1

^anaprij/tf

ENGLISH

NGLISH GRA
By
;

Mungara Koteswara -Rao,

".

Edition

AUGUST

1997.

All rights reserved

by

Janapriya Publicatio
Tenali.
J

"*

Price

24-00.

'24-00Cover Design
:

V. S. PfiAKASH,
Vijayawada-3.
Printed at
I

Janapriya Printers,
Tenali-522 201.

Cover Printers

Soimdaram Printers,
Chennai-2Lr
"

(Phone No.

23037)

For Cc

Jaiiapriya Publications,
Agnikula Kshatriyula vari Street-II,

Gaaganamoiapetf TENALI-522 20 L

J.P. English

Grammar

e33|j>d&

soASt

CONTENTS
"til"

English Alphabet
(%sog
<s

Phrases and

Clauses(sg

Sounds of Letters
Kinds of Phrases
Syllable 9

47
Kinds of Clauses

Parts of

Speech
10

"49

Articles

Clauses atid Sentences

16

Kinds of Nouns
(c-ysSD^^^sSaw

18

Number
From
Singular -Form to

Kinds of Verbs
([SG&

20
Plural

Form

Kinds of Pronouns
58

Kinds of 'Adjectives
28

Gender
v

Kinds of Adverbs
0.-,

From

Masculine'

Gender

to

Feminine Gender (530

Kinds of

prepositions
.

8tt

Case

();(atf&o tf^&aea)
34

Kinds

:of

Conjunctions

Kinds of Cases

40
Kinds of Sentences
:

Usage of Apostrophe
4'3 ,

(2J*g3^

.iSSdapKSa)

67

Subject and Predicate

Usage of Capital Letters 45

(H>

w<CfsSo ,iSS3ap^&>) 69

JLP.

Engligh

Grammar

Silent Letters

Degrees of Comparison

(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,' Active Voice and Passive Formation of Degrees

,
'

Voice

(aftf^tftf-

'(s-Sa&o ao^raS
.

sfcadfo

Adverbs 73 Comparison r cpitfa) / &#

to

From Active Voice

From

([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^

Passive Voice- 74 Passive Voice to

-

Punctuation Marks
-

(ao*&>

QS^Sa'

Active Voice 75
Direct Speech and Indirect

Usage of Punctuation

Marks
,

Speech (^S^gK^^es

&c&>

sSGf*jC

55^)
to

76

Same words in Different

Parts" of

From Direct Speech

Verb. Complement

Speech

Indirect Speech 77-

iFSpEV

Formation of words

(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83

Verb-Mood
Tense

(rSdao-flsf

83
85"

Format ion of Nouns

(^cdr-^e)^) " Kinds of Tenses

(^^
Formation of Verbs

Participle

(^a^
'

^)

88

B !

rn " lt

on of Adjectives i

Kinds of Participles

^PT of Tenses
Tense Charts

Confused words
91
-

(atfafcrito Stf
-

Stress

on

&>)

Syllables

Ql:

J'

English

Grammar

.5
.

aSjbdfi

oA$

^.*i^^.ji^^^

ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt *M /

*
.

V-

"

CO"

'

*sog

jp<&
eda

wgtf&oeo

(Letters)-, 2

8 e S>a3....

"Alphabet

>odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1] Print )" 2] Script Letters

,

Capital Letters

(Tbtf

^tf&oeo),

(b) Small Letters

,

1]

(A)

R.

3RSTUVWXYZ
B)
i
;

BC
c

D E F G HI J K L M N O
Letters

de

uv

gh

k1

.n,

p q is
^

.x

y.z
OtfSoSSa>4

Ass^ocor

(a) 'Capital Letters,

b) Small
]

letters,

baa-

^s

^fiotf

(A)

Capital

Tu

.v

wxY

English
'

Letters

ghljklmnap 'q

r ;<> t

letter

'^
*****
-*

rp 'Capital letter'
-

26
.

^
1]

Vowd.

(.^),

2]

Consorts

Yoels

"A, B;I, Q, .U"

Semi-Voweis

^u
'

1]

"W a e r(^); Walk (r)

t

Yard (c^f);

English
u

Gramm^
sky

2]

My (a);

(^r

),;

Paddy (^g&)

Happy
tf

es&

sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf

^6oS,..oS&yr?
Vow
(S*)
5

&?S^<3.

8]

"Few ($-3); Bow

(a*);

Jaw

(**)"

Sounds of Letters
1]

Vowel Sounds

(&* (^^ ^jSoo?)

'

*3ctfp

rf^ex>-

fc

Sound

Example
rate
(3<5"),

--

a
*9

date

(Sff).

^.

card
cat

(s*5), part

csip

(sjiT) -hand
t

&
'

pearl (36"), learn

treat
.

^s

(\&],
f

seat
(aff).
(eaf ).

.i
'

red-(Bff)
first
1

bed

($|),
),

bird
stick

aj

so

pin (&S kind

cot

(j&^).

^s
<^

(^iT). (^o^), box ^s6") (BS*^)t

kite

book
stool

(self),

look (col")
root

a
&.

(^ff),

stone (fc*flry close \w /'

S7

mouse (sS*5y house

cut
*
.

55

("),

shut

push (c^S), put (

duty (efagi), tutor

J.P. English

Grammar

I
.

bottle

(o-flfi"),

c
'

'.

notice

(8> (Sa5.), chemist ("&f), copper

city

5
5.

cheap (b5), chicken

Machine (aiiff),
'

chivilry

D
p

5
'
'
.

down

(3-^),

day

5
:

finger (&o*5"), fate

dog(tr/T),

^
,f

goat

merge (3nf ),
,
'

wg e
Ilot

laugh (sr5), enough

orse
)'

(ci^

H
j
.

&
ff
'

jump
key

(ssoS),

jolly (a-6).

K
L

.
'

r
5.

(I),

kick

(r).

lock (of), long

M
N
P

S>
S"
-

monkey (&ol), ntice name (^Si), neck (3).

post (SJ), pen (l

..'

S 5
'

graph (in-S), phone

.''

4
5"

1*
V
.

^)'

qUite

Cl

R
S'.

S
.

roof (55), road (&S) school (jSy^-6"), slate (

shot (SfS"), state
tea
ticket
(e5),

'

S
g-

$ 5
,

thick
that

(Sf ), thing (abfi)

(a 6"), mention

S>,

there (So). section

English

Grammar
vote

- S\

fix
),

six

.(at,).

Example

Examination

joy (spdc), yard (a

forty (^S), eopy/Vi),

(EV-type'tS 5 )' Zebra Zeal

(4[_p),

by

(le

).

"syllable

(ftessff)" aS)

ou-Ca.;8,1

esiS^

n-fe.

'syllables'

arffi&S
spelling
[Soft

StfSo!&.

syllablesr?

1] shower

(sho-wer^-^),

2] power

(po-wer=>-5-\

g]

'beyond

(be-yondrra-d^oa),

4] brother (bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~

5] either (ci-therssas-Sff), 6]

examination

(exa.mi-na.tjon=

,,., -1

&
,

(S

sSesSb-

Bo&

syllables rpSb,

sE'^

syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out,

a.-|

put dog,

syllables'

^5S

^4ss>"s

Po

English

Grammar

10

PARTS

OFPEECH
.

OB'S....

B\

-tS

"Parts of Speech
1]

Noun
(s^
j?
,

2] Verb( L d&)
5]

3]

4] Adjective
position (atf

Adverb'

L d^

Blsi'wsSaa),
.

6] pre-

7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i

8]

Inter-

juction

(Nouns)"
Definition:.

&9^)

wofij'do.
is

A noun

the

name of

person,

place or thing etc.

:-

1]

Suman (v&&"):= &&h

8]
!

Istib!

2]

India

(ejoflcSir-)=:

-tab!-

Godavafi
Ghair

(^cs*sSG)=

SfiliCfif

4] Tenali

5]

Rama
1],

is

good boy (o*&a<&

(fctf

&oO

'2]

Sita sings well

x^^

8]

The book

is

in the

bag

($;S
s3o&-'

M'angoes 4j
5]

are sweet

(sS^aofi
^

Tenalr
2>

is

a big

town
bag,

Tenali,

sp^g&oo^o^D "Rama, boy, Sita, book, town" es& sSrfsSDO). "Nouns"

mangoes,

2]

VERB
.

"verbs

J'.P.

English
:-

Grammar

ii

e3J&|.fcc&

Def.
is

word which'

expresses
'

doing, being
'

or.posscssin

called a verb!
f

eat

(8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)

Sc^&^&.
l

2]

is'

&^a.
4]
kill

8]

have

(GAc&>oefo)==
4

A
5]

(tfosg>fc)=

sto'a

s&c&

^&^a.

1]

The

ball is sits

2]

Who

round (a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr on the bench

(cag

killed a bird 3} Gopi He ovyns a building 4]

*5]

The maid brings water (3a&aft

2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is,
sits,

fccfi

killed,

owns, brings"

io^o- 'verbs'

3]

pronoun

is

word which

is

used instead of a noun.

1]
.E^.

He
:

(wtfefc),

It

(a
He
gave
t to

Surest bought an apple.

Ramcsh

&>

"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so

apple'

Didbon-&,
-

"it"

2]
-E^.

She

(a>\ Her
a Maruthi
^rS^fi,,

.'Ravali has
(tfsSJS-

Can She
<^^D

presented
Rj*cSS8

it

to

her

sister
.

.sb^efifisfS"

osa*-tfr5
"It"

Svtfeo)
"Marutlii

"She" tt&Sfi- Ravali

a>emx>,

^ir:a-

J'.JP.

Bngiigtx

Grammar
,-

car"

"her"

&f5a- Ravi

8]

They

Ex.:

Raju and Ranjith are

friends!

""

They

are Cricketers
'

S&dc&o tfo&ITeo

l^o
-

Raju and Ranjith

l]

am

a boy

(^ s?eo&&)!
'SjJS)!"

2]

YOU

are a teacher

(S^Co-

^ed&oeo)! 2]
is a.

He 'went

to Tenali 5J

'(&&.

Sipjefo).

4]

dancer

T^s"So

They

are. playing tennis (syefi-

'

"I,"

you, He, She, They"

c*&^2too^,...

corv

&

4]

ABJECTIVE
e5?S

^Adjectives"

De/. :-An Adjective

is

word which

tells

the quality, qu'anthj-

or -number 'of a noun.

dkcp-ii

:-

1]

Red

'(^esjsS)),

2]

Little

Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big

(!)), 8]

Five (oc), (rdBsSa), 8] Soft

(3a'tf)...

1]

Swetha''is 'a

beautifui 'round

--girl

2]

The Earth

is

^
.the class

are thirty boys in 8] There

room(tftfX8

n<ScT"-^

41
1

Anand

a short boy (estfoS- JJrg Yammuna is -a good dancer 'fdi^ti-.

is
s

'"la sptf<?sSo
_

d^o(5D- "beautiful, round, thirty, short, good"

. . .

ss-

''s3isS.ib&-

Adjectives (T

nk;^

-6:65^Ao{^rJ(&

i^Sj'OiyCo i'w'r!

8] J.P. English

Or ammer

la

5]

DVERB(
>f.

"Adverbs"
verb,

:.An Adverb

is

a word which describes a

an adje-

ctive or another
*".-

adverb.
sings

1]

Chitra

sweetly

"sings"

&

fig
&.

^^

^&&o&\
&
adverb.
-

#s
-,TS

verb

"sweetly"

*''-

2] Sasi

is

very good

^5- oo adjective &. "very"

girl

^&

adverb
J

3J Jayaram

teaches very loudly.

(esdS^o
c^b-

ft{Jn-'

"loudly"

^&

Adverb

"very"

1] Sujatha came,
is

yesterday ^i,^^. a crying loudly fig Mean* fiefc&^a-).

ac^Sa). 2] The child walks 8j My mother

4]

yery slowly ,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv;

writes
530 3 ?? 'well^otfS- ^^^n" L )deeply (tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*"
'

^&&oa). 5 Ramya ]
deeply"

Vandana

loves

Raghu

^^^^a).

"yesterday, loudly, very,

slowly, well,

Adverbs

rv

6] Preposition
-

prepositions

Sktf^tfo

fSoeaotf S$x>&

g^

^tf^fP&SSao,

i1^es^?S^b

sfctf

|S

.J,P.

English

Grammer

3e$
'

-Sfc'^e>^

V- -a. word (A. preposition or., pronoun 'and:;the relationship- between a noun
'

which some
"

"

other wore!].
E.Y.:;

.
. .

ll

The
tV*'.

pen

is

in tie
XT

"pocket
.

'(&:

&&g*'3>ti^&j*
'

$*

_x",v..,^CO'O
^^M'w

"pen", "pocket" es&

1

oo^ noun

i^x^-

"in" s*& preposition

is

gSc&^&^fc.

21 Sadlia

kind to

me (&Sf
u
sb,

^g>&^^-4^
kind
n
rfa

A'
*d1

hi

me

l!

^&
*4

proiio-un,

adjective

so{sS^sSx^-

to" =^^ preposition

c^Co^ ,&%&.
&iOE?o

Kaveri came

from

Mumbai

(s'^d
?

^
.w&

-j

SPSV^^.

'"came"
*
'

a&'verb_^
rfo

"Mumbai"
^
.

noun

v%! ^v -Aw

<
'.VVJ

,..

v<,,^.. w<f
,,

'"from"

preposition^

ll

The

s'ua'rises in the

He
I

spoke to his brother

(*&

^tf&a^

&p^^&).

-8}

met Samhi-at the college gate (3

4"i

g^&X
i'l

She
is

fell

into the river

the

The

tree
^"3

near
8i

compound
' '

wall(Sdo3-(S5

^^c*.
ix*

<^^.

c\
**

^^sofc'S-

"is, .to, l.at,

.

into,
. ^

aeat"
'

/'*

.'._.

6 prepositions 'n sS^

7]

ctioas"

so^^.f A

conjunction

is

a -word
;
'

which
'

is

used to

join;.

words or sentences- '-together).-'Ev.:.

!!
'

-.

,
_.

Preethi .and

-Sru.thi. 'are: .-.sisters

(^

&><$&>

^;,3.

Sr^dli;

J.P. English

Grammer

15

fi3f6[&c&

goAS
^>o

ft

[rr

&5"

2]

Give
3

me

pen or pencil (V^&o 3cp

^>55i;oro&-

fcrSsg)

s^oa,)!
pe-ncil"

a^fta
"Bodfc

"Give
axis'!
tfs

me

pen",

"Give me a
"or"

es&

syg'gSSao

c3o&>

s^i'gS&ooJfe-

eu"^

sp^g&inP

eoS&&r5jfi.

8]

Padma is clever but lazy (sS^ - "Padma is clever", "Padma is "but" *& sSeSsSaS
1

lazy"

&&

"3o&

1]

Suseela

and Janaki
xr)!

)!

8]

good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58 Use pen or pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3 2] ISitfa^ r?fc-... Shyam is poor but
hohest(<pg&
4

are

as*dti>&sScfiefo)!

J The

train

started
D

before r reached
^odSbrrJ3
*..

the

railway -station
8Dd3oeo3af6a-

(&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*

L^oco^
the

5]

When
-e'e

the

teacher
tftfrfB

entered the
fi

class,

students got up

(&i^gc&><&>-

^(wc)"

^
-or,-,

[aSS^o'tfrr'S....

Sjc^geico aoerj7c&).

Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and,
J)doo
*

but,

before,

when"

o?6i

sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n*

^-

8] Interjection
L'J

"Interjections'

wO

(An

Interjection

is

word

which

expresses

sudden

feelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,), Ex.:. Alas! She is dead a3) 1] ,(e*3jg!
4l

Alas

lf

e5^o SStfsS-

?3o^iS:b^ SOifi

2j

Hurrah! Padma

wonthe

championship

(-uV^!

sSfiJj

"Hurrah"

J.P, English

Grammer

'18
'

(&'

8] Ah]

How.-beautiful
.. ....''

Is

this building
,

Ah" C3& ^oSD>

Alasi Is

it

your mother who met

in the
]

accident

Oh!

Are You

the,,

new
8

typist

^]

Hurrah!

you have
"

got- the state

.efr u
....

*c^5)!! ^c sys"^'.

A!as, Oh,

Hurrah"

'Interjections' r?

^T

Articles
U

or

An"
"
,

'ofJrVicxv

Adjectives

Articles =(

Parts of speech) r

Kinds of Articles
j^wx>ex>n

:-

*i^Soa*db.
u

l]

"A

or

An"

Indefinite
Article.

Article, 2]

The"e^^a-

Definite

^3 Articles

&- &

"a, e,

i,

o,

u"

<',;&

oodi

"cry, fry, fly, sky"

*sS*e:o
rj

u.6J ...

articles

JLP. English

Grammer

1,7

Usage
l]

of 'A' or 'An'
rvS
'Singular

es&^rpa

ber

Common
An
An.

v.:.

eye,
n"fc\

ass,

An
'A*

orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.

rvfe

2]

STO)^

jg> tf^sr*
-

[^tfoOosSB3&

'S^sSrfrS
:-

/Ex.
soldier,

bench,
etc.

chair,

donkey,
1

fox,
W

A
H"

union

3]

apsfcoprfg

SS^^D^^
honest

:-

An

.(35) man,

An

An A

etc.

4]

"U

11

esS

"A"
university
etc.

A European

"One"
5,]

2Sv. :-

one

(*$<")

rupee note,

one

^sSS")

rupee coin etc.

Usage
c?0.

1] iS^e*.....

of 'The' (a/tf ao3j>Ksta):i. nouns So S^oe5 S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS)

Sky" etc.

^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The

2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, v. SDDDO^- *The a AS5c^pAocy>).

f

^^^00^
:

The

Atlantic
(Sfl),

The Himalayas

(Stf^sSajeo),
etc.

The Ganges
4
1

The

Bay

of
;

Bengal (w^tfsia)

8}

[SSag

|^ofsSe

figSi

^o&-

The a

ksScSr'Aoa'O.

^,.
etc,

The

Bible,

The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath

'

J.P. English

Grammar
'>- '>5

'IB

4]
So

V&

..(Steffi

"SM^sior?

cSr
is

&>o&.... 'Thie'S
%

&63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow

.

domestic

animal,
U

5] J

&?c3*
4

"
Q S_j,

eScp
.

"j(3 ^ 3S&&" _
-'
_

e*&

otf&o S5&N vJ
cp

S$tfS$b.&

So&-

The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented

me

was too good*

8] Superlative degree
{

(^^>3^^|^)^
*.:-

4^

adjective S

S:oo(Sb-

Tlie*

^j

&3^Aoa>..
T]

Murnbai

is

the most populated

city'

in India.

"The"

$&&- estfcyfc.
1C)

^ooeir?fc, ^ci^

.sSfi^cS

sSO^.^o.... "6" 55 s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S S5S5) 8] 63 / J O O v. The ieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), poor. The
'

c^^ iiooeibrrfo egg, The honest

(a
&;o^jr!t)
(ci) usage,
i

(eS)

'^

Kinds of'Monns
Nouns &-s^

O
.,.;

fO

.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi.

eS isSSn

Noun,

8]

'Collective

Noun,

4]

l] Proper Noun, Material Noun,

'2]

Common
Abstract

6]

Noun,

.tfs.ai^pfiSS*....

stotffl f3'ex)^)

^xjo&-

"Concrete,

Nouns

1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^

nXi

sir|Cj'&
sS<?

"Proper Nouns"
Delhi frl)V= \"
'
'

3*&.-'Ex.i.'

Ramani

('tf&sS^

= e,^-

"t)6!
*

o/.
"

>6!

Akbar

U&'vTW
""

'2]

CpmrnonNoun^s
; |SSd
A-.

cP^s^^sf-siM)

a,"!

<s-as

Soa^-

,.[4S^a8, ^ScrSS,

sS&^sSp
:i

sS^o^
city,

"fj^o^-

"Common
chair,

Nouns"
girl,

e$fr -<odF.e&.
:

cat, rat,

town,' table,

boy,

man, woman

etc.

J.P. English

Urammer

3] Collective

Noun

(fi
.

ao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o

j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj

"&&<&-.

"Collective

Nouns"

esS

^0^6,

.*.:-

Army

(^&^ r5s$^s5*&>)!
. . .

Crowd,

'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o fS&r^&o)! Pack, Bunch '(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!
,
.

4] Material Noun'(^i5g
a-" Material

^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^
Gas,

.Nouns" ^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk,

Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,
'

'
:

Wheat
'5]

'

etc.".

':

,.

';

'<
.

'

Abstract

Nona

("^8

^^o^CJ^^g):,w

2>ei

^
6D

."Abstracts
tS>c^ow!'
&>):,

nouns"

c5sxo),

hardness

(rfgtf

whiteness
.

(eg,'

^ea^c6&3')
].

^S^^S. ^essiop-'.^&l.waik;--.(^^),
'

movement. (tfdS&6,;.^^);
'

sight (iSp^)y theft

'

'

8],

Childhood-

poverty. (o$^'S-sS) v '/oIdness (s&>&&$;5),. '"'

(c5oSicSj L
.

("tcS-

."'.-^sS), richness
4
...

^sS)
.

$^cSa |&0;
,
.

"&.g>!

music

SoAtf &>,

dance.

(tf&o'),

.literature

'(Srgj^tfg^)
.

.Bj.,Grammer

(s^gg'o^cOD),.

Geogrpphy

(^p^tffio),

Palinistry

Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives

1

* ,

'Verbs

Common Nouns*

&o.&

-Sitf

J.P. English

Grammer

20
Abstract Noun

3O A &

Adjective

good
old
(

goodness
oldness
(rfg)
"itf

hard

hardness

poor

poverty
Abstract Noun

see

sight

'(^^.}

think

thought

^S
'

16

-,

obey

obediejice

grow

growth
Abstract

Common Noun
child

childhood
(

friend
slave

friendship (gp
slavery

man

manhood

Kinds of Verbs
6's'^.2x>rr>

&tfdoEp&

JMSSr?'.....

.1]

Transitive verb
8]
!

.2] Intransitive verb-

(wtt^tf

ifldS*),,

Finite

verb

iSs&),

4]
cJSi),

Infinitive .verb

(oSsSpSStf
s3

verb
verb

(&tfy L
(:Sai|

verb 6] .Strong
a]. Auxiliary verb

L Sc38:.), 5] Weal K 6 (L L 8crf>), ?J Principal

(KSsJsoaSJT

cfia),

iSc&)!

l.JTraasitiye Verb:a*a>- Vtfi (object)'

"Transitive Verbs

'^

.(subject/

aoabSgjn-

sStftf^

L fldSw)>
guests

to her

4]

JJ>. English

Grammar

aj

(gives)'!

tfB

Sc&- "her ;L
'

guests

(-i)63tf^

2]

Rwxthi

reads

the

Ramayana
^e

everyday
'tf^ (Revathi)'

&&&oa).
(reads)
!

srtfgSfrS*,,.,,

^e L

o6-

"The Ramayana

2] Intransitive Verb:-

"Intransitive Verbs

(wtf^tf L d6ex))"

1]

Doha

Stf^db. SO&&,,..
2]

Usha runs

fast

*.
^6

3] Finite

Verb

:-

o^

StfsS

3s3

...B-s-gtfss

"Finite

Verbs

1]

They go
-

to office
7

^go

si

a&^5*. "They

to office

play chess 2] The girls

Si6^- "play"
<a?6

4] Infinitive

Verb

:J Simple present
x

"to" e*& preposition' ?6

....

^cos^do^
e$JO

J)6

^db

^ctfp

s5eJ^

(verb")

"Infinitive

Verbs"

1]

I like to

go

to

cinemas

J.P. English

Grammar
short distances
53*gc&n>&&o)l
;.
is

8]

To

ty<s/A:

a good

exercise

&&&&
5J

&>o>

Weak Verb

&>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tense

4

past tense d-rsSs&&

2ro&S$*> -d\

-ed'

'-t'

SSSN^ SN^ ol
Verbs

suffix

Present Tense
1]

Past Tense

adding Suffix
(.ed)

walk
talk

walked
talked
believed

2] 2] 4]

believe

receive

send 5]
6] lend

_ _ _ _
Verb
:.

(.ed)
(_d)
(-d)
(.t)

received
sent
lent

(.t)

6] Strong

s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- present tense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii w
8)L
5

^eo

(inside vowels)

s5j*el^ <3tfo,...

oS ^c^o&-

"strong

&

:-

Ij
....

Come

(present tense),

Came

(past tense).

#i

**o" "o" |8csS^....

^?Sa a^0 ^^ ^^0

^^
#e

'a

n* 'si* r?
3

^s^.

2]

know

(present

tense),

knew

(past tense)

jlc&a"

"o"

7] Principal Verb

t-

&&<ste

c&o ^s
"principal Verbs

Ex.

Cow ^/^
(^oo|

grass

($

cricket
stories

/1S"?^

doso&). 2] Kumble w&?r&). .8] Our grandfather

^a

J.P. Engligh

Grammar

28
(principal verbs)-

8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a>

SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo

c6s$*c&&
<s>o&?&.

L c&e&,...

"

Auxiliary

Verbs

(*&
wS
is$f6r?

|c&e)" ^
...

"]] Be, 2] Have, 8]

Do

4]

Can S]-May
s

6] Will, 7] Shall, 8] Must" 41 Need, Dare, Ought, Used"

4

^& ^
-5&

^dfio
r

.^^^

tfp&fcreS

....

^^^

'Anomalous Verbs'

Anomalous

Finites

(&&i,c&^

Kinds of Pronouns
B

pronouns
1

^S
8]

SsSSrr

....!]

Personal Pronouns, 2V Possessive Pronouns,

4]'

Relative Pronouns,

Demonstrative Pronouns,

Interro-

J,P.

English

Grammar

24
7] Indefinite

gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns,

P ro

nouns, 8] Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.

1]

Personal pronouns

(%
&- "Personal

pronouns"
1]
"I.

<*>

<&o&&.

&

[Sofl

4o*sStfe9
us....

we, my, me, mine,

our, ours,

Yours...." w&tfS)- ^ 2] "You, Your,

her, 8] "he, him, his, she,

its...."

hers,

it,

they,

them, their,

theirs,

e$&3i-

uS'

r aS'-

r\o{&

personel pronouns!

Possessive pronouns
o-

adjectives sSS^....

Si

a ^&SP^-

nouns

possessive
....

pronouns

mine, ours, hers, yours,

theirs etc.

1]
sptf

This pen
....

is

mine

[&
<rfo,

^osS^

.>y>a)!

^ syg's^^- *mine'
B

noun o&.

53*^gS^^"This

^3
is

3g^

cSa^tSsS^al,...

"This

pen

is

my

1*

pen!

^^

mine pen!"

&

21 This house
J

is

theirs

(& V
is

$&> sp5aV ^: /
f

CO

SO^S^al.... house" eS n.

this

house

their house" es!0rp&, "This i3

Llteirs

"ours,
lt

hers,

theirs,

yours

..."

e$;o

^spjSp^fpfc,...

our*s, her's f your's...."

apostrophe

('

J.P.

English

Grammar

25

3]

Relative

Pronouns

g'oD^b (relate)^ &sS<^>Ao& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,

^PDO&>

that,

what,

as,

but

etc. SJO&'&T>

t^
sS-aJS^fo

?5o>o<3o);S....

whatever,
"Relative

whoever^ whichever, whosoever

SP&&

&p^

pronouns" es& ef>o6r&.

1"]

-^s
(

That

is

the

woman who

stole

my

bangles

oC^ ^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles
7

"That

is

21 This
J

is

the

bride vr/zow
e

wish to
8

take

tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))!

"This

is

^- "whom sp^g&D^T the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take"

e3

4] Demonstrative

Pronouns
e5odp6.
P

o?6D-

"Demonstrative Pronouns"
etc,

<^

^S
^s

^s6?6?T....
fSo<2>
L.

This,

That. These, Those, Such

AcysJ d sSbB

SP

lj

r/if^ is

my box and
....

that

is

yours

"This", "That"

&"These

"This

"That

(wfl)",
is

"Those
house where
"This"
I

the

was born

.6*., t .

e*&i"ofl-

"^s^

SJOD"
CO

JJP* English

Grammar

28

sjoAS

5] Interrogative Pronouns (| "Who (s$&), whom (j>s$ea), whose

what
1*

which

(JiSfca)

a?& [fS^co

"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o

*:

1] w

tfVz0 is

your father

"who

e^b cStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl

117/^f Is

your name

"what"

AV,v

"Who" ^&f5
;

""
"what"
is

w&?:a-

s:&ft&&

"which

51

1]

"W'Ao

is

she?"
-53

*&'
j&

"who"
sSva

"What
.

her

name
2]

(osi

^o)?"

-WA/f/j

is

she?"

"which"

"What
iafi^a.

is

her point
Sj

(?
is

-HVwr

she?"

&
S

"what"

"What

is

her

profession

(a ^

6] Distributive pronouns

.-

"Distributive pronouns"

-:.T....

Each, Either, Neither, Any,

None atf e /
mango
the

t. :.:

1]

EacA of the

girls is given a

&aa

3^

s:.

aa).

/,A
]

(0
boys must do
it

Of

|>eas Is

good

J.P. knglisk

Crammar

1] Indefinite pronouns

wCteaea
-

"Indefinite pronouns" eft

is

x.

i^All

well
&*&

2]

is

better

then nothing (&$&>

8]

Nobody

knows

that

secret^
CPO

SOc&ei). 4]
2Poc3*&).

were awarof us

ded prizes (ootfsap

to the

51

went

swimming pool

8] Reflexive pronouns

t&*

"Reflexive pronouns"
e^S)

"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns"

^.

1]

She hurt herself (ea^Sb

esotfdo
(53*

<a^
^66"*

n-dSis54Sa).

2]

hid

myself in the room

^^

ca-^rc^jS)).

3]

She

herself read the letter (es^go sg& Atf 6'SS themselves crossed the bridge
5j

^^a^).

4]

They

(sFtfo&do
(s$r>

We
-

oureelves planned the project

Note

JtesStfrSsfcoSodb^ personal
.;.

pronouns &- "self"

my-myself; she- herself; he-himself)

SSo&rS^ s^fig- "selves"

^x.;they-themselves;
pronouns' itf^rfpooo.
J]

our-

ourselves)

n'fo....

'Reflexive

Reciprocal

pronouns
SS-Sbo

.1*.

English

Grammar

2ti

fi3$[id&

/*belo) S)c:x>^c&>

cStf^&s&B^cfc-

"Reciprocal pronouns'

i]

These two

sisters

loved each

:other(&
2]
Students shoulc

tf&j

^^^^^<i,*)*
8a^5

help one

another
.

(^cpg^eov 35&e ^^.ci&S^^8

^^6o
S...

rS^g'aoi^^spO). "each other" o&

K><^,..,

^^

"one another'"

Kinds of Adjectives
ves
1

&-

easso

^^ocorp

aaftBoE?tf>.

-SsSfSr^....

1]

Qualitative;

Adjectives, 2] Quantitative Adjectives,

Numeral Adjectives
6
;

4]

Distributive

Adjectives,

Demonstrative Adjectives, 5J

Interrogative Adjectives.

1] Qualitative Adjectives (fibDP^S* a^sic^Siwto);,.^

4)e,'SS|&-SSS^ rteS5e& 30d&^c&>

tative Adjectives" gcp "Adjectives
'fie.

S)1^ra^eD?&e>

"Quail]

of Quality" o^

:-

Sudhakar
tall tree

is

an honest

man (&^ST ^
is

It is

(a

atf-2Trf3.-Sdg)!- 8] Sakunthala

a hoU

woman (V&o&o Ztf^rtv d)!

2] Quantitative
1
'

4]

We

had an

tltative Adjectives
...,

"Adjectives

of Quantity" oft

"How much

(iotf)?"

1]

have
),

little

money

(^ r g
.

2] Sujatha got w///cj>i,<

nwks

in

JS"!

J.P, English

Grammar

>j

efiS[S>c&
;

soSS*

\rv

Sa).
rice-;

8]

Mohan
ha's

eats

f^u

^^"

^fco^sS -esrS^&j

So5j*&\ 4] Aruna

.,

money

in her purse

3]

Numeral Adjectives
t

(o?pg

a"S^

69^^
.

r?&

e5cp

sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo
9'

"Numeral Adjectives
ba^) &QA..,..

^cy "Adjectives of .Number"

e5Si

^^)

"Ooc^rT6 OtftfoEs-iSo.
'

SsS^n

,...

a)

Definite

Numeral Adjectives
,

^Q
"

oSo^g
""

Sul^es^xico,),

b) Indefinite
i

Numeral Adjectives (y>6Si K \ Q

.'O

oSosjPo U

'

a^sieoSiaX /
.

SStfSe;b

tfe

1]

There are three members in that

jSsigec
-'

family
8

"^ro6
M

A^di).

^s
-

spS'jSjDar

"three"

^&

adjective.

sS^tf
o

!l

'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw

OPO
, ,

"Def mite Numeral

Adjective"!
1

studying second year B.Com. Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.u S. tfa *'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). D"&'gsS^a "second .'wA' "So^sS adjectiveyear" KSosS^tffii"^ a|sS'?v 30 c&
2] Kalpana
1

is

ft

.'

^dtoti"SoS
8"] J

...

^3 "Definite Numeral
failed
-

Adjective"!
'

Several students

in

mathematics
,
,

c3* (.^otf \
'

..rteJtf&aS*
eJtsSn'

tf^ei). ^B
...
fl

sritfgsSaaer'a-

-"several"'-

s&

adjective.
.,

n&5

'Indefinite

Numeral Adjective'!
in

4,1

Many dead

bodies were, found

'

battle field

(6^
"many"

adjective- ''aSl^sSw' rr^)6....

ctive!'
.

eifl-

Indefinite
,

Numeral Adje'

'

4] Distributive

Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gef a
'rv

rr-fo

...

/'Distributive Adjectives"

J.V. English

Grammai'

Sill

i *,:*

l]

Neither team scored a goal 2J

Either

fi

a,

ft'&g&o

Sc'eSfii)^.

book

will help

you for

the

nation

';(>

a^

w/j

.girl

.eats

^j^S^S^.... 2>6<<s* a mango (p& Er>W R.B'

5
|

Demonstrative Adjectives

(-S)J

sS^o?i>.v. : .

"Demonstrative Adjectivfes" ^
77/^.vt'

1]
^

buildings are on

the
^ee

hill

&^'co

ff*c

2&w^a^.
girl is

VY/C.VL:'
|

books are old

beautiful

s^Oi,

[yVo^Uco >cJnj). ?J"| I need f/;/^ bag woCjS)^). 4j

6] Interrogative Adjectives
"What, which, whose" uto
efc....

(1^^^"
(

-aUsicoSwyft

S5sSe- *Noan s'& ^.ooA

SiflK)

^o

'-'Interrogative

Adject

ow
rank
(i
as06'

box,

is'this^fi

j6 ^^)?
fc^

a]

M V//<
:

//

girl

go
likt

^^sa

STo3&)? 8] Wmrboo'ks do you

S>

reading (tf&x;&*&fcSb

^^S'^>o^
11

si^B^^)?
w
-

^o
girl,

a^^.

'.'whose, -which, '.what

s&

adjectives-

box,

bo

noiins.

SJ

j.

)Sro(-?^..

l]

Adverb

Time, a] Adverbs of Adverbs" of Number,

'

Manner, 3,] Adverbs of Quantity, Adverbs of Place, Adverb 6]

ft]
p

o Adverbs of Negat Reason, 7] Adverbs of Affirmation, of Adverbs, Two forms Comparison of Adverbs, 9] -10] Interrogative Adverbs, 12] Relative Adverbs,
j

'

J.P; English Gr-amffiar

81

ac5[ic& ajoASi

:"1]

Adverbs of Time.,
.

(s*.e>
1
>

&e

teCfcfo

3*5?SS&

^OcCa'^dfio

^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)-

"Adverbs

of Time" &ti e*odp&*.

i

rfe^&o
i

aspfltooOT AsS o3r^otf.8j^es*a.

"Now

Then, Already, Early/

Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,

To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id

1]

Ramya

will;

ceme-wDw

^s^o

%&
9

cr/Koei)
Sar-fi

"2] Already
$o^f^0!
^"s>sSS,
sister
:

the child

is

one year- old ($sS^Jt

is

&df&

8}

Pihakini Express
[liS
a.^
^Co<b.

comming by
;

-one

hour
4]

late

^^j
came'

w^jSgsirt
fbS^

sS,^TSic5j|'a).
I

My

yesterday.

(& ^^a

S^Sa),'6]

will

meet yo\L to-morrow

2] Adverbs of

Manner
<&& woAptib.
:

rbs of
.v.:,,
\

Manner"
J

Chitra sings sweetly

(&\<&

&&tf^r
ftfc&S&s

'

S^&dbd'aY 21

Our grand mother

'ri>ou>j, '
,

walks slowly (&*

'

i3s%rr

$<&

loutUv 81 Lalitha speaks -^ J-

(&$& \
;

4 "I ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' / .*>-,. 9

.

Jhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0

a

(.^^olj?^o^
.
,

,S^siah* S^a*

jSgSofl*SS'

sweeitly f slowly,'
' "

loudly, bravely"
,

&&>
.

'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,.
*

I/I'SPOOT&w

&*l
vQtil^ i6tfo

'tfE&s&nv*...
....
<s'e

Adject we* &

fisStf

-ly"

^?&

Adverbs
:
'.

'es)^\dio

i)iT>S^c^s5); Ev.;

Bnd-

Badly; Sad -Sadly etc.

J'P. English

Grammar
of Quantity (
5
f

f2

caricA sjoAS (r&J

31

A verbs
f5

Sj'oj

?\&>co tin

oStSipesoSxi

>e,o {-sSArSc^....
1

<3c&T?d&c>

io^
Partly,
<^&x
*

^*V<c:r-r&- "\dverbs or Quantity

wholly, Almost, Little, Quite.

a ^o>.:L "Half,
1'

Much

t?&>

Adverbs-

&?5

1] _j

Swarna has finished half of the work

2]

(^6
\
CJ 5

r6?<^sSS)

s$j*

6
^^

',*::&*,}.
.''

He

is

,/wn/r wrong(o^^)

^%

S-J.^"^)! 3] Sht took

time for cooking ^Zo ^w (s$ofc& Shj ii fj;//V{? happy with, her husband
j':'

?S&^3D

&a^c6^6).

4")

vx

^
03

cCtxODr?
.-'I

r.^

],

His preachings are""W

Adverbs

of

Number
....

"Adverbs of Number"
Three-

**Once, Twice, Again, Never, Often, Firstly, Secondly,

W,.

Four- fold"

<&%&

Adverbs

<^j-

^^^r-Ao

Anand

-visited

'Madurai*

once
.

V
/

2l Sangeetba often goes to temple J

(;-6oAu5 V

tfw

B6&oiS). 0]
bir-iness
;

We
s

are

expecting tnree-f old rise

5

of
uU

o\.r

^^u

r^>

v^^^G"

::o^do^o

"c-.!cu

ou)r^>

V,

UCA^v^X ~o
^

41

Gomatld came

to our

bouse again

in the night

(ifr^^ &*

5] AdYeriis cf
xJg'?
e^

^
1

6AJSS*..
..

4 .

^^^cs^vr?

"Adverbs of Place

*.& ^-ur-rb,
JnsUl*;,

"Here,

There

Above, Below,

Far, 'Near, Outside,

Within, Without',

LP..-

English

Grammar

.
_

,83

83&J)d&

30 AS
'

\rp&>$

&
.1]

Adverbs

She went there

(^D
1

w^^&
|j]

SC'^fi),
is

>]

He "came
.4] There

'here

^ftS&'cj^^dS
temple

sSES^dfc

).

There

a book
^tS^a).

shop near the

is

rt>Stfes

sg)c&ss$x>e>

ei^essSx)

canteen Inside the' Bus-station

&&

6] Adverbs

of.

Rca>on
)

iciar*

J&D

u
5

....

Adyerbs of

Reason'
'

o)

eo&p^b. "As,

.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts&

Adverbs-

^s

(Jo

(3

s5^gSSe)&

sSfiSCoO-,

^2r*orfo&!
s

did l] Jviiniar
ciflS

not attend .school, because he had fever

odbt3^cSc6n?"
.

Stf^&j

e^tfdfo

83^tfs5A.>?&).

a].

As she

is

fifteen

she could

no ballott
35*ax>f5a).
B

^"SaSb
a]

^atr^^

) f

'^^daSSo^,...
is' ill,

T^^ ^sS&
5

3c&3^

The

'director

hence.

wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr> ^^^D HpooCT sSd?6<S>). 4j Gopi.is attending a marriage 'and is therefore unable to come-(/^2)
,

the meeting postponed

^jr ^S&S&-

7] Adverbs of

Affkniation

(gj

n*....

"Adverbs' of

Affirma-

tion"
f

0^

eodr'CSo,

"Yes,

By

all

means, Surely,
..
f

Certainly"

Adverbs- ^c^ ASS<arA6tf3aS&

^s [.06

ll yes,

sheis

a'

good daiicer
is

(37*fe,

^^>

a>^

sCooS)

$jfs)!

,.

2]

.By all/means Amani"

a suitable bride

IP. English Grammar

sS$S%)! 3]
g?BPdb).
4r]'

Surely they
She

will

pass.(C\tfsfc>rp

s?&

Certainly

will'

come (tf^&ocr
g

*> 8] Adverbs of Negation -(gS"3s

"Adverbs of Negation"e$a

wofcri

"No, Not,

notatall, any"

&&> Adverbs-

1J

He

has

no work (tfa8.$aa&).
(s^db

2]

They
fj]

di'd
is-

not -do

the:

home work
gooti lawyer

s-a

sjodSsS.i

SdiS(^b).

He

not at

all

Note\- 15

^^a

tftfSao

Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'

'

9] Comparison
,

of

Adverbs- (<^#& $&>

|Q (Degreejg "Comparison of Adverbs"
1

?rtftf&j

('dn

sl^raioe^):-

wcCip'sSfSae'

sSo&oiSoO

fSdtp .'S"lsic9&a-jS>.

"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'

'degree
1-]

a)

Ramesh

writes fast

degree

^a^asy

(ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}rFaster than "writes Ramesh. b)

slti ve

''

Suresh

Degree (3tf$5*&>)

c)

Ramesh

writes

fastest of

all

Suerlative Degree^

2-1

al Radha came JO*-..'*

-early

'(&$ \

IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") / TJ
;

p'ositi-ye.-

.,

Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^

'^oS.t..f
"came..

sS3;^-)--

Comparative Degree

c)-

Radha

J.P. knglish'
..

Grammar
all
-.(crtf-

^
.__

_..

_____

_______

_.,

rT

___

earliest" of

WO&CDS'O "&,-..

Superlative Degree
:

10]

Two forms

of

Ad verbs (a^j^^

^5d$

"Two

forms of Adverbs"

&& ^o^6,

Late-Lately; Near-Nearly; HardcT

8

Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" & ^Adverbs

1] a)

Chandrika comes /^e to office

sS^oiS). b)

(rfo^aV

scpfo

3c3g^rr,

Hri

go

his

job

2] a) Lavanya
rfia).

Ramani(^sSesg.^&^s b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related

came uear-io

CJh'

8] a)

Kamala

studies. //rm/

(ssSbo

6'.^

rfdbSS&bfl).

b) Kan-'

-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic

work

11] Interrogative

^SS^.

3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo [jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogative

Adverbs*'

w'oic-.jo..."

Why,. When, Where,

How w ^&

Adverbs-

1]

./*7^

is

he late

(w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir?

iSryefc
^'

sS^Si)?

2.J

did he

come [&8&

Sw^c^^/ ,8]
is

fK/z^re

are .you

'(fog)

deep,

this yell

(.tfa

12] Relative adverbs

i)

(Sctfp

at^sSeo*

ieSS-

fioo^^o

fPSSa"

s^w^Sfco^. rfo

J,P. .English

Grammar
i

L,

"Relative Adverbs."
-v. : .

1]
.

Nahatha loved
,,
,

liis;\\hitc hoi.sc

which

Won
[

the

rac

, i

a
v

r,i

^wuxOj'OO
'
'

came 2] Soundarya
child'
'.
t

to

her school w/icrc

'

b.hc
^'
4
:

.studied
'

hood (>
N.

a>a6*
;

BD^,,, s^^b
' _

iL &jcn? j-u6 u o

\^- ^ ^woj\,uo

^
^

&vj

aj
'

^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana

got his
&',Xo

l.p,s\

selection w/
.

ft

exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^

jj^

,.

^*

'Adverbs' ^

Kinds
'

of Prepositions

(M
'Prepositions^

2]

Compound

prepositions,

3J Phrase prcposiiioais,

ij

cjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.

!} Simple

prepositions

(^^^
'

a^-^-fc-

'Prepositions',^-

^,, c

Prep0s|

&*;. To;
;

(6,6).
(Sbc; ).

From (& 04 ): on ^-). upon

Near

( N

J.P.

English Graaimar

W___ _^
-the river (.&

The Maruthi Car fell into i]

si^&t
JL
.

s^?

^-""T^
"

S^coo^Y
/

31 Sharmila
J

.''_

is..

waiting

at the

'

bus-sico
will

r'

*"^

**

*- >

Crf'is,."!*

-o.^o)

Sea&

^-j&D&a

.iiorning till
""

evening

^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). -;&o 4trC5c^^ &

We

work

//'c//;;

'^

2] J.

Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& A f ,."' S& a.g' jTo), "")"l^e.Ib fNoun)

.

^g^g^^ -^^vj.
\.

>

-b-ip

-i

(Adjective^
i; 5 4

^.^r-

^o"

(Adverb)

S&

r?fe

^o^,^.,
.&-'.'

A V Be"

S^&
1

^prepositions*
(.

-Co nipoimd.
Across

prepositions'
;-

'''&&&<>&>'&.

;;

,';"i)';4iong'

4bou,t
ii)

(&^pdo,

/6$o&);--4bov-e'

.-j['i^$)?

etc.

,^^l
'

^.S) etc v
'

iii)

J/i'side

prepositions

ll There
J"

is

a..
,

,.,.'

bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river

'

.,.'.

S^ (^ V

W&L'^ .a
f^^^c

sJoS^

wrote ten :)&), 2] Raju

3Ps3*-^(Si

lines -^fcow/ the

cow

^loD-

sSo&co

jsp^^).

walked .thrice around- the 8] Sailaja

temple.. ^leea ^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo

^S^i^^o) /
will

^JbeSp)...

..4].Sankar
$'ofcT

built a house behind Gandki statue ^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^

3aS'

.-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo).
1

5] VijayaDasanii

come

'before

Deepa-

vali

(SS'SSI

.c^ou

3}. Phrase
1

"preposition

.,

^^
,

'

Jc^^

%>%
';".;
.

'i<S...^g.".^.5i^-*:
;''
.

".Phrase ;

1'

Prepositions
u

.^^.J.^O&SP^.

lnfront of In course of, In addition toy By virtue of, cause of^ Away from, Along with" .^^prepositions ^-

Be-

^^'

Wammar
*

i]

In aJJiton to physics he

is

teaching Chemistry

(?

S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^
2
In

from of me Bhaskar

is

there in the

queue (S^Ssyci

8]/u

c-ow/'je <;/

time he will change his

'

nund
'

55a^& ii- rof&^. '"'""-'

'

-.41

^^

''

"'*- Ms '''-

application

'

sent his certificate

copies also;

(tftfefo

^,

4j Participle Prepositions
:

s-^5L

xr:&- prepositions

(|8d&^Jf Ptfjgtf s^2!*o^aS ..... Sfa^ present

'

pai

ciples- 'prepositions'

Sa'^S^csaa.
*'

ajfl
"

sSd>e>jS>

"partici

prepositions"
gi^s
-

&&

^.oi^&.

Regarding,

considerihgv

pendu

prepositions-

&

lj

Considering her experience she

,wafe'

selected

'.at

once

(^

cij^jp

j>&Ssic'^i?j3o ei3
i

^SjCf,

^ef

SCSD&?S.).
letter

2j AV\
<

rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the

(c55r5

F&
his.

sSoflDOHJ^xrp

MJfifSaoS*
files "he

officer

about the

&t)oS&)/ 8] He was kbpt in pending

warned

5],

Appropriate

'prepositions*
4<

&for

"Appropriate

Prepositron&"
,

Abide by (^iaiA- oi:o&),

:

Accountable to
-

('sss^GM1

i&o*), Bound

(id6e'3jCli)&)
pt

contented with

'(^2>
"

S"

prepositions--;

.(poe):.. M

rc
Vtn

'J. P.
.

English. Grammar 89 _-~_o. __ ,___ ;_____________________s____

'

1]

All the players

have

to abide *
.

.umpire
isoeroj. 2]
-

fa
The
clerks are accountable to
'

their.

officer

Express

is

^W

The

/>,-

Kew

Delhi
'is.

(*:****

^his
i

a). 4]

Oangaram

f^/?r^u-/iS"

-Prepositions^
'

/fc^.

'-.'

1] Prepositions

denoting

point

6f Tj ffl e

'prepositions'^-'Trepositions denoting point of Ttmc" a a oofj-es. "By, Fmm, Before,' Since" U S- pre"

.S

BO &

S^-

1J

You must come back 'by

;

o'

SJ&s'^-saA o-art). 2] Baby Z*& $Z&o& $>* ,a 8 (*~$

native, place
_sfa

will

go to school from iQih

8]'

Ju

S^^oS).
(*,

I shall

'reach

before

this-

weekend

a-o-otf^^
''

^S

my

.SaSa

&*& ^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working

'there since
,

1991

(*9>'*^j.rf 1991

&o

sSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.

2] Prepositions denoting period of Time ^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^period)?i

rt&,a

SS^c^

6.tfa B e,ab&,o&-ia

"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" In, Wivhin" prepositions- ^

.'prao^&. v "For,
"

w&

1J

She

shall

be tack /W an

S] He

applied leave fo, a

week (<?*

J W P, English'

Grammar

40.

,
_

K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT

this
e

<3P& 1>|>&), 8] I have been working In

years (S^&fcjn* *

office for three

"

3&

^s
this

.iPCP*e>u&D<5

&Q&^&c3*v^V
j
'

4!
J

You must

construct

shed

w/r///w a

month

r^'

3o

rVo

"

Period of Time '&

>o8o$;5

prepositions
op^ae5b.
si

&.

'point

of

TiiAe'

& S)d&^dS-SSpt)o& ^oei)

'

"&.,..
CO

Point of

os:o$oC^ prepositions &~. /Period of Time'

Stf

BDcA

sb^ sSao&

-of

Conjunctions

Co-ordmatin'g conjunctions, 2] Sub-ardinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions, Phrase Conjunctions. 8] 4]

1]

1] Co-ordinating

^ ^ ^^^^
'

^^<^)^cJio "So&

CoHJunctions(&&o SsSw^cabsSwcjo):^ "Coop^g<Ks5^ (clause) e&qd ^A-S

.

ordinate Clauses"
ordinate Clause'

&& eso^do.
o&> S'OD^

'fSSa^cSsiB' "-Conjunctions" ^a- e5odcp6. "And, But^Botla, Also/

"Therefore, Then, too, Only" e&> ''Conjunctions'..

^^^o.aodfo 'Co. o^- "Co-ordinating

Not,
Sofi L
Yet,.

s^o

'!]
-

My

sister is

studying medicine arid

lam
?^o
,

-studying
:

enfinee.l

ring

&^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... (55father is in Chennai ). .2]' My

is

^^

;,^^o ^ci^!
is

^//?</

my

mother

in

a!

8]

He

a good

doctor hut

is

not a

good mon

atisa Singer

Soblii

jf.t*.

English

Grammar
are

41
friends

ttr$[!>c&

sioA
tf

is

a dancer both

(OjjS

rvo^S,

$*

2]

Subordinating Conjunctions
:*>$'

'Principle Clause'

&-

a,

Sub~ordjnate

'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling
ctions
&9^)

v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she

did

not

study well
u
vTs v

sptfgsSwSotfO-

Revathi failed
...

in'

her .examination"
.ctfa.

S^ &* -6 e^^&o $&>& J *,

.not study well',

e^a 'principel clause'

.

*she
'

..

suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa." eig

...

'Principe!

Clause*

Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"

*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.

Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&o o)C3b^ &$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmg /<sSc>;&> - "Sub^ordinate Clauses
11
1

conjunctions

^)^>

*53pAotfcDAS&

.-

[SoO

53-^o&oo'?Sa

SS&&

1]

As

am

suffering from fever,

,J

could not attend the

school
-2"].

(i3&

ea^aaafif*
is

B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS....

wd^

3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&).
(rtbjS

Though he
sr=^o

poor, Gupta earned

more properties

"Ssc^

so^

...

e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp<ao^r&). 8] iSekh&r's

witi! his

deadsSS^

body
,

'was

kept there

son came

^wtfa
4]

^^p&eio

sSesSip....

~$5

cS^Sxo iai&^3'6otfao4Sa), &^tf

this

You

will

not

be appointed iu

job vnlgp* ypu get

your

degree

3] Ccnrrelative Conjunctions

(titf S^tf

Soaotf tfsto^

J,P. English

Grammar
,

'42

esfy&dft eioASi \r

sjiro
C"3
1

"Correlative
ther. ...nor,

Conjunctions'
'

a
also,'

ua.j&.

"Either.. ..or,

Not

only.,, ..but

'Though,*. .yet"

o&

t.V,

1]

Blether attend the

work

0/

go home (^330 3

.|^>

36j)j'a]

Neither. Hit pouter of his father

/w
He

the

mo
>;

"uf his brothers

have saved, him

(w^S

dSo^fl-

wS^^orpfc,
3
|

S'tfCio doctoriB*fl

tfeai^n'S)
ftw/
fl/Jf?

^^o)^
'a

tfi.otfdS'

sJ'ocaSa).

is //^/
c^fio

onl.
...

patient

(e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo
is

sip^^

^rc?j! 4]
35

Though she
'tftf

hliend,

^'/ she docs

her

dul

wellies

|^|S^,...

4]

Phrase Conjunctions
1

rs^
u

rSoiJ^sSooe^....

rs^
as,

'phrase

'conjunctions' -553
ej*rD

<

/avtarfatfe^pM,, e}3 opfiiJ-'

"phrase conjunctions'*.

epc.\\T".

ln order that,

As soon

As well

as,

Even

if,

As

if"

l]

They studied well uiard'er itm they -may get ranks

'

in the
ss?'cSo

entrance test
8

(sycfc

^rp TSOsS Sc^^&o^

STDCSsScS^fi). 2]

tog

{ir*]o,.,.

U,P

i^&r. SSfiKff

AS^oa

The

train .will

leave
(n*6"i5c#

th

station; as.-soon ap .the

guard

is

given green signal

wotf
is

^oC

*-....'

)*

as well as India 3] Pakistan

'

of

SAARC
.

"

...

the

member count rj
her behaviour
L
aa'tf

If -she resigns her job

I will,

not

exec use
.....

gK^s^ o4a-sij
.

Sft^

^3

rt&

&

5"]

.She behaves always

^'-//she

was

princess

Daina

j.P. English Grammar ------__ JLJ

:

__ __ ---______ Kinds of Sentences (^tee tfgi

.
.
,

4y

"
x,,!xJ8 *"

............. _________________

"sy-sfgSSs

(sentence)"

|9oO "(go 3&j)" ^

'.;..

"You go
fc ,

(fo^, >

Sfi
,

_j

si<S

iei^biioSjas^ sp^'^)r? ly
S).

^r^(S
o**
i

fiaa.

<4

S)5'Sj(^
^

sj*^<?sS
G)

('Single ^ \

word Sentence)"
."a?S5^
i

S'Sii)

-j&.

sjg.../'Come here", "go there"

iu

^c.'^a". /(-Double \
ty,
,

word
-

Sentences)" /
.

a
,

'oaoff ss-tfg&TeaD-

[SS^co^r?"

c3*ooVfc

cr^S^eo!

&s?j

iisS^r?

....

il As-.

sertiv'e

Sentences,

2] Interrogative

Sentences,

8-1

Imperative

.Sentences, 4] Exclamatory Sentences.

1] As&ertlve

Setences(6sSr5j^

SpeTgSjoew):.

tss,cdo-

"Assertive

1]

Cat drinks milk (iO

'

rco

[O^^^V

ke

SP^J^SJO
'

a.&'
>

^^io&
(ifi

"Does cat drink

|

milk
'"

2].

She 'does not read Epglish or 'Tamil

tfe

3tfgS
'

B3f

Sfid3ocSo-

"sei>"
(<&"&>

^
c^o^

Ss5v>

"Does she read-English or Tamil

"

tfa

Assertive Sentences' -. aafl "3o& S4fsSeon

atffibsSwfljSB..
'
'
.

a)

Affirmative Sentences, b) Negative Sentences, SentenS :-' a, ci) Affirmative

(^crtfes sp^^sS^oi)

^^

Bo?6o{fi

5y^g5:)Xie??5D-

"Affirmative Sentences"

J.F.

English

Grammar
is
>
' v"

'.44;

Shalini
j
f
J i(-

a girl
\
I

SpOS

.&

s*a.^)!

2]

Chennai

is';

tit}
Z>j

'^r TTi

"

v-'

S^o

vT

*./

c\)A60^CO)!

Negative sentences

"Negative Sentences"
tea
(ssSj

c~)odp&,
is

-J?.v. :<.

i]

She does not, tab

)&

Sa^ji). 2] He

not a good

man

2] Interrogative Sentences

( 1^
ea^)

^sSsbS^
-v. : .

'^s^

sr-s'g.^asDSB.

"Interrogative Sentences"

1]

Who

are you

(fo;>.

^^)? 2] What
.

are
(&,

you
^Co'O

(--$

fcaa

(S 3] imperative Sentences

SiSji}? 1]

S?i^^)? g] May I go home

Where

is

your

sister

ces"^

^odj--&.

v. :

"Imperative Sentenstand onthebenc up .ij

X^)- ^j ^ ea se ~^oa) (i"e.i)!

give
].

me your book
help us
I

(&'c&3f
(
(

Kindly

(fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the God, save my mother

left

land(tfap cf

4j Exclamatory Sentences

^o^c.x

--L^-c^:
.\\ : .

^
.

a^S.
8]

s^s^oS)
what

r??:.,..

"Exclamatory Sentences"

i]

a fool I

am

>B-5&)!? 2]

How

(^
(tf
e

beautiful the^e girls are

^^V?!
A
i

May

god

bless
n

you

(<&>& V

^^oL

wuH^uw(ra

j;

jfj

tS^r

iyd S SdCad!
'

(*^

L^^

4j!

T
'

7J1P. J

'

English Grammar.
,

-4b

.-

e3&iJjc

NOTE:.'. rS^s*
^ocSsDd^cco,
tence, "8]
OP
is

L?

3 ksfofv- 1] Simple

Sentence',' 2]
rf>e$o>'

Complex

'Sen-'

Compound

Senlence(!)S!0

"Phrases &' Clauses"

&

^
'

and
arisSooV-.,J
,

;
'

..

"'
.

"!,]

Subject (^.) r

2j

Predi-

^r^g1
*

or
i

Subject
r

Pronoun

%s

noun
..",

CP
QS

pronoun

v;^

"S&^^

noun

^CT

pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"

2 J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^
o'cSo-'

^oa&-

'Subject'^

"Predicate"

Subject

-.

Predicate
is

'The ring ^o^tfsSa)'

made of gold

'

She fes^)-

smiled
.

j$3&^
[5rao'
:

Cat:|^>)-

".

'drinks milk
is

Chowdary
.Ravali

^^6),

a rich farmer
letter

('j*^d

''
"wrote ".a
.

o.^b)!

tfsS'?-

^o
1

'".

'Subject*

/predicate'
. .

d /-predicate

j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks, 'Predicate Z Q &&. "Verb"

....

&&
B,!fa..*otaoa

'Subject' dc*

33-

&ajaot3

*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^.

"Object^)"

"gold, milk, farmer, letter

^/.;.

1]

^ ^ aa
fjr (Subject)!
tfe[.

2]
8]

^d&

"predicate"

subject

Predicate

Verb

The cow
grass.
is
"

black
a tiger .

Ranjith

saw

an elephant
'

-at down
.sr.sfgSbe.Si

]-Stand up
"Subject"

S*

ri-

J.P.

English

Grammar
.(&&

,47

They laughed
4] Suman goes
:

X^&}>
36^&).

3]

Sarika cooks

(&&"

1]

^tfas&n*,..'.

Sesrfb

s^

ICcr^es

2]

T
,

A-.

priya (Subjects^
'

eats

(Verb^ijdro)

mangoes

PHRASES and CLAUSES

55oedSao
-

"Phrase. Clause" '

Stfotfe
...

^^^o3

eo?Sc&...,

'Phrase'

'Clause

I]

Phrases
$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"

io6
Rekha waits
l~j

to receive a letter

fa
so

33c&^a). 2] Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having

Gopal
is

many

a good teacher for several Students

-

^Sp^T ao sioO

drs^^jdcfiofiia j!

4J Raghava

RINDS OF PHRASES
Kioi'ORJ
.

{s*gV"tf Sue &>'&>):.

"Noun, Adjective, Adverb"

e&

spfiKi

&^d3pAoCSb
-

a)

Noun

phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c)

Adverb phrases.

J.P. English

Grammar

a) Noun phrases.

cSBuCo'
o

eScp

'^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'

?S25an ci&^'?So i

"Noun

phrases"

1]

Kaveri fexpects
^e
-

ro deliver a child

(&ti&

^
"expects"
"to
4

s^gsfoe*....

"Child

11

^!^

Noun-

^^

'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child"

<& Noun-

deliver a

child"

&

'sSrfioo

'($S0"c|SS!in

nB

S^6otfroa,

NQim

phrase'

S] Sulochana
&e*rfrS fefe^^

is

carrying # basket of flowers

^e
e

(&>

'36&^a).;

sp^g^o6"

..,.

"is

carrying" w&^Sdfi

'objects' rv &c5^-

"basket, flowers"

&&>
1

'nouns
m^fi.

SSa^-^

"a basket of flowers" .b)

&&

'Noun phrase

Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t 6o^Q- r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco - 'Adjective* S3 sS

1

sp<s3S-

"Adjective phrases"

1]

The pen|o;?
v

the fable

*s

yours

toc-Sxv.;'
c'l.^)

tfo:'o.

(j!:.;-:r

JbflV

(p"oh the table" wii ScSSwe ?S,-.^srffiAV- Adjectives

',
.

"The pen

e5c^

'noun'

ab^^

^o&doSerS,...' Adjective phrase*

2]
tt

Gowtham
n

is

"a political' leader

wjw has a
^o

&>'&& /^^Sb-

eug"

tP2djo

KPcSfiSoefo)!

c/uuwterfob} sycr^v^ ^ "Leader" gcr

8

oo<I

Gowtham .e& 'NoutfA

good

^e3oO- S)4:iesA:n B

S^aSrJ- "who
&.

lias

character" eac&tfa- 'Adjective phrase'

c)

Adverb phrases
Sp
...
.

(|Sd&*

S"Sftc

a,^- 'sip'djo

fSsSacpdSbsSjs,

sp^gi^fl^eM):. & 'Adverb' S3 (phrase)

1

."Adverb phrases"

^.TI

aso.v^Co.

tfe

Sofl

IP. English Grammar

i]

Aflitha will
a.jf

come

'/

1he

mormng
w & phrase. 'Adverb' -3
sS

g ^Sf*a.... "irt the morning"

2
j

Race horses

will run/,,, wift

tf,

mannCf

Koto* *&* c.&&).. & phrase- 'Adverb' ^

^^ ,^^
"in swift,

&

^tfj&^a....

manner"

'

u ^- "clauses

W6

'

IjSudha

expects "that she will get a n

,
'

***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf award" u! &a a . phra ,e S3

.

(^ ^ .^^^ ^^
m va r a
"

^gsssff.....
toe

that \ h

"will get"
_ .

8d6

2] This
|
i

is

the bridge that

my father

conned
father
-,

a^ooss

ssos^s

,a)j

>t

istructed"

,, Ll^

constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'

^^

^^...,

my

e&

B
tf

KINDS OF CLAUSES ---

Mam

-Clauses, B)

A)
or

P"r
MAIN CLAUSES
.

Sub ordiMte Clauses

AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES
S -SB.

..^. Ma ^

J.P. English
,v.:-

Grammar

50
is

Govind has -a foreign car which

very expensive

'Clause'^
ArS^Si.

*o&&. ^v>*i&>6*-

"has", "is"
1

"Govind has a foreign car

>5d&

"which-

is

very ex-

pensive"

& oo&
M

'Clause'sx)
(/

"Govind has a foreign car

dfio.^&)

&5^ 'Clause' sSri^S

expensive"
(5>

^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very

)"... ^rJo

Clause ?3o^^

estfioj

^^^,^^(6,

B) SUB-ORD1NATE

CLAUSES
S'

'clause'

clauses"

.;.

Govind has a foreign

car*

which

is

very expensive

SS^
is

SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii ^WcScofa-^dfo). ^8

s^^:^.,.. "which
5^^
tsC)'^

very, expensive" "es&

clause

(V)car"

tfSotfda 55*^

fc-JfiS^....

"Govind has a foreign

'

w?i "'Main Clause* hatf

aof^a.

3?*tfsS4i$3-

sp^p

-*.

etd

Sub- ordinate clause'

KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES

x

(^35^0^
1

5^ffgo^&os3

tf&

6w):..dip

c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective

Adverb

"Adverb" ss&Slj
"i]

cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS-

*Sub-ordinate Clauses"*
8].

Noun

Clauses, 2] Adjective

Clauses,

Clauses'

1]
l

Fdoun Clauses
3c?Jb

(spsSasF-Jte

sp^gc^^coex));-

a.S'

Noun'

S^a

^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o-

"Noun Clauses"

XV. English Grammar

.v,:-

I
l"J

knoW'f/w/ she
1

{$

good teacher

;yr>ao3 tsS
O:'vCj o (v)<x)-

c3b 3*&)! 2]
^<^o

I differ

from what he says

fact
is thcit

(o^c^
cible f
*-*

cDiyuitopftS^c^) J.
os

SJ

The

she

is

do the

work (<&&>

&

ScubdoSb (SsicJ)Oo&c5a

KS^gSio)! 4] It

certain thai she will

come to-morrow
5

Siorr

....

"Noun

Clauses" ca^j^L-

That'^ r^r^

'what's* rv

2] Adjective 6^^ 'Nouri ^ n*$

5
'

Clauses (a'l^esi
4

3cs?
1
-

sps'gofi pronoun'&> r?Ri. *qualify* S?r

'

SS^-..

'clause

o&-

cs?irv>

Adjective'

o^
-1]

"Adjective Clauses" <&&

She

is

the girl M'/WJ J loved for the last three nwnths

i^?^

&P(& So co rr

[t^oO?6i

^'B

^j^as>3)! 2] This
S^rTdg

is

the

which Host yesterday (&Z>^ Sankar is a boy w/w /,v Ao/A

&

r^ai

^-e

^osSS)!

pen Bj

chver-and mischievous (SOS)

sS:*5c"J:x:

pen, boy"
qualify

.e^Ki

'Nouns'^)*

fcs'-tfdosrtf

sS^?5

'adjective

clauses^

t3&^oco.
:.

NOTE
whom"
8

^^tfea&oiT "adjective clauses"

a

&&4

"who,, whici^^

23 J&

i(isSjiOcJ

iSrc?o^SrFoco.
*

-5)

Noun'?(b-

qualify

iSd&dcSr ..-

Noun

cSdb5Jfif

l3.-...

adjective

clauses*

c&oi^o-j:.

3] 8 & sp^QSS^Q" ^ 'Adverb

"adverb clauses"
0.6.
iii)

ADVERB

^^

woijcfi."Sjfi^
ii)

i)

Adverb clause of Time,

adverb,

clause

of

place,

adverb clause of purpose,

iv)
vi)

adverb clause
adverb

of

Reasoii,

of condition, v] adverb clause

clause of

'-compa-

J P. English

Grammar
of
.

risen, vii)

adverb clause
ix)

result,

viii)

adverb

claxise

of

supposition,

adverb

clause
,

of

concession;
,.

x) adverb

clause of manner.'

i)

Adverb clause of Time

se33$c&
es!0-

(s^o

&jv5f

^c&^al^
"advcrbl
*
.

o5*5<?otf):;.'
clause of time'
?

?or>aop_
.

'Adverb

clause' &-

$$o$j*&.

Ex. i- When 'the teacher enters,

loSiSSoO&Syci

'the students stand

^Ta

c3*|oo3 &oa}&'p&)*

33^

jiff's adverb

clai?se

"When
of place ii) Adverb ciap.se
:* ?SoSixc&
"

^pfiodb

(JOG jS^cJJT |Jc^> "s^^w 'Adterb' clause^"adverb

clause of place"

^.

The woman searched

-where she lost her, purse

(&&

cip^'o

jSoOfl-

^/rg^&S^

^^o^

^)'3tf5?S<5).
sStfSjx>-

^e
f

sp^g&3^^

'adycrb

clause'

^^

"where"

&

'placet

ill)

Adverb clause
"

of Purpose

'(^
clause

adverb clause* &>-

"adverb

of

purpose"

^-v, :

Swetha
(

serves

hot so that

.the

guests" may enjoy the

dishes

/Adverb clause'

ci\t)
t

"so

tliat"

^ri

^':;

I?) Adverb clause of Reason

(~&$
*-adverb

^^ s^^goW^w):. tr>&^^ So* 5ptfss>^& r$X)oD clause ^ -'Adverb clause of Reason" woipcS,
1

<y>

8]

J.I*-

English Gramfcidt

5B

a*[L&

sjoAli

:-

The building

collapsed because they did not

^oS)^o"3)....
er

constructft

properly (ggrfsSa

^SfcxaSa

SP&
8

cr>S3

'Adverb clause'

^-

"because"

Adverb clause of
44

Condition
as:o5S^ &aoi)
'Adverb Clause'^.

T^gort^w):.
Adverb Clause of
Iris

Condition"

&&

50^e5b. Ex.*.
estfefc

He

will

go

if

brother comes

(&$&

^eSfibefc

SS^sSff*

'Adverb

Clause' e*a

"if"-

i)

Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&

S^Si'gort^):-, Adverb clause of Comparison" esS

JS-v.:,

6^at>&

fipao>

'

Adverb Claused-

esofcp&,

Pallavi
^s

is

cleverer than

Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&

&*&
"than"

?Sa).

Clause' 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb

'Clause

^o^ai>*

"than Padinaja"

clauses*.

'[Sdab

(Verb)'

g^b. "&33....
s-

^gi ^clause'

*than Padmaja'

vii)

Adverb clause of Result

4

3cr> ^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa wo&pdi. Clause' & "Adverb clause of Result"

'Adverb

Bx.

Savithri

was so

tired that she could not cook

(&3$

S3*rv

tseRi^^doSScKS

Sob acS&a&S^a).
f

^s

sp^gs^a ^

Adverb Clause*

*viii)

"that" ^&> StfsSs

*$)tf^

& f^ag^a.
'Adverb

Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf

'^<c

Adverb Clause of Supposition" &

J*P. English
*:-

Grammar
it

o4

83<!&c& ejoASi

|j

Even

if

rains, I shall

go (Stf&o
<&

^3 5PSf*&;*3 ftrSS)!

"Adverb Clause' era. "Even if"

ix
}

Adverb clause of Concession

^-OoC^
.

tf^e& s^S'goft'^w):. "Adverb clause of Concesssion"

*?5^a5

^Adverb

Clause'^;

'.o&pfio,

^-:- Though Latha

is

poor she

Is
'

honest

^o^ "!>&o*a>

Adverb' Clause' ^^-

x) Adverb clause of

Manner
,.3o
'fle'a

^^ sr-^o^);.
Clause'*:- "Adverb

a^^^

,^OD^
fij-efi.
'

'Adverb*
|i

clause of

Manner* *a

>

"

Pleasc do

^7

f^
'Adverb Clause*

CLAUSES AND SENTENCES ,<

-xw):.
og
]

'.-^

-c-2
-e,

a^,,^
.^

^a^.
aso^fic.

(Construction of Sentence)'

&

Simple Senteiicej

; nte _ 2J Complex s
)M

Compound

Sentence"

w&
~

.
:

Phrase, clause

*&i*&s

Simple sentence

^^^

-v

s ,, v

,_

fc

'geixij:.

-Subject's*

'Simple Sentences'rp

"t^,

'2]

Complex sentence

(SoJ|
a.g'e

a-JfgSu):.

'M a n
i

Clause'^ &8c&) a,SBrpK) Scy

Clause' e&

^o^ iSb^Sn-B

'Sub-ordinate

^eftdfc!^ sa-jfja&."CompJe3t Sentence"

^ wot-fi

1]

Let

me know where you were

csfi)^5*
8aS'

^
a-

studied

SOR^a^oA)!

B-tfjSae'

"Let

me know" a

*Main Clause' ^adSb "Where you

were studied"

'Sub-ordinate Clause' o> <&?6\s.

*?]
"

Give me your pen which

is

in your pocket
8

bD"ko&j&
*'

^od)!
9
J

^s

spSgSicfir

"Give
in

'Main Clause
Sub-ordinia.te

&6clo
e

"Which
AS^a.

is

me your pen H w& your pocket" s&:

5
=,^

Ciause

3]

Compound Sentence (sbsj^ggs^)

"Sub-ordinate

Clause" u&;3a.

^&'

S&^&-.... So&rpa, eotfSoc

<(

i&, ^
e^^

na- 'Main

Clauses'

&?^

sp^gsS^^.

Compound
absent

Sentence"

ij

Rajesh was

ill

and therefore

he was

from

office
.

"Rajesh was

ill"

&6d&

"Therefore he was absent from office"

'Main Clauses'- &<5^a. The examinations were over and hence the students vacated 2]
"hostel (SSS^OD 8>&*acfc \
w^pab),
fd

r^aifi....
50

Sa^^Cooo
8) ui

sS^d

^^sSx-^6: eJ

^rl

spg'gsSx^,-..

"The examinations were over"

&Sdjb

"Hence the students vacated hostel"

o&

~do&

'Main Clauses'

NOTE

^ O SD 'Main

Clauses'

ASj

'compound sentence'^-

J.P, English Grammar ___ _ m __

66
*_
-

compound
3.,..

sentence*

&*

"Multiple Sentence

'simple sentence*

&

Complex

sentence

'compound sentence'r?^; \simplo 'complex sentence^u Sentence r^& ($.*.. sentence* tence'^- 'compound
Sentences

NUMBER
Number, 2]

(Noun) Plural Number" ea&

S5tf&:a&-

Q$rg$$tf&>n%*.

l]

Sin

Number (&&$$&>) 1] Singular ^d&- Ass (n-flJ) Pen (tfo&>), Box

f

;-

a-tfflr?

fc),

Woman

sSS^

sy>^^tf^

sS^^e&^

"Singular Number*'
tt

2] Plural

Number

g^ Boxes ("35*)
Plural

^ga

(8DoK)^?5sixi):*'5oefon BDoft3d&. Asses

Women
e^K)

(^)

Number"

e^o4^&.

FROM SINGULAR FORM TO PLURAL FO1

'Nouns' &~

1] Spqr^s^rr>..., 'Singular
"s" e*&

Number*^
e^S)

aj$^

c?e

Nouns
number
1

^&D
(fc>)

Sc&eo^OfS,*.,

'plural

A\ : .

i]

cat

cats

(ig)e).

2] dog

(&
4] girl

(&tfj.e3o). 8]

boy

(as-exrfi)

boys

(ss-eofii).

girls (spO^ex))* 5]

pens (^oSioco). pen (tfosia) &&wtf$ sS&)&oe" u s, 8* $&%. Number Singular 2] S7^cco. ch, x" 9& w<tf&oe* eojfl

^ Ji

^^

ss,

if. English Grammar

EA-. :
.

67

&3[fcc&

ll gas

(sycifo^)

gases (cdo>aD).
(rr&tf)

2]

bus

(SDO^
4].

buses

(&>o&>).

3]

ass

asses
(STtf)

(n-&tfeo)

kiss

(&>&)
branches

kisses

(2&&e).
brushes

5]

bush

bushes
branch

6l brush (ssboS)
(3ix>

(&o3e).

7]

(S^^&^Y_
watches
10 j pass

(S^sf-:).

).

r&^eo). 8] watch (rtdcptf&3) boxes (I^OD). box (~S>!>) 9]

5

passes
8"j

Singular

Number

tJ

*plural
"ies"
.
s

1] city (?SKtfx>;

cit/^(SKtf&aeQ).
(StfjSao)

2]
countr/*?-s
-

'^ ?tf&tfs5e). 3] country

4] story (^^)

stores

^tfc).

5] family

(&aaoa>5Sca)

family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady

(^)

Note

oe....
tfS5j

e^a 'plural

number'

30)

keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey

3] ray
(StfcaSSao)

monkeys

(g^&ex)

ray^

^*&) (S^^^).
(wt)

t~

kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo) journey^

kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e).
(^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla>

5] journey
play-

4] 6c
1

number
Ex, i.

1]

mango (&p&as$oefe)
/.7

mangos

/rfrn-ss-

(sS^StoftsSo^). -^efeenV Si echo

2^]

her

IP. English Grammar

.

53
4]

valcano
(Tte)

(wA^^tfsS)
buffelo^

valcanc

tf3$s3) 5]

buffalo

(7?3e).

v
number* e
**;

1]

photo
radio-?

(o^ttsg>)

jphot^ (a^So&G)). g] radio

-'p^
'

zs*f^

f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^)

(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4]

bamboo
canto^-

^o^o)

borriboo^

5] canto

(so&)
fc

(s*o^^ex)).
"Singular Ntiihber'
4

5]

Ts*

rp

fe'5* r?Sj

d<&K>

sS^fee&-

"plural form'

d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.;

sS^Sx "OsStfKe

:-

1]

leaf

(&)

leavw

(^s&ex)}.'

2]

Toaf

(cro^^j-OD). 8] life (^S^&D)~ knife knivw thief 4] (&) (^&es>). 5]

K^
(fiTotf )

thic'vr.'

NOTE ^
#5
forms
;-

f'^ ^CP

fc'5*

S_5o;5i&. iasg-

"s"^& ^Kd:^^'sSi' ^&o L 06^^ BPG.-.T plural

s

1]

hoof

(Btfj.)

hoof*

(atf^ea). 2j roof
(iOi>
tf

proofs <(*tf j&Sb) 4] dwarf (si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs (^.SEO^^CO).

safe^

S] proof

jrf

safe 5j

sj&sSl^).

6]

strife

form*

^o5-

'plural

form'

S&

^:i^ teeth

foot 1] (2WJsi:)_

ft

(a-tfSaw). 8]

j..

Bnglisli

Grammaf

^9 ^J

^N < moAi-i SarOioicm

3

* ,~

in* So 5

).
'

3]
i

women

(A)_

won^n

(d0AT/lT'/r'
CTB
ff\

*/

'

<

v''

Olsiab!

.v. : -

IJ

mouse

(;>*)

mice
(

aa T tfcfi

).

2]1o7se
r^^

7]

"^
:

^^sp^JT

sSfisScx>.

agStev...
1

*plural

numbers'

&o&rooo.

d3- 'singular

number

dj*SsSa3db.

Ex.
8]

1] nuptials

(tfo^c3*S&o);

2] measles

CO&OSP^, S'o^oV
5] pincers

mumps

(rfStfOtfjeo);

4] scissors (^Sd*);
(Atftf
etc.

f^sS
&] spe.

CS^D); 6]
,

annals

(^fi^), 7] obsequies
.

[c^co) 5

ctacles
I

PF

^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) ^

*s'

Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf8] g^a^

^od, sj^'plural

numbersW
cj^ss^

Singular number'

A-. : -

ij politics

(o-E3c&

w^sb),

2] physics

(o^T
(bajo

3]

Mathematics

(rteSd^sio),
etc.

4] Mechanics

5] News.(sKf)

9J g"a^

Nouns-

'singular.

number' &*&>,

'plural

number s*;^,

1]

sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo),
,

2] deer

(gafo-^),

8]

swine

4]

cod

(^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), *

etc.

salmon

'nouns'
4ofiroa.
ll
-*

dozen

(o(jo<&[co),
,

:3]

gross

(So^o&'XsSoLao&jea)

3] hundred

4]

thousand

^3ca|3e)' 5] score ^e^a/X)), 6] pair

XP. English Grammar

-v. ; .

BO

ssSJbcifi

aj

]]

This air cooler costs three thousand rupees

5tfs

^otf^
&'s

3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&).

2]

She

sole

five dozen eggs (&!b

o& sSo^o&fc
"Compound Nouns"

10 j

?o<

&tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL 'nouns'....

-

"^

1]

Soa-in-law

(ww&)

son^-in-law

^ex)0|jfo)*
(Sf^tfojefc).
4i]

2]

Daugh-

ter-in-law

(*&eo)

Daughters-in-law

8] Step-sor

step-sons
)

($

^efo^beo)*

Step-brothci
5] 6]

step-brotherJ

(K5^

fr*tf&co),

Maid-ser

Maid Servants ("&S&o t o[&). (tiSS&a'co) der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in- Chief
vent
*

Comman-

singular numbers* r?
^i3

^aL^coi

r^fc

..

5-ejb.

0- 'plural

number*

c^O^OM.
^

*:- people
lii]

s5ae), (L

poultry (t*5j), cattle (sSai^e)

Kio^goSj

etc.

eS;tf:S5j3&rp&,

so"eo Scs

n&a

'singular

number*

&oS

'plural number'
rts&sSi

& ^o^eo^....

ol>Sj

^>

opte,(')

ADO, Sa

t^^

s as

i's and four e's in 1] Tlere are three 4 Sao :2a-& ''( &acBb

tliat

sentence
(

ne^ Vw tfoft).

a^o

2] The

teacher

6's

and

three 12*s

on the black board

13]

ra^

'nouns'.... 'singular number's*-

'plural BUmber'o*.

&gtf

sS

a,8f

$&, a)^o.

^, LS

.....,,
j.fr.

.v fangtish Grarmttar
.

61
iron

1]
'

tin

tins
(tfrftf&o)),

2]

($&sb>)-

irons

(tfol6j).

3] copper

coppers
).

(a*

spSsSaeo).

4]

fish

(3&V
,

fishes

&] quarter
io)-

quarters

Gj spectacle

spectacles

7]

customs

9]
lights
12"]

10

force
respect
-

('j)13]
u

respects

good

goods
ren"

Ex,*,

i]

ox
8]

(i)gb)

^^ 05 )^

cbild

children

(4co),
!

brother
(e,

brother^

s^ix))

brethren
eitftf

'

151

'Nouns

(A) 'Greek

s^SpsStfoijjco:-

1]

Axis
.

(<)

Axes
8]

21 Analysis (agJeaS&o)- Analyses

-

^0#83fS3$e).

Basis
Criteria

Bases

).

4]

Criterion

([jS&pee&o)..

Crisis
!

(f5ot>5>&)-

Crises

6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses

'Heybrew*
).

EsySrSjCisibco:-

l]

Cherub^
SScJptf)-

^sS^pd)- Cherubim
Seraphim

2J Seraph

(/T'sSj

fCJ 'Italian

:-

Bandit

Banditti,

Bandits

'
.

'

J.P. English Grantniai

i'-;

au^icfc

^oM^

ni

Gender
Common

(eofto;,
"Ij Masculine Gen

&j'&>

i&f$oov>....

csofj:o?iooiXi)-

2]

Feminine Gender, 3]

Gender,

Ncuicr
!,]

li

1]

Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b

'Pronouns'^"Masculine Genders". eS

30^
WQ&
(

'Nouns'&j

*:- Boy (E?CO&),

Man
etc.

(sii^:^^},

He

(aC5^), His

j3^^.) Him ^wfiJaa)

'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns'
A:,:.

2] Feminine Gender

(^
;

aort&o):*
She

^^sa
11

uOc.vbv3d

&-

"Feminine

Genders

c^A oo.>

Girl

^^sf),
etc.

Woman (^ ),

(im"3>),

Her

^&

i3t'i

Hers

^waofi)

3]

Common Gender
n
6

(&tfd& Qofi*^);-,
wc^v-&.

^ci^^&rori'-ib,
1

.spaa

^;

Bofloesa

irfo

BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns fi^

/;.v.:

'Pronouns';
La* Pu;

"Common
"( ODD

Genders"

<a>Q

Doctor

(;;5^.;^X

yer (^goi)s^s), Friend (&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief (w'o^),

SS)>

Bab y

C^

35

).

FOQ (^L& ^)'

^&

)>

You

(s3&), Them ^5^0 ) etc. 4] Neuter Gender (

'Neuter

Gender"
Chair
It

s^

wc&p8b.
tree

,v.:-

Book

(^ofiJS),
(atf),

Pt

sS)

(^fi^^,

(3to),
f

Building

Bridj

),

(e|*a|Graajaaa) Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$

vc*

etc.

From Masculine lender

.SV^inSne Gtrr^vr
'

(:;<

J p. English

Grammar
sStf

63

*$\L<&

A) 'Masculine Gender'
11

3o&

uStftf- "ess"
1

Sayi
'

^o
1]

-..

a-

Feminine Gender n ir^5

(tfrfoaj*). 2]

.v.:-

Author (tfrfotf)- Authored

8]

Poet^v (sSQ[G).
Priest
4']

Heir

(sptf&efo).

Heir^v

Poet(). (W&oex>).
(fcosS^sSaa^.

(wtf^&efo)- Priest^i- (ftstf^&D-a)). S] Lion

Lion c\w (ss* &o&&:>). 6] Host (o(& '"Sa4^efo). Host^j? (o& 4) 7 ] Patron (2J*5iSbefo)- Patron^'J ^^Sba-sxi). 9]Gaint

B)
"ess"
x.:-

1]

Actor

(<&>&>)-

Actress

(J6fl).

2]

Founder

Murderer (sSotfSb&)8] (|psS&icp). Prince . Princ^j (cS&ScpsS). 5] Tiger 4] (ct&sSc^)Tigris- (^do^^j). 6] Master (o&23&a)- Mistr^5 (c^3
.

7J

Emperor

(^(fsSj>)-

Empr^w

^tf^sS_6a).

5]

God

C)

o&

sSyfl^

^e-..*wD-

goat ^is'^db)- she

'^o^ SS^sSxj'san goat (&&t}. 2~\

^OS^COD. ^v.j-l] He.Pea-cock (&X 3&o)-

pea-hcn (3&3aaO). 8] Cock-sparrow (&rtMr,V hen-sparrow She-buffalo (ria). He-buffallo (fiaSj^tf;)4]

(es&i-&;.s).
5] Land-lord"

^^So)
washer
^

Land- lady

(sxpSr^SScR)).

6]

Washer(s^K

man
bear

(cpSkE3*&)-

woman
ft]

^^a).
He-bear

7]

Jack-ass

rvfici).

Jenny-ass (fl&rrficJ).

(&^ ^ea^eoe3).She
Cow.Calf

&

ia>^oKo6.

Bull-calf

g^^^S-

D)

g*aj,

'uirjOo^

sStfsSxj'co-

a^
^-v :l

Boy

J.P. English

Grammar
Bachelor

84

sarSifccBb

ssoAS

ins

Girl
i'j

fc--6i). S]

^a^tra)4]

Spinster
(tfo|_a)-

Husband
-5]

($')-

(cf:\

Cock

(Wg). (gMssos?)- Hen

7]

Wife

Father

Motl

(i^aib'do).

6]

Son

(j^tf
(w&SoS^
Wit
Li

Daughter
"]

'ji^i")-

Dog

King

JJT>B)-

Queen (o*s).
10]

(^Kgog'^)Wizard
9]
'-

Bitch

(&poLp&fc)-

f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex).

Ram

(gpjsea)-

Ewe (&/T'S).

11]

^a:&}. Lass
1
:

(a?S^)..

12]

Monk (^Si)-

Nun

"]

Drake
'^oOd-f

(j^rr&)- Duck
S5d,'ffl'

lv,

Ij

Hero

8 i^c^r^ci&efc). Heroine (^5p^dt6&c7 ex)).

.

2] Execut<

^rr^-^iifcj..
r?5':'*

Executrix

(aa^oJ*&cpeo).

3] Proprietor

proprietrix
V

(frotftfig)..

4} Widower

it,ow

^;I^)-

5j

Fox

(^o^)~

Nixen
.'

Bride-groom (i&&). Bride

(&$).,
e3c^

Case(sif)
--

sr-^^6^-

'noun*

'pronoun' &*....

case
as
.

6:-4iioi.
%'
,

xo
ft''

...
"""

g*&^ ^ofifS^^xjear
X* jjsj

'pronouns'^

^i

a.,3

-^ i/"

*
',

/^o c ca.e

fc

w.
H'

~!

*TLT

jj

Nominative or Subjective Case

r^Objec.ive Case, g] Vocative Case, 4] Possessive Case"

wS

1] Nominative or
a.S'

Sabjective Case
,'*'

si'S'gi^'ioii*: '

'Subject

i')'

(,*

Ar ^,

nou

."g^j'-yi

"Nominative or Subjective
:'

"'""

Case"^ An'd7a

--'^:..-?i

\x-^o:r-.i!

JP. English
1]

Grammar
is

65

The dog

a faithful animal

*
2]

(gb^
&Sa. sa Subje4

B-tf^Sna* 'Subjcct'n-

&

'Noun*, 'dog'

ctive Case's* Atf^a.

Kumar kicked the

11

ball

(&&*& 00 aa

#3^0- *
t

^ f-'-^S
'Object

"Kumar

w&

'Noun'- Subjectir ^o&r:..., subjective Case* c"

2] Objective case (a^fcdfc. atf J)u *s noxm .... iS*"e

l 1

^^^

(c^sSaa-^sSa)

'Objective Case*

1]

Chitra
1

sang

a song

(^ ^
11

'Object

J&S^

Noun
the

"song

e&Sa.

^a

'Objective case's*

2]

The pen

is in

'^^^e/j^essic
"

7-W^
qa'objective

'object' r?

&^

Noun-

pocket"

&&

case**

Note
^-v -:-

:-

a.^^6

a,"g

sp^p^a^....

Bo&

Objects*

Ao&-b

55tfi^f&.

Renuka gave Chandrika a valuable

u

^///
8

tfo&^
"gave"
1

"Chandrika" ^QC&D
"gift"

^ift"

&

-Boefa 'objects

e&6fi ^^^)!
fS

"Chandrika"

cs&sae^fc,

sS^ a!!

4^*

'objects'^- "direct objects*'

1

sSr^b

o&

3ofi?6 'objects

^-

"indirect objects'

^fc

eao^dij.

'Indirect
ea?S

Object'rv*

6^

'nouns'^-

"Dative Cases

(tf&fi

$Soe)"

3] Vocative
3,c3

case

(gofi^tfSJ'g*
'nouns
1

S)tf

J)v
"vocative case
1*

SbeotfLtoSb

ArjSc3j-Ao^s>efo

s-

J.P. English
.v. : .

Grammar
?

68
nie

&\&ti&

soAS

[n*

1"

06W

forgive
in,

(L

5$)^
cr-)!

tf&^L

QSvetka* come

I^BP,

fi^sSCfi

sit g] G7/7,?,

down(e?

A'0/<? :-

'Vocative Case's*

&

5pSiFrf&:?i

Sto^s*

Possessive case 41 J
''object"

(siS^ssJ \ *_a ):/

.&
5

si&2-

'subject-'

cSatf^ Sp^o^rr

^CP subject
'subjecl'rv

Mir:3

(possession)

r?^

AcS^db....

^d3

*nouns*r:> "possessive cases" Sc?. "genitive cases

bought Mecna*s car ^ef&g i] Keerthana has taken officer's charge

Ev.:-

Ramya

(fitfS

s^tfri ?^5cSf5:).

?]

Baby

took

Brings book
6S^ 'noun
1 '

Vz

AVw
case'

/i)
*=!--;

^^sss^^ 'verb'fe "verb * tfiisptf 4^

1

SaoiS

'sxabjectlv
<5 ;i

'noun

objective case*

v. : .

The

^iV/ kicked the ball

o-

oc:!).

"kicked"
1

e&

'verb's
f

'subjective case

^^
1

g&^g
;

ctive case' e^rCr.Vtf/tf

...

^
.

-ball" ^Si
' ;
.

^oup
"

.
r

'objc

Ar^.
g,,^

,;,.;,,.,

(ji^

f^^tfsian.

53tf sSaiotf

'-'preposition'
rpfe....

tf5.vc

4S5sA.tfs5^. 'noun
*"!-

rpfc t

'pronoun'
is

'objective case'
(sf

AO^OSS. ^-:.
.

l]

The pen
is

on the table
7 , ;e
,

S^a). 2j Sujatha
Si.a).
's

angry ,>/,

^g,

r'Sji:^. "on", "with" a & prepositions 2o

;

-^M.

"table"-.-

r-0-..n,

K e"

&

pror oun- 'objective

s

j.P. English

Grammar

8Y
)

uJCi&cSi s,o,Mi

rr--:,

;.

(m) \
'

&*5Ttfe83SMrp 'nouns'stftf

caseo*

&

^Q&otfO
<S

SSfiJ&ao*Ko
re

cSoEJotf

?ya.

)3....'pronouns'6 -"you", "it'^

E..v. : .

"I,

We, He, She, Who, They" w&SSJ- Subjective Case

*

n....
.

sjS)

subjects'^ ^r-i^2o ^

s^S^-^c-^c:^
E^

"Me, Her, Him, Them, Whom, Us" ts&rXaSj*

objective case
/

^5o

&oii-cco.
i9

esSrr....

=}- 'objects'rp

SSpiftJA

5j

SS^s50j;)O<& &*3S'53jAo^aD(^o <X3.

J>

Note
&ti^

^sSDS3*to3'

^iv)

sStfsSSlc6Sr

...

C-Si'-

apostrophe (')

^cfo...,

<3

RpS>53tftfsS

'possessive case'js*

Usage of Apostrophe (w^g-?

1] [SrEs^o

AS^B
s

Z3*&&j0&;

s^osSa

(Time),

^P^S'

(Weight),
(s

bib ?oocki ('space^ 7 v

&
(')
s^adijaD
1

SoeaoSoQS
1

oP&i^tf^sSaoSb OsStf- apostrophe

Sp^tfea&or?....
x. : .

OrSo

f&^.^j^AoCT

apostrophe-

of

(c^s"^.)'

w& wtf2i& ^0^0(3.

milk, a week's

Gayatri's pen, dog's legs

a month's time,

donkey's

journey,

a day's

march, a pound's weight,

etc,

a stone's

throw, a hair's

breadth,

Note;* iJK-a&^a S&S&oSb'

53"CJ^iooSb OSSd*

&6ctfa <sySf*ssio&

rSr:cc53-r.^V^

apostrophe a

^sSdSp^o^^p^^:. esciiai ^iccr?*'

*of s
x. :
.

&*^i
a^

6'i>fapAo^C).

The. roof

of the

house

(a,sSj)-

The
wings
'

house's

roof

(tfSSj)i,

b)

The

leg

of a Chair

(c-3\>)-

Chair's leg
(tfsS^)

(^V
d)
S)

Th'e wings of the fly c) legs of the ant

(e*s3v)-

The

fly's

The
rr^

(^)-The
c3*&53tf^

ant's

legs (tfSxy)-

2} ^'eaioSb
-ofcS>

SoflS

sStfsSas>& ^Stf

apostrophe

rv>JO

6S5SyAotfSi& \&,
x

*:- a) The

horse's tail (or)

}.F. English

Grammar

&B

esSi|j>c&

The

tail

of the horse, b) Sita

was

Rama's

wife

(or)

was the wife of Rama*

81
jt

l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1

*f

^&^tf&>otf"

,...

0^0

Stillx,

A &OIF). #:- a) Mother- in law's ho (apostrophe) ore chief's b) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in

&"#&

etc.

ll

r3&j
a)

Ss &*&^

sp&.prfg'&oo.S

noi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe

.v.-.

for Biercy's sake,

b)

a ship's crew, c)

death's

dc

etc,

Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S
^'s

18

sjjxs
.

Rj-sSagprfg'

^dj^oSb

>sStf~

s eS^i

)sS<^-

apostrophe
club,

JO-Aot), s

& ^^ So*^.
c)

x, :

a)

women's

b) children's society,

men's

etc.

6]

jirfrsttS

7aas^tf5'
sSr-rtfsio

o3cjace& OStf^ou?6 ^co&.

r?R> f
3f. : -

es

apostrophe a
b)
T]
girls'
,:'

a) boys*

playgroiu
S5 ^

school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses'

3sSiEa-tftfiS)Sh
asStf
oC

burden
....

etc.
<?

<^ ?S^adi^o^^
5

a.^

Be
,

gj m

iJcf^cfcs

& fcoB-t. &f. : .

b;

Sb8cS s$j.jtf^3 apostrophe a ) The Governer of Tamilnadu's residenc The Nizam of Hyderabad's Our sister palace,
c)

^S3S3if^2bD^&

Sunkha

marriage

etc.

^
>

oodfo

0&

apostroph
4oo.fi. E.v. : .
s

b) aJ.P. and B.S.P'

) Rajaseihar and Jeevitha's marrj, rule, c) William an d Mary's Com-

pany

etc.

J.P.

English

Grammar
*:Can't
a) I've (I have), b)

-strophe a &OCT>>.
c)
It's

Don't

(Do

not),

(It is),

d)

(Can not), e) Didn't (Did not)

etc.

Usage
(Ibtf
S^^O'esSSan
1

of Capital Letters
'smallletters

wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)
ort

&$s$as>S^dSa>

(c^ji

^*.i'

*-:- eye, ear, 8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3. finger, they, cat etc, S&eo) cob 'small Letters' r ^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn Note :- ^i *** OC CO
'

|tfSa
a,

'Capital letter (lei:

eic.

Ramya, God, The Ganges

-

'Capital Letter' n

1] riS
1

letter
is

^g&jS ^ SwtfeS SSfi3S <SM^J^ [j3dSpO. ^-: l] What is your

4

ff*a

wKtf&s&2]

Capital
sister

name?

My
B

a teacher. 8]

The pen
r

is

on the

table,

2] English

poetry(^oK^ ^5x))6^a $& &tfsS(Iine=ssSoS )ciasT^ lv. !w witfsS& 'Capital Letter'r? UP-O^D. s3eSsSfl*a
Jill,

Jack and

Went up

the

hill,

To
"&,

fetch a pail of

water.

8l "Proper
-Isdb

Nouns"

wwn*....
*

$&

6x!6^

SieSsSe25ofiO

&&^gd"ti6, Stf3%9 w<tfSSa- 'Capital' LetterV

Teaali,

i5jc&).

The Ganges, Geetha, India, Chennai, The Himalayas, Andhra Pradesh etc.
*:4*1
I

"1"

e&>

sStfsSaaSi)

Si;

*God

S)5di3o
l'

ta

So^^S^i
n-fe....

<3oao3oC;i j1

&fy3'& (pronoun)'
"

^^too 6

ro

^Xtf^)^

Capital letter
I

r^ipcto^O.
zoo. b] I pray

v :a)

When

went to Hyderabad,

saw

the

God

to shower

His mercy on our

family.

f5oeioSoS)?3 51 a,* 53tfc&ae*a 'Direct speech'^

*Capital Letter'n-

i\ English

some new bangles." tA ajRoopa said, "My mother brought Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/
3

6] J
I-

^
o'.

&*&s&s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o ^ ^
fi

Quotations

(" "Jdr*
-S^D

i^ D 2ix,:rr<ysU'sxo?^-

?r l^-CcKc^..,
c

<s

Quotations |Sr5'o^
t

,';:.;"!'&

~-

'Capital Letter' r?

^^,-0.

^"^:-

Gandhi ji

said,

"Truth

Is

God",

^v. ^Capital Letters' rr> '.pci'.pCu

received by the Collector

The Governer of
the

P.
at

was
the

aud

District

Judge

Gannavaram Air-Port.

'

capital letter' rrrelief

,poBj.
to us,

E.-V-:-

a)

Death,

what

great

you ^ive
ail

b)
c)

give to

ereucures.

O O

Sleep, what

a great comfort

you

Sword/

give

me an

everlasting

victory again&t

my

enemies,

Silent letters

Bomb
"),.

fs3*oa"V

Hour

(spSSS").

Palm f^^),.-' Island

^^;.cfes>c&*

Wednesday' (3a

SS^y

^e

^C<&o

. , , .

"'Silent Letters

r.P,

Engligh

Grammar

71

.iS|&dBa.

30 AS

'silent leters'&
:-

Bomb

(o-S),

Hour
3 to
...

(s$ff).

PalmOS).

Wednesday sSTi.

eso

:.

1]

Bomb iVS}Sjy f

2]

Comb(gS)=ca3^.

3]

Debt(sfi)
sSo^^.

4]
(

ss^^^Sio. B]
8]

Dumb ^tfS)=

6]

Lamb

Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^.
Scene

8]

Tomb

(^^s
4]
3]

2]

(^)=^gSS:o,
^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb,

3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe,

5J

"Science

Scion f^du^^j^

^o&tf^^

Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf. a (v/ \

6

A^Botfasi?)

^?J^

oifiS6we:. l] Benign
8]
5]

(kg^W
[fisiS')

dcs

Kw, 2] Consign
tfo^S, 4]

(gS"^) = fco$y\otfv
(Sfi")

Design

= ^sS

Gnat

= dabg

OSSpSsSa,

Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^

-

6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb;
1

= ^6 f 7] Sign '(^S")
:-

asS^S:;

Sovereign

^a^S )^^^.
c3tffiM
1]

*H*
3]

A^So*Jtf& S'S^

Heir

(&ff)

= s-tf&&,
iT-tfSSx t
ajgs;

Honest

(3)=

s*cS&fe f

8]

Honour

(So)t=

4]

Hour

(wsSS^srrfoto,

5]

Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^

:

6]

Humor
'1C
tfs5,

(dfijsSa5)=:tfa,

S&.

d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i,
2]

^^^

Knave (^5) = ^^rv&,

3]

Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_ Knee (fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]

tfS,

Knicker
eacofc;

(a^)sB&,

Knife 5] (35)=
^swda;
S]

8] Knit(aff)

7]

Knob (f^^)-^^,

Knock

(53-r)s=tfe43,

ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10]

ledge
f

Know

()=

BO&r^;

11]

Know.

(^35)==300 O^&a;

= fci&. 12] Knight (3ff)

'

JJP. English

Grammar

72
:-

esS^dfi sjoAS
I
J.

i/'dLxx.;

Balm
-ij
j

(sr-S)tr:
ft

-/:.:,
;

1,

Oalfr--4^,
,'

r
?

-r:;^:-,

Talk

(^s')n::^^,

Aims (&^) = eKsS, &sp?SS 3o, 8] Calm (sS)= ^'3 Flfc ^2") = ^&<^SPSS:o, 6] Half ] Walk (a*! ) = ?6^ 8]
:

t&ti,

Would (^5) 3.^b-)&^. ^'] *3N d^^^wG^^^S) 2"?^ 6^^000: :.- 1] Autumn (*s &>>) = Column (s5:S)= a,^ ^/<&o; 8] Condemn -=^CPCO ^o^ 2]

r :?)=ao!c&,
?

r':^^:;

-i",

Baml (^^T^rttfto&d^
:-

6]

Hymn
=

*' P d^X3o^s)2N
Ac^slx
-"!

3T*S^

^JSoo&o

1]

Psalm

fSr*&)
^1

Psychology

("^^^^^^J^ ^}^
'"-'-'

tj
r
.
'

-*
.'

'"'"

"

Harm
?

f^S^r=:l&, ^^).

w^>-c^s5wct' ^
i
i

T ^^ Oj
8

oi^^oso

:.

Hasten
Often

$&&,
J.l
C

Listen

^ToT^^^eo,
fc

8j

^"2

Soften (S>T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:u

V-

^^SwCJ^^c )
2"!
"

3^S)

o50}^^
8
j

:.

1]

Guard
.4]

z*6,
tS,
'

Guava(r-?Ep'}

= ^5SDSSo&,

Clless^S)^^^,
Goild (Ao"]=75a5
s

Guest

Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,,

i]

(SsSpeaSS^;

Tl Gllilt

(A'J^^t^D. o
v /

sspa^ 2] Sword

(^)trs?,
x.
T

--]

Wrapper
\
/

(o'5~)=:. sSa^tf,

4]
o /

WroM
*-

= tfsi^ (cpo/T) V
/
\
ji
*.

3] J
--

Wreath
'
,

(6S'') = sSye.

8] J

Wrist
/*?%
/
(
""*"

fa^W
\
O*'

&

Write (c)~):=}srdLr* "1 !^^, j pj % *^ F"?** V^ ^ li 1 1 ^^" COiwSis3c^ v^ o-wiv^jOO

5

j/~^

'

c*

'**v*is <ffs

- j

*.

*,

t~l
I

T^*

"rf"

r ''

jDrigfii

:o

idj

j^r

(><::,

t'
]'

Caught (c'iTVr
Fight

ii;:-"A.,
r-]

8]

Delight

(flpfi)t=s

;'.,..:'"s^ 4]

Q::)^-*,,

J-iglit

(:)=: V^-c,

J.P. English

Grammar
oe>sa>,.

73
7]

ejS'&cSi

6, S] Tiglt (3$)=o. L tff 5, li] Though 9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e*

'!,

6]

Might (g>S>.

Night

1:]]

1]

Drachm

( Lt

rS)=,$

rotf/ifratf, 2

Parliament = sSS!oe 3] (^g3:oS-) L

,

^,

4]
6]

5]

Could

(&<f )-

^c^Kea^^,
-Sdasea&da,

Should'

WOlild 7] (^ff)=
.

8]

Youth

e>

Active Voic and Passive Voice

'j&....'

"Active voice

v. : .

Shilpa

kissed the

child
sStfsSao-

^osSxere_ "Shilpa"
4

&

Subject

(-^

kisscd

^&^.... "kissed" u&> verb

^-

"Active voice"

2]
f

e,cT

6a..o
:

"Passive voice

The child
Is

was kissed
"Child"

sp^gSMfl**.

by Shilpa(og ea& S5^&o Object

1

(tfcJ^)!

&

*was

kissed

^sSao-tftt&SS)

K&^,...

^s *Verb

form

&-

*4

Passive Voice"
c

voice

I.P. English

Grammar

ive Voice'

flf

B^

'pasive voice's*
'voice'
w'::g*-

2C.

Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice

r^l
TL-

SL-S;.^&....
Sl--2b "a:,

e
;

FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE

'Active Voice'

?^K:,
a,^

4.

8-^|sJSi-

'passive voice'

B-tfgr.

1]

'Object
3-a

(^)'&&-

'Subject
-.-

^tf)
sfc*dSi

^&-r--.
**
-

'Tensed

.&SfloO

Subject

verb Si J

c&
"by"

'past participle*

:f^^
t'-oSi

:.

1]

^^^s7T..
4
f

&

sSdJs3a&-"

'Object
ficp^,
^s

c^;.

2~

S-ubject &....

'by'S- 'Object'n-

ju killed the bird.

f.v;vt'

rtvY*:-

The bird was

w

killed

by Raju
'passive voice'a"
8

/.

:-

'Active voice'6"^
?:-:l^c.
f

bird"es& 'object'-

Subject* n

rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?-

verb

form

was

killed"

e^
1

past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o

?-

S:::.n
^ri,

S2S6.
-

&$&.,..
5

'Active .Voice' -r a....

....

'"Raju"

^Subject

"passive voice' sr

'object' r? 3dti&.

'

^
r

\jf

IP. English
Active Voice
Ptfssfvt*
>*>/.:-

Grammar
:-

*\

'.

na>ff ssaftcA goAfe L

'*',

Sarika beats the dog,

'

FoiY*:-

The dog

is

beaten by Sarika
< -

'Active

voice' G*3....

dog"

o&

'Object'-

'passive

>'

voice's*....

eso' sSpc!-^Subject'& CA^ton*.... 'subject' rv SreiSa.

3>

verb
''

form

S-

"is

beaten" <a& 'past participle' r?

sfreStfa-

"by"
fi^O

So 6&'sSa wtfSsSun"

3aS&

fift

tf&sptf.,./
1

'Active Voice'

"Sarika"
5

w&

'Subject'- 'passive voice e* 'object' n

^5^.
;-

FROM
OO"&..--

PASSIVE VOICE TO ACTIVE VOICE

&*
53^gSasSs-

'Passive Voice* o* &&\

'Active Voice' 6*^5

sip

a*^

^*v

d'C5ol::rv*-

aSjJ*^ ^j^LOJNGD,

:.

1]

'Object

"Subject' n

S^esaeSbofl.

Sj 'Subject'-

'Object'^ apcaa^ofi. 8]
form' ^PI^
^

--wS

'object'^

w&r&w&an-.... 'verb

s$T*co><&o.S.

SiJcO3*

fi

9 voice'eJ cooo^ew;-.l] passive

cScf^i^tfeoSiiiri

^sSi3j-Aotf
o3

jx)&-

"By"

<a>&

'preposition'

^oAotfco&^oa. 3] "be"

>.

Passive voice
/fvt'

She
I

is

loved by me,

Ko/ce

:-

love her.
Voice'e^S....

:-

'Passive

"me"
8

esSi

'object*-

'Active
7

Voice's*.... "1"

w&
itt

'Subject'n
'Subject'-

^aScGa. w^S....' passive voice

'active
voice'a^,...

^a..,. "She" &9&

'object'rv4

"her"

rc-r>ja,

by"

o&

preposition ^oflotfaafSa

*'is"

&9^>-

be'

atoS'j.

e&^sS^p

^oAo^^S^a.
him.

4<

loved"

w&

verb

form- SreS5 object

Passive Voice
Active Voice
,;-

&

wrSa^ra^or?-.., "love"r?

Sjr-cSfSfl,

-Mangoes are sold by :- He sells mangoes.

l<

'Passsive Voice'

ato....

liim"

&

*object%

^Active

*
.,

r.,
|S

j.i>.

kngiish

Grammar
"He"
ia>&

c;.'o|ufc

auA^ (^
"Mango

Voice's*....

Subject n

s^toa. c^rL*,
11

u&

'Subject'- 'Object'rv
'

s^d^&. "sold
sells ',v

c&

verb form. &,

object^ w&rtbsSsn-...
1

&v:Sa.

*]}y'

J^aotfu,^

..
B

"are" cs^- 'be

[8ofl

Voice
Passive Voice
X.K.sP.y.i-

:-

love jou,

:-

You

are loevd by me,

will

Th ? Headmaster
The students
SJie

promote the students,

will

be promoted by the Headmaster,

A.VJpj/-:-

does the work.

is

The work

done by her.

A.Vt- She has milked the COWK,

P.I/.:-

The cows heve been milked by

I

lien

A.VtjP.X.:-

sent her for the job,

She was sent for the job by me*

'A.V*i-

The peon

is

ringing the school bell.

bell is

P.V.i-

The school

being rung by the peon*

Direct Speech

and Indirect Speed

-

Speech

dsitf j<

v$),

S] Indirect Speech

(i^^

"jl Dire

M
;

sj4j ^ 1] Direct Speech ( L g r*'~*);. isu" - fSan a^ S^^orf a^yt,^.... '"Direct

.

fca-cb

Speech"

x. s .

She

said, "I will conic"

("^ ag^&

wa

ilj

j.P. English
,

Grammar
,

77

^
"
J1

w__

&(& ^ ,_ t. ^^ ^i-^^

jVo/f :-'*Direct Speech' 6*-

&&

r Comma
T&-

(,)

&
x

baa... Quotation Mark

^^^
letter

capitai
i

(la^ o<tf sSaa)^ ^pcXr*!).

a\:-

Asha

said,

My

motier

a teacher"

FROM
.

DIRECT
'Direct
er*a

SPEECH

1O
.^o

SPEECH:-

Speech'^

&^ >3^g
going
to

Indirect Speech*

sSptf^a^&.-^B
said,

//vcr Sjievch:- .Jalaja

"Now lam

temple"

Indirect

Sjwch >
wSijifo

Jalaja said that she was then going

-ttfo

to

icm-

pie

^o&
&3&-

Ki4a-.3&&S^drp
rf&?65oO
^

&C5S^cr
'Indirect

..,

*Direct

Speech'^ ^

3os$

2]

sSoCib

^^

s^sSp

(,)-

5*0,^0^104^.

8]

ss&s
conjunction
5]

tfo apt)oa^od3tfo"ft
l
*.

SoC&-

"that"

es&

;5vc?.

4]
*

Now"
n
8

e^?&

Adverb- *tbenW
os

^p-J?Sa.

"F && pronoun

'she'

sSpeSAfl. wc6rp....

verb aatf'j. 'Tense* &*33c3a.

^ooeS>

JV^fg:*

Quotation Marks
00

So

^o^S^

*verb'*6i-"

"Reporting

Verb"

&

IF, English Grammar

'TB

&&|Sjc&i goASi..

[W&$

to-

Changes, in verb forms: From Direct -Speech " Indirect Speech;'

siSryefo.,..

'Direct Speech's*

&S^ sp^&ooi'present
1
'

Indirect.

Speech"

Verb" l] ".Reporting
'Direct. Speech's*

&&&&''verbs

tensed
1

&%

^%

raofc-

'Tense
is

s$j*ea&.'

Direct Speech- She

'indirect -Speech:-

sayS'"Ths -dog

running".
4

She says, that the dog is -running.

&*& "says" e*&. Reporting Yerb- pre$eat

4

Direct,,

Speech'^
r

&h

verbs

(is

running

.Tense s$p<K>s3&. Note:- *says

&

saeieoiT....

"will say"

'porting Verb

&&^ &'....

'Tense' ^e^ei,

s^^sSa^.... Quotation Marks..? 2] 'Direct Speech' simple .present tense tfj^sS.^^ ^indirect speech'
7

c6'S3)&.^*
'"

Simple past

tense r?

cSo^S^o^tfsSi)'

Direct Speech-

Jayaprada

said, "I

am
'an

an

artist",'
.,

Indirect
.

Speech:- Jayaprada-said 'Present perfect tense' g

I

that she

was

artist,

CP$XG

*past perfect tens-e'rrs

CCP^"O

^5'io: 3oii^e?Ci.

Ex. i- Dir.ecr Speech*- Taboo said

"1

have -got

an award". Indirect .Speech:- Taboo said. that. she. bad. ..got an n 'Present continuous tense* 5p>^x>- 'past continuous award,
4<
t

tense' tfp^Q^p'&sj

So^^oSi.

J5-X.;53

Direct Speech:-

He

said,

"My
that

father

is

leading news paper

'Indirect Speechi"
'

He

said
_

his father
5"]

was reeding news paper.

speech' e*

'Direct
^

^^
.

'past

tense'_ c^'sS^-^ofc)p.o&,.

.'Indirect
SD^....'-

Speech*

-^P^
8
s"

'past, tense*

SipsSsSx)^^
1

^^^
rr*

'simple past'teBse

o^sSs^- *past perfect teu.se'

Direct Speech:'

Ke&.
said,
*'I

x.>-

(a)

Stefi

Graf

j?/a^J said that she played Graf Stef

i

.tennis "for

twelve
teBiiis

years".

Indirect speechi.

for twelve

years.

J.P. English

Grammar

79

(b) D.S.i1-S-i-

He

said,

"Our

sister

vvem away

in

the

night"

He
M

said that their sister had gone in the night

6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'<wS^$&.... 'Direct

Speech'
*In-

e*a-

will f shall,

may, can

11

&

*3*d& L c&'e

&&....
could"

direct Speech's^' Sebtfrptfp&'otftf&D

"would,, should, might,

*.:-

3oKe&.

(a) D.S.:-'She said,

"Sudha wf//
t

come."

/.'.: -She said that Sudha ivo^/J come.(b) D.S :- Nagaia "I to shall go aid, Hyderabad**. 1.5.-.- Nagma said that she

should go

to

Hyderabad,
/.s.-.-

(c) D.S.:~
said
t(

He

said,

"Ravali

may
the

come to-morrow,"

He

that Ravali might

this

come

next day. Suman said, I can do (d) D.S.iSuman said that he. could do that work.
7] "Reporting
&o"fe....
1

work".

/.S.:~

verb"

o&3<5

'Direct

Speech'

061

'said'n*
-s:S..,.

'Indirect speech'
es^

T*Sp.^

*"said'

n*3

6o^^c^.
Speech
Suresh

"said

to'

A^^efo
is

sS^^&o...,

^6

'Indirect

osaid to
that

'told'rp

C5j*Spoei^sS

Boib&ofi*

Ex.i-D.SsSuresh

Naresh, "Ramesh...

wrong".

7.5.:-

roM Naresh

Ramesh was wrong.

From Direct Changes in 'Pronoun forms Speech to Indirect Speech:- $%&.... 'Direct
:

Speech' 6* &ri^ 'pronouns'-

'Indirect

Speech's*

ic!:

^r-rTr^

i]

'Direct Speech' e* *^.... '1st person*"^

3?iS
Verb*
1

^^cj&p"
1

Indirect
-

Speech'

?Soe6-

'Reporting

'subject

'person' T

AO*...f

^'person

c*S5
S/w said
that
jft,?

Ex.:- -(a) D.S.:- SAe,said

"I will go." /.S-: : "I wiil

would

go. (b) u.5.:^ said,

/ go." JS.:-

said

that I

'

IP," English'

-Grammar
You
,

..

801

would

go, (c).jxs.:-

said>- "I.
.

will
;

go,'
'.

IS..:.,

you
.

said

that you
2"]

would

go. -''.

:.

'.'

'

'Direct Speech's*

4%

lnd

-person^ 3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..
1

"'Reporting Verb'
*

crSrosQp

'object

&

'person*

'

s&olb,...

*3

person'

Ex. i' (a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me,

told

"You

are
'

clever/'

She
are

Wthat'J was
4

clever*

(b)

>,?.:-

She

said- -to

J0, "you
(c)

clever/

LS.:- She
f/i^w,

told

jw/

that .v^w
clever/'

were
S. :
-

clever;/'

D. 5.: that

She said to
//i^r

"you are

She told

fft^/)?

were

clever,
:

From Direct Changes in 'Adverb forms' Speech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'Direct
Spsech'e*

&%

'Adverbs*- Indirect

Speech*^
Thus- so

o)g

&r6rp>
in 6]

?ocob

1] This- that, 2]

These- those,

8]

the

same

the pre7] 8] yesterdayvious day, the Last nightprevious night,- 10] Ago- before, S] Hence- thence, '. Hither- thither,

way, S- that way, 4] Here- there, 5] To-morrow- the next day, that- clay,

Now-

then,..

To-day*

HJ

12].

Interrogative Sentences .(^.^s^tfgSScoep) 'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.'

'(
"

-I

From

"Direct Speech'

&cd

"'Indirect 'Speech'

a^^

si

Ij

Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj 6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP 'enquire

2]
'lS
11

sSreaQ&oa.
3]

"that

w&sSc

iT.v.:-

H.e said to me, (a) J5.5,:-

."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""

to

!S.

He

asked

m who

had

gone

warangaU

"s& M

^cr

Jf;P.

English

Grammar

HI
3

o-

Indirect Speech*'^

'whether' rp

s$&a.
your mother"

The guest said (b) D.S.tJ.S".:-

-to

the

girl,

"where

is

The guest enquired

She said (a) -D.5.:-

the girl where her mother was.

to me,
I
t

Ex. i.
LS.i
-

"Did you see the Geverner?"

Governer*
Coffee?

She enquired me

/"/

had seen the

(b) D.S.iJ.S.-:-

He

said to

me,

"Do you

like

He

asked

me

'whether I like Coffee.

Commands and Requests From 'Direct Speech' to

Speech' 6*

(ss^ew 'Indirect

*>&

s>gwe3o)

Speech':- 'Direct

&^

Sentence)o&t

w8aeo-wtfgifce' 'Indirect Speech*

1]

Reportingverb'S&
*

manded',
S$P>QX>.
8

ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa

2] Imperative

mood

3^

6^

verb'-

'Infinitive

Mood'

fiT

a8
:

sir>G0^ooi5.
^a")

Ex\

D.S.:-

The teacher

j^fd to the

boy" Get

out

from the

class-room."

/.<$*.:-

The teacher ordered t^ boy

to get out

from

the class room.

(b) .D.5.:-

company*"

7.S.:-

My My

mother ^/rf

to

me,

"Never beep
never

mother advised

w&

company.
(c) J3.S.:-

The boy
The boy

jafrf

to

the

teacher,

plcase

me

leave.'

J.5.:-

requested the

teacher to

gram

leave.

(d)

7>.S.:-

The woman

said to the "queen, "kindly scvt-

my

life/' ^^-:-

The woman prayed

the queen ro save her life"

J.P.English 'Grammar
_ (e)

'

82
5fl/V to

irv&Si 83&&C& qoAS L CO \

'

_,

D.S.:-

The beggar
~/.5.:-

the passenger," please

the passenger
/

gW\
--'"""

me

one, rupee/'

The beggar begged

him one rupee,

Verb-Complement
iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan U 6)
-

(|Sd5o-33?j$;
t
{.,

11

"Transitive
.
.

Verbs. Intransitive Verbs

(complete) c

''Complement

1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):.

(object)

"Transitive Verbs"

^:-

The boy
S'&S'.,..

kicked a dog
'object'

(e^eodb

"dog" e5&
.

sjo^D "kicked"
'

e&

*verb

&-

'Transitive Verb'rp

2] Intransitive Verbs
SOi^
cSSccotftfS
8
i

O^k'

sitive 'Verbs""
x. ; .

a?S^e8. .. ^r_5 eS wbar&.

ri/

^sSa&.

^ |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ % "Intran- |,

sa^

{Sd&Oc&-

^" *

1] Horses

Rivers (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2]

1

//

sa-^gfiafir
....

'objects' ^s&.

sa2S&...:

&

e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.

sitive

Verbs" n ^S*^.^?).
"S> "3oefo

i^c^o

otf'sS&

^_62d:i)&

ASScap^sSefc

'coniple

s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"

J p.

English (jramrfiar

As
:-

1] Subjective

Complement
So* icS

'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject'

'Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i Q

(J>

^S^o&k^. & **
ftj

&&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-

ment" WP

2] Objective

Complement:.
''objective

'Transitive.

Verbs

*object

11

...-

complement

Verb-Mood
r

iScijbco

^^50 (Special functions)^

tf

^p

..

eito.

verb(,;Sii)

c^sr

&<&..:.

autf

ssa

(Action)

^ai: L c^

(verb foim)Sb-

"Mood

(6a)"

'Moods'^

J.F, English

Grammar
....

b4
"l]
Indicative

mood, "2] Impe

mood,

3"!

Infinitive

mood, i] Subjunctive mood"

1] Indicative

mood

Ai-Srftotf^5^
f.v.:.
-2*a

jfici-

"Indicative

il Subhadra reads

news paper
^s?a

'

everyday
2]
/*
this
1
ca:

sr-^-sS^

tffiSj^?&)

5p^057orsS.

pen ^fi & ^c^)?

go to school
^r. ^:fr! i]
u

^a

L sS^sp^g^o!

If it rains, 8]

abeaS^.... (SjftSa

How

-beautiful this is

(s?a

2J Imperative. Mood (atfo^' 'r5^ (request)', 3e# (order)'

t

(Advise)',

'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,

_:_i- 'Imperative
A'-:-

mood'e^
on the bench

I] SitinJuj*

me
truth

go

i
i

you
.

mercy upon us

(*

^^^t

g]

God Oh

G<

3J Jnf itiitire

Mocd

*;**,* ttca -.l-. L d. 'Infinitive Mood's*

.P.
"
.

English

Grammar
^SJS&M,)!
5]
4"!

Give

me

milk to drink (\&&te&

Sctfxxb
-?6s$
tffS

T
to

.,..

human (tfj
:-

f5sS?e3Sia)!

Kanchana went

wee*

her mother (a-otfS \

^C5^)
CO

Infinitive mood's*

&?S^ L c&*
'Infinitive

^
drink" ^^^SS-

verb.

'nounV r?,

'adjective' n* rpS SCP 'Adve-

adjective' r^^; "to

meet"

&&>&&.

'advreb

4] Subjunctive

mood

(dtftftf Qi
e

"subjunctive

mood"

1]

should not do

so

if I

were you
firfS!

(fc3
Si

a
country
3]

fe^

536^

s*&),
tfKsSoab

afSoSSa^

God saw

the

(Stfsio&lives if

Who

crops fail

Tense
iSc^'
-

3*&
"Tense

&o?s5^n.... (Tense) "i]|Present Tense, 2] Past Tense, *& Tense" e$& Future Sj<5'^oDiT QftfotfaA &bio2. 8]
1]

Present Tense (^^S^c6 sr*oSu)u

'

s,s

^^a'a

tense' eT (verb)'- *present

>).

^oto>oa.

^-:-

i]

am

boy

2]

She

fa

gofng to school

.P.

**-,'bngii^h UraiiiHiar
'

'
'

'^

'

y6

&3&[cbcjG *son

2] Past Tense
;r:>2r3^:;&
dr^tx^l.
'J

(
itfe,..,
es

c^c^iS^
a letter

(S cSb( verb-)'

-'

past

v. : _

to ij Rajani ^ent

NeHore (tf&S 3g3"&

Mangala

ir/'^t-

&

3j Future Tense
'Future Tense'

toofi. jEar.:.
I

i]

Kumar

w///

row ;i^;r J
r* ***.
_

^^
?^, rju(

yXoefo). 8]

shall go within

few mim

._

w s^

KLMDS OF TENSES
!

Present Tense

tfar

(i) present indefinite tense

iadrfinite tense"
::

fe

{8d!&.fci&gS a
simple piesem tense> -co
,

"j

^^
r

TA

child ,/

^^^
to

(ii present continuous

.-

5,1

tense(^o^^ a
. d6 .

VE-J^ox....

'Stf

te.:*^^
tense

arSSatf..^....

8ed6ad &.

^^^
present

tf^
Q

S B8y

school

towards

f,P.

English

Grammar
____ _ _______

87
_
.

esiic& sioAS ir?^r *~ *~

C*}

to

school

(&> &d

3S j

d&io^

He

/i&s co/ne

towards

me

continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1' (iv) present perfect ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?I Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ^ B C
.

rVovp3

4^

^?j^>

dOd&^dSb
$>

[5cJ>Si*55b:rfD-

"present
j

perfect

continuous

tense'*

esoip&.'
tf

*:-

1]

/mvc been recuJhi^ a

I

book

^^^

sS)^tf2S!&

db^)&S d&ofia),

3]

to school (^?Si a:d

2]
(i)

Past

Tense
(0Sai
^^>

past indefinite tense

&>&- "past iadefinite

slept

tease"
I

oir6.
to school

E^"-:-

1]

The child

(&

a|^25*<23&). 2]

wn*
tense

(a&

KAS

r-M;\

continuous (ii) past

-

past continuous tense"

3&>

<=s&

?so^d.

jf-:-

1^

I vc75

/rtr

to school

ED^ 3&&*^ cSSboas)* 2j She ^as/v^Jiw^

book

(iii) past
-

pefect tense
SS&tf

SsSad&S*
SC

4?

past perfect tense" esS ^oi^ci.

to

&.:

1
Ij

hud

VMC
^.
-l

school

3&>

8Dd

cStoofia). 2]

She haJ read

book

(iv) past

perfect

continuous

tense

(S'w

~^*S*

Bc&:2=x
continuous tense"

;c&- ir-i^JCi"-

"P^

perftc-!
f
.

sw

^olj ^.
11

v -:-

/:<t'/htv?:

;!i

rt -'

t4C

J.P. English

Otammar

school
a

(& B 3J
(-,,

3**p3

Ao<5

dwoaa). 2] She had

bonk

^^io.
tf&'

3]

Future Tense

(i) Future indefinite

"Future indefinite
school
(

tense

tense"

, a Modj

'

2T.

*i

j J//o//

,(

s-Bjtfji). 3] She
'

^///v^

a book

(a
'

4.

(Ii) Future

continuous

tense

sto):.

^^^^o^,...^^
2,^ L

31^3^
r-

^^. -ip^
tense

continuous tense"

I shall :j

be going to school

U tU re (in)F _
toS..

perfect

"Future perfect tense"

to -school

a b

( nvVp'V'^ (n) Future perfect

as ^>otf^ & ). coHtiouoas tease (tfo*tf Sos

^ ^ &ab ^
(

3ab

BM

3C

.^" ;:^
~
. !

^'^-^^....'^to^ "
&
-

*.
SChool

.<:

^ v:

-J

~.

kaVe beCn g

f"

t0

rcaJiji? a

book

Participle
t i ve \*^
*
'

^
j
a

-*
.

v--

-^

J,P.

English
_______________

Grammar
w

89

^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^-

2:r.'e participlesAdjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa) wa e*oL-*. . She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^
*
-:

_
j^"
Ci

e&!>c& 30 AS *C3

ir
*,

"weeping"

r::

:.':....

"weeping child"

wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx o-*

tt tf::!
5.

"Child"

-^

noun

&- "weeping" o&>

....

verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify

verb...

t&Z^L.
adjective

"weeping"

&

e5^ verb

n-&*

sjis

siri^c^X)
'ing'

tf&^ zicS^a.

^ s^^^^a

"weep"

^S:

verb
^parti*

^Qctxoiio^

itf^as "weeping" es&

verb form-

Kinds of participles
jS'^pspoSaa
M

(Tense)

&fcSSoa....

-^a 'participles'7
-I

S^^^rr

l]

present participle, 2] past participle,

perfect

partici-

ple"

M&

SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.

Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:* <^ verb &- ing'^ .^dc^tosSoJS &tf^& fSc&* :i*-S:& ^'present
1]
l

participle"
seeing;

05 Id

^oij*6.

Y <-

goa,ing=:

going;

look + ing=:looking; sing+ ing

x

singing etc.

2]

Past

participle(^^^
o&

present tense

^
;

^ScS^aJig

-3^aS
t

verb

&-

"en, n, d, ed,

"past participle"
'Ex..- eat

w^
show+n=shown;
etc.

+ en=eaten

love +

d=love;

ta

ed^talked; learn+t= learnt

3]

Perfect participle (c5o$r| ^d&-aSSg SL^^aia):& L5f^s^& Ar^t, sSno& -"having past participle

^^&

11

B'

^^^&-

"perfect

participle*

--*

,'

--'

I*P. English
.v.
:

Grammar

90

ES^JJ!

having eaten, having shown, having loved, having

etc.

t<

having learnt

riSSS of 'PaTticiplssX^^*^*^' |Sd&s? &oic3j**T* l" 'present participle ;^ Saofifc- FSoaofi^ 'be* form &> d
1

tl

Si'jr!....
i*'tfs

a)

She

is

reading [Present continuous tense)*

b)

She ,y/;0// be re (Pflj/ continuous tense)- c) earSs ex> 'continuous tense' [Future continuous tense}"
reading
".
*"
*

S^ 'past participle' Ssi

r?-.

^o2b-'have'&
seen a

rpfc,

'has'^b n*5b, 'f

i;di:s?S
/,-'

...

a) a

I //ave

\ion.(pre
letter

sent perfect

tt

b) She

written

(p.p.r,). c)

The
/lo.ve

king

////rf

^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall (Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense
] 'past participle' ssb

into forest

read the

ex>

SiiJ^&abR^S.

Saofia- ?Soejoa^

'be'

form

&

"a) Ravana v<w killed This book 1-5 written by me

...

Sc-:

by

Rama
c)

(pojj/v,?

voice
I

(p.y.).

The pupils wcre

tf

by

their teachers

/p.jg"

&

'passive

voiced

1] 'participles'^

i^a
all

4^.... "participle phrase"

-<-!-

//flv//i.

/<,

her hopes she

killed

herself
.

lost all her hopes", "she killed her self"

having
<ut>4f^.

lost"

e &%o'& B-cfo^o "

'

'participle phrase'.^
.

^.4,
^ dd^

fct

=-

Present participle'^

s^.-?

verb'

^2^,

'adjeci

tp. English
*

Orammar
_^ .,_..,_____

91
^^ .......
'
|

__

______

ir?>&6~ aS|iic& s*oAs ^ f*5

***

'noun*

oSSlfr*

&*^A>
*'

"Gerund" 3o
.v.
;

verbal
is

noun
good
habit

l"i

Reading,
..."is"

^ ^^
-v.-..

w&

e,S sioa (rf&s&b ^05?^! ^i &?5a* 'subject'?? (6ctt&. "reading"

^.

2 1 I like reading novels

"like"
....

y^r?
....

&S6 'object' rr es& L d3b^"reading" 7 'noun SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT -^ &5* L"!^,^::
1

reading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3

'object'rp Acdipg....

J^
:-

"novels"

^&

'object

s> roAcsSo^a.
'Oerund'oa
^oifc*
a,"

'present participle'

si>5ctixj
.,

CcpsS
e

^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^

Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&&
1]

^ofi
a-tf

Running

is

an exercise

(3&7^fc
I

^oO

<wj?SSa)!
11

2]

along the road,

saw a horse
"running
"running"
?i

e&Saj

"is"
4

di^

'subject'*

^fl.

tf&tf ....

a Verbal noun

S^

Gerund'

"running"

&
SS
Qualify
"

'pronoun'^'

.'adjective'
'

verbal ad J ective goe

<present partici

pie'

art&S^a. Tense (^s-!5g Usage of the simple present

tf

^&-fe

'Present indefinite tensed- "simple present ^e, i3iQ3j-rt3)!3****

tense

a,....

j.k Knglish Grammar

aSftdfr

3*2^. co^lr*-

a* it
*

Sjtfwzor?

&PO^

eS&soc^
7

safio.^o

cScw'^sSaeafiodfci/
fit.:b^l

simple present tense

r/jr^j

&

&r
fia

a)

The sun
Earth

in the east

(&&&

The

rotates round the Sun($j>3o

CO

the

morning

(j3?&

^tfcCosSx)

s$

*....*:- a) I take coffe v 5ft ofij&X b) She

gymnasium

in the early hours every

day

'. i

..

Ex.:

a)

The

b) The lion

4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco horse AflJ a long tail Sr (rtbessfo

b) The elephant has a trtmk(Si&rfb
5
i

^o^&oo^

,...

X<-.

a)

^
She speaks Ti
sijtdp>dfc&).

fiSpsatf^R

as well as
u-J

6oD^ cSo^Saooe*.... JEi--. a) Telugu (^eo^ ^S^ ss^ ^Sotf^P-

b)

western music besides classical music

el

a) The muslims pray Allah b) The Hindus burn the dead

(frofibfteo

A\&^&

efsStfa

,..,

v. s

1
!

The

Christians r/j^r

Church every
.

Sunday

fi
o

b)

We

ge/

month

iSj

J,P, English
8>dS>

urammar

81 S$tf&<S
les to

*.]*<&
The

She /m* two SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) i/ v

tfrf

her right handle's*

rain is heavy (3tf

&S3SS Bo&

n*33*o&

b)

9] tfag&;v>o&
c^sSioofl*....

a ^KtS
a)
I

^:-

g^ to .Bangalore next month

here in b) She crome^
a

te:^
day o

^db

36^Cjb*fe).

,10]

djfib).

#;,.

a) Krlshnadevaraya

.now leaJ5
sisSv^j
J

his arinj
o
ct
'

reach the battle field

(^^<S$a^c$>a> V wss

^ro ""^6^.0
*.

^oNftb u^doSb cyoe&5d)ibf3^^). b^ Kucliela

now explain

Krishna about his poverty(^^a>&>

Usage

of verb

forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^

12

(verb form) 05 n
Ssi

(number),
sSjea)ifcf3^

^&&

(person)

o?& ^^cSdoD
1

siptf

^
1

'verb
"past

s^

ox. ^s (SoCj SdbcSiT

,*..

"present

tense

tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>-

"go"

s&

verb

(jadtsi)-

person

{^SbSa,) f

number

iSj

J.P. Bnglish

Urunimar
'

'yy
u

"

*"

Urf

'*"

q*

^^'^*+v **-*-> ,*,aj &.ue

/Zf/*i

tWO

0-;J1

ti;

v.'*

les to

her right
is

b)

The rain
tfacigfibtoc
,...

heavy

(sto't

9]

^.

a)

so

to Bangalore next

month
a

(3S^3e>#'

3o^5orc

3ojdi)c6a).
fi

b) She comes here in

day or ;wo

8^i>^erJJ

JO]
s*fi

&). Ex* m

a) Krishnadevaraya

.rum leads
tf?S
yl

his

army
'

to

reach the battk field

(^Jiocfiw oi^& ^*

^Soio a
S)

c;-,-. ""

6'oK^

Se&iioSb

cpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela

now

explain;,

Krishna about his

poverty(5o^^&

Usage of verb forms

in various

(ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio
12

(verb form)
5i5jf5sio

rv

sireS,

(number),

s^cS^.

(person)
(jtotf

o&

i>&?S6oO
*present

&P&'

^
1

'verb
*pa&i

forms'
'

sSj'eaaiib^oco.
A

&

sSdbrSr?.,..

tense

tense

Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb

(|o^bV

person

I,

number

fctt

S! '5

w
-I

.'S

'5

.2

.5
-i:

in
f
1 "
.

a a

c a

J
jc;

o
O5
tt

o ?
fi

O
'.S

Q
"0

^
H QC < X u
Alt

o
o}

Mi
O
-fl

CO
.

^ H 2 LU

UJ

..

.i,
*
ffi

I H CC < X o
LU
(ft

**

06 'S
'

'o

-fl

-S
.

O) UJ cc

55'S

LU

fe

S
,

S
>
tC
;

s
4i

^
K

"5
co
-'

to

AJ-05

a,"

ft'

?
,

ifij

G
'S
8)
(t>

ej

w
'S

ca
se *^

o c

c *
j

!.?
:

English

Grammar

: Pv'jak Verbs
;

t;;:^st"-..W

4SJ

Sd, A L (verb)&
sfrSsws-o

.cjfcfg.

'd'

rj-a, -'ed'

:.-:....

(past tense) e*as

&>

|Sdfce&.

"w,

V-'.s"
ST-t'stc:-

:-J:~

"Regular Verbs

(^ptf

L Sc{fis)"

Ja

fe's

ense

Past Te s"

(Suffix)

!+)
(

+ ed)

(+0
k'

j
:

Strong Verbs

"'"

^ ^i
f

($*& \g& w y. m
(verb)
tense

U<*
(

Sotfo
*
)

t4j3 ' e!a

past

I """."."

^ &s

^^ ^^
(vowel)
ea

(presj

&.
"Stro

Sct3bo&. L

"Irregular Verbs

PastTfnse
-

<;

tbide

(?,r^^o

abode.

bear r^Sc^)

(tfSwS!n0BS$>)

b0re

onjugation of
!

some 'Weak

Verbs';1

(c;

d'

5^

'ed'

a^bSesS.... 'present tense

past

tens.

Asked
(

Asked
Believed
C1]ased

Believed

Cha sed
Climbed

IP,

English

Grammar

j.t>.

JSnglis'h

Cifammtir

afeftcAa

go AS

rt>
t

it

|4J

J.P. -English Cxraratnar

10

J.f.

Engligh

Grammar
a

\TK.

"

ra i
tense's*

Resent

tense'

.eg

teme
fall

'pan 'tense
fell (ssas>)
felled

past participle
fallen
felled
lain
(sSa)

fell (ssrf/r
lie

(J
<

lay
laid
.

lay

laid

find (X

found
fa--

found

found

founded

founded

"Found"

&&

She fell

down from

the tree
trees
CO

^'\

Son^e people

fell the

for

tlie

sake

of fire
"

wooi
th<

Sod3oc?& a&tfsS ("r-oci:oa -* \

&\ 3da& sStf/ratf / e>

I

'81 1
-t

on lay ?
the

bed
($&>

i'^^cas^^'
icc^^cb^

sS&^od3o)). 4]

lay the pen on

Slie
8

tabl<

e&o&> Ao^aa). 5]

found herbook
I

iiitht

kitchen

(^

tfS

s&Stf&)&
'^s

^oi)^(S^

tfSa/rasi))/ 6]

found

this society

(eS&

?OO&&D& &^&oOM).

Degrees

of

Comparison

S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of

-:-

Comparison"

e^

a) Java

is

tall

(-acfio-

SP^S^^);
SToS^a),

b) Vijaya
c)

is

taller
ig

tlum Jaya

^acS-

ttcaogTot)

Srivijaya

the

J.P.

English

Grammar
.

10

*&<&
"HC&,

* A5.

tallest of,all(^
"tall,

taller,

tallest"

o& ss^

sStf&oe-

.aesdSi,

(Adjectives)- ^tfrf&g tfj|pg.... 'UjTositive Degree,

paritive

2]'Com-

Degree, 3] Superlative Degree".

&

1] Positive
i

Degree (Brwftf |s)

'

r6db

3c3
1

o5oS'(6&

Xe

(^>raSSx)?i>

&sSpcSgsSx>n

SDc&^cJLiD

Adjecis

tives ?^, "positive

degree"

oS

eo^&.
house
is

*:-

good
S]

(^oa
is

&o^<a),

2]

My

^
a,^

1]
(CT*

Nandini
sg>

"^^)-

Calcutta

2
1

(tfetf^-/^^^^). Comparative Degree (&tons|8):.

a,^
1

a great city

^ sSgjaK5o^^(|)

sScS^jSy;
ftiiH*

SS&3&&-

sSs^^""

SS&^S*^ _a
^.
;

^sSxj^c&p f&coo$& ^raSS^&

.f5a&*fi^

^Dc^^dii
.

Adjectives'^.
is fee/^e''
is

"Comparative Degree"
than Padmini

&&

wo&pifi.

-ij

Nandini
house

(riofia- sSa^asfo"6

&oCa). 5]
^r

My

bigger
8].

than

my

brother's house (io'ajc

is

^dJdo^ Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;.

Cecutta

greater than Chennai

3] Superlative

Adjectives
"Superlative Degree'*

&3

^ofi^db. Ex. :

ij
S3*)

Ramifii

is

the

fees*

of

all

the

girls-

in the class

(<tf

tf

S^a
6

oodJ^^ s*bS
houses
"&>&&).

tse5

sSbbfia).

2]
(j?

My
ERG^D

house
li&d"
8

is

the biggest* of

all the

in the 8]

street

?^ Q^a^ofiSST

Slii^.D

Cal-

cutta

is

the greatest of all the.

cities in

India

J.P. English

Grammar

'JO*

**&<&

*S L*
^
(I

FORMATION OF DEGREES (jPS5g>&? o^Jfc

a* positive degree

*&

'Adjectives'^1

'Comparative Degi

5c&> 'Superlative Degree

5*a8 ^tft>rl&....

1]

a,"3

Syllable

& 'SAd&^

Adjectives

e& 'Superlative Degree' est" e& e<tfsSre^ 2dfcS!$,... &o. *:- (i) Long- Longer. Longest, (ii) Hard- Hardc
rt

'single syllable adjective' degree'^- *$ (a) .'positive "er" itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*

>tf;

Hardest.
1

(b)

'Positive

Degree
3.'. s
.

StfJ6-

*e

A^$&....fiK)8-

"r"

^*&

e^i

'Comparative

Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb

6....

'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl.

^-r- Wis
A^

Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest

fc)
^Positive Degree*
OiStftf- *y*

AoA

<S^)

3&^

sS^g>eo

parative*

&8da

'Superlative*

Degrees

Stf^tfcp'oaa.

jEx.:-

Drj

Drier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest

degree's (a) x * 'positive
.

OSStf'-'y'

&o'ft. S?!>

3?&^

Srexiexj ^Si
co

sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est'

o&

^5\c6^.... 'comparative'
1

Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j.

-E ^-:-

Gay- Gayer-

Gayest,

^'positive degree*
*er*
tive'

BStf- a.^1
3.....
3

aasa
9

5i5c^b

*est*

of&

35^-5*.... 'comparative

&6d&>

'Superla-

degrees

d^dfapa.

^-:- Thin-

Thinner-

Thinnest;

Red. Redder- Reddest

(f) 'positive degree*
fcsStf-'

J.P.

English

Grammar
;

105
c

er' SD&>
* 1

est'&ad&

3a^
v. :
-

..... 'comparative

Superlative degrees

^isrcxa.

Thick- Thicker.

Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,

1

2]

'Positive

Degree

s 8 & c &,

Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo

ra^

'adje1

ctives' i$&1

&Qc)&>
*

sS^&

'more
*

sS?Odo

most*

'syllables' Ko 'adjectives S5&-"' wR)^ e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....

1

comparative'
-

&>5c^ 'supeilative degrees

^

Sto'^tferooo.

x. : tiful1
Sf

(i)

More harmful- Most beautiful. Most beautiful. Mbre

Harmful,
1 1

harmful,
-

(ii)

Beau-

8]

^ Adjectives
Degree

a.g"

(tf&siofl^-

3&6is*.... 'irregular

rv-

compare

Positive

Comparative Degree

Superlative Degree

Bad (%$}

Worse
Better

^o
(ope

3|)

Worst
B;St

Good

(s?^)
(wStfa>f6)
"

(C-OBB*^)'
^fia-

Much
Old

More

gp?6)

Most

(aiJ)
^

Older o-o &tf

Lesser

Oldest

Little

^gb-SS,

COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'
gT
8

(^dfir-

^):.

'Adjectives' cS3c
o-

siSi

3<aS

-wrp....

^^^AoCi

'Adve-

rbs'

&P&
11

"& SS^S iSSstf&,... sS^elb

O
I

S^sSDD.erv

agfdoSSaatfoPoa.

"Adverbs of Manner", "Adverbs

of

Degree",
si^

"Adverbs
B

of

Time

e^^

&^&

^^SS^

Adverbs*&
^"e

^^ L

Degrees "of

comparison S6&oa.-4cps^tfeB&Positive

^Sb6 sSg^

t^^ofi!

Degr&e

Comparative Degree
Faster

Superlative Degree
Fastest

Fast

S^^OT

oo

S^sioTv

J.P.

English

Grammar
Sooner

106

ea*5[Scsi

soA

Soon

(tfjtf rp)

^no

tfjtfn*)
'

Soonest (SbS

5tf).

Earlier

(EPS *aotfetf)
'

Earliest

Badly

(S&v)

Worse
Better

(woBtfn-)
"

Worst

Well

(&oQrp)

(co

sSioOr?)

.Best

Far

(^p^r^r?) Farther (c-e&^cCsSan*)

Farthest

(JtoSj.0

Swiftly^r?*)

More

swiftly(!peSan)
*

Mo'^t swiftly

Skilfully

More

skilfully

Most

skilfully

Punctuation Marks
tffio3&&$i

eSj^ "punctuatic
marks"

'punctuation marks'

S^cSfiStf/fo^.

30

'punctuation marks'
1
J

r?!
"!

The Full Stop raark--^^ The Question

scr-sSj
P

osS^Sb (.)
(?)
;sL

mark=S^tfi r^Sa
""
'*"'

The Exclamation
.

&sy

I
|

The

Comma

?^^

c-j
i?

The Colonsr^t*-' The Se

}J>. flatfish
'

(Grammar

<

'

jp?

^<&
.

n>&& oASi L

7]

8]
.9]

The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],()) The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( )

Inverted

Commas marks r=

10]
-ll]

Double Quotation marks=t9&p^

OS^sSe("

")

HyphenApostrophe^

12
J

ia];Three

Letter &:=">> 14] Capital

USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS

1]
Fllll

15]

The Colon and

Dashrr^;.)

Stop

:-(a)

.CiSS^eptib.-G'*.:is

^s
.

o-^c&aeo <*bbrp A* Full Stop ^5^j^(Joo *^ O -o-*

_

1]

am

a boy. She 2]

is

a^girL 8]

Amani

clever, etc,

(b)
^B

'Abbreviation
'

(s5o'le><tfS)

o&- auS*^^,
j] M.A.
'

^s>a
of

^dbs^^Arts),

'Fullstpp'&
S,

Ao&Bpab/^-:School

(Master

2]

S.

C.
etc.

(Secondary
S)^^JO?T

Certificate),

H, M. 8]
8

(Head
sStf&o

Master)
e

(c)
y

^oa

A^
s

'Abbreviations*

Sj^c^^q
s

,..,

aS6 s.s'^^Oo
(January),

sSp^fitSa

Fullstop'
(Latin),

6oO^
8]

?66& ^boi5.

t.:-l]

Jan.

2]

Lat
Co.

Mr.
6)

(Mister),

4]

Govt.
Bros.

(Government), 6]
(Brothers)*
etc.
-

(Company),
'

Ltd.

(Limited), 7]

2]

Question mark
*4

:-

(jS^^gsfooab
M

oatfs /Full stop'&^

"S>^b^<Sb.

e$

jS^S3 Xs
*otfsS3Ji>.
'
.

sSaG

mark (?)'&
firs

A"-:-

^^ 3OL):o^ reo&... 'Question What is your name ? "2] Who 1]

"

"

you

'

J.& English Grammar'

iQB
:-

&ijbd&

$oAi

3] Exclamation marie
"Exclamation mark

(!)'&

sSp
ficr
"

sse
.v. : .

:f s

'Interjection'

ij

How
:-

beautiful she

is!

out! or Sit

down!

4] C0IHIBa

(^
*^o>

).

s^kgab)* 2] Hurrah! 3j (Interjection).

'(w^cpgtfs'

Get

Comma
a
%

(,)'

4?^^d

3.3

^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^

.S^a^' ^es-^caex,
(,)'

'and'
<4
.
;

fcr^tf^ Dharmaraja, Bhima, known as Pandavas

;

t&-

a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma

(*,

^ ^^'
|

Arjuna,

Nakula and
'nouns'

Sahadeva

are
;.

'-nd'

,*.-

sioii
is

itf."^ tf<fis,rf

tf^^rfs)). 'Comma' Aotfo-dSb'.

and weak
spoke

AsSsW

Old

woman

2] The

-Adjectives'

^^^ s

poor, ugly, miserable

).

(*, ^g-^g.
clearly

g] N.T.R.

.Telugu
,

nicely, fluently
1

and vehemently

(*

^^^i

Adverbs>

, --^

^
h

S csis-s

omna' ioiWec&a,. Et.,.

.

P..

,1 Rich
e_

and

motherland.

'
'

.
'

,..

EI.V

favourit

i] J

T ahn Taboo,

you

-Grammar
(d)

:.
.

169-

v*i&>*G*b'
*,:-

L CP 6*&^&
To

..&*<>&* .'rSb
to

Comma's,

Lsrctfpa.

1]

SaflV

forgive'

^^

err

is

human,
"is"

forgive, devine

&

6c6 L

'e^asa.
man; confe.

Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'.
rence, a

2] Reading maketh a full ready man; and writing, an ..exact, man

tf&sptf ^maketh'"

Conference' 'writing* o
>...

'Comma

(e)

comma' &
Sun
i

Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:.

-The

rising, 'the
set,

wofkers ''commenced
all

their work.
.

21 The Sun

having

they

went home.
4

|(f)

''Direct

Speech's

.^
is

s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations
*'
(jcr=cd;p).
"
.

&>^

&&,

i>doo&
2]
(g)
o?5o

sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai

:-!] She

said,"! will go**

He

said,

".Ramya

clever".

-^Compound, sentence' SofiS-

ai&dSo6& 'Comma'
go, but 1
'

.e?&

OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* ^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may

ever,
,

clause

come,
office,

men may

go on for

2]
'

He
,"
.

called at

my

but I 'Was absent,

5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colon f;) ^> f53d&D.
J
.

Ex.

..

The important tenses

, .

of a

verb
-il

are

the

present
says:

tense, the

past tensey the future tense,

is

.The
:

proverb

Dickens said J be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"

Honesty

the-

best '-policy'..

"It is 'better to

:^

acr

(jramniar

110
'clause*

es^caa

qoS,
a. "3

\\

o&. &>Sd&>

Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>. trees she came; she saw; conquered* 2 The coconut
J

,#:-

i'owS; it gives us

oil;

it

gives us

milk;

it

gives us ro{

supplies ub, indeed, with all the.

necessaries

of

life,

heart

was pure;

his life
:.

was peaceful and happy.

*?>g$&z.6'*

7j
.

Brackets
fc

(a)

***

^A),^i

'clause'

o^

c^g

cr-

;ji.oi'^ 5, clause
-tx. :
.

[Parenthetical)^.

'Brackets
tribe

()'

jr-L.

Abou Ben Adhem

(may

3ais

iucrc

A woke
r

one night from a deep dream of peace.

^/

'^

&3&&s3
^
1

'

Abbreviations ^C

'Brackets

"^

rpcj-.

^|>.,

-4

^^ ^gSSo
&^^
!

OSitf
1
,

&wg

0:

jr^SoR CPS^&;
r-.
:

s^^sSoa sySft

Brackets

e*^ ^dab-

i_

Rajakumari studied B.Sc.

(Agriculture) graduate.

(Home

a B.Sc.

8]

2] H Ranjitha bought a la
Science).

ciikulator(15 digits). 4] paihi The president of

My

father got an. award*

from Ras
touc

India). 5] Indian population

&e

;,:

million "mark

(10 millionssl crore).

P.-S-C/,'
'

6j
'

Write
79.)
.

es*ay about
'

The Simla Agreenient? (U

Mar:

'Brackets *^

Dash:, i y^sia
^^i;.^-....
,

^-3^

t<t

-:.

;^ v:l- 'Dash

r.| (Blank> (-.)& ..p^.

are

SfiC
*...

ij Gayathri is a
-

fri ends .

NOTE -..

English

Grammar
-

m
"Fill

up

the

blanks:,"

j^ 3d&&"
9] Single

Quotation marks.4
J

gle
.v.

Quotation marks
s

S5tfae& Sins,g Sex Inverted comnTas ic-ctSpO.

sSatfgg
1

1]

Mahatma_ Gandhi was

is

also called as -Bapuji

dapalli
in

Seetharamaiah

the 'founder of

'Naxalite
*

2]Konmovement'

Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded Bharatha Ratna*

posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay Sri Krishna Devar ay a. 5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'Bank
Nationalisation
7

and '20 point programme

V
IjfioSeaS

(bj Quotations &tfg

&S^

&*gx

ff

^-

Quotations

&6c3^. s$pk
'Single
11

3cs-

op^"g^3

sSo^s^efc....

5*50

'Quotations'^replied,

Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert

not Shakespeare

Was

it

who
"

observed
.
.

'Give every

man

ear

but few thy voice*?"

(c)

Sr3yo>
1]

fe'SbocSa- 'Single "*

-"
.
.

Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D.

',"*S^S^V
'

Ex.--

'Tit

for
1

tat
.

(^^

wto&

-2]

*Truth

is

God

(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)

101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^> J O Double marks Sc* Double Inverted .Quotation sptfgsSao&'

commas

(" ")

&tfjS
2] she

|spd6*>.-^.:-

1]

Lalitha Said,-

"Lam

going to market."
3]

Afuna

said, "I got

"it

U,P

S.C.

selection",

"Never mind" 5

replied,
&

made known

to

me who

were

wellwishers".

s&y&sS

s^^gsSD^oei-'

Reporting Verb

niintntinn rnnrtfi r^

J.P. English

Grammar
:-

112

11]

Hyphen
dJSe&

wortiFSWo& vfagg*
e*>&doSb

&^

Compound
Dash(

Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $

_W

word

d&oix>o3.

X:-

1]

To-morrow, 2] Short- sight,

6]

3] Lamj

stand
7]

4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law,
etc.,

Sister- in-tas

Commander- in- chief,

:-

12] Apostrophe
'noun'
l&r.-.l]

'Possessive- case' &> (a) 7 ^

&r-a
(*)

&
a

&8&>

s'

^b

&$*$

Apostrophe

(V) > /
^9

aitf

Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^
,

C*J

tvA
:

e*8>oO?6

^do

Apostrophes
etc..
s

[p*dfr.

Ex.

1]

It's'

(It is]

Don't (Do not) 2]

Apostrophe

^s$ob*rfsSEc&

13] Three dots'

Out of
useless.

:.

9<5*&5&

thirty

boys;.. .some are

clever and
serious

some

ar<

2]

If so,.,,

you have

to face

consequences

I .3] 'Recently....
.

have been to Singapore,

:*'

14] Capital letters

a-tfg&o^a

aatftf

s5^^

<^^

^^^

<#&>&,

'proper

notins'Sb
fl^O

Bofieo s5^&ie)

Direct Speech SotfO

letter'n-.jspdt&'O.

s5tfSa^
I]

^S

wJCtfa^fSp
'capita
I hav<

w*tfsfc>&*-

^-:-

She
1

is

going

to school.

2]
said,

seen Sujatha at Lalbaug in Bangalore.

are rich."

S]

Bir.du

"W<
ifctft

^s Capital

letters

^ap^sSwA ^sSoO ^o^^b

&

Da^h 15] Colon and J6& So8DoSoa;S aStfsSb&

'colon and dash (:.)'

:-

sSgjfi
rv
(list)

ra5

^ ^c^D.

:-

I]

The

articles

found

fy

the tkiefs suitcas?

are as follows

;-

two wrist- watches,

a)

J.P. Engll&h

Grammar
c)

118

b)
e)

one

transistor,

one
etc.

gold ringj

in cash, d) 1200 rupees

tw.o' pairs

of clothes
:<

2} Tie assets

of

Sudhakar
c)

are

given below

a)

one tea

estate,

b)

three big houses,

e)

one

imported

car, d)

two petrol bunks,

due cashewgrove

etc,

Same Words
Speech

in Different Parts of

spfi

ssotf sScJsSuoa-

c^5

fSoStf^sSab

cCoodi

1] A :5pSjf6^&

Article* r?/..

f*3&).

two-wheeler(wtf& a,tf flj 'Preppsition'n .... She takes meal twice a

8

He bought

day (49^ 3*3=

2] About
She

:-

^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)'preposition' n-.... They are

rtbeSoO

discussing about
*

the elections
is

(&& &&&&

rf^^&).

Adverb' n-....

about twenty years old

(a> \
(lj

3} above

:-

'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines

is

sSo&

o&
(^

as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove

ft

an

accurate

colour

?o2^
1

^OiSb).

'AdverbW:...

Look

r/&ov^ (l>

'preposition ^....

They

are

placed .above *$

T&&

&
and
her

4] After
1

:-

Adverb* rv-... She came

here at 8

PM

husband toon. after.

ea

(^^D SPJ^OL^^O
4

Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....

...

ftf'

Sofio^

S3^&).

Adjective' n

She was

more

peaceful in

/^/- life

J.P. English

Grammar
1

114

&&fid& eoA5
.after

).

'Conjunction n
'

....
9

She arrived

the

plane

left

38^&*ooDc6
visited

^SbSF

esSo

YP....- She sSei^&j. 'preposition

me

#//?/ mid-night

(tfc

5] As
sterday

:-

/Pronoun* r?.... This

S?$^
rffiSi^a

is

the same

book

as

read ye-

(3&
.

^S Ltfo<&fc>)!
1

^Adverb'rv.,..
^s'Si

She

has
wo^

beautiful as you

65o^^S c^^^.,..' as they were 'conjunction'?? ... They did

(&$

^)o^

^r^
told

6] Both
lfe

:-

'Adjective*^....

-'-Both girls

went there
She
is

^^^^^

38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?....

both an

educa-

^^ sfcadtfr ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp 'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married

7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... downs (&& &&$x o"e

His

life

contains
feScJio

many ups and

sS^^sSxo^

E'cS^djSSao)

A^a);
i8o&'

'Adjective'?^....

She has taken thedowH portion

'Adverb*^....
.She .sat rfoirw

5s-^a&

S^^a).
).

'preposition^....

He

sailed

<7w

the

river

8] Eaetl
a,S

"

:-

Adjective'^....

^r/? girl

has a "mango
1

sSp.aD'flsS6ib&
a-

^OAcJio^a). 'preposition

rv,..'

He

gave them

each

mango

.(utfefo

^6 s.STj.^eS

Enough 9] Enough :work (* ^5^)5 gpSSeftcSo* agotfaflSfl). 'AdjectivcW.... There

is

'Noun'rv...,

has

^.s^Sl^fiodfcA '^&)been paid for this

^w'owgft ,time for

yo-u(^&

o^otf

rS&c&sSS^a).'*

Adverb' n>....

Sh^'is not clever

enough

>

LV, English
'?

Grammar

115
cogae in
\

&$<& *oA
(e^osib o!). outs of the
r

10J
1

In

:-

'Adyerb'n-....

'NounVp....
bride- groom
.
e

came here to know

.

the ins arid

,

).

'preposition*^:... .She
:-

came

II] Less
'

'Nbun'n-.... I

7oEro^<3' i //*-time(c33o less don't take ($&

^Sb^

g-*&).

Adjective* n-....

You Should
8

eat less rice

(&$
1

She is less known than her sister oS^sia:^ aa8>), 'Adverb'rv.... 8 S^s-wS'oc efl'^o oO^^v^.). 'preposition n .... She ci^b^S.T ^53^ the the ^VJo ^cfi-\o wages less paid expenses
f

^p

'

12] Like':^ir*^
-d

'

Adjective

jv....

The earth

is

round

//A-e

ball

ao&sSS

i^oo^^on*
3,2'

&^&).

'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like

lunatic

(csj^o

isy^fl
it
///ve-

^S
-

^O
her

^^)^Z,

'p^position'rp....
u-^ro
3dS>3fi&).
&xi>
<

She

cannot
'rr.,..

do
1

like

(Lcrv> N.T.R. Films

has

you

^N.T.R.

ojis^o&
and

e,;,i

^).

'Noun'iv..... she

own //A^

dislikes

13]

More

:.

'Noun

n....

More has been

heard ut?out him

'

.i^oO oSs'^o (<aCJ^ asp^sa). ''AdjectiveW.... She has than riends you (S> ar. b e5^ f

-^^

-o^o^

Adverb Yr>,... She will come once more

(<s3i

sier*

14] Near ;. 'Adjective* TV..., She is a //^r relation to me (-^ ?3*& a'rteS aoab^))! 'Vcrb -n... r The ship is Hearing the>

shore

(k

d^^^o
'

?*&

J&^aj.^AdverbW.-v.
there
a,^
5s

come

W ar
-

^'Keor? u^!), near our school

preposition' rp....
(s&p
a<S
f

medical
afoia).

stores

^^sliS'
rr-

&O&Q
I.

GsoX*
will

15] Next
"

;'

*Adjective

Next month

go

to

Delhi
(es3>.

1^&}
,

'AdverbV.... She speaks next

]

*Noup'n,...

she did

not write anything

P. &iglisii

Grammar

JIB

about her marriage in this letter but

informed to

do

it

next

'prepostion' n*....

The

girl next

me

is

very clever
1

(&

tffibspd

esl&jo

E?O

303Sa).

of the players were present 6 rfofco ^ts& till 6 A.M. (&tfc&&o ^<biT&^ ^di* He two has wives but -I have 'hone 'Adjective n>....
^....' ATowe'
1
1

16] Non:-. 'pronoun

'

^^ei> Rs-d'goD

rs-fo. ...

^sSb

g&).
1

Adverb W/... She

better for

it

(es"So
'

oo&& 3a&2^ a
p

is

none

*^)at

17]

One

;a,i<

Adjective rp
?6sS3di^5^
this

...

Always do Owe thing

a time

(^os3>j>&r

One may do
This
is

0e

of
;.
!

'Noun'n-.... Any fidfcifo)! Aoa (S's-tf^s dd8bSe^&), 'PronounV.... his horses (sj<3 e^^^ ^ea^^a^ atffiM \

a,^j_s3aS
18

Cfl

18]

Only

'Adjective^....
.

She

is.

my

only daughter

'Adverb

rp....

She game pn}y yesterday

19] past

:-

*Noun

r
rv>.;..

Forget the
is

j?aj?/

(rftfs$x>&
f

'Adjectiv'e'n-...,

Her prime
She
is

position'n

..,.

an old

(1ba ^^ SJsSS woman past eighty

p^j/

*Pre:

20] Right
perty (#8
right

s-

'Noun'rv...,

^j^ ^

You have no
1

i-i^Af

on

this

pro-

S^&Jy- 3^).. ^Adjective'..;..^ She. lost her

If

hand (tt^-tfs ^oS ^^a S /T |j)r3&).. *VerbW...-.

ability the

you

have

wrong

will be righted

66&SPc53Sc&^&).
..right .into

.'Adverb'rp....
r

(&& fS&gtf .fto"S tf^& The drunkard 'drove his Car

jSo-f6drt

the canal

fc

(jprfb

-tf^ s'&cSs

ibj

J.P. English
:-

Grauimai
'NouhW....

1L7

etf[&c& so AS

21] Round!

Kaveri

finished

three ''rounds

around the temple (3*^3 fti&djj*

Cobbler rounded the leather
).
.

&j&

^tf&eaew 3~a&). The

*ex>

33yjo &J; sSgJ

ball
is row/itf

'Adjective'^....
'Adverb**?....
.^^o).

The

(ao8
(S

Any wheel turns roMiuf

'Preposition'^....

The

girls sat

round

the fire

^Wec
4

i:od:

-^IO&P ^cT^d).
s^otcc,

,:_

,-

;-

Adjective* r?.... I met aer l&sv night and I

not seen her siHte -^tfcs*^ S^o

^s6a

^D^&.

ss>-(

iv e &c&
well

S^

iis-SSffib).

'Conjunction'^.. Since you are

my

wisher, I will surely help

you

^l^>

& jJf^&^^S)
I did

ssSt)o'S5s;S

&& ^sS^
23]

^JSiiiSdScSa).

'Proposition'?^....

not see her

since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,&

Some
^o'!).
!&

:'

'Adjective
6

r?....

Bring some milfc

her
jojMg
six

Adverb' rt

....

saw

months ago

w&3ooSa

sSr'^&o

55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'Pronoun W...;

remaining in second class

passed in

first class

24] Still

:-

'VcsrbW....

When

the tempest

stf/fr,

the fisher-

men

will

resume their catching

sSdudd

(&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od

still
'

&
lake

(^sSco)

(aS.

a,tf-

S^o^S

jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a Adverb* nv... She is c5ds5>j).

still

writing 'the examination

'Conjunction ^...
tion

(wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s). She had fever, 'still she attended the func-

(^>

e^efssasa

SSO^?P

53^0

3<&^& ^agsfi).
here for a
w/z//e

25] While:-

"Noun'r?.,..

Sit

V,.,.

Dont

wM<* (fcSoglb^) away your money

'.

J,,F;

tlngligh Otaiuihat

(fc

tfax& S^ST* SctosSgb). the Sun shines &*

'Conjunction' r?,...

Make hay

Forntation of

Words
),

wog

'

I]

Fonuatiou of Nouns
a

Formation of Nouns from Verbs

Sc&o "&oa

Verbs Md3bt

Nouns
'

Admit (|j$^&oa&^)
'Agree (wo Adoi&)
'

Admission

Agreement

Announce
Apply

([StfaoeS))
.

Announcement
Application

(fil;*ip& SdSco)

Approve (<tso-6o^)
Arrive
Asyist
(sJci^}
'

Approval
Arrival
p

t!

(^

^&)
.

Assistance

Attend fiScatfA)
Bless
(firjoub)

Attendance
Blessing ^sS Cancellation

Cancef (tf&tSdia)

Compel (ac^aao.eS)
Deceive

"Compulsion
'
.

(^6AoCS))

Deception
Decision.

(fi

'

Decide

aoaaotf

J.P. English

Grammar
i

US
Delivery ^iDenial (tfrTv
Dismissal h

ejoAB

.Deliver -(lF?fs*ud&a,

Deny

Dismiss

Exceed
Expect
Expel'

Excess

(.wrfrfl

Expectation

Expulsion

Grow
Bate
Heal
Judge
(rf

Growth
Hatred
Health

Judgement
Knowleiolge
(

Know
Laugh

Laughter

Manage
Marry
'

Management
Marriage

Move
Obey
Object
(

Motion
Obedience
Objection

Oppose
Perform
Please
Protect^?
(

Opposition

Performance
Pleasure
(ST

Protection
Provision

Provide

.Reduce
Reveal
/

Reduction
Revelation
\

Revolve
Secure
Serve
(

Revolution
Security
Service
.("S

(t

Separale

Separation

Success
Trail

Urgency
Vacate
s

Vacancy

Vary

(
(

Wed
Weigh
Write

Variety

Wedding
Weight
Writing
(

(b) Formation of

Nouns from Adjectives

Adjectives

Nouns
Ability

Able
Brave
Bravery
Brief
(s$

|rffra)

Brevity

Broad

(SSS^S)

Breadth
Certainity

Certain

Curious

Curiosity

Deaf

Deafness
(flf*3

Deep
Dense
,

S)

Depth
.Density
(

Equal
False
Fertile

Equality

Falsehood
Fertility

Free

Freedom
Gaiety
Generosity

.Gay
Generous

Grand

J.P t English

Grammar

181

sjoAS
"

Happy
Hard
High
(

Happiness

Hardness
( (s

Height

(oj (

Holy

Holiness

Honest
Inferior
.(

Honesty
Inferiority

Intelligent

Intelligence

Just
(

Justice

Local

Locality

Long
'Mean
Merry
Moist
Necessary
,

Length

Meanness
Merriment
Moisture
Necessity

Newness
Noble
/
!

X.

Nobility

Obedient

Obedience Oneness
Possibility

One
Possible

Relative

Relation

Shy
Silly

Shyness
Silliness

Tumid
(c)

Tumidity

Formation of Nouns from Nouns

Nouns
Act

Action

J.P.

English

Grammar

122

Bond
Child (Brf \ Q

Bondage

Childhood
Creation
Friendship

Creature
Friend

Hero
Infant

Heroism
Infaricy (i

Man
Mother

Manhood
Motherhood
Ownership
Patriotism
^

Owner
Patriot
Priest

Priesthood
Service

Servant
Slave

Slavery

Widow
Womian

Widowhood (3
\

0-*.

Womanhpod

of Verbs 2] Formation of Verbs from Nouns (a) Formation

Nouns
Apology
Authority

Verbs

Apologise
Authorise
Beautify
filacken

Beauty
Black

Camp
Centre
Circle

Encamp
Concentrate
Encircle
Classify (dtfrfO

Class

l.P,

English

Grammar
accompany
Encourage
Criticise
(

Company
Courage (3tfgsS)
Critic

Danger

Endanger

Economy
Electricity

-Economise
Electrify

Famine
Force
(

Famish
Enforce

Fraud

("j

Defraud
Glorify
(

Glory (l_d)
Habit

Habituate

Hand (3ox
Head'(tfe)

Handle
(

Behead
Inherit

idol

Idolise

Joy
Justice

Enjoy

Justify (

Knee (Z
Length

Kneel ( v
Lengthen

Memory
Nation Neuter
Peace
Port
'

Memorise
Nationalise
Neutralise

Pacify

Deport
Export

Import
Transport
Prjson
Sfib

Imprison

Grammar
Slave
(

Enslave
Associate

Society

Sympathy
Table

Sympathise

Tabulate

Throne
Title
Utility

Enthrone
Entitle
Utilise

(a

sS*;3S

Vapour
(b) Formation of Verbs

Evaporate (eas

from Adjectives

Adjectives

Able
Brief

Enable
Abbreviate
.

Broad
Certain
-

Broaden

Cheap
Clean
Clear

Cheapen
Cleanse"
Clarify

Dark

Darken

Deep
Dense
Equal
Faimiliar

Deepen
Condense
Equalise (c
Fanialiarise

Flat
Fertile

Flatten
Fertilise

i'f

J,K Bnghsh

Oraffiiiiar

126
Refine

&;

Fine

Glad
Large
Little

Gladden
Enlarge
Belittle

Mad

Madden
(if j@

New

Renew
Popularise
(

Popular
Proper

Appropriate

Pure
Real

Purify
Realise

Rich
Right
Solid
Special

Enrich
Ratify

Consolidate
Specialise
([

Specific *

Specify (^
Stabilise
(

Stable

Timid
White

Intimidate

Whiten

Wide
3]

Widen

Formation of Adjectives
(a)

Formation of Adjectives from Nouns

Nouns
Accident

Adjectives

(w Advantage
Adventure

Accidental

Advantageous
Adventurous

English Gratnmat

Affection
Aiigel (3s

Affectionate
Angelic ^

Anger
Beauty
Black
Bride
(

Angry

(i^

Beautiful

Blackish
Bridal
(

Brother

Brotherljr

Burden (5tfL Bush (\'i)

Capacity
Centre

Burdensome
Bushy
Capable ^&
Central
^"l

(^^

^Go^

Ceremony

Ceremonial
Cheerful
Circular
Classical (^ \
fe

Cheer (^e^s
Circle
Classic

(^J^
^

Comfort

Comfortable

Coward
Crime
Danger
Earth
(aJ
(

Cowardy
Criminal

(
(

Dangerous
Earthly
(

Ease
East

Easy ^& Eastern

Imperial

Empire
Expense
Fable
Faith

Expensive

Fabulous
Faithful
f

Fnnl

J.P.

English

Grammar

127

Four
Fury

Fourth
Furious

Gas

Gaseous
(

Gloom
Heart

Gloomy
Hearty
(
.

(s

Heir (sp

Heriditary

f
N,

Honour

Honourable

Law u
Limit
(

Lawful (^go^
Limited ('& \

Meaning

Meaningful
Merciful

Mercy (g
Miracle
(

^
\

Miraculous

Money
Mystery
Nature

Monetary
Mysterio us

(tf ( \

Natural

Number
Origin (

Numeral
.Original

Peace (

Peaceful

Question
Science

Questionable
Scientific f V.

Sense Silk(aito)
Society

Sensible

Silken

Social (Spoii v
Systainatic (j
(

System
Thirst

Thirsty (^sS

Trouble

Troublesome
Typical

Type
Value

Valublc

I.P. English

Grammar

12ft

Vigour

(Vs)

Vigorous

Wood (r*c&)
Youth (ciT^ftn)
Zeal

Wooden
Youthful
Zealous

(rafcjflf*

dostafco
(b)

Formation of Adjectives from Verbs

Adjectives (D

Cease (aes3>3dfo)

Ceaseless

Envy (Ltf^Sboi) Govern (&*0o&)

Hesitate

Envious

Governable
Hesitative

(Kioa8ro&)

Move
Talk
Tire

(s'^oDib)

Movable
Talkative

(tfrfo

(Srfij&)

wo&S*^
(c)

Tiresome

Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives

Adjectives

Black (?Se3 *)

Blackish

Comic

Comical
(sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)

Eight (.^a&a)

Eightfold

Red (ij^a)
Tragic

Reddish
Tragical

(&

ap^tf^?6)

White

(3o)

Whitish (3ce*

Adverbs from Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a ijverbs, Adjectives,

J,P.

English

Grammar

129

Diminutives
"Diminutives"
o-^o'le' 'let',
rwnrre

''
'et',

'' 'ing'

^i:ia fsuf. x

J.P,

English

Grammar

130

Qrginal

Word

Diminutive

rSr^

Ankle [3*6

Anklet

(o3,

Arm
Babe

Armlet
(

Baby

Book
Brook
'Bull

Booklet
Brooklet

(as

Bullock
Cabinet-

Cabin
Car
Cat
(fc> V co

Chariot
Kitten

Change
Circle

Changeling
Circlet

Cock

Chicken
Coronet

Crown

Dame
Dear
(

Dasmel
Darling
rt) C20*0,
(
!^c

Duck
Eagle

Duckling
Eaglet

Eye

Eyelet

Flower

Floweret

Globe
Hill
(

Globule
Hillock
(

Home
Isle

Hamlet
Tslet
^*-i

^&

i.K English Gramma!

Lamb (rrg^e)
Lance
f^,?o, =oSc^"j

Lambkin (c ^
Lancet

Leaf

Leaflet

Lock

Locket

Maid

Maiden
Manikin
Molecule

^3^ is:)

Man
Mole
Nose
Nurse ( Pack V
Part
Pile

Nosle
Nursling

Packet
Particle

Pillow

(tfotfrf)

Pipe Puss

Pipkin

Ring
River

Pussy ( Ringlet

(^.)

Rivulet

Root (36)
Seed

Rootlet
Seedling

(^c5x

Shade (VcCb)
Sign

Shadow
Signet

Spade
Star
(

Paddle

Asterick
Statuette

&

(*)]

Statue

Stream
Table

Streamlet

Tablet
1

Thumb
Top (J Young

Thimble

r
'

Tip

Youngster

Confused Words
f

Spelling

SS&'&oeo

Adapt

Adopt (^
)

Effect
Alter

(5JoS,

Altar
(

'Ascent

Assent

Bear
(?

Berth

Birth
.

Break

Brake

By

.^sSoS,

Buy
Canvass
)

Canvas

Sealing

:
-

Choir
Cite

(rvd&g 7<e8SS)
k

Coir
(l)

<

oo

Site

( oJs

coo^:co)

Sight

Complementary
Confidant
Corps'

(sJ \
'

^Complimentary
Confident

Corpse
Counsel

Council

Desk
Dissent

Dusk

(?

Descent
Divorce

Divers

-Dying (&tfrfoi&b)'
Emigrant

Dyeing
Immigrant

Emiaent

.(

-Imminent

P,

English

dxammaf
Inquiry
1

(3

Fire

Farmer
Hire Heir
{
(

Heal
'(
;

Inn

Night,

No

(s

Lead

.Peace'

(s^o); Piece.
.

Quiet

^^'
(

(*^;_, c
\
'

rlc,-;";

Write
Riie

v^

Rode
Route
Steel

^^6

-S

Roil r^Ij^p)
('^d'sSs \ A
.

^&

Some (^
Son
Sweet

Two Bo^); Too

i>.

fiagilsh

Yoke

(tooiS

sa)

Yolk

Stress on Syllables
Stress
(^

*/

Accent"
-

wotpfio.

autf

'Syllable'T

^Accent*

*S)llable

Ex.:- "Lead"

;&,6 a- S'O Syllable 'Le'a

r8

(verb)'

Syllable

'ad a

a,j

Syllable Ibtf'stress'

ll ff*0 Syllable

SbuJ

Stress

^oujf6.../Noun

J,P.

English

Grammar

18S

JS(ftd6

Noun
"

ry&.Ttfc'Eb:

4ftstract J

(^?S^r) = ^cr otfb

o
\

as

Abstract
'

-^

'.o

'

_4;tribute

^^3carg^)=:rt)S3^

Attribute

Conflict

.Yiie

f^r-Ssa\

/T.vtracl
'

(^1"^!;

= ^^

<o^^

Extract

&o
//.-/port
si

Object

Perfume
"

Per//?f/

s&oDS.... 'Adjective

ab'etlvJ 'SITES' 2^00(6. ...'Verb

J.P. English

Grammar

138

Adjective (.Sl&sSxO:

Verb

Frequent
?6od5)Q&

Pmsent ^L^^ofi")-^?^^^^
Swftject.

(S35")

= Stf33S
!

Subject

8]

6"0 Syllable Sbtf'Stress &o3.,..'Noun' rr-&;

Stress

tf&53rtf

Syllable

^joOS ; ... 'Adjective'

Adjective

Compact

s*S)"o>I"):=aiiio8D&

Compact
Invalid

/wvalid

5s=wtf&tf3

Af/nute

Precedent

fcRaofi"

S5sSp

'Precedent

Figures of Speech
ftsSii

<3

J.P,

English

Grammar

137 & tsod^Co. "Figures" fBoTld&eo'&ag- 'VSf Oi

"Figures of 'Speech"
&osx>'

*&....

agios'*

ss

'

esoK

a. Sj SjdlSoO,

ia

(KSpo^od!

1] Simile
"Simile" elO
odj- 8c,.
;

x. :

T|'

She runs like a hare

lake
is

s
as

crystal^

So

sSe&fl&&)..-2-]

The water

in. this

as clear

2]

Metaphor
BotPfib;

"Metaphor"
tigress

&..-

']] Jhansi Lakslimi

Bai was a
es

on the
!).

battle-

2]
:.

The news was dagger

*

fieldf^fo^^

araa.csfcgtforf&ris to his heart

(a.a.tf.-

a,?-

wfc -"HyperboIeVa 35Sy

city are

^^ 3
into

)-

eo^ek Ex. .. ] ] The buildings of "this touching the sky(A S/ftf&piJO '^SSnfio ''.tsB-Vsx.Sj oSo ^1 If th e time Cooperates I can put this entire
:

World

my

pocket/ s*e&o

KssS'S'S'S-

-S

JLP

English

Grammar
:

139
-

4] Irony (SFgacfc)

SfrfceS*-

'&&',

57tfS$ySo&:

Sotf

^aocSSg)

35Syt)Kx)-

"Irony"

a$ofcn&, 5x.

i"j

He

drinks and gambles and

may be said to possess

all.

Smoies, the virtues

S^
is

cr!)

2] Cliandraswami
is

an honourable

man and

Lallu Prasad

Yadav

a gentle

man (^o[dSS^Sb
5]

Sarcasm

'(ST'
-v.
:

asSydoSx-

"Sarcasm" ^^ eoftj*&.

ij

If there are

no

trees,

the castor tree will be the greatest tree (^'^.UP 3ia 3&o'&... She would be the best houseStf

i^3^ SS?JS^sSx) c*erfb).2] wife on this earth if god had, created nonelse
6] Pathetic Fallacy (cS
"g5J*iatic

($&

^os^c"

"Pathe(Spra^JS^sy^SS ^S^dDS'S&Stoj'SloQ SSyyt3&

Fallacy" e^A e$otr&.

^-:-l]When

a poet dies/ the

fc!s

nature
io^'s'S

mourns her worshipper and celebrates

obscq':/-:-s

rioS).
shedstcars (L
7'j
C'rf^>

2]

When

a beggar

dies, the

nature

Oxymoron
&>

"Oxymoron"

<M>

wotrdb.

**:-

l]

He

is

an

intelli-

gent idiot (<a>&cT

3>3?5 3$sjefo)! 2l She has

terrific

beauty

8] Litotes (SB
:-

1]

She

is

no fool

i!
city

He

is

a mayor of no

mean

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ssik'

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An & The)
So
:

aTSS

055" ^'SSE-s

So

CXTII

1,1
I

,*
'

~,

So-

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d&>)lf swf
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627

ejo'AS sa^off
....

s*5^

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1

Sea,

^oX-cSSRi

So

f)
1

590 ft

-i

('S,S.C: f

ajo'^S

LT.I

T.T.I., B.Ed,

r js&rsjaar s && jrssar >P JKS* ^ ^^ ^

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Rs.1-008 V.P.B.

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