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Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear force and bending moment at a given point of a structural element such as a beam. These diagrams can be used to easily determine the type, size, and material of a member in a structure so that a given set of loads can be supported without structural failure. Another application of shear and moment diagrams is that the deflection of a beam can be easily determined using either the moment area method or the conjugate beam method.
Shear and moment diagram for a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at mid-span.(right)
Contents
1 Convention 1.1 Normal convention 1.2 Alternative drawing convention 2 Calculating shear force and bending moment 2.1 Step 1: Compute the reaction forces and moments 2.2 Step 2: Break beam into segments 2.3 Step 3: Compute shear forces and moments - first piece 2.4 Step 4: Compute shear forces and moments - second piece 2.5 Step 5: Compute shear forces and moments - third piece 2.6 Step 6: Compute shear forces and moments - fourth piece 2.7 Step 7: Compute deflections of the four segments 2.8 Step 8: Apply boundary conditions 2.9 Step 9: Solve for Mc and Ra 2.10 Step 10: Plot bending moment and shear force diagrams 2.11 Relationship between shear force and bending moment 3 Relationships between load, shear, and moment diagrams 4 Practical considerations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links
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Convention
Although these conventions are relative and any convention can be used if stated explicitly, practicing engineers have adopted a standard convention used in design practices.
Normal convention
The normal convention used in most engineering applications is to label a positive shear force one that spins an element clockwise (up on the left, and down on the right). Likewise the normal convention for a positive bending moment is to warp the element in a "u" shape manner (Clockwise on the left, and counterclockwise on the right). Another way to remember this is if the moment is bending the beam into a "smile" then the moment is positive, with compression at the top of the beam and tension on the bottom.[1] This convention was selected to simplify the analysis of beams. Since a horizontal member is usually analyzed from left to right and positive in the vertical direction is normally taken to be up, the positive shear convention was chosen to be up from the left, and to make all drawings consistent down from the right. The positive bending convention was chosen such that a positive shear force would tend to create a positive moment.
Normal positive shear force convention (left) and normal bending moment convention (right).
A clear understanding of most beams that are analyzed can be found here (http://img834.imageshack.us/f/sdfslg.png/). This shows most of the conventions, both in forces and supports that we use to understand how beams are loaded.
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drawing is the bending moment diagram. For the bending moment diagram the normal sign convention was used. Below the moment diagram are the stepwise functions for the shear force and bending moment with the functions expanded to show the effects of each load on the shear and bending functions. The example is illustrated using United States customary units. Point loads are expressed in kips (1 kip = 1000 lbf = 4.45 kN), distributed loads are expressed in k/ft (1 k/ft = 1 kip/ft = 14.6 kN/m), moments are expressed in ft-k (1 ft-k = 1 ft-kip = 1.356 kNm), and lengths are in ft (1 ft = 0.3048 m).
and summing the moments around the free end (A) we have
and
If we sum moments about the first support from the left of the beam we have
If we plug in the expressions for Rb and Rc we get the trivial identity 0 = 0 which indicates that this equation is not independent of the previous two. Similarly, if we take moments around the second support, we have
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Once again we find that this equation is not independent of the first two equations. We could also try to compute moments around the clamped end of the beam to get
This equation also turns out not to be linearly independent from the other two equations. Therefore, the beam is statically indeterminate and we will have to find the bending moments in segments of the beam as functions of Ra and Mc.
and
Therefore,
and
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Therefore,
Notice that because the shear force is in terms of x, the moment equation is squared. This is due to the fact that the moment is the integral of the shear force. The tricky part of this moment is the distributed force. Since the force changes with the length of the segment, the force will be multiplied by the distance after 10 ft. i.e. (x-10) the moment location is defined in the middle of the distributed force, which is also changing. This is where (x+10)/2 is derived from. Alternatively, we can take moments about the cross-section to get
Therefore,
and
Notice that the distributed force can now be considered one force of 15 kips acting in the middle of where it is positioned.
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and
By plotting each of these equations on their intended intervals, you get the bending moment and shear force diagrams for this beam. In particular, at the clamped end of the beam, x = 50 and we have
where E is the Young's modulus and I is the area moment of inertia of the beam cross-section. Substituting the expressions for M1, M2, M3, M4 into the beam equation and solving for the deflection gives us
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Now, w4 = w3 at x = 37.5 (the point of application of the external couple). Also, the slopes of the deflection curves at this point are the same, i.e., dw4/dx = dw3/dx . Using these boundary conditions and solving for C5 and C6, we get
Similarly, at the support between segments 2 and 3 where x = 25, w3 = w2 and dw3/dx = dw2/dx . Using these and solving for C3 and C4 gives
Therefore,
At the support between segments 1 and 2, x = 10 and w1 = w2 and dw1/dx = dw2/dx . These boundary conditions give us
Therefore,
Also, since w1 = 0 at x = 10, expressing the deflection in terms of Ra (after eliminating Mc) and solving for Ra, gives
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Another note on the shear moment diagrams is that they show where external force and moments are applied. With no external forces, the piecewise functions should attach and show no discontinuity. The discontinuities on the graphs are the exact magnitude of either the external force or external moments that are applied. For example, at x = 10 on the shear force diagram, there is Bending moment diagram a gap between the two equations. This gap goes from -10 to 15.3. The length of this gap is 25.3, the exact magnitude of the external force at that point. At section 3 on the moment diagram, there is a discontinuity of 50. This is from the applied moment of 50 on the structure. The maximum and minimum vales on the graphs represent the max forces and moments that this beam will have under these circumstances.
Some direct results of this is that a shear diagram will have a point change in magnitude if a point load is applied to a member, and a linearly varying shear magnitude as a result of a constant distributed load. Similarly it can be shown that the slope of the moment diagram at a given point is equal to the magnitude of the shear diagram at that distance. The relationship between distributed shear force and bending moment is:[4]
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A direct result of this is that at every point the shear diagram crosses zero the moment diagram will have a local maximum or minimum. Also if the shear diagram is zero over a length of the member, the moment diagram will have a constant value over that length. By calculus it can be shown that a point load will lead to a linearly varying moment diagram, and a constant distributed load will lead to a quadratic moment diagram.
Practical considerations
In practical applications the entire stepwise function is rarely written out. The only parts of the stepwise function that would be written out are the moment equations in a nonlinear portion of the moment diagram; this occurs whenever a distributed load is applied to the member. For constant portions the value of the shear and/or moment diagram is written right on the diagram, and for linearly varying portions of a member the beginning value, end value, and slope or the portion of the member are all that are required.[5]
See also
Bending Euler-Bernoulli beam theory Bending moment Singularity function#Example beam calculation
References
1. ^ Livermore, Carol; Henrik Schmidt, James Williams Jr., and Simona Socrate. "2.001 Mechanics & Materials I, Fall 2006." (http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-001-mechanics-materials-i-fall-2006). Lecture 5: MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 25 October 2013. 2. ^ "Moment Diagram Sign Convention Poll" (http://eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=292028). Eng Tips Forum. Retrieved 25 October 2013. 3. ^ Emweb.unl.edu (http://emweb.unl.edu/negahban/em325/10a-shear-and-bendingmoment/Shear%20stress%20in%20beams.htm) 4. ^ Beer, Ferdinand P.; E. Russell Johnston, John T. DeWolf (2004). Mechanics of Materials. McGraw-Hill. pp. 322323. ISBN 0-07-298090-7. 5. ^ Hibbeler, R.C (1985). Structural Analysis. Macmillan. pp. 146148.
Further reading
Cheng, Fa-Hwa. "Shear Forces and Bending Moments in Beams" Statics and Strength of Materials. New York: Glencoe, McGraw-Hill, 1997. Print. Spotts, Merhyle Franklin, Terry E. Shoup, and Lee Emrey. Hornberger. "Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams." Design of Machine Elements. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. Print.
External links
FREE Online Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram (SFD & BMD) Calculator. (http://bendingmomentdiagram.com/free-calculator) To draw the shear and moment diagrams by writing the shear and moment equations. (http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/shear-and-moment-diagrams) Online Calculator for Shear Force and Bending Moment. (http://civilengineer.webinfolist.com/mech/bmcalc.htm) To draw the shear and moment diagrams by the relationship between load, shear, and moment. (http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/relation-between-load-shear-and-moment) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shear_and_moment_diagram&oldid=591962212"
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Categories: Continuum mechanics Structural analysis Diagrams This page was last modified on 23 January 2014 at 02:06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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