Lecture 1 - Transmission Loss

Building Technology
- Lecture 1
Tine Steen Larsen,
Consultant Energy, Indoor Climate &
Environment
Center for Construction & Business, UCN

Who am i?
September 28, 2012 2
Education
PhD (Natural ventilation)
Civil Engineer (Indoor environment and building energy)
Employments
Consultant Energy, Indoor Climate & Environment, Center
for Construction & Business, UCN
Associate professor, Aalborg University
Assistant professor, Aalborg University
References
Passive houses, low energy houses, active houses
DGNB consultant (Sustainable buildings)
Indoor environment
What is building technique?
Building technology involves
Building traditions
The building envelope
Energy requirements
The basic installations

The approach is always energy efficiency
3 September 28, 2012
What is building technology?
Building envelope

The objectives for this element are:
That the student:
Have a basic understanding of building physics, applied theories, methods and
practices within its structure
Have a basic understanding of building constructions and energy efficient building
components
Can differentiate between different building types and systems
Have knowledge of where energy-related problems may arise
Is able to propose changes to minimize energy consumption and thermal bridges
Can understand and analyze construction drawings

This element contains:
Structural engineering
Materials Science
Heat losses
Thermal bridges
Danish Building regulations
Drawing Understanding

Building energy demands

That the student:
acquire knowledge of relevant legislation
become aware of the importance of building design and orientation for minimizing energy
consumption
understand the theories behind energy calculation
are aware of the possibilities for building improvements and energy saving measures
can calculate U-values and thermal bridges
can calculate heat loss of buildings and technical installations
carry out energy frame calculations

Legislation, BR-10, DS 418
U-values
Dimensioning temperatures
Areas
Transmission losses and ventilation losses
Windows and shading
Orientation of buildings
Energy Frame Calculation

Building Services

That the student:
By knowledge of both outdoor and indoor loads can provide airflow in a ventilation
system in terms of environmental and energy-economic parameters.
Can explain the basic heating and ventilation systems from an energy-efficient
approach.
Can design and dimension duct systems with accordance to energy-efficient
operation and proper adjustment.
Can calculate and optimize the insulation thickness for building services
Can calculate and optimize the choice of boilers and pumps

Determination of internal and external heat loads
Air flow and fresh air demands
Duct systems and pressure loss calculations
Pump sizing
Domestic hot water
Insulation of Building services
Boiler and boiler efficiency
Course contents mini project 2
Teaching method
Slides review
Group tasks

Some slides are not explained
We need to save energy

Why is the building energy demand
important?
Approximately 40% of Denmark's (~ EU)
energy consumption comes from buildings
EUs Climate- and Energy plan 2008
20% reduced CO
2
emission by 2020
20 % sustainable energy by 2020 (in Denmark 30%)
20% reduced energy consumption by 2020
Political agreement regarding energy
22
nd
of March 2012
12% reduction of gross energy consumption by
2020 compared to 2006

35% sustainable energy by 2020

50% of the Danish energy consumption to be
covered by wind power by 2020

Energy renovation strategy for Danish buildings
A total of 30 million kr. is set aside to support energy
renovations

More sustainable energy by 2020
25 million kr. a year for four years is set aside to
development of more sustainable technologies for
production of electricity (sun, waves etc.)

Strategy about establishment of a more
suitable electricity grid
Energy consumption for domestic heating
0
50
100
150
1980 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10
Opvarmet areal Endeligt energiforbrug til opvarmning
Endeligt energiforbrug pr. m2
According to climate
Index 1980=100
Energistyrelsen 2012
Heated area
Final energy consumption pr m
Final energy consumption pr m
The development of maximum
allowed heating for new buildings
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2005 2006 2010 2015 2020
E
n
e
r
g
y

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

[
k
W
h
/
m

p
e
r

y
e
a
r
]

Bolig (150 m)
Kontor (1500 m)
Dwelling (150 m)
Office (1500 m)
Estimated energy consumption for
buildings by 2020

Source: Sren Aggerholm SBi, AAU
Expected vs. actual energy consumption
The expected energy consumption is
low, but experience shows that the
actual energy consumption might be
much higher
The share of other energy use is
rising
Energy strategy by 2050:
50% reduction in heat consumption in
existing buildings
75% reduction of energy consumption
in new 2020 buildings (compared to
2009)

Energy renovation and economy
Energy prices have
been steadily rising
the past several years
There is no prospect of
a fall in prices
This means that
actions regarding
domestic heating and
electricity use will lead
to increased savings
year by year
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '10
Motorbenzin, kr. pr. liter Fyringsolie, kr. pr. liter
Naturgas, kr. pr. Nm3 Elektricitet, kr. pr. kWh
How should the renovation be
incorporated?
We distinguish between conventional
renovation and energy renovation.
Conventional renovation is the
replacement of building components due
to wear
Energy renovation is the extra energy-
saving measures added, when efforts are
being made to carry out the common
renovation.
E.g. re-insulating and additional insulating
the ceiling when the panels has to be
changed
Insulation of the building envelope together
with maintenance of wall joints
Energy renovation and its benefits
- For users
Low energy consumption and thus
independence from rising energy prices
Improved indoor climate through more
comfortable indoor temperatures
When establishing mechanical
ventilation, we achieve good air quality
all year round while saving energy
through the heat recovery system
Energy renovation and its benefits
- For investors
Attractive and energy efficient
dwellings
Increasing demand of dwellings
Shorter periods without tenants
Satisfied tenants
Rarer replacement of tenants
Lecture 1 - Agenda
Heat balance of buildings
Calculation of U-values
Inhomogeneous constructions
Thermal bridges

Task 01 & 02
Heat balance

Ventilation loss
Transmission loss
Surplus heat
Heat demand Internal
heat gains
Solar heat
gain
Heat balance
The sum of added heat flow to a
system, at steady conditions, is equal
to the sum of heat flow which is lost
V T M P B S H
u + u = u + u + u + u + u
Steady conditions
Nothing changes over time
Where indices H = Heating demand
S = Solar radiation
B = Lighting
P = Processes, etc.
M = People
T = Heat transmission
V = Ventilation loss
Gains = Losses
Heat flow and energy
Heat flow (heat loss or heat gain) is an instantly
energy flow measured in power.
watt (W), W = J/s
Heat consumption is an amount of energy a heat
flow over time (= powertime)
kWh = Wh

Tid
Power
(W)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer is divided into:

Conduction in solid elements and absolutely
stationary fluids (gasses and liquids). The heat transfer
occurs at molecular level.
Convection that occurs between rigid element
surfaces in a transient flowing fluid.
Radiation from rigid element surfaces (and some
fluids) by emitting electromagnetic waves.
Heat transfer
Conduction

Heat radiation

Convection
Calculation of heat loss
Heat loss through building components

Ventilation loss
Where A = Area [m
2
]
U = U-value [Wm
2
/C]
t = Temperature [C]
= Air density[kg/m
3
]

A = A = u t B t A U
t T
t B
t V n c
L
p
V
A =
A
= u
3600

B = Specific heat loss[W/C]
c
p
= Heat capacity [J/kgC]
n = Air change [h
-1
]
V = Volume [m
3
]
- through building components
One-dimensional steady state thermal conduction

-
-
t
1

t
2

u
d
u the heat flow in Watt
the materials thermal conductivity in W/mK
d material thickness in meters
A surface area in m
2
( )A t t
d
2 1
= u

Note! The heat flow direction is defined by the formula
above
Group task (5 min)
Calculate the heat loss through a concrete wall
that is 0,1 m. thick, 4 m. long and 2,5 m. tall.
The surface temperature is 20C on the inside and
10C on the outside.
Concrete's thermal conductivity is 1,0 W/mk.

Heat insulation
Thermal resistance = the material layers thermal resistance
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
t t
R
A
A t t
d
= = u

(
=
W
K m d
R
2
Resistance
The greater the thermal resistance the layer has, the
better it insulates. Because the heat flow decreases at a
steady temperature.
Thermal conductivity:
Materials can be either good or bad conductors.
-Thermal conductivity of concrete = 2,0 W/mK
-Thermal conductivity of mineral wool = 0,039 W/mK
Thermal resistance:
Thermal resistance of a wall that is 0,1 m (10 cm)

- Concrete:
- Mineral wool:
0,1/2,0 = 0,05 m
2
K/W
0,1/0,039 = 2,6 m
2
K/W
Examples of thermal conductivity

Materials Thermal
conductivity W/mK
Copper
Steel
Natural stone
Concrete
Wood
Insulation
Air, not flowing
380
55
1,5 3,5
0,8 1,7
0,1 0,23
0,03 0,10
0,024
Depends on:
Porosity
Temperature level
Moisture level
Air flow
Construction with several parallel layers
-
-
-
-
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4

R
1
R
2
R
3

A
R t t t t
R
A u
= = u
1 2 1 2 1
1
) (
A
R t t t t
R
A u
= = u
2 3 2 3 2
2
) (
A
R t t t t
R
A u
= = u
3 4 3 4 3
3
) (
A
R R R t t
u
+ + = ) (
3 2 1 4 1
) (
4 1
3 2 1
t t
R R R
A
+ +
= u
Fixed one-dimensional heat flow
Equal flow of heat in all layers
What happens on the surface?

CONVECTION

(Definition of o
k
)

THERMAL RADIATION
Heat transfer by
electromagnetic radiation.

(Definition of o
s
)

) (
omg o k k
t t A = u o
) (
2 1 o o s s
t t A = u o
Heat transfer on surfaces

t
i
t
oi
t
ou
t
u

u
ki

u
u
su

u
ku

u
si

Interior:
) ( ) ( ) (
oi i
i
oi i ki si
ki si
t t
R
A
t t A = +
= u = u + u
o o
Exterior:
R
i
= Interior thermal resistance

R
u
= Exterior thermal resistance
) ( ) ( ) (
u ou
u
u ou ku su
ku su
t t
R
A
t t A = +
= u = u + u
o o
i
i ki si
R
1
= = + o o o
u
u ku su
R
1
= = + o o o
A building components transmission coefficient
A
R t t t t
R
A
i oi i oi i
i
u
= = u ) (
A
R t t t t
R
A
ou oi ou oi
u
E =
E
= u ) (
A
R t t t t
R
A
u u ou u ou
u
u
= = u ) (
A
R R R t t
u i u i
u
+ E + = ) (
t
i
t
oi
t
ou
t
u

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
u

-
-
-
-
-
-
A building components transmission coefficient
(U-value)

A building components heat loss

| | W t t UA
u i
) ( = u
t
i
t
oi
t
ou
t
u

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
u

-
-
-
-
-
-
Group task
o
i
= 8 W/m
2
K
o
u
= 25 W/m
2
K
Group task - Solution
Example temperature distribution through
a wall

Insulated wall d
[m]

[W/mK]
R=d/
[m
2
K/W]
Interior heat resistance
0,13
Lightweight concrete
0,100 0,200 0,500
Insulation
0,150 0,039 3,846
Outer wall of bricks
0,110 0,780 0,141
External heat resistance
0,04
E=4,657
U = 0,215 W/m
2
K
) t t (
R
R
R t ) t t (
R
1
) t t ( U
u i
j
j
j j u i
j
u i

E
= u = A
E
= = u
At
[K]
t
[C]
20
0,89 19,11
3,44 15,67
26,43 -10,76
0,97 -11,73
0,27 -12,00
32,00
Inhomogeneous layers in building
components

41
Inhomogeneous
layer
A
a
A
b

September 28, 2012
Inhomogeneous layers in building
components
42
Some of the heat from the less conductive material (insulation) is
drawn into the most conductive material (wood). It shortens the
way through the construction.
D 1 D 2
u > u
September 28, 2012
Calculation of the inhomogeneous
material layers
43
Average thermal conductivity,
'
+ E + +
=
'
+ +
+ +
=
'
d
R R R
U
A A
A A
h se si
b a
b b a a
1
correct
u > u'
for this layer
September 28, 2012
Group task
44
Construction:
1. Rafter 45x95 mm, c/c 1000 mm
2. 200 mm Rockwool Flexi A-Batts
3. Vapour barrier
4. Furring 19x100 mm,
c/c 300 mm
5. 13 mm plasterboard
R = 0,16 m
2
K/W
+ +
+ +
= '
'
+ E + +
=
b a
b b a a
h se si
A A
A A
d
R R R
U

1
Inhomogeneous layer
A
a
A
b

DS 418, 6.6
DS 418, 6.6
Furring
Calculate for the
Inhomogeneous layer:
tr
= 0,12 W/mK
iso
= 0,039 W/mK
September 28, 2012
Solution
45

Exterior thermal resistance
Attic and roof
Homogeneous insulation
Inhomogeneous layers
Furring
Plasterboard
Interior thermal resistance
*
Ds418 tabel 6.5
Attic
*
0,3
R
se
0,04
0,150/0,039 3,846
0,095/0,043 2,209
Furring 0,16
0,013/0,17 0,077
R
si
0,10
E 6,732
U [W/m
2
K] 0,15
September 28, 2012
Thermal bridges

Thermal bridges

Thermal bridges
Part of a building component with significantly
worse thermal resistance than the rest of the
structure

Linear thermal bridge loss coefficient (psi)
(E.g. facade wall foundation, joints around
windows and doors)
Slim cold bridges that affects the heat loss
depending on their length and the two-
dimensional heat flow

Point thermal bridge loss coefficient _ (chi)
(E.g. penetration of insulation)

Calculation of thermal bridges
(not part of the course!)
To calculate a cold bridge we first have to
calculate the heat flow through the various sub-
areas in relation to 1D and then add line loss
based on the linear transmission coefficient

Linear loss factor can be found in DS 418 based
on frequently occurring cold bridges in general
constructions

Values lower than 0,02 W/mK is not taken into
account

Note! Linear loss is specified for each individual
insulation thickness in a construction

49
0
i
0
e
0
i
0
e
September 28, 2012
50
Facade wall foundation at terrain level
- Low energy buildings
Source: Komforthusene erfaringer, viden og inspiration
September 28, 2012
DS 418 - references


52
Heat balance
Energy heat gains = energy heat
losses
(At steady conditions!)

Heat transfer
From high temperature to lower
temperature through:
- conduction
- convection
- radiation

WHAT DID YOU LEARN TODAY?
September 28, 2012
Heat transfer
The transition between wall and
air is defined by the heat
transfer coefficient

Total heat loss through
constructions is defined by the
U-value:
W/m
2
pr. C
u i
o o
Inhomogeneous constructions
The inhomogeneous material
layers is calculated by the use
of

Thermal bridges
are divided into point-loss and
linear-loss

Additional slides for lesson 1
DS 418
DS 418
Specified temperatures
DS 418
Calculation of heat loss through the building envelope
) t t ( UA
u i t
= u
) t t ( L
u i sa sa t
= u
) t t ( L
u i f f t
= u
t UA
t
A = u
) t t ( UA
j i t
= u ) t t ( L
u i f f t
= u
) t t ( L
j i f f t
= u
MEASUREMENTS
Thermal resistances
R
si
= 0,13 R
se
= 0,04
R
se
= 0,04
R
si
= 0,10
R
si
= 0,17
m
2
K/W
R
se
= 0,04 (rooms on the outside)
against ground, table 6.9
CAVITY CLOSER ARROUND
DOORS AND WINDOWS
CAVITY CLOSER ARROUND
DOORS AND WINDOWS
63
Kilde_ DS418
September 28, 2012
64
Kilde_ DS418
September 28, 2012

Lecture 1 - Transmission Loss

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