INSTRUCTION MANUAL FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

CONTENTS

General Description This equipment allows measurement of contraction and velocity coefficients as well as discharge coefficient for an orifice discharge. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied . It consists of a removable clear acrylic cylinder with ad!ustable constant head. "ater is admitted to the cylinder via a stainless steel wire mesh discharge head. #n ad!ustable overflow allows various constant heads for the test. #n orifice is fitted at the bottom of the cylinder flush with the base plate. # traverse assembly is provided below the cylinder. #ttached to this assembly is a wire and a $itot tube. The wire is to measure the !et diameter hence the %ena &ontracta diameter and the $itot tube is to measure the !et velocity. The velocity head on $itot tube and total head due to tan' water level are indicated on manometer tubes. The apparatus rests on ad!ustable footings and a bull(s eye level is provided. The apparatus has a hose with a quic' male coupling for connection to the Hydraulics Bench.

Figure Details o! t"e apparatus

No##les

Tec"nical Data )tandard orifice* + mm diameter, sharp edge. Traverse mechanism* -icrometer with 0.01 mm division. $itot tube diameter* ../mm

T"eor$

Figure %&' Disc"arge t"roug" t"e ori!ice #s the tan' si0e is much larger than the orifice diameter the velocity of the water in the tan' in the direction of the orifice flow is very low and can be neglected. The velocity of water slowly increases as it approaches the orifice. The streamline of the flow is shown in 1ig. 231, from point 1 on the water surface of the tan' to point 2 which is at the smallest area of the !et. The water !et will reduce its diameter after passing through the orifice. This is 'nown as %ena &ontracta. $itot head level can be ad!usted to measure the velocity of the !et at the %ena &ontracta. #pply Bernoulli(s equation.

"here* p 4 $ressure, 56m2 % 4 %elocity, m6s 7 4 8levation, m 4 )pecific weight of water, 56m9 g 4 #cceleration due to gravity 4 :.+1 m6s2 )ubscript 1 and 2 refer to point 1 and point 2 respectively. )ince p1 and p2 are equal to the atmospheric pressure the theoretical velocity of !et at %ena &ontracta from equation (1 give us*

The actual velocity %2,act of the !et at %ena &ontracta can be measured directly by a $itot tube. The velocity head from the $itot tube is equal to the height H of water in the $itot tube, therefore,

The ratio of %2,act to %2,th is called %elocity &oefficient &v of the orifice, then

The ratio of the cross section area #c of the !et at %ena &ontracta to the cross3sectional area #o of the orifice is called the &oefficient of &ontraction &c , then

do = ;rifice diameter,m 4 +mm #o = ;rifice cross3sectional area, m2 dc = <iameter of !et at %ena &ontracta, m #c = &ross3sectional area of !et at %ena &ontracta, m2 Theoretical discharge through the orifice =th 4 #o %2,th 4 #o>2gH #ctual discharge through the orifice =act = #c%2,act = #c>2gHc The ratio of actual discharge of orifice to theoretical discharge is called the &oefficient of <ischarge &d then*

Test (roce)ures The ob!ective of the e?periment is to determine &v, &c and &d at various heads @HA 9.1 9.2 9.9 9.. 9./ 9.C 9.D 9.+ 9.: 9.10 $lace the apparatus on the Hydraulics Bench and connect the water supply from the Hydraulics Bench to the apparatus. #d!ust the apparatus so that the tan' is vertical. #d!ust the over flow tube to the required level by first loosening the screws underneath the tan' bottom in order to move the tube up or down to the required level and tighten the screw. )tart the pump and slowly open the discharge valve to admit water to the tan' until a small and steady over flow is observed. Becord H; and the flow rate by using the Hydraulics Bench measuring tan' and stop watch. )wing the micrometer so that the $itot tube is inline with the !et and at a distance below the orifice appro?imately equal to the diameter of the orifice. )lowly turn the micrometer 'nob until the wire starts touching the !et and record the micrometer reading. Turn the micrometer 'nob further and record the $itot tube reading Hc. Turn the micrometer 'nob until the wire start leaving the !et and again record the micrometer reading. <iameter of the %ena &ontract a is the difference between 9.D and 9.: readings. Bepeat steps 9.9 to 9.: at other overflow tube positions (different values of H .

E*(ERIMENT Ai+ To find coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction and coefficient of discharge. E,peri+ental (roce)ure #d!ust the micrometer in such a manner that distance between top of $itot tube end and orifice is equal to diameter of orifice. Then fill up the tan' with water upto required head by ad!usting the head 'nob E to 'eep the head constant ad!ust the drain 'nob E valve of hydraulic bench. To measure the diameter of vena contract move the pitot tube attached to micrometer toward the water outlet from the orifice touch the outer end of pitot tube with water out and read the value on micrometer then move the micrometer such that its inner end touch the water. To measure the diameter of vena contract subtract the value of pito tube diameter (../mm from value ta'en from micrometer. 5ow move the pitot tube beneath the water discharging from orifice as shown in the figure and calculate Hc. Head H can be measured directly on the tube. 5ote*3 -ove the degaussing value to its outer e?tent. To measure the flow rate calculate the water in liters in hydraulic bench and the time ta'en with a stopwatch.

DATA SHEET Sa+ple ---------------Flo. Rate -------------Sr/ 0 Dia+eter o! 1et at 2ena contract Dc3++4 Static "ea) H3++4 5elocit$ Hea) Hc3++4 Coe!!icient o! 2elocit$ C2 Coe!!icient o! contraction Cc Coe!!icient o! )isc"arge C)

Teac"ers Gui)e
Sa+ple '

<iameter of !et at vena contra 4 %alue on micrometer F diameter of $itot tube dc 4 4 12.1/mm F ../ D.C/mm

Dia+eter o! Ori!ice do 4 +mm Hea) H 4 2D1mm 2C+mm 90 ltr in 2mm 1...Dsec 0.229 ltr6sec Calculations Sa+ple ' &v 4 %2act 4 %2th 6 2C+ > 2D1 #c #o 4 4 0.:1.. >gHc 4 >2gh 4 0.::/ ( dc ( do
2

5elocit$ Hea) Hc 4 Flo. Rate = = 4 4

6 Hc > H

&v 4 &c 4 &c

4 4

( D.C/ ( +

&d

4 4 4

=act =th &c ? &v 0.:1.. ? 0.::/ 0.:0+2+

4 4

#c %2act #o %2th

&d

Sa+ple %

Dia+eter o! 6et at 5ena Contract dc 4 12.2/ F ../ 4 D.D/mm Dia+eter o! Ori!ice do 4 +mm Hea) H 4 1+/mm 1+9mm 90 ltr in 2mm 20.2+sec 9061.0.2+ 4 0.21. ltr6sec Calculations Sa+ple % &v 4 &c 4 &d 6Hc >H ( dc ( do 4
2

5elocit$ Hea) Hc 4 Flo. Rate = = 4 4

4 4 4

61+9 > 1+/ ( D.D/ ( +

2

4 0.::/ 4 0.:9+/

&c ? &v 4 0.:99+

Sa+ple 7

Hea) H 4 1+Cmm 1+.mm 5elocit$ Hea) Hc 4

Dia+eter o! 6et at 5ena Contract dc 4 11.02 F ../ 4 C./2mm Dia+eter o! Ori!ice do 4 +mm Flo. Rate = = 4 4 90 ltr in 9mm 1.:.sec 9061+1.:. 4 0.1C.: ltr6sec Calculations Sa+ple 7 &v 4 &c 4 &d 6Hc >H ( dc ( do 4
2

4 4 4

61+. > 1+C ( C./2 ( +

2

4 0.:+: 4 0.CC.22/

&c ? &v 4 0.C/D

Sa+ple 8

Hea) H 4 219mm 211mm 5elocit$ Hea) Hc 4

Dia+eter o! 6et at 5ena Contract dc 4 11.09 F ../ 4 C./9mm Dia+eter o! Ori!ice do 4 +mm Disc"arge = = 4 4 90 ltr in 2mm //.+Dsec 9061D/.+D 4 0.1D0C ltr6sec Calculations Sa+ple 8 &v 4 &c 4 &d 6Hc >H ( dc ( do 4
2

4 4 4

6211 > 219 ( C./9 ( +

2

4 0.::/9 4 0.CCC

&c ? &v 4 0.::/9 ? 0.CCC 4 0.CC91

Sa+ple 9

Hea) H 4 21:mm 21Dmm 5elocit$ Hea) Hc 4

Dia+eter o! 6et at 5ena Contract dc 4 11.2D F ../ 4 C.DDmm Dia+eter o! Ori!ice do 4 +mm Disc"arge = = 4 4 90 ltr in 2mm 2../Dsec 9061.../D 4 0.20D/ ltr6sec Calculations Sa+ple 9 &v 4 &c 4 &d 6Hc >H ( dc ( do 4
2

4 4 4

621D > 21: ( C.DD ( +

2

4 0.::/. 4 0.D1C

&c ? &v 4 0.D19