uRefouf tESpf (221) ESpf Mumaomtcg

jrefrmusL;ausmfppfudk (45) &ufMum ckcHwdkufcdkufNyD;aemuf (1784) ck 'DZifbmv (31) &ufedwGif

&cdkifjynfBuD;ESifhwuG ½kyf&Sifawmfr[mjrwfrked todrf;cHvdkuf&onf/ jrefrmrsm;onf &cdkifha&Teef;awmf?
yd#uwfwdkufawmf? bkef;awmf;BuD;ausmif; tBuD; (30)? ti,f (3000) ausmfudk rD;vQdKUzsufqD;conf/
&cdkifwjynfvkH; zl;zl;a&mifaom vloaD umifrsm;jzifh jyefUBuJvQuf[donf/

ESpfaygif; (5000) ausmf udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;jzifh eDxdkifvmcaom &cdkifEdkifiHawmfü wdkif;om;jynfolrsm;rSm

ulrnfholr[d zD;vGwf&mudk xGufNyD;Mu&onf/ jrefrmrsm;onf ykcufwGif;om; tacsoli,frsm;udkrcsef
owfjzwfonf/ &cdkifrSwfwrf;ü ]]tacsoli,f? tpdwfau½dkU? NyHK;&,f&Tifbd? rdrodudk? rDG;rdxHrS?
,lNyD;rSvQif? vufudkudkifajr§muf? aumif;cifa&mufu? atmufrSwzef? "g;udkvSefí? cHjyefjyKcg?
ajr§mufvDrSmvQif? usvmrvGJ? ESpfpdyfuGJí? &J&o J DG;puf? ttlxGuf\/ wcsufNrDü? vSHudkpdkufí?
cHvdkufwkHvQif? &ifu0if\}} [lí wGd&ygonf/

towfcHc&aom &cdkifom;rsm;udk ]]wif;0yef;cdkif? wNrdKifNrdKif? &cdkifvltavmif;}} [lí

rSwfwrf;wifxm;conf/ *Pef;ocFsmtvdk (7) oef;ausmfonf/ jrefrmrsm;owfjzwfconfudktpJGjyKí
a*gif;yHkjyif (ajrmufOD;)? vlowf*sdKif (ajrmufOD;)? &Dwuf&Dusaomtcg aomifjyifwGif
tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufcsdKifaESmifí owfcaomaMumifh &DtuswGif jzLeDaomtavmif;aumifrsm;udk
jrif&aomaMumifh jyifjzLarmf (ajrmufOD;)? tacsoli,frsm;udk t&Sifvwfvwf aygifrsm;udkzJhí
owfcaomaMumifh aygifzJh&Gm (rmefatmif)? vufrsm;udkjzwfí awmifES,fykHxm;aomaMumifh vufykHawmif
(rmefatmif)? &DuefwGif vltjynfhowfí ykHxm;aomaMumifh oDab;uef (aygufawm)? vufyHjym;
vlowfuef (aygufawm)? tacsi,frsm;udk &Dus&DwufcsdefwGif jcHavSmifíowfcaomaMumifh
jcHavSmifacsmif; (rmefatmif)? jcHjyif (armifawm)? oGD;acsmif; (awmifukwf)? vlUtom;wpfrsm;udk
cGwfjzwfíykHxm;aomaMumifh tom;ykH&Gm (ykÖ Pmef;uRef;) ponfhponfhjzifh emrwGifonf/

ESpfaygif; (40) vkH;vHk; &cdkiftrsKd;wHk;vm;atmif owfjzwfconf/ rmefatmifNrdKUwNrdKUwnf;wGif

towfcHc&onfudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfrSm ]]vli,fwaomif;? vlBuD;aygif;rl? oQpfaomif;tpGef;?
wodef;rSef;\? r,Gef;xdkcg? oDukefyg\? odrf;um,lu? jynftif;0odkU? yg&vDjim;? vla,musfm;ESifh?
rjym;rSefx? vlrdef;rudk? &GDMuvDaomf? ESpfode;f ausmf\? Mum;aomfjrifcg? aMumufzG,fomwnf;}}
[líjzpfonf/

(1826) ckESpf NAdwdoQvufatmuf usa&muf&aomtcg jrefrmvufatmuf ESpf (40) i&Jpcef;onf

wcef;&yfconf/ usL;ausmfoljrefrmrsm;udkarmif;xkwfí t*Fvdyf½dkUu wzeftkyfcsKyfonf/ odkUaomf
t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfcsdefwGif &cdkifjynfü vlrusefawmhay/ &cdkifEdkifiHawmfwckvkH;onf okomefwpjyifyrm
awmBuD;rsufrJjzpfeDvDawmhonf/

t*FvdyftumtuG,faMumihf oDuHra&mufoufraysmufyJ &cdkifwcsKdU b*Fvm;e,fwGif usef&pfonf/

xdkolrsm;xJrS (5) aomif;cefUudk jyefac:,lí &cdkifjynfü jyefvnfeD&mcsxm;yD;onf/ ocifajymif;aom
uRefb0onfyif &cdkif½dkUtzdkU uHxl;uHjrwfjzpfonf/ jrefrmrsm;\ vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;rIjzifh
rsKd;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;rSS vGwfajrmufc&onfr[kwfygvm;/

uRefb0wjzpfvJudkyif &cdkif½dkUu ]]acwfaumif;cgu,if}} [lí wifpm;ac:a0:Muonf/ rSefayonf/

jrefrmvufatmuf ESpf (40) vkH;vkH; 'ku©a&mufeDaom &cdkifom;rsm;onf &DESpfom;wkH;qGJrdouJhodkU
toufvQLajzmifhc&onf/ udk,fhtdk;udk,fhtdrf jyefeDcGifh&conf/

wenf;qdk&vQif NAdwdoQ½dkU\tumtuG,fudk &cdkif½dkU&onf/ &cdkifhpmyD jyefvnftñGefUxlvmEdkifonf/

vGwfvyfpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcGifh[dojzifh tawmftoifh csrf;omvmMuonf/ acwfynmudkvnf;
oifMum;cGifh&vmonf/ bGJUxl;*kPfxl;rsm;udk qGwfcl;Edkifconf/ t*FvdyfacwfwGif &mxl;BuD;rsm;udk
&cdkifom;rsm;xrf;aqmifEdkifconf[k tdkifpDtufpf OD;ausmfrif;u rSwfwrf;&GD;zl;conf/

&cdkifuRefouf (101) ESpf wif;wif;jynfhaomed (1886) ck? ZGefe0g&Dv (1) &ufedwGif ArmwjynfvkH;
t*FvdyfvuftwGif;odkU usa&muf&onf/ 0#f<uD;jyefvnfonf/ &cdkifhtrsKd;om;q&mawmfOwåronf
jrefrmjynfü vGwfvyfa&;rsKd;pdudk OD;pGmyxrtpcsonf/ 0HomEkpdwf"gwfudk Edl;qGyD;onf/
tBudrfBudrfaxmifus tzrf;cHc&onf/ t*FvdyfvufatmufrSvGwfajrmuf&ef &cdkifha*gif;aqmifrsm;onf
jrefrmrsm;ESifhwef;wl BudK;yrf;conf/ tacsmifrcdk a*smifrcdkcyg/

rif;om;BuD;&TDbef;onf t*Fvdyfudk pwifawmfvSe&f efBudK;yef;onf/ þonfudk jrefrmrSwfwrf;ür[d/

zufqpf*syefudk &cdkifu t,ifawmfvSefonf/ (1945) ck? rwfv (27) &ufed jrefrmu *syefudk
awmfvSefaomtcg &cdkifhjynfwGif *syefr[dyg,m/ &cdkif½dkUonf udk,ftm;udk,fudk; awmfvSefjcif;jzpfonf/
ArmwyfrawmfrS ½dkifz,fwvuf tultnDr,lyg/

*syeftqkwfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &cdkifjynfodkUa&mufvmonf/ OD;pdEåmusif;yaom

Mumtif;awmifnDvmcHudk wufjzpfonf/ tvHeDygwDrS OD;atmifoef;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
vlowfrIjzifh w&m;pJGonf/ (tao;pdyfudk bHkaygufomausmfpmtkyfwGifzwfyg/) ppfawGMuufudkif;wefwGif
]]&cdkifwusyf? Armwusyf? oQrf;wusyf? Armwusyf}} w&m;udka[monf/ pnf;½Hk;ír&ojzifh ]]>rDyGD;ESifh
&cdkifudkwGdvQif &cdkifudk t,ifowf&rnf}} [k jrefrmjynfwGif 0g'jzefUonf/

ocifpdk;? ocifoef;xGef;? uGefjrLepftzGJUrsm;uvnf; q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[tm; Armjynf

vGwfvyfa&;&vQif &cdkifudkvnf; vGwfvyfa&;yD;rnf/ rEåav;r[mrkedudkvnf; jyefyD;rnf[k vdrfonf/
nmPfwHk;aom &cdkifa*gif;aqmifrsm;u jrefrmrsufvSnfhudk ,kHMuonf/

vGwfvyfa&;&vmonf/ odkUaomf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;jzpfonf/ &cdkifESifhrqdkifyg/ oQrf;ESifhrqdkifyg/

rGefESifhrqdkifyg/ u&ifESifhrqdkifyg/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk uvdrfuuspfvkyfí &,lcaom
vGwfvyfa&;jzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ajymaom &cdkifwusyf-rGefwusyf/ oQrf;wusyf-
Armwusyfrlonf wdkif;&if;om;wusyf-Armtm;vHk;jzpfvmonf/

wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wusyfwusyfpD&aomtcg jrefrm (7) usyf tdyf0ifoydwf0if yifhoultacsmif&onf/

(,ck (DVB) toHvTifhXmewGif jrefrmtoHu w&ufudk (45) rded&aomtcg wdkif;&if;om;wrsdK;pDu
wywfvHk;rS (15) rded&onfh OyrmESifh tvm;wlonf/ t,f'DwmrSwfcsuf/) wenf;ajym&vQif &cdkif½dkUonf
jrefrmrsm;atmuf aemufwBudrf uRefZmwftoGif;cHvdkuf&onf/

jrefrm½dkUonf ordkif;pOfwavQmuf &cdkifvlrsdK;tay: rnfonfhtcgrS aumif;usKd;ryD;cyg/

Adkvf&efatmifa*gif;aqmifaom Armhwyfrawmfonf armif0dkif;wyftNyD; ESpfaygif; (116) ESpftMumwGif
&cdkifjynfü yxrqkH;NcDcsvmonf/ (1942) ckwGif ukvm;&efudkaMumufíxGufNyD;vmaom &cdkif (400)
ausmfudk Adkvf&efatmifonf tultnDryD;bJ oabFmudkazmufí vkyfBuHvdkufonf/

jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD/ vGwfvyfaomjrefrmjynfwGif ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfukd usifo h ;Hk onf[q

k o
kd nf/
ygvDrefwGif &cdkifom;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh? wifjycGifhum;&onf/ odkUaomf vGwfvyfpGm
vkyfydkifcGifhum; r&? (1952) ckESpfwGif awmyefZif;? tcpm; (ausmufawmf)? rusnf;ukef; (rmefatmif)
paom&Gmrsm;udk &GmvkH;uRwfowfjzwfNyD; OD;Eku &cdkifom;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDESifhrdwfqufyD;onf/

OD;Ek\'Drdkua&pDonf &cdkifom;rsm;tzdkU cg;oD;vSonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUeef;&mukef;xufwGif

&cdkifrsKd;cspfxGef;vSatmifudk jrefrmppfwyfu usm;xdk;owfypfvdkufonf/ &cdkifEdkifiHawmfonf *syefxuf
tqaygif;rsm;pGmqdk;aom jrefrmvufatmufodkU wzefusa&muf&onf/
(1958) ckESpfwGif zqyvESpfjcrf;uGJonf/ jynfe,fjyóemay:vmonf/ OD;Eka*gif;aqmifaom
wnfjrJzqyvu olUygwDudkrJyD;vQif &cdkifudkjynfe,fyD;rnf[kvdrfonf/ oefU,Sif;zqyvbaqGu
]]jynfe,fray;Edkifbl;/ cifAsm;wdkUudk usefwJh[mudkbJ ay;Edkifr,f}} [k ajymifwdkufpdefac:onf/
&cdkifom;rsm;onf jynfe,ftqifhudkyif jrefrmrsm;xHrS vufjzefUawmif;cH&aom olawmif;pm;b0
usa&muf&awmhonf/

jynfe,fvdkcsifaom &cdkifom;rsm;onf rsufpdrdSwfí &wnrJtygt0if trwfeD&m (9) ckpvHk;udk OD;Ektm;

ykHatmvdkufonf/ (1960) jynfh azaz:0g&Dv&GD;aumufyGJwGif OD;EkygwDtEdkif&onf/ odkUaomf &cdkifom;rsm;
jynfe,fr&/ 'kwd,HydtvdrfcH&onf/ &cdkifom;rsm;rSm t&Sufvnf;& 0rf;vnf;BuD;&onf/
]]OD;EkuwdwnfygpD/ &cdkifjynfe,ft,ifyD;/}} [líom i,foHygatmifatmfí vdkifajcmif;uJGonf/
0ifoD;emonf/

&cdkifu jynfe,fawmif;? oQrf;u z,f'&,frlwifvmaomtcg OD;Ekonf [efraqmifEdkifawmhay/

ae0if;udk tmPmvTJtyfvdkuf&onf/ jrefrmrsm;\yifudk,fbDvl;½kyfudk jy&awmhonf/ atmifqef;
]]wusyf}} udk ae0if;u vk,lvm;conf/ xdktcg jrefrmu (14) usyf&í wdkif;&if;om;rsm;rSm
0vHk;uGif;onf/

(1967) ckESpf Mo*kwfv (13) &uf Oykofed ppfawGNrdKUwGif &cdkifom; (300) ausmfudk
ae0if;owfypfvdkufonf/ ]]bm;Al[d,ifh? qef[d,ifh? 'dkif;usD[d,ifh &D[d,ifh}} b0ifjrifhaom&cdkifom;/
ae0if;vufatmuf xrif;iwfí olawmif;pm;jzpfonf/ (]],cD;}} [k tac:cH&onf/ jrefrm (AcsD;) ESifh
&cdkif (,cD;) tom;pm;t&Dpm;jzpfuwf&onf/)

jrqefpuf&SdwGif &cdkifom;rsm; cGD;oD0ufoD oDuwf&onf/ ]]roDygodrfh? touf[dodrfha&}} qdkauvnf;

rvGwf/ t&Sifvwfvwf NrDjr§KyfcH&onf/ rqvvufatmuf &cdkifwrsdK;om;vHk; pm&dwår@dKifysufpD;í
&cdkifvlñGefUwHk;onf/

nDtpfudkyg[k jrefrmrsm;vdrfír&/ &cdkifESifhjrefrmonf woD;wjcm;pDjzpfonf/ &cdkifvlrsdK;onf

ordkif;pOfquf udk,fhxD;udk,fheef; &mZ0ifESifhvmaom vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonf/ jrefrm½dkUonf rGefuwqifh Ak'¨
bmomjzpfonf/ jrefrmrsm; ta&;BuD;&[ef;udk;uG,fecD sdefwGif &cdkifjynfü ESpfaygif;waxmifausmf
Ak'¨bmom tjrpfwG,fNyD;jzpfonf/

{&m0wDjrpfonf uyÜvDyifv,fxJodkUpD;0ifonf/ ukvm;wefjrpfonf b*Fvm;yifv,fxJodkU pD;qif;onf/

&cdkifESifh jrefrmonf NrDvnf;rwl? &Dvnf;rwl? vlvnf;jcm;onf/

(88) ta&;tcif;jzpfí ArmwjynfvkH; ususuf½dkufaomtcgwGif &cdkifjynfudkvnf; ul;pufvmonf/

NyD;a,Smifc&aom &cdkifom;rsm;rSm abmufomvdkuf/ axmifusom;vnf; ruef/ BudK;yD;towfcH&ol
renf;/ (1990) ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif &cdkifygwD (ALD) u trwf (11) eD&m&onf/ tzdk;OD;omxGef;
axmifxJütowfcH&onf/ rsm;rMum? &cdkifygwD tNzdKcH&onf/ &cdkifa*gif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;qD;axmifcsonf/ (NLD) ygwDu rJqG,fw&m;a[mEdkifcsdefwGif &cdkifom;rsmrSm a,mifíyif [ír&/
ajymrdqdkrdvQif rsufuef;rsKd;cspf? tjrifusOf;olrsm;tjzpf wHqdyft½dkufcH&onf/ usOf;ajrmif;aom
jrefrmvlrsKd;i,f0g'atmufwGif &cdkifom;rsm;\b0 pkef;pkef;jrKwf&ygawmhonf/

(1974) ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHudk ae0if;u (99) 'ór (7) &mEIef; axmufcHrI&onf[kvdrfí twnfjyKconf/
tckvnf; vdrfvnfí rMumciftwnfjyKawmhrnf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]]>rDyDG;ESifh &cdkifudkwGdvQif &cdkifudkt,ifowf&rnf}} [k ajymonf/

&cdkifpnf½kH;a&;c&D;tNyD;wGif a':pku ]]uRefrawmh &cdkifudkcspfrdoGm;NyD}} [kqdkonf/ tolUudk
,kH&ygrnfenf;/

(2005) ckESpf 'DZifbmv (31) &ufedwGif &cdkifuRefouf tESpf (221) wif;wif;jynfhonf/

&cdkifynmwwfrsm;pOf;pm;yg/ ynmrwwfolrsm;vnf; pOf;pm;yg/ &cdkift½dk; awmifyHk,myHkjzpfvm;NyD/
*kPfjyKMuyg/ av;pm;Muyg/ ,ckwzef &cdkifhuHMur®monf tuREkfyf½dkU\a*gif;xufodkU usa&mufvwfNyD/
&cdkifhynmwwfrsm;? ynm[drsm;? ynmoQifrsm;? ynmrJhrsm;tm;vHk; owdxm;Muyg/ jrefrm½dkUazmfpyfaom
0rf;EIwfqD;trsKd;rsKd;udk aomufzl;cygNyD/ &cdkif½dkU\ wckwnf;aom tEådryef;wdkifonfonfum;
yZmjzpfygoenf;/ &cdkifhtcsKyftcsmtmPm &cdkifhvufwGif;a&mufa&;jzpfonf/

ordkif;aMumif;udkajymvQif ya'o&mZftcsif;csif; ppfcif;cuwfonf[líom pum;vSqdkonf/ odkUaomf

jrefrm½dkUonf ya'o&mZfrsm;odrf;,lcaome,fNrDrsm;udk tydkif&vdkonf/ urÇmraus romajr a<u;aMumfí
bk&ifhaemif? usefppfom;? tavmif;bk&m;ponfjzifh tajcmufwdkuf &efapmifeDwwfonf/ ynmyD;&zdkU
tcsdefa&mufvwfNyD/

uedtcsdefü &cdkifom;rsm;onf rnfodkUrQ rwkHUjyefodrfhaomfvnf; rkefwdkif;onf Budrf;0g;zdkUtwGuf tm;,l

wmplvQuf[donf/

tjyifrSmysm;? twGif;rQm;
vSnfhzsm;rm,m? EIwf0gpmjzifh
zGwfvQmavQmufom;? cGD;pum;udk
,kHrSm;wcg r[d&m --/

jynfya&muf &cdkifrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;

(2006) ckESpf *sLvdkif (5) &uf Ak'¨L;ed/

(&cdkifjynfudkcspfaom &cdkifol&cdkifom;wdkif; þpmapmifudk vufqifhurf;jzefU0DyD;Muyg/)