2 The implant test system (OSU-MITS) and specimen. A Schematic drawing of the implant
test; B full view of the OSU-MITS; C close-up view showing an implant specimen under loading
and an unloaded one on the top right corner ; D the implant specimen.
A
C
B
D
ple was connected to the data-
acquisition system of OSU-MITS and
used to measure the temperature of the
specimen plate. Welding was started on
the preheated specimens once the tem-
perature of the specimen plate dropped
to the predetermined preheat tempera-
ture. Argon + 15% H
2
shielding gas at a
flow rate of 45 ft
3
/h (21.2 L/min) was used
to introduce sufficient diffusible hydro-
gen into the weld joint to promote HIC in
the HAZ.
A HAZ was created in the 10-32 UNF
thread region of the implant specimen
after welding. Two minutes after comple-
tion of welding, the implant sample was
subjected to a static tensile load. The ten-
sile stress was determined by the load di-
vided by the cross-sectional area of the
root diameter of the 10-32 thread. The im-
plant sample was free of bending, torsion,
or shock loading as a result of the specific
design of OSU-MITS. The stress concen-
tration caused by the 10-32 UNF thread
forced cracking to occur in the susceptible
HAZ region rather than the fusion zone.
The data-acquisition system was used to
monitor the load and measure the time to
failure. To generate the implant test curve,
multiple samples were welded with the
same welding parameters and subjected to
different loads in order to generate a ten-
sile stress vs. time to failure relationship.
The highest stress at which no failure oc-
curs after 24-h loading was defined as the
lower critical stress (LCS) (Ref. 23), which
was taken as an index to determine sus-
ceptibility to HIC in the HAZ.
Metallographic samples were sectioned
perpendicular to the welding direction
along the axis of the implant specimens. Fol-
lowing mounting and polishing, they were
etched with 5% nital and examined using
optical microscopy. Transmission electron
microscope (TEM) samples were evaluated
in a Philips CM200 TEM operated at 200
kV. The fracture surface of the implant sam-
ples was examined under a Philips XL30F
ESEM. Vickers hardness measurements
were conducted along the axis of the im-
plant samples using a 1-kg load, in accor-
dance with ASTM E 384-10.
Results and Discussion
Weld Macrostructure
The weld macrostructures under dif-
ferent welding conditions are shown in
Fig. 3AC. It can be seen that a distinct
HAZ was created on the 10-32 UNF
thread region for all three weld condi-
tions. When increasing heat input (Fig.
3B) and using preheat (Fig. 3C), the area
of the fusion zone is larger as compared to
that welded with low heat input (Fig. 3A),
and the width of the HAZ becomes larger
when high heat input or preheat was used.
Figure 3D shows a fractured implant spec-
imen sectioned to reveal the HIC fracture
path. The fusion boundary separating the
fusion zone and HAZ can be clearly seen.
The crack initiates from the root of the un-
fused thread and propagates through the
CGHAZ approximately 100300 microns
away from the fusion boundary. In most
steels, the CGHAZ is the most susceptible
to HAZ HIC since it has the largest prior
austenite grain size and high hardness
(Refs. 2426).
Vickers Hardness Test Results
Hardness is a direct indication of a dif-
ferent microstructure formed, and is an
important factor that influences the HAZ
HIC tendency. Therefore, Vickers hard-
ness measurements were taken along the
axis of the implant specimens welded
under different conditions, starting in the
fusion zone and running through the HAZ
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 100-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Fig. 3 Macrostructure of implant test specimens welded under dif-
ferent conditions. A Weld with low heat input; B weld with high
heat input; C weld with low heat input, preheat at 150C before
welding; D macrostructure of a fractured implant specimen after
loading showing the fracture path.
A
B
C
D
Table 2 Heat Treatment Procedure for BA-160
Step Temperature,C Duration Post step procedure
1. Austenitization 900 1 h Water quench
2. Liquid nitrogen hold 196 30 min Air warm to room temp
3. Tempering 550 30 min Water quench
4. Tempering 450 5 h Air cool to room temp
to the unaffected base metal, as shown in
Fig. 4AC. The HAZ is indicated in the
three hardness plots as the region between
the two black solid lines. The red dotted
line is the approximate boundary between
the CGHAZ and its adjacent fine-grained
HAZ (FGHAZ).
It can be seen in all three hardness
traverses that the hardness of the fusion
zone is lower compared to HAZ and base
metal. And when welded with high heat
input or using preheat, the fusion zone
hardness decreases as compared to using
low heat input without preheat, indicat-
ing different cooling rates under differ-
ent welding conditions lead to the forma-
tion of different microstructures in the
fusion zone.
For all three conditions, the hardness
of the CGHAZ is actually the lowest
across the HAZ. This is attributed to the
difference in lath martensite morphology
and Cu precipitation behavior in different
HAZ regions as a result of different ther-
mal cycles experienced (Ref. 4). Even
though the CGHAZ has the lowest HAZ
hardness, it is the most HIC-susceptible
region, as shown in Fig. 3D. When using
low heat input as shown in Fig. 4A, the av-
erage CGHAZ hardness is 370 HV
1.0
, and
it slightly decreases to an average of 358
HV
1.0
when welded with high heat input,
and to an average of 363 HV
1.0
when using
preheat at 150C. The hardness results are
summarized in Table 4.
Weld CGHAZ Microstructure
Since cracking occurs in the CGHAZ
region adjacent to the fusion boundary,
the CGHAZ microstructure will influence
the cracking tendency. Therefore, in this
study, the CGHAZ microstructure of BA-
160 under different welding conditions
was characterized.
It is known that cooling rate influences
the phase transformation behavior. Using
an online weld modeling tool, EWI E-
Weld Predictor(Ref. 27), the t
8/5
, which
represents the cooling time from 800 to
500C, is estimated to be 3.5, 7.3, and 4.8 s
101-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Table 3 Specimen Plate/Implant Specimen Dimensions
Specimen plate
Material A36 steel
Plate thickness in. (mm) 0.5 (12.7)
Plate width in. (mm) 2 (50.8)
Plate length in. (mm) 4 (101.6)
Length of test in. (mm) 3.5 (88.9)
bead
Hole diameter in. (mm) 0.201 (5.1)
Implant specimen
Material BA-160
Total length of implant 1 (25.4)
specimen in. (mm)
Type of thread 10-32 UNF
Pitch in. (mm) 1/32 (0.79)
Major diameter in. (mm) 0.1900 (4.83)
Minor diameter in. (mm) 0.1517 (3.85)
Thread length in. (mm) 0.5 (12.7)
Thread angle 60 deg
Thread root radius in. (mm) 0.004 (0.1)
A C B
Fig. 4 Vickers hardness measurements taken along the axis of the implant specimen. A Weld with low heat input; B weld with high heat input;
C weld with low heat input, preheat at 150C before welding.
B
A
C
Fig. 5 Optical micrographs for the CGHAZ of BA-160. A Weld with low heat input; B weld with high heat input; C weld with low heat input, pre-
heat at 150C before welding.
for low heat input, high heat input, and
using preheat of 150C, respectively. Note
that the calculated t
8/5
is only an approxi-
mate value; however, it can be clearly seen
that both welding with high heat input and
applying preheat decrease cooling rate as
compared to welding with low heat input.
It is shown in the optical micrographs
in Fig. 5AC that no diffusion-controlled
transformation products such as ferrite or
pearlite can be observed, and martensite is
the predominant feature. The predomi-
nant formation of martensite in the
CGHAZ is primarily due to the high alloy
addition in BA-160, which results in high
hardenability as indicated by the high car-
bon equivalent (CE
AWS
= 1.24) (Ref. 28).
The CGHAZ microstructure forming at
different welding conditions was further
investigated under higher magnification
TEM, as shown in Fig. 6AC. A packet of
martensite laths can be observed in Fig.
6A. Because of the low carbon content in
BA-160 (0.059 wt-%), the martensite
formed in the CGHAZ is lath martensite,
which can also be confirmed by the exis-
tence of a dislocation network within the
martensite laths. The dark region between
martensite laths is retained austenite.
The existence of retained austenite re-
sults from the high-nickel addition (6.8
wt-%) in BA-160, which is an effective
austenite stabilizer depressing the M
s
and
M
f
temperatures. It was determined that
for BA-160 CGHAZ, M
s
is 355C and M
f
is 178C (Ref. 29). During the welding
cooling process, austenite rich in Ni did
not transform to martensite. It was stabi-
lized to the ambient temperature and
therefore results in incomplete austenite
transformation to martensite, even under
fast cooling rates. At higher heat input,
lower bainite is formed in the CGHAZ
under slower cooling rates, which can be
confirmed by the formation of intralath
plate-like cementite precipitates within
the bainite laths, as shown in Fig. 6B. The
cementite precipitates are oriented at a
preferential angle with the primary bainite
lath growth direction, and this is the char-
acteristic feature distinguishing lower bai-
nite from upper bainite or lath martensite
(Ref. 30). Note that lower bainite repre-
sents only a small fraction of the CGHAZ
microstructure, and because of the thin
laths and limited amount, it cannot be re-
solved in the optical microscope. Marten-
site laths free of intralath cementite can
also be seen in Fig. 6B and C, and it was
found that less retained austenite was
present with increasing heat input or ap-
plying preheat. The average Vickers hard-
ness of the CGHAZ with low heat input is
370 HV
1.0
and decreases to 358 HV
1.0
with
the increase in heat input and to 363 HV
1.0
with applying preheat of 150C. Due to the
hardness decrease when using preheat, it
is postulated that a small quantity of
lower-hardness bainite may form in the
CGHAZ when welding with preheat of
150C because of the lower cooling rate as
compared to welding with low heat input.
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 102-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
Table 4 Summary of Microstructure, Hardness, and Implant Test Results for Different Welding Conditions for BA-160
Welding Conditions Low HI High HI Low HI Low HI Low HI
(33 kJ/in.) (66 kJ/in.) (33 kJ/in.), preheat (33 kJ/in.), preheat (33 kJ/in.), preheat
at 60C at 100C at 150C
CGHAZ microstructure M M+B M M M+(B)
a
CGHAZ Hardness (Avg)
b
370 358 368 366 363
Implant test LCS 91 ksi 96 ksi 94 ksi 103 ksi 107 ksi
(627 MPa) (661 MPa) (648 MPa) (710 MPa) (737 MPa)
(a) M represents martensite; B represents bainite; (B) represents possible formation of bainite in the microstructure.
(b) Avg means the average hardness of the CGHAZ, which is determined by taking the average of hardness data points in the CGHAZ region
together. The approximate boundary of CGHAZ is determined by metallographic observation.
Fig 6 Bright-field TEM micrographs for the CGHAZ of BA-160. A Weld with low heat input; B weld with high heat input; C weld with low heat
input, preheat at 150C before welding.
A
B
C
B A
Fig. 7 Implant test results for BA-160. A Weld with low heat input; B weld with high heat input.
Effect of Heat Input on BA-160 HAZ
Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Tendency
Heat input is a factor that influences the
HIC tendency. Different heat inputs will re-
sult in different cooling rates and, as shown
in Figs. 5 and 6, lead to the formation of dif-
ferent microstructures in the HAZ during
cooling after welding. As discussed in the
previous section, the low heat input resulted
in a harder microstructure as compared to
the high heat input.
The implant test results for the two
heat inputs are shown in Fig. 7A and B.
The lower critical stress (LCS) for each
welding condition was determined. Lower
critical stress is defined as the maximum
stress at which cracking does not occur
after 24-h loading under the influence of
diffusible hydrogen. Therefore, the higher
the LCS, the better is the resistance to
HIC. It can be seen in the implant test re-
sults that an incubation time is observed
before the final failure occurs at each
stress level, and represents the time taken
for microcracks to form under the influ-
ence of stress and hydrogen that then link
up together to lead to the final failure.
When interpreting the implant test re-
sults, it is considered that for an equivalent
external stress applied to the implant spec-
imen, a longer incubation time indicates
better resistance to cracking (Ref. 31).
The LCS values were determined to be 91
ksi (627 MPa) and 96 ksi (661 MPa) for
low and high heat input, respectively, as
listed in Table 4. The increase in LCS when
using high heat input indicates that in-
creasing heat input when welding BA-160
steel reduces the tendency for HIC in the
CGHAZ. The reduction in cracking sus-
ceptibility when using high heat input can
also be seen by the comparison of the in-
cubation time before failure. When the
applied stress is 107 ksi (737 MPa), the in-
cubation time for the low heat input is 17
min, while it increases to 139 min for the
high heat input.
Clearly, the reduced HIC susceptibility
for the CGHAZ of BA-160 when increas-
ing heat input is the difference in mi-
crostructure as a result of slower cooling
rates. The lower hardness microstructure
of the mixed martensite and lower bainite
formed at slow cooling rates has a better
resistance to cracking as compared to the
103-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
B
C
A
Fig. 8 Implant test results for BA-160, weld with
low heat input. A Preheat at 60C; B preheat
at 100C; C preheat at 150C.
A
A
C D
B
B
C
Fig. 9 Fracture morphology of implant specimen, weld with low heat input, failed after 17 min under
tensile stress of 107.9 ksi. A General fracture appearance; B intergranular; C quasi-cleavage;
D microvoid coalescence.
Fig. 10 Fracture morphology of implant speci-
men, weld with high heat input, failed after 139 min
under tensile stress of 107.9 ksi. A General frac-
ture appearance; B quasi-cleavage; C mi-
crovoid coalescence.
higher hardness martensitic microstruc-
ture formed at low heat input.
However, it should be noted that in real
welding practice, reducing HAZ HIC ten-
dency by using a very high heat input may
either not be practical or lead to severe
grain coarsening, which may either reduce
toughness or cause softening. As a result,
the determination of heat input should
also consider other factors.
Effect of Preheat on Reducing BA-160
HAZ Hydrogen-Induced Cracking
Tendency
Preheat and/or interpass temperature
control are used as effective means in ac-
tual welding practice to alleviate HAZ
HIC in steels. First, preheating the steel
before welding will lead to a slower cool-
ing rate, which generally results in the for-
mation of lower hardness microstructures
such as ferrite, pearlite, and/or bainite in
the HAZ. These transformation products
are less susceptible to HIC as compared to
hard and brittle martensite. Second, pre-
heat can drive off any preexisting moisture
and promote longer weld cooling times
both of which reduce the diffusible hydro-
gen content in the HAZ. The reduction of
diffusible hydrogen will thereby reduce
the cracking tendency. Since BA-160 is de-
signed as a structural steel for naval ship
applications, it is likely that high-restraint,
high-hydrogen conditions will be encoun-
tered during fabrication. Therefore, it is
necessary to investigate using the lab test
if preheat is effective to alleviate HAZ
HIC when welding BA-160.
In the present study, implant testing
was conducted with preheat temperatures
of 60, 100, and 150C to evaluate the pre-
heat effect on reducing the cracking ten-
dency. The implant test results are shown
in Fig. 8AC. It can be seen that with pre-
heat before welding, all three curves show
that the incubation time prior to failure is
longer than that without preheat at equiv-
alent tensile stress levels, as compared to
Fig. 7A, indicating applying preheat re-
duces HAZ cracking tendency. This is be-
cause applying preheat can reduce the dif-
fusible hydrogen content, and thereby a
longer incubation time is required to
reach the critical hydrogen level to cause
cracking to occur. This is one evidence in-
dicating that preheat is effective to allevi-
ate the HAZ HIC cracking tendency for
BA-160.
The LCS with preheating at 60C was
determined to be 94 ksi (648 MPa), which
is slightly higher as compared to 91 ksi
(627 MPa) without preheat. Increasing the
preheat temperature to 100C, the LCS
was increased to 103 ksi (710 MPa), and
this was also with a concomitant increase
in incubation time. By further increasing
the preheat temperature to 150C, the
LCS was increased to 107 ksi (737 MPa).
This clearly indicates that increasing pre-
heat temperature is beneficial to reduce
HAZ cracking tendency for BA-160. How-
ever, increasing preheat temperature to
150C to reduce cracking was not so effec-
tive compared with the 9-ksi LCS increase
from preheat at 60 to 100C. Based on the
implant test results, it is shown that apply-
ing preheat and increasing preheat tem-
perature are beneficial to reduce the
cracking tendency for BA-160. One rea-
son is that applying preheat results in a
lower cooling rate, which leads to the for-
mation of a lower hardness microstructure
in the CGHAZ as found in the Vickers
hardness test results. The other reason is
that preheat is effective to reduce the dif-
fusible hydrogen level in the HAZ as dis-
cussed previously.
Effect of Welding Parameters on Fracture
Behavior
The fracture surfaces of the implant
specimens welded under different condi-
tions were studied using SEM to analyze
the effect of welding parameters on frac-
ture behavior. The SEM fractographs of
the BA-160 implant specimens are pre-
sented in Figs. 911. For the three welding
conditions, the fracture surface studied
was from the implant specimens failed at
the same tensile stress (107.9 ksi) for the
purpose of comparison.
Figure 9A shows the general fracture
appearance of a BA-160 implant specimen
with low heat input, and regions with dif-
ferent fracture modes are shown in Fig.
9BD at higher magnification. Coarse in-
tergranular (IG) failure, as shown in Fig.
9B, is only observed in the region close to
the root of the thread where the crack ini-
tiates. A quasi-cleavage (QC) mode, as
shown in Fig. 9C, constitutes the majority
of the fracture surface. Microvoid coales-
cence (MVC) is observed in only a small
area close to the final failure region, as
shown in Fig. 9D.
The fracture morphology of a speci-
men from a high-heat-input weld is shown
in Fig. 10AC. There is no faceted, coarse
IG fracture observed on the fracture sur-
face, in contrast to the fracture surface
with low-heat input. Quasi-cleavage is also
the predominant feature, as shown in Fig.
10A and B. However, the region of MVC
becomes larger as compared to that of low
heat input.
Figure 11AC shows the fracture mor-
phology with low heat input and a preheat
level of 100C. Similar to Fig. 10A, no ob-
vious IG failure can be observed at the
crack initiation site. The crack initiates
and propagates with QC mode for a long
distance, and then the fracture mode
changes to MVC.
It is found that using both high heat
input and preheat eliminate the IG frac-
ture mode, and increase the MVC area on
the fracture surface as compared to the
low-heat-input condition. This is an indi-
cation that increasing heat input and using
preheat improve HIC resistance. And this
is the result of formation of lower hard-
ness microstructure in the CGHAZ with
decreasing cooling rate, and also because
of the preheating effect to drive off hy-
drogen from the weld pool.
Conclusions
1. Using low-heat-input welding condi-
tions (33 kJ/in.), the CGHAZ microstruc-
ture of BA-160 is lath martensite with re-
tained austenite. With high heat input (66
kJ/in.), lower bainite forms in the
CGHAZ. The mixture of martensite and
lower bainite has a lower hardness as com-
MARCH 2014, VOL. 93 104-s
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
A
C
B
Fig. 11 Fracture morphology of implant speci-
men weld with low heat input and preheat of
100C, failed after 80 min under tensile stress of
107.9 ksi. A General fracture appearance; B
quasi-cleavage; C microvoid coalescence.
pared to the martensitic microstructure
formed with low heat input.
2. When preheat of 150C is applied in
conjunction with the low-heat-input weld-
ing conditions, the hardness is decreased
and the microstructure is a mixture of
martensite and a possibly small fraction of
bainite.
3. Implant test results show that at
equivalent stress levels, the incubation
time prior to failure is longer when high
heat input is used as compared to low heat
input. The lower critical stress (LCS) was
found to increase from 91 ksi (627 MPa)
with low heat input to 96 ksi (661 MPa)
with high heat input. Both the longer in-
cubation time present and increase in the
LCS indicate that using higher heat input
reduces the HAZ cracking tendency for
BA-160.
4. The LCS was determined to be 94,
103, and 107 ksi (648, 710, and 737 MPa)
with preheat levels of 60, 100, and 150C,
respectively. The LCS with preheat is
higher than that without preheat. And the
incubation time at equivalent tensile stress
is also longer than that without preheat.
Both indicate preheating can effectively
reduce the tendency for HIC in BA-160.
5. Intergranular, quasi-cleavage, and
microvoid coalescence fracture modes
were observed on the fracture surface of
implant samples from low-heat-input
welds. Only quasi-cleavage and microvoid
coalescence were observed on the fracture
surface when using high heat input and ap-
plying preheat. The elimination of IG and
increase in MVC area on the fracture sur-
face correlated well with LCS values and
indicated better resistance to cracking.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge
the financial support of the Office of
Naval Research, Award No.
N000140811000. Grant Officers: Dr. Julie
Christodoulou and Dr. William Mullins.
The authors would like to thank Johnnie
DeLoach, Matthew Sinfield, and Jeffrey
Farren with the Naval Surface Warfare
Center Carderock Division, West
Bethesda, Md., for valuable discussions
regarding the weldability of naval steels.
Thanks are extended to Prof. Gregory
Olsons research group at Northwestern
University for collaboration on this re-
search project and QuesTek Innovations
LLC for providing the BA-160 steel. Dr.
Yuping Yang with EWI is acknowledged
for providing access to the E-Weld Predic-
tor. Dejian Liu and Geoffrey Taber are
thanked for their constructive ideas and
assistance with building the implant test-
ing system.
References
1. Czyryca, E. J. 1993. Advances in high
strength steel technology for naval hull con-
struction. Key Engineering Materials 84-85:
491520.
2. Czyryca, E. J., Link, R. E., Wong, R. J.,
Aylor, D. A., Montemarano, T. W., and Gudas,
J. P. 1990. Development and certification of
HSLA-100 steel for naval ship construction.
Naval Engineers Journal 102(3): 6382.
3. Montemarano, T. W., Sack, B. P., Gudas,
J. P., Vassilaros, M. G., and Vanderveldt, H. H.
1986. High strength low alloy steels in naval
construction. Journal of Ship Production 2(3):
145162.
4. Yu, X., Caron, J. L., Babu, S. S., Lippold,
J. C., Isheim, D., and Seidman, D. N. 2010.
Characterization of microstructural strength-
ening in the heat-affected zone of a blast-resis-
tant naval steel. Acta Materialia 58: 55965609.
5. Saha, A., and Olson, G. B. 2007. Com-
puter-aided design of transformation tough-
ened blast resistant naval hull steels: Part I.
Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design 14:
177200.
6. Saha, A., Jung, J., and Olson, G. B. 2007.
Prototype evaluation of transformation tough-
ened blast resistant naval hull steels: Part II.
Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design 14:
201233.
7. Gedeon, S. A., and Eagar, T. W. 1990.
Thermochemical analysis of hydrogen absorp-
tion in welding. Welding Journal 69(7): 264-s to
271-s.
8. Devletian, J. H., and Fichtelberg, N. D.
2001. Controlling hydrogen cracking in ship-
building. Welding Journal 80(11): 46 52.
9. Rowe, M. D., Nelson, T. W., and Lippold,
J. C. 1999. Hydrogen-induced cracking along
the fusion boundary of dissimilar metal welds.
Welding Journal 78(2): 31-s to 37-s.
10. Park, Y. D., Maroef, I. S., Landau, A.,
and Olson, D. L. 2002. Retained austenite as a
hydrogen trap in steel welds. Welding Journal
81(2): 27-s to 35-s.
11. Brauser, S., and Kannengiesser, Th.
2010. Hydrogen absorption of different welded
duplex steels. International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 35: 43684374.
12. Maroef, I., Olson, D. L., Eberhart, M.,
and Edwards, G. R. 2002. Hydrogen trapping in
ferritic steel weld metal. International Materials
Reviews 47(4): 191223.
13. DeLoach, J. J., Null, C., Flore, S., and
Konkol, P. 1999. The right welding wire could
help the U.S. Navy save millions. Welding Jour-
nal 78(6): 5558.
14. Cullison, A. 1994. Two paths, one goal:
A consumable to weld HSLA 100. Welding Jour-
nal 73(1): 5153.
15. Moon, D. W., Fonda, R. W., and Spanos,
G. 2000. Microhardness variations in HSLA-
100 welds fabricated with new ultralow-carbon
weld consumables. Welding Journal 79(10): 278-
s to 285-s.
16. Petch, N. J., and Stables, P. 1952. De-
layed fracture of metals under static load. Na-
ture 169(4307): 842843.
17. Troiano, A. R. 1960. The role of hydro-
gen and other interstitials in the mechanical be-
havior of metals. Transactions of American So-
ciety for Metals 52: 5480.
18. Beachem, C. D. 1972. A new model for
hydrogen-assisted cracking (Hydrogen embrit-
tlement). Metallurgical Transactions 3: 437451.
19. Kou, S. 2003. Welding Metallurgy. pp:
410417, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
20. Granjon, H. 1969. The implants method
for studying the weldability of high strength
steels. Metal Construction and British Welding
Journal 1(11): 509515.
21. Yue, X., and Lippold, J. C. 2013. Evalu-
ation of heat-affected zone hydrogen-induced
cracking in Navy steels. Welding Journal 92(1):
20-s to 28-s.
22. Gedeon, S. A., and Eagar, T. W. 1990.
Assessing hydrogen-assisted cracking fracture
modes in high-strength steel weldments. Weld-
ing Journal 69(6): 213-s to 220-s.
23. AWS B4.0:2007, Standard Methods for
Mechanical Testing of Welds. pp: 6771. Miami,
Fla.; American Welding Society.
24. Nawrocki, J. G., DuPont, J. N., Robino,
C. V., and Marder, A. R. 2001. The postweld
heat treatment response of simulated coarse-
grained heat-affected zones in a new ferritic
steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
32A: 25852594.
25. Yue, X., Lippold, J. C., Alexandrov, B.
T., and Babu, S. S. 2012. Continuous cooling
transformation behavior in the CGHAZ of
naval steels. Welding Journal 91(3): 67-s to 75-s.
26. Spanos, G., Fonda, R. W., Vandermeer,
R. A., and Matuszeski, A. 1995. Microstructural
changes in HSLA-100 steel thermally cycled to
simulate the heat-affected zone during welding.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26A:
32773293.
27. Zhang, W., and Yang, Y. P. 2009. Devel-
opment and application of online weld model-
ing tool. Welding in the World 53(1/2): 19.
28. Yue, X., Feng, X. L., and Lippold, J. C.
2013. Quantifying heat-affected zone hydro-
gen-induced cracking in high-strength naval
steels. Welding Journal 92(9): 265-s to 273-s.
29. Caron, J. L., Babu, S. S., and Lippold, J.
C. 2011. Welding-induced microstructure evo-
lution of a Cu-bearing high-strength blast-resis-
tant steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transac-
tions A 42A: 40154031.
30. Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. 2001. Bainite in
steels: Transformations, microstructure and
properties. pp. 6375. London, UK: IOM Com-
munications Ltd.
31. Dickinson, D. W., and Ries, G. D. 1979.
Implant testing of medium to high strength
steel A model for predicting delayed crack-
ing susceptibility. Welding Journal 59(7): 205-s
to 211-s.
105-s WELDING JOURNAL
W
E
L
D
I
N
G
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
800-233-8460 www.arcos.us
The Electrode That Takes the
Stress Out of Stress-Corrosion
Resistant Welding
Arcos 352
developed a pr
Arcos Industri
remium nickel-
es, LLC has
are available in diameters
clcc wirc b+rc 32 Arcos
s fr from
ctroocs
critical pure
spccinc+ - Arc
stress-corros
n tnc - lclivcr
Arcos 352 bar
resistance to ox
off low alloy an
wire provides c
nuclear reactor
chromium-iron
developed a pr
e water environments of nuclear
tnc in wcloing lor ocsignco +lly
sion cracking resistance.
l nccoco lcvcls cnromium nigncr
bare wire and covered electrodes:
xidizing acids.
nd stainless steels in applications
corrosion-resistant welds on a br
r and steam generator componen
n electrode fo for the welding of all
remium nickel
339 (70) lnonc
- lrivc Arcos 39-
Arcos Industries, LLC
o 800-233-8460
Arco spccily lying by
yours lor liscovcr
tnc 3/1o, - 03
lor
odes:
requiring
road range
nts. This
oy 690 in
339-20o (70) l+x - 9-200
17S1 lA lA C+rmcl, \t -
cos Industries, LLC
w. www.arcos.us or visit our website at
+t too+y Arcos Cont+ct 32 os
+ll llo loroco +ov+nt+gcs vit+l tnc scll
3 - 3/32 lr lrom clcctroocs covcrco
are available in diameters
. cos.us
o
3/1o
s fr from
c+rnco - l+vc
conngu joint
to l1oS +no
NiCrl - \c \clo
power gene
critical pure
QS = Ccrtinc+tc Nuclc+r AS\l o
ur+tions
oissimil+r to +no tncmsclvcs o
l1o l1oo, l1o3, ASl\ +lloys lc
ration plants.
e water environments of nuclear
SC--S
o7
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index
Le
Lincoln Electric
1895
119
THE MISSING
ELEMENT IS
Get the whole story at
www.lincolnelectric.com/alloys
AR14-04 The Lincoln Electric Co. All Rights Reserved.
For Info, go to www.aws.org/ad-index