History of Christianity

c&pf,mef
,mefomoem.
omoem. ordik ;f
c&pf,mef omoem ordik ;f onf c&pfawmfEiS hf ol@w ynfah wmf 12 yg;. omomemjyKr_/ acwf+ydKif *dk%;f
uGrJ sm;rS c&pf,mef toif;awmfrsm;ESifh c&pf,mefbmomw&m;wdk@ ,SuEf ,G v
f #u&f adS yonf? c&pf,mef
omoemonf tmjAm[H. omoemwpfck jzpfonf? ‚onf tjcm;bmomrsm;ESifh uGJjym;r_rmS
c&pf,mef wdk@u c&pfawmfonf xm0&bk&m;/ om;awmf [lI jzpfa=umif; t,lxm;r_yif? c&pf,mef
trsm;pku }wdum, crnf;awmf/ om;awmf ESifh oef@&iS ;f aom 0dnm^fawmf [lI oH;k yg;wpfql
0g'udk ,H=k unf=uayonf? c&pf,mefrsm; t=um;Y jrifjh rwfjcif;/ a,&_. vlom; obm0ESifh bk&m;
ocif. }wdum, obm0rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ,H=k unfr_ oDt&kd rD sm; uGJjym;v#uf &Sad yonf? TuGJjym;r_
rsm;onf ,ae@xyd if jzpfayonf?
rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mef *k% d ;f rsm;u toif;awmf qdo k nfudk vlom;wd@k tm; u,fwif&ef bH&k dyo f m[k
em;vnf oabmayguf xm;=uayonf? Todk@ vufcx H m;r_rmS umodv k pfESihf y&dw
k ufpwifh toif;
awmf ESpcf v k ;Hk rSm udu k nf rD &_ SdI olwdk@u toif;awmfwiG f;Y c&pfawmfonf oef@&iS f;aom 0dnm^f
awmftm;jzifh qufvuf aexdik o f nf[k em;vnfxm;ayonf? umodv k pf &d;k &mwGif toif;awmfonf
c&pfawmf. ud, k cf E<mjzpf+yD; / y&dwk ufpw f ifh toif;awmfurl c&pf,mef bmom0if tm;vH;k onf
c&pfawmf. ud, k cf E<m jzpfonf[k a,bk,s tjrif &Sd=uayonf? tcsdK@aom y&dw k ufpwf ifh bmoma&;
okawoDrsm;u ‚udk toif;awmf}u;D [k ac:I a,bk,stm;jzifh ,H=k unforl sm;ESihf c&pfawmfwdk@.
yk*v~ qufqHa&;ay: tav;ay;aom toif;awmfi,f *dk%;f rsm;ESifh zDvmv#uf &Sad yonf? odk@aomf
tjcm;aom c&pf,mefrsm;u “toif;awmf [lonf tm;vH;k twGuf r[kwaf cs? trSet f m;jzifh ‚
onf ,H=k unforl sm;. yk*v ~ u d pkq&kH m Xmeom jzpf./ acwfwikd ;f a'owdik ;f rS ,H=k unforl sm;. aemuf
qH;k pGef qHq
k nf;&mrSm aumifuif; bHo k m jzpf./ xdk@a=umifh toif;awmf. ordik ;f a=umif;onf bHw k dk@.
ordik ;f a=umif; r[kwo f nfh tjyif ,H=k unforl sm; t=um; avmuESihf umv. t"du tjzpft ysuf}uD;.
ta=umif;t&m (urBmh ed*;Hk ) vnf; r[kwaf cs/” [k qdk=u.?
c&pf,mefomoemonf at'D 1 &mpkwiG f a*s&q k vifrS pwifco Jh nf? at'D 301 od@k r[kwf 314 wGif
tmar;eD;,m;Edik if H. Edik fiaH wmfbmom jzpfvmcJo h nf? at'D 325 wGif tDo, D dky;D ,m;. Edik if Hawmf
bmom/ at'D 337 wGif a*smf*s, D m. Edik if Hawmfbmom/ ESihf at'D 380 wGif a&mrtifyg,m. Edik if H
awmf bmomjzpfvmcJo h nf? jzmxGuu f mv (at'D 15 &mpkEiS hf 17 &mpk) wGif wurBmvH;k jyef@ES@H oGm;+yD;
urBmh t}u;D qH;k bmomjzpfvmcJo h nf?
‚. ordik ;f wav#muf bmomw&m;wGif *k% d ;f uGJrsm;ESihf bmoma&; oDt&dk D jiif;cHkr_rsm; ºu,f0vS

aoma=umifh toif;awmfaygif; rsm;pGm jzmxGuv f mcJah yonf? &drk efumodv k pf/ ta&S@ydik ;f atmfoakd 'gh
toif;awmfESifh y&dw
k ufpw
f ifh wdk@rSm t}u;D qH;k tudik ;f cGJrsm; jzpfayonf?
rmwdum-
m-
• (1) a,&_. b0wm (bDpD 6-4 rS at'D 29- 36)

• (2) tapmydik ;f c&pf,mef (at'D 33- 325)
o (2-1) wynfah wmfrsm; toif;awmf
2-1 (u) a,&_tm; qnf;uyfu;dk uG,fjcif;
2-1 (2) tqH;k rowfaom *sL;omoem
2-1 (3) toif;awmf ud, k fxnf (wynfah wmfrsm;acwf)
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(2-2) wynfah wmfrsm;vGeaf cwf toif;awmf
2-2 (1) Edik if aH wmfEySd fuGyrf _

2-2 (2) toif;awmf ud, k xf nf (wynfah wmfrsm;vGeaf cwf)
2-2 (3) tapmydik ;f c&pf,mef vufa&; rSww f rf;rsm;
2-2 (4) a&S;OD; yk*K~d vfa&;tr$e;f wifr_rsm;
2-2 (5) tapmydik ;f tjyeftvSef ykwcf yf pGypf GJr_rsm;
2-2 (6) orRmusrf;pm jyXmef;pmtkyf
• (3) a&mrtifyg,m toif;awmf (313-476)
o (3-1) c&pf,mefomoemtm; w&m;0ifjyXmef;jcif;
o (3-2) uGepf wefwed ;f onf *&dwf
o (3-3) oif;tkyq f &mawmf ydik ef ,f
o (3-4) yky& f [ef;rif;ae&mESifh xdyq f ;Hk taetxm;
o (3-5) toif;awmfaygi;f pHk oHCm,em
o (3-6) Edu k pf fe;D ESifh Edu
k fpfe;D acwfvGef zm;omrsm;
o (3-7) pD&ifpk ig;ck
o (3-8) bke;f }uD;&[ef; 0g'
• (4) ta&S@taemuf wif;rmr_ jyif;xefvmjcif;
• (5) tv,facwf tapmydik ;f umv toif;awmf (476-800)
o (5-1) jrpf&;dk wpfav#muf a'ocHvrl sdK;rsm;. ajymif;vJr_
5-1 (1) tdik , f mvefEiS fh tdik ;f &pf omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;
5-1 (2) t*Fvdk-qufcq f if;rsm; (t*Fvyd )f
5-1- (3) a[mfvefrsm;
5-1 (4) e,fomvefEiS fh a[mvefr[kwo f nfh *smref
5-1 (5) puif'aD eAD;,m;
o (5-2) tv,facwf tapmydik ;f yky& f [ef;cH,lrr_ sm;
o (5-3) wpfausmjh yef um&dkvif*D,ef
• (6) tv,facwf jrifjh rwfaom toif;awmf (at'D 800-1499)
o (6-1)ta&S@yidk ;f /awmifyidk ;f qvmAfhrsm;. ajymif;vjr_
6-1 (1) *&dwf rd& k mAD;,m; odk@ omoemjyK tzGJ@
6-1 (2) qmhAfEiS fh bla*;&D;,ef;wdk@. ajymif;vJr_
6-1 (3) &mhprf sm;. ajymif;vJr_
o (6-2) trsm;}udKufvdkuaf v#m qifajcrSm;tm; &_cH sonfh0g'
o (6-3) bke;f }u;D &[ef; jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; v_y& f mS ;r_
o (6-4) zke;f awmif;,mpum *d% k ;f
o (6-5) bdou d fay;jcif;qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_
o (6-6) olaumif;jyKjcif; (od'<dwifay;jcif;)
o (6-7) omoemjyK ppfyGJrsm; (u&l;qdw)f
o (6-8) tv,facwf yky& f [ef;rif;rsm;qdik &f m jrifhrm;r_
o (6-9) tv,facwf 0dedp, P rsm;
o (6-10) wuUodkvaf usmif;rsm; ay:ayguv f mjcif;
• (7) ydw
k ,
D ef *dk%;f uGJjcif;
• (8) ta&S@-taemuf *dk%;f uGJjcif;
• (9) a[pDcsuf yÉdyuQ
• (10) tusO;f cH acwf
o (10-1) taemufwidk ;f rSm ypfyg,jf cif;
o (10-2) atmfwrdk if tifyg,m vufatmuf bmomw&m; tcGit fh a&;
o (10-3) cspm;r_rsm;
o (10-4) 'JAh & f SDrm; Devshirmeh
• (11) taemudwidk ;f *d% k ;f
• (12) wpfausmhjyef toif;awmfEiS fh tDwvD (at'D 1399- 1599)

• (13) y&dw k ufpfwifh jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; (at'D 1521-1579)
o (13-1) rmwifvo l m
o (13-2) =o&pf ZGi*f vD Ulrich Zwingli
o (13-3) *|ef uJvAf if John Calvin
o (13-4) t*Fvyd f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
• (14) wefjyef jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;
o (14-1) x&ifw h f oHCm,em
• (15) &SmazGawG@&Sdr_ acwf (at'D 1492-1769)
o (15-1) c&pf,mef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;
15-1 (1)uufovpf ruf&iS frsm;
15-1 (2) y&dw k ufpfwifh udv k dkejD yKjcif;
• (16) toif;awmfEiS fh ^m%fpOfawmf (at'D 1580- 1800)
o (16-1) *,fvv D D,.dk tr_
o (16-2) jyifopf awmfvSeaf &;
• (17) jyefvnfE;dk ºuvmjcif; (at'D 1720-1906)
o (17-1) Ed;k =um;r_}uD;rsm;
o (17-2) rlvvufa[mif; jyefvnfxal xmifa&; 0g'D
• (18) acwf+ydKif ordik ;f (at'D 1848 rS ,ckx)d
o (18-1) &k&mS ; tifyg,mtwGi;f &k&mS ;-atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf
o (18-2) qdAk , D uf ,leD,t H wGi;f &k&mS ;-atmfoadk 'gh toifawmf
o (18-3) zufqpf0g'
18-3 (1) emZD0g'
18-3 (2) tDwvD zufqpf
18-3 (3) pydejf ynfwiG ;f ppf
18-3 (4) =opwD;,m;rS 'd;k vf zwfpf
o (18-4) taemufEidk if rH sm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmolrsm;
• (19) c&pf,mef oDt&dk DrS acwfopf OD;wnfcsuf
o (19-1) acwfopf0g'DEiS fh o[Zmw0g'D c&pf,mef
o (19-2) tajccH0g'D
o (19-3) 'kw, d t}udrf bmwDuef oHCm,em
o (19-4) toif;awmfaygi;f pHk nD!w G af &;rl
19-4 (1) uufpo f vpf toif;awmfaygi;f pHk nD!Gwaf &;rl
19-4 (2) y&dw k ufpfwifh toif;awmfwiG ;f nD!Gwaf &;rl
• (20) Edik if w
H um c&pf,mef0g'ESifh tem*gwf wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;r_
a,&_. b0wm (bDpD 6-

6-4 rS at'D 29-
29-36)
bDpD 6-4 ckESpwf iG f *sL;vlrsdK; rdcif rm&drS arG;bGm;cJI h emZ&ufEiS hf *vdvJ a'owGif }uD; jyif;cJo h nf? tD*spf
wGif umvtenf;i,f aexdik cf b Jh ,
G f &Sad yonf? okawoDrsm;u olonf toufo;kH q,f 0ef;usicf ef@rS
pwifI omomemjyKjcif;ESifh ol@tm; tHhb, G frsm;udk jyKvkyfEkdio
f nf/ (wefckd;jzifh) aq;ukay;Edik o
f nf odk@
r[kwf bk&m;&Sif. om;awmf[k owfrw S af om wynfah wmfrsm;udk pnf;&H;k jcif;rsm;udk pwifco Jh nf
[k ,H=k unf=uayonf? at'D 33 ckESpw f iG f ,k', D tydik f a&mr+rdK@awmf0ef ydvwfrif;}u;D . trdef@jzifh
a*s&qk vifY um;pifwifI uGyfrsucf cH &Jh ayonf? ol@tm; um;pifwif uGyfrsu+f yD;aemuf tkwf*l wpfck
wGif *loiG ;f o+*õK[fcJhayonf?
c&pf,mefrsm;u c&pfawmfonf aoqH;k +yD; oH;k &ufaemufwiG f cE<mawmftm;jzifh jyefvnf &Sijf yefomG ;cJh
onf[k ,H=k unf=uI tkwf*al [mif;avmif; (empty tomb) ordik ;f onf ordik ;f qdik &f m tcsut f vuf

wpfcjk zpfaeayonf? a,&_wynhfrsm;. tapmydik ;f umv vuf&mrsm;wGif rsm;pGmaom &Sijf yef x
ajrmufjcif; yHkaqmifr_ taxmuftxm;rsm; &SI d a,&_. &Sijf yef xajrmufjcif;u c&pf,mefomoem
jzpfwnfvm&ef tajccHEiS fh wGe;f tm;rsm; jzpfayonf? ol@wynfah wmfrsm;u a,&_onf *vdvJESifh a*s&k
qvifY wynfah wmfrsm;ESifh rsuf0g;xifxif awG@qkH+yD; aumif;uifbo Hk dk@ ºu roGm;rSD ajrurBmY &ufaygif;
av;q,f aecJo h nf/ aojcif;rS &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif; / aemufq;Hk w&m;pD&ifrnfah e@EiS fh bk&m;ocif.
aumif;uifEidk if aH wmftm; jynfhpHkatmif xlaxmifjcif; ponfh ar&S, d a[mude;f rsm;tm; jznfq h ;D &ef
olonf wzefºuvmrnfjzpfI [k a&;om;=uayonf?
a,&_. b0wmESifh =o0g'awmfrsm; twGuf t"dutcsuftvufrsm;udk c&pf0if av;usrf; (r\J/

rmuk/ vkum/ a,m[ef) Y az:jyxm;ayI wrefawmf 0wˆKESifh &Siaf ygv. k ay;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; tenf;
i,f awG@&ayonf? c&pf,mefomoemwGif tay:v$ifq;kH ,H=k unfrr_ mS c&pf0ifusrf; rsm;rS a,&_.
aoqH;k jcif;/ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;onf vlom;wd@k . (tm'HESihf {0wdk@ usL;vGecf Jhaom) tjypfrsm;tm;
xm0& bk&m;ocifu ud, k af wmf a,&_tm; paw;I tjypfav#maf y;jcif; jzpfonf[yk if?
c&pf,mefomoem
omoem a&S;OD;umv
umv (at'D 33-
33- 325)
at'D 1 &mpkwiG f *sL;bmom. *dk%;f wpfct k jzpf *&d a&mrtifyg,m twGi;f ESihf tjyifodk@ pwifI
omomem jyef@ESaH om tcsdefEiS fh at'D 313 uGepf wefwED b dk ,f onf *&dwf eef;wufvm+yD; c&pf,mef
wdk@tm; Edik if aH wmfvky}f uHru
_ mv tqH;k epfcsD (,ae@ wl& uDEikd if H tdpfepf) yxr oHCm,em txd
umvudk c&pf,mef omoem. a&S;OD;umv[k qdkEkdiaf yonf? ‚udk yxrrsdK;quf wynfah wmfrsm;
toufxif&mS ; &Spd Of toif;awmfrsm; pkpnf;aom wynfah wmfrsm;acwf ;acwf ESifh oif;tkyf q&mawmf
rsm; }u;D xGm;vm+yD; bJhpaf &Smhyf (oif;tkyq f &mawmf) e,frsm;udk bJhpaf &Smhyf (tkyx f de;f ol) rsm;u
tkycf sLyfjcif; jzpfaom wynfah wmfrsm;vGeacwf
facwf [lI tydik ;f ESpfyidk ;f cGJEidk af yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wynfh
awmfrsm;vGeaf cwfudk uGefpwefwde;f / *&D*&dk DEiS fh ykyb
f dkeaD zhpf (2) vufxufxd =unfnKd av;pm;r_ t}uD;
tus,f tm;enf;cJhayonf? (wynfah wmfrsm; qdo k nfudk c&pf,mef bmoma&; a0g[m& t& wrefawmfrsm;[k
ac:ayonf?)
wynfah wmfrsm; toif;awmf (Apostolic Church)

a&S;OD; toif;awmf[k ac:qdo k nfh wynfah wmfrsm;. toif;awmfukd a,&_. wynfah wmfrsm;ESifh trsdK;
awmf taqGawmfrsm;u OD;aqmifcJhayonf? “txl;omoemjyK tzGJ@” (rmuk 16;14) t& a,&_onf
ol. wynfah wmfrsm;tm; =o0'awmfrsm;udk urBmtESH@ jzef@csD=u&ef rdef@rSmcJo h nf [l.? Tumv
twGuf tajccHusaom tcsut f vuf&if;jrpfrsm;rSm wrefawmf0wˆKrS jzpfI/ xdu k srf;csurf sm;wGif
“txl; omoemjyKtzGJ@”rS toif;awmf. &mZ0iftm; ay;xm;ayonf/ (1; 3-11)? yifwufpu f dk@pfEiS fh
a*s&qk vif toif;awmf xlaxmifjcif; aygv. k b0wmajymif;vnf;jcif;ESifh yxr&mpk. tv,fY
a&mrwGif axmifcsc&H jcif; (tus,cf sKyf) 28; 30-31) *sL;r[kwaf om vlrsKd ; rsm;qDo@kd omoemjyef@
xGuo f mG ;jcif; jzpfayonf? odk@aomf “wrefawmf 0wˆK” ESifh ywfoufaom ordik ;f qdik &f mrSm tjiif;yGm;
bG,jf zpf+yD; / xdo
k dk@ tjiif; yGm;p&mxJwiG f &Siaf ygv.k usrf;pmrsm; onfvnf; yg0ifayonf?
yxrOD; c&pf,mefrsm;onf tpOfojzifh *sL;vlrsdK; pkrsm;rS odk@r[kwf *sL; omoem tjyKcHxm;&olrsm;rS

jzpf./ tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&aomf a,&_onf *sL;vlrsdK; rsm;tm; w&m;a[majymI xdt k xJrS
yxrqH;k wynfah wmfrsm;udk ac:,ljcif; jzpfay./ tapmqH;k aom taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;jzifh
wynfah wmfaygi;f 70 [kac:aom “wifajr‡mufxm;onfh tDAif*svpfZm tkyfp”k onf *sL;rsm;rS jzpfI
*sL;vlrsdK;EG,t
f m; cGJjyxm;jcif; r&Sad cs? *sL;r[kwaf om vlrsdK; pkrsm;. omoem ul;ajymif;jcif;onf olwdk@
twGuf c&pf,mefjzpf&ef wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f tjzpf *sL;jzpf&ef vdck Jh oavm (tpOftm;jzifh ta&jym; vS;D

jzwfjcif;ESifh tpm;taomufqkdi&f m Oya'rsm;udk usio fh ;Hk jcif;jzifh cGJjcm;onf) qdo k nfudk qufpyfr&d ef
cufcJaeayonf? a&mr ppfAv dk f uGr;f rJvv
f pf. b0wmajymif;vnf;jcif;udk taxmuftxm;jyKI
&Siaf yw&k. tqH;k tjzwfrmS olw@kd onf xdo k @kd (*sL;bmomuJo h @kd ) jyKcJjh cif; r[kwf/ xdu
k pd o
P nf
a*s&q k vif oHCm,em wGifrS jzpfvmjcif; [k qdk.? (Primacy of Simon Peter ESifh Biblical law in
Christianity for the modern debate wGif =unfy h g?)
tapmydik ;f toif;awmfrsm;odk@ wynfhawmfrsm; aqmif=unf;vmonfh =o0g'awmfrsm;onf tcsdK@aom

*sL;bmoma&; tm%mydik frsm;ESifh yÉdyuQwiG ;f odk@ a&mufcaJh yonf? xdt k csi;f t&monf wajz;wajz;ESifh
olwdk@tm; *sL;bk&m;ausmif; (qDeD*g; tcsdK@u qif;EGwfpf [k toHxu G )f rsm;rS ESix
f w
k cf &H onf txd
OD;wnfcaJh yonf? (*srfe;D ,m; oHCm,em Council of Jamnia ud=k unfyh g)? wrefawmf0wˆKwGif &Sif
oawzef
oawzef ESifh *sdr;f onf *&dwf wdk@tm; tmZmenf rsm;tjzpf rSww f rf; wifxm;ayonf? xd@k a=umifh
c&pf,mef taejzifh &AŠKeD *sL;rS oD;oef@ &yfwnf&ef vdt k yfvmcJhayawmhonf? (List of events in
early Christianity ESifh Christianity and Judaism wGif=unfy h g?) wrefawmf0wˆK (11; 26) uJo h dk@
rSwwf rf; rsm; t& c&pf,mef [laomtrnfukd tEœt d w
k +f rdK@rS wynfah wmfrsm;u pwif cH,cl Jhayonf?
a,&_tm; qnf;uyfu;dk uG,jf cif;
aumif;aom od;k xde;f / a,&_ c&pf (3 &mpk)
wynfah wmf todik ;f t0dik f;. ,H=k unfjcif; tajctjrpfwiG f "rRa[mif; ESifh "rRopf c&pf0ifusr;f rsm; yg0if
cJo
h nf? Tusr;f rsm;wGif tapmydik ;f umv c&pf,mefrsm;. t,lEiS fh "rRaw;rsm;udk tvGef tapmOD;
qH;k umv uyif xnfo h iG ;f cJah yonf? a,&_tm; trGe;f wifI jyif;xefpmG cHpm;&aom tjzpf/ tkw*f l
a[mif; avmif;ESifh &Sijf yefxajrmufjcif; yHak qmifr_rsm;udv k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f cJah yonf? TrSww
f rf;rsm;rSm
a,&_. um;pifwifc&H +yD; q,fpkESpf wpfct k wGi;f ESihf a*s&kqvif toif;awmf pnf&;Hk odr;f oGi;f aepOf
umvrsm;Y jzpfayonf?
tapmydik ;f c&pf,mefrsm;. t,lrsm;ESifh "rRaw;rsm;wGif a,&_ ºujref; jcif; ,H=k unfcsufrsm;udk az:jy
aeayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1 aum&dEœK 15; 3-4 rS aygvk. rSwcf suf “igonf ud, k w f ikd cf ,
H o
l nftwdik ;f /
oifwdk@tm; a&S@O;D pGmay;tyfaom ta=umif;t&m [lru l m;/ c&pfawmfonf usr;f pmvmonftwdik ;f
igwdk@ tjypfa=umifh taocHawmfrl.? o+*õK[f+yD;rS/ usrf;pmvmonftwdik ;f oH;k &ufajrmufaomae@Y
xajrmufawmfrl.” [lI jzpf./ rsm;pGmaom okawoDrsm;. Tqdt k & a&S;a[mif; t,lrsm;rSm a,&_
aoqH;k +yD; q,fpkESpx f uf apmI/ a*s&q
k vif wynfah wmfrsm; todik ;f t0dki;f pnf;&H;k jcif; umvrSyif
wnf&cSd o
Jh nf [l.? rnfonfh okawoDurS ESpfav;q,fxuf aemufusonf [lIqdk rxm;acs? tjcm;

aom qufE, G af om tvGeaf &S;usonfh t,lrsm;rSm 1 a,m[ef/ 4;2? 2 wdarmao 2;8? a&mr=o0g'
1; 3-4 ESifh 1 wdarmao 3;16 wdk@onf a&S;usaom ,H=k unfcsuf "rRaw;rsm;Y yg0if ayonf?
tqH;k rowf
rowfaom *sL;omoem
wuUqwfjynfe,f umyDwdk ajrjyifrS ynwfawmfq,fyg; armfueG ;f wdik f wwd ww,ajrmuf

d,ajrmuf tcsKd ifrh az:xm;aom ynwf
awmfrSrmS “ owif;Oykoaf e@tm; owd&I jrifjh rwfpmG apmif&h mS uf=u” [kjzpf
jzpfayonf?
*sL;rsm;u jiif;yg,af omfvnf; tapmydik ;f c&pf,mefrsm;onf yxr&mpkwiG f *sL;0g'rS tcsKd @ =o0g'rsm;ESifh

usix fh ;Hk rsm;udk qufvuf xdr;f odr;f cJah yonf? olwdk@onf *sL;wdk@. usr;f pmrsm;udk cdik v f akH om ,H=k unf
p&mtjzpfEiS fh jrifjh rwfaom usrf; pmtjzpf vufuikd x f m;cJah yonf? atmufyidk ;f wGif "rRa[mif;[k ac:
aom (bDpD 3 &mpk ESifh 1 &mpk t=um; tvufZef;j'm;Y bmomjyefcaJh om *&dbmomjyef [Db&l; bdik f
b,f) ppfyf*sL*sifhpf odk@r[kwf (tm&mrpf bmomjyef [D;b&l; bdik fb,f) wm*rfudk toH;k rsm;+yD;
aemufydik ;f wGif "rRo pfusr;f pmudyk g aygi;f xnfx h m;ayonf? bwWZd jH cif; tarG;eH@omrsm;/ pm;yGJawmfrsm;
*sL;bk&m;ausmif; "avhrS qif;oufvmaom usrf;pm zwfjcif;rsm; aw;*DwESifh "rRaw;oDqdk wD;cwfr_
rsm; yg0ifonfh pkaygi;f 0wfjyKjcif; wd@k uo Jh @kd *sL;wd@k . "avhrsm;udk c&pf,Hrsm;u qufvuf qufcx H m;
ayonf? bmoma&; jyuQ'def (bmomw&m; ae@&ufowfrSwrf _rsm;) ESifh a,mufsm; ya&m[dwf tjzpf
cH,jl cif; / tdraf xmifom;arG;udk pGef@aom &aoh&[ef;uJo h @kd usi}fh ujH cif; ponfwdk@rmS vnf; *sL;wdk@.
"avhrSyif jzpfayonf? ta&;jym;vS;D jcif; "avhudk vdt k yfcsuw f pf&yftjzpfrS yg,fzsu&f ef a*s&kqvif
oHCm,emY qH;k jzwfco Jh nf? epfZm yxr oHCm,emY yghpftAdk mae@twGujf yifqifjcif;udk yg,fzsucf I Jh
Oykof oDvapmifx h ed ;f r_uv dk nf; jyKjyifajymif;vnf;cJah yonf?
yxr&mpkwiG ;f tapydik ;f c&pf,mefrsm;u wpfqw

l nf;aom bk&m; (tpPa&;vfwdk@. bk&m;) ,m[f0g
udk ,H=k unf=uI/ "rRa[mif;wGif a[mxm;aom a,&_tm; ar&S,
d (c&pf) tjzpf owfrw S =f uayonf?
yvD,-dk atmfoadk 'g*h %

dk ;f tm; axmufco H l tvufpw f m ruf*gwf Alister McGrath u rsm;pGmaom
*sL;-c&pf,mefrsm;rSm *sL;bmom. ,H=k unfcsurf sm; jynfhESuv f #uf &SI
d / a,&_tm; ar&Sd,tjzpf vuf
cHjcif; wpfco
k m uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif; &Sad yonf [kq.
kd ?
toif;awmf ud,
k w
f nf

wynfah wmfrsm;. toif;awmf 0gpOfudk (bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;/ t}uD;tuJrsm;/ y&ufbidk w f mrsm;/ ygpwmrsm;)
tkyxf de;f olrsm;ESifh (a'uef) tr_xrf;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;I t+rJwrf; a,ufsm;rsm;yif jzpfayonf? aum&def
od,ef toif;awmf. acgi;f aqmif[k ud, k fpm;jyKaom uvD;rifh [lonfh a&mr. bJhpaf &Smhyo f nf bJhpf
a&SmhyfEiS fh ygpfwmrSm uGJjym;r_ r&Sdacs? bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;rSm xm0&bk&m;. od;k tkyt
f m; od;k xde;f jzpfaom
a,&_. pOf=u,faom w&m;jzifh OD;aqmif&rnfyif [k a&;om;xm;ayonf?
wynfah wmfrsm;.acwfwiG f ta&;ygaom bJhpfa&Smhyrf sm; pm&if;wGif a&mrrS uvD;rifh/ tEœt d w

k frS tuf
emhw;D pf/ olEiS t
fh wl qrDemh rS ydv
k cD &J@uyf f wdk@yg0ifayonf? olw@kd tm; wynfah wmfrsm;. pm&if;Y r=um
c% od&aSd vhvm&aoma=umifh a&S@O;D wynfhawmfrsm; [k ac:ayonf?
wynfah wmfrsm;vGeaf cwf toif;awmf
{u&mZf A,fvm&D;efemhmph f rwdik rf SD pdef@ avm&ifph f (z&m tif*,fv,

D dk vuf&mrS)
wynfah wmfrsm; uG,vf eG f+yD; bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;u +rdK@aevlxk xJo@kd tkyx f de;f olrsm; tjzpf xd;k azguf 0if
a&muf vmaom tcsdefEiS fh qufvufI Edik if Hawmf ESdyfuyG fr_ro S nf uGepf wefwed ;f onf*&d *&dwf eef;wuf
vm+y;D c&pf,mef 0wfjyK ud;k uG,jf cif;tm; w&m;0if jyKay;onf txd acwfumvudk wynfah wmfrsm;
vGeaf cwf [k t=urf;tm;jzifh owfrw S fayonf? tapmOD; qH;k c&pf,mefqo dk nfh pum;vH;k ESihf umodvk pf
[l aom pum;vH;k wdk@tm; oH;k pGJr_rw S wf rf; rSm tEœtd w
k frS tufemhw;D ,mhpf wd@k jzpfcaJh yonf?
Edik if aH wmf ESyd u

f yG rf _
tpydik ;f rSyif c&pf,mefrsm;rSm trsKd ;rsKd ;aom n‡i;f yef; ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk cHc&Jh ayonf? xdtk xJY oawzef
(wrefawmf 0wˆK 7; 59)/ ESifh ,mukAf (12;2) wd@k yg0if.? a&mr ordik ;f ynm&Sif wufpw f kp.
f rSww
f rf;
t& aemufydki;f t}uD; pm; ESdyu f Gyf cH& r_rsm;rSm at'D 64 ckESpfrS pwifI a&mrtifyg. tm%mydik frsm;
vufatmufwiG f jzpfc. Jh / eD&dk {u&mZfu olw@kd tm; (c&pf,w H dk@tm;) xdkESptf wGi;f a&mrtifyg,m.
rD;p}uD;[k jypfwifcJh.?
toif;awmf. pum;pOft& eD&dk. ESdyu f Gyfra_ tmufY pdef@yDwm (ayw&k)ESifh aygvf (aygv)k wdk@ onfyif
a&mrtifyg,mY tmZmenfrsm; jzpfc&Jh onf [l.? tvm;wlyif "rRopf. rSww f rf;xJwiG f rsm;pGmaom
n‡i;f yef;cH&r_rsm;/ aomua&muf&r_rsm;udk wifjyxm;jcif;rsm; &S. d ? c&pf,mefrsm;onf a&mr {u&mZf
rsm; ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfjcif;rsm;udk jiif; yg,faoma=umifh ESpaf ygi;f 250 twGi;f wGif t}uD;tus,f 'kucQ &H
r_rsm; jywfawmif; jywfawmif; cHc&Jh I/ olw@kd tm; opPmazgurf sm;[k pD&ifcsucf sum uGyfrsujf cif; rsm;vnf;
cHc&Jh .? TumvtwGi;f jyif;xefpGm ESdyu f Gycf &H r_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; c&pf,mefomoemonf ajrxJ
yifv,f a'oodk@ qufvuf jyef@um;cJah yonf?
toif
toi;f awmf ud,
k w
f nf (wynfah wmfrsm;vGef acwf)
yxr&mpk aemufyidk ;f ESifh 'kw, d &mpk tapmydik ;f umvrsm;wGif c&pf,mefbke;f awmf}uD; rsm;. 0gpOf
tm;jzifh bke;f awmf}u;D rsm; tzGJ@u,dk x
f nfonf &Si;f vif;pGm ay:ayguv
f mcJah yonf? wynfah wmfrsm;vGef

acwf. ta&;ygaom bJph fa&Smhyfrsm;rSm qrDemh rS pdef@ ydv k cD &J@uyf f ESihf vD,eG frS td&meD;,mhpf wdk@ jzpf.?
Tud, k x f nfonf wynfah wmfrsm;tm; qufcjH cif; =o0g'Y tajccHxm;I xdYk vufqifu h rf; "avh
tjzpf/ bhJpfa&Smhywf pfyg;onf tjcm;aom a&S@rSbJhpfa&Smhyf. 0d^m%a&;&m qufco H jl zpfv#uf olw@kd onf
vnf; aemufqufwGJ wynfah wmfrsm;yif jzpf.? *sL; todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;wGif &Scd o Jh uJoh @kd c&pf,mef
todik ;f t0dik ;f wpfckpw
D iG f y&ufpf bdik w
f m (tkycf sKyfr_ tpkta0;) rsm;&SI d xdt k xJY bJhpfa&Smhyv f nf;
yg0ifayonf? txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif c&pf,mefrsm; jyef@ESH@omG ;aomtcg b&ufpb f kdiw
f m
rsm;rSm ydrk dkI wm0ef,&l I bke;f awmf}uD; rsm; toGiu f kd ydkradk qmif&ay.? tedrq hf ;kH tm;jzifh/ tr_x rf; rsm;
onfyif EGr;f yg;olrsm;ESifh emrusef;olrsm;udk apmifha&Smufaom udpPrsm;uJo h dk@ ydkrdkaom tcef;u¾rsm;Y
aqmif&u G f &ay.?
tapmydik ;f c&pf
c&p,
f mef vufa&; rSww
f rf;rsm;
c&pf,mefomoem jyef@ESH@vmaomtcg/ [Dvifeufpw f ufcf avmu pmwwfaywwf todik ;f t0dik ;f rS
tzGJ@0ifrsm; vdt
k yfvmayonf? olw@kd onf wcgw&HwiG f bJu h af &Smhyfrsm; jzpfavh&aSd omfvnf; tpOf
ojzifu h m; r[kwaf cs? olwdk@onf bmoma&;qdik &f m (oH;k oyfa0zefr_) oD0&Drsm;rsm;udk aomfvnf;
aumif;/ wcgw&HwiG f ta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh t,lov D tm; umuG,jf cif; odk@r[kwf c&pf,mef
omoem. rSeu f efrt
_ m; apm'uwufjcif;udk xkacsjcif; jzpfaom (a0zef&rnfu)dk tm;emjcif;
udak omfvnf;aumif; tvkyfEpS frsKd ;udk vkyfaqmif=uayonf? xdpk ma&;q&mrsm;tm; toif;awmf.
zcifrsm;[k vlord sm;=uI olwdk@. avhvmr_ukd yx&ufpw f ufcrf sm;[k ac:ayonf? tapmydik ;f zmom
rsm;. pm&if;wGif tEœt d w
k frS tufemhw;D ,mhpf/ ydv k cD &ufyf/ *syfwifrmwm/ vD,eG frS tD&rfe;D ,mhpf/ wm
wlv, D ef/ tvufZ ef;j'm;rS uvD;rifhEiS hf td&k D*if wdk@yg0ifayonf?
tapmydik ;f &kyyf mG ;rs

;rsm;
tysKd pifEiS fh uav;? at'D 4 &mpk- a&mr a&S@a[mif; ajratmufocsKõ if;*l eH&yH ef;csD
c&pf,mef tEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSm aemufyikd ;f wGifrS 0ifa&mufvmayonf? tcsdK@aom pmay taxmuf

txm;rsm;u a'oqdik &f m qif;wkrsm; tapmydik ;f uyif &So d nf[k qdkaomfvnf;/ yxrtaejzifh
c&pf,mef qif;wkrsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;rSm at'D 200 cef@wiG jf zpfayonf? *sL&m- &m-,l&ydk dk *sL;bk&m;
ausmif; uJo h dk@aom [DvifEu dk f *sL;rsm;u bmoma&; o&kyo f ueftjzpf yHkrsm; a&;qGJc=Jh uaomfvnf;
arma&S. tpOftvmjzifh qif;wkrsm; wnfxm;jcif;udk wm;jrpfcjJh cif;onf c&pf,mefrsm;odk@ ouf
a&mufr_ tcsdK@ &Scd o Jh nfrmS oHo,0ifb, G f r&Sdacs? bmoma&; oDt&kd D ynm&Sirf sm;u rnfodk@rS
r&Si;f vif;cJjh cif; / Edik fiaH wmf ESdyu f Gycf &H r_rS uif;vGw&f ef c&pf,mef usiafh qmifrt_ m; zH;k uG,x f m;cJjh cif; rsm;
&Sad omfvnf; tapmydik ;f umv c&pf,mef omoemESifh ‚. wd;k wuf zGH@+zdK;wd;k wufr_EiS fh ywfoufonfh
a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuftxm;rsm;u tapmydik f;umv c&pf,mefrsm;. &kyfymG ;qif;wk
vufrcHjcif;udk u|Ew kf dk@twGuf odEidk &f ef csex f m;cJhjcif; &Sdayonf? a&S;OD;tusqH;k c&pf,mef yef;csDrsm;rSm
a&mr ajratmuf ocsKõ if;*lrS jzpf+yD; ckESpo f uU&mZftm;jzifh at'D 200 rS jzpfayonf? tapmqH;k
c&pf,mef qif;wkrsm;rSm pmud[ k m*DrS jzpf+yD; at'D 3 &mpk tprS jzpfayonf?

tapmydik ;f tjyeftvSef ykwcf yf pGypf GJrr_ sm;
"rRopfusrf; pmud, k wf idk f or&d;k us =o0g'rsm;tm; xde;f odr;f apmifh a&Smufjcif; rSm ta&;}u;D vS+yD;/ a&S;jzpf
rsm;udk axmufjyv#uf tjyeftvSef ykwcf wfpGyfpJGjcif; rsm;tm; jiif;yg,x f m;ayonf? orRmusrf;qdik &f m
rdpm> ya&mfzufrsm; wm;jrpfjcif; (txl;ojzifh &Sifr\JESifh &Siv f u
k mwdk@. c&pf0ifY) rsm;a=umifh/
c&pf,mefrsm;onf t,lov D ESifh ywfoufaom bmomjyefrsm;wGif or&d;k usrsm;jzifh v$r;f rd;k xm;jcif;udk
cH&ayonf? a&S;OD;toif;awmfrS bJu h af &Smhyrf sm;. t"duyifr tcef;u¾rsm; teuf wpfckrmS bmom
jyefrsm; rSeu f efjcif;tm; qH;k jzwfay;&efEiS hf rdp>mt,ludk (tcsi;f csi;f pGyfpJGaom toH;k tESe;f ) wdr;f onfh
0da&m"d t,ltqrsm;udk yg,zf su&f efwdk@ yifjzpf.? bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;t=um; t,ltquGJrsm; &Sv d #if or&d;k
us zGiqfh cdk sufrsm;udk toif; awmftwGuf toH;k jyKavh&aSd yonf?
c&pf,mefbufrS umuG,af &;om;ol/ atmfoakd 'gh (or&d;k us0g')D pma&;q&m *sD/ au/ csupf wmwef u
ol@ pmtkyw f iG f &Jwif; pGmyif qdx
k m;onfrmS a,&_ (acwfrS t,l)ESifh "rRopfusrf;wd@k . tcsdefrS t,lrmS
oabmxm; pdk@pdk@ydk@ydk@ uGJvGJr_rsm; &Sad eonf [kjzpfI/ wynfhawmfrsm; tm;vH;k u tapmOD;qH;k toif;
awmf. zmomrsm; jzpfaom tEœt d w k frS tufemhw;D ,mhp/f ydv k cD &ufyf/ *syfpw
f ifrmwm/ tD&rfe;D ,mhpf
wdk@jyKcJo
h uJo
h dk@ a,&_. =o0g'rsm;udk ajymif;vnf;jcif;tm; a'uwuf cJo h nf [k axmufjyxm;ayonf?
(rdpm> ya&mfzuf tEœcd &pf/ aemhpf Asm'dwu f srf;rS eDcv
kd ikd w
f efpf/ tjypf. om;rsm;udk =unfhyg) a,&_uvnf;
rdpm> ya&mfzufrsm;ESifh pyfv#O;f I &Sirf muk 13;21-23 ESifh raumif;aomrsdK;aph (&Sifr\J 13;25-30? 13;
36-43) wGif olwdk@onf c&pf,mef omoemtm; rnfo@kd tzsuf taESmufjyKonfukd wifjycJah yonf?
tapmqH;k tjiif; yGm;r_rsm;wGif a,sb, k tm;jzifh c&pfawmf qdak om obm0vnf; yg0ifae./ qdv k dk
onfrSm a,&_. (aumif;uifEiS fhqikd af om) jrifhjrwfr_ESihf vlom;tjzpf cH,lr_ rnfodk@ qufpyfonf
[laom oDt&dk D aumufcsucf sr_rsm; yifjzpf.? Docetism a'gw h ufcZf ifrsm;u a,&_. vlom;tjzpf
cH,rl o _ nf yHak qmifr_r#om jzpf./ xdk@a=umifh vltjzpf 0ifpm;jcif;udk vufrcH[k vufuikd x f m;.?
Arianism tm&if;rfepfZif rsm;u a,&_onf aorsdK; (vlom;) r[kwf/ bk&m;jzpfjcif; *k%fEiS v fh nf;
rtyfpyf crnf;awmfb&k m;xuf edrhf. (&Siaf ,m[ef 14;28) [k vufuidk x f m;=u.? Trinitarianism
oH;k yg;wpfql 0g'Drsm;u crnf;awmfb&k m;/ om;awmfb&k m;ESihf oef@&iS ;f aom 0dnm^fawmfonf vH;k 0
O\Hk wpfqw l nf;om jzpfI toGio f ;kH rsdK;jzifh jzpfwnf &S.
d [k vufuikd xf m;ayonf? rsm;pGmaom tkyfpk
rsm;u trSew f u,f jzpfwnfro _ nf qef@usib f uf tpdwftydik ;f tajcrlv ESprf sKd ;tm; yHak z: wnf&aSd e
onf? yHkrSet f m;jzifh jrifEdkiaf omt&mtm; (&kyaf vmutm;) rdpm> tjzpf/ 0dnm^fawmf (emrfavmu) tm;
taumif;tjzpf jrifEdkio f nf [laom ESpcf Gaom ,H=k unfcsufudk vufuidk x f m;=u.? tjcm;aom tkyfpk
rsm;u &kyaf vmu emrfavmu ESpfcv k ;kH tm; xm0&bk&m;u zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh
ESpcf v
k ;Hk onf taumif;csn;f jzpfonf/ Ttcsi;f t&monf bk&m;ZmwdawmfESifh c&pfjzpfaom a,&_.
vlom;Zmwd obm0udk ud, k fpm;jyKwifjyjcif; jzpfonf [k vufuidk x f m;=uayonf?
or&d;k us (atmfoadk 'g)h rsm;/ taetxm;/ =o0g'rsm; zGH@+zdK;vm;r_EiS hf trsdK;rsdK;aom t,ltqrsm;

t=um; ,SuEf , G jf cif;rsm;onf tqufrjywfaom awmf0if tacstwif aqG;aEG; r_rsm; jzpfayonf?
c&pf,mef rsm;pGmu tenf;pk wdwd̂rsm;udk qef@usifI or&d;k us taetxm; wnf&rSd _ pkpnf;jcif;udk
todtrSwjf yKvdak om acwfopf bmoma&; t,ltq ynm&Sif Edu k fpfeD c&d'f wnfaxmifcaJh om
=o0g'rsm;udk yHkrSeaf vhvm=uayonf? tjcm;aom okawoDrsm;u rSwcf sucf sonfwiG f tjcm;aom
t&mrsm; t=um; *sL;-c&pf,mef/ &Sifaygvk 0g' c&pf,mef/ *aemhpw f ufpfEiS fh rmpDuGefEukd fpf uJo
h @kd tjcm;
aom tkyfprk sm;. jcm;em;csufrmS a&S;OD;c&pf,mef omoemonf or&d;k us0g'ESihf +ydKib f ufjzpfaeonfh
tydik ;f tpr#om jzpfonf[al om apm'uwufaejcif; yifw nf;?

orRmusr;f pm jyXmef; pmtkyf
at'D 3 &mpk pkpnf;r_ &Siaf ygvak y;pmrsm; pmrsuf

pmrsuEf mS 46 pm&Guaf cguf
orRmusr;f jyXmef; pmtkyo f nf c&pf,mefrsm;u ^m%fpOfawmftm;jzifh ude;f 0yfay;cH&aom rSww f rf;

pmtkyf [k owfrw S cf ,
H v
l #uf c&pf,mefrsm;twGuf tajccHusaom Oya'tjzpf owfrw S x
f m;ayonf?
pufyf *sL;*sifh (70) Septuagint (LXX) usrf;pmt& tapmydik ;f toif;awmfrsm;onf "rRa[mif;udo k m
toH;k jyKcJh =uaomfvnf; wynfah wmfrsm;rSm aemufydki;f umvwGif "rRopfusrf; tjzpf xGe;f um;vmrnfh
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tydik ;f tp Muratorian fragment uJo h dk@ c&pf,H vufa&;rSww f rf; tao;tr$m;aygif; 200 &Sdae
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ayonf? at'D 382 ykyf 'arqmhpf a&mr oHCm,em}u;D wGif tu,fI 'ufca&wefrf *vufp, D memrf
onf rSeu f efpmG nD!w G rf _ &Scd v
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(1) Pope Innocent I u *Jvufcf Gallic bJph fa&Smhyf wl;avmufpfrS tdufpfqlyg &D;,mhpf Exsuperius
of Toulouse xHodk@ usr;f pmawmf. pm&if;udk ay;ydk@cJhonf? xdb k Jhpaf &Smhyfrsm;ESifh tzGJ@ aumifpDrS
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orRmusr;f pmuJo h dk@ bHo k abmwlnaD om "rRopfusrf; pm jzpfwnfvmayonf? at'D 5 &mpkwiG f tenf;
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(at'D 1546)/ t*Fvef toif;awmftwGuf 0denf;awmf 39 ydk'f Thirty-Nine Articles (at'D 1563)/
u,fvAf efepfZif Calvinism rsm; twGuf 0ufpfrifpwm oDvcH,cl suf Westminster Confession
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(313-476)
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w&m;0ifjyKr_twGuf yGivfh if;pGm tqifw
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"Ecclesiastical History", VII, iv.) xyfrHI wd;k csJ@wm;jrpfcsurf sm;udk oDtkd'pkd ,
d mhpf (1). at'D 391
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yif jzpfayonf? e,fay'orsm;. w&m;0ifomomoem rjyKrSu D tpOftvm uJo h dk@yif t"du A[dw k iG f
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wnf&&Sd monf ol@uv k m;xdik f odk@r[kwf ol=unf&h &_ ma'o jzpfI/ =unf&h &_ ma'orsm; teuf a&mr/
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awmf}uD; rsm;xHrS usefbu Jh af &Smhyfrsm;rSm qufco H l (omoemhtarGcHrsm;) jzpf.? Oyrmtm;jzifh &Sifrmuk
onf tvufZef;j'm; t=unfah 'o. wnfaxmifol (zcif) jzpf.? &Sifayw&konf a&mr=unf&h &_ m
a'o. zcifjzpf.?—ponftm;jzifhyif-? tjcm;aom odomonfh txl;bkef;awmf}uD; a'orsm;teuf
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aygvw k dk@ tmZmenf jzpfc&Jh onfh a'o/ uGefpwefwDEb kd Jvfonfvnf; a&mrtopf tjzpf xif&mS ;r_rsm;
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yky&f [ef;rif;&mxl;ESifh xdyq

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ordik ;f ESifhcsI
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wynfah wmfrsm; t=um;wGif omvGejf rifjh rwfq;kH jzpf. (&Sdrkef ayw&k. jrifjh rwfx;l uJr_ Primacy of
Simon Peter wGi=f unfy h g?) (2) &Sifayw&konf a&mrtwGuf ol@tm;qufcHrnfh olrsm;udk csrSw f
qH;k jzwfay;cJ. h ? (3) bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;onf wynfah wmfrsm; (wrefawmfrsm;). t&du k f t&m qufco H rl sm;
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txdyif oufa&muf ydik q f idk .
f ? a&mr. =oZmwuUrd rSm tacstwif jyefveS fES;D aESm aep&m rvdb k J
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toif;awmfrs
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m,em
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t,l0g' tjzpf jypfwif&_H@csxm;ayonf/ (Edu k fpfeD t,l Nicene Creed ud=k unfyh g?) {zufqufpf
(Ephesus) oHCm,emu epfpwdke, D efepfZif Nestorianism wdk@tm; jypfwif&_H@csI/ tysdKpif rm&dtm;
cs;D rGr;f jcif; Blessed Virgin Mary udk oDtw dk adk umhpf Theotokos (bk&m;tm; arG;bGm;ol od@k r[kwf
bk&m;ocif. r,fawmf) tjzpf twnfjyKay;cJo h nf? csmvfvupf'ef oHCm,em Council of
Chalcedon rSm todomqH;k jzpfI ‚rS c&pfawmfonf “tjynft h 0 vlom;jzpfonf/ tjynft h 0
bk&m;ocifjzpfonf” c&pfawmf. obm0ESpfrsdK;udk twnfjyKcaJh yonf? ‚onf wvH;k w0wnf;
jzpfonf[o k nfh tpOftvm ,Hk=unfcsurf S cGJxu G of mG ;jcif; jzpfayonf? ‚onf ykyv f ,
D kd onf *&dw. f
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bk&m;wpfql0g'. =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_uv kd nf; yg,cf sxm;ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; =oZmwuUdr &Sad om
toif;awmftm;vH;k u oHCm,emrsm;udk wnDw!Gww f nf; vufco H abmwljcif;um; r&Scd Jhay? Oyrm
tm;jzifh epfw&dk , D efepfZ if Nestorianism rsm;ESifh ta&S@buf tqm&D,ef (qD;&D;om;) toif;awmf
Assyrian Church of the East rsm;onf {zufquf at'D 431 oHCm,em Council of Ephesus
ay:Y uGJumG cJah yonf? ta&S@widk ;f atmodka'ghrsm; Oriental Orthodoxy onf at'D 451 csmvf
vupf'ef oHCm,em Council of Chalcedon Y uGJomG ;cJah yonf? yky&f [ef;rif; qm*D;,mhpf (1) Pope
Sergius I u at'D 692 uGie f pfqpf oHCm,em Quinisext Council tm; jiif;qefcJhayonf/ (pD&ifpk
ig;pkwiG f =unfyh g)? at'D 869-870 ESifh 879-880 uGefpwefwDEb kd Jvf pwkwˆ oHCm,emtm; umodk
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a&wGujf cif; r[kwaf y? c&pf,mefwiG f oHCm,em rsm;vGe;f aoma=umifh rnfonfah 'orS rnfonfh
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Edu
k pf ef ED iS fh Edu
k pf ef D acwfveG f zmomrsm;
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onfh rsm;pGmaom }uD;us,o f nfh zmomrsm;udk topf arG;xkwaf y;cJh ayonf? ‚wdk@txJwiG f
pdef@=o*wf pwif Augustine/ *&D,&dk D epfZifZmhyfpf Gregory Nazianzus/ a*s&q k vifrS pD&;D vf Cyril
of Jerusalem rDvefrS trfb&dk@pf Ambrose of Milan/ *s&Dr;dk Jerome ESifh tjcm;aom xif&m S ;onfh
zmom}u;D rsm; yg0ifayonf? xdt k usKd ;qufrsm;a=umifh ADa*;vfEiS fh [d&k ifhpf. acwfumvrsm;ESifh quf
pyfjcif; r&Sad wmhbJ pmayESifh ausmif;awmf t,l0g' aqmif&Gurf _rsm;rSm a&$acwfo@kd a&muf&cdS aJh yonf?
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zmomrsm;rSm rdpm> bdik Zf efwidk f {u&mZfrsm;. jynfEiS f'%fay;jcif;/ ESdypf ufni‡ ;f yef;r_jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf
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k fpfeD acwfveG f
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ESifh tm%m t&Sq d ;Hk *k%u f dk ay;xm;I ‚tm; udik w f G,cf iG u
fh dk a&mr. }u;D tuJrsm;u xuf0uf
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atmufaz:jyyg pm&if;rSm a&mrtifyg,m. rlv pD&ifpk ig;ck. 0gpOfrsm;yif jzpfayonf?
• a&mr (&Siaf yw&k ESifh aygv)k taemuf a&mrtifyg,m. +ydKifbufr&Sad om yky&f [ef;rif;
tjzpf
• uGefpwefwED dkbv Jh f (&Sif tif'&l;) vuf&dS wl&uD
• tvufZef;j'm; (&Sifrmuk) vuf&dS tD*spf
• tEœtd wk f (&Siaf yw&k) vuf&dS wl&uD
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omra% yHpk aH wG@&ayonf? xdk@jyif bkef;}u;D &[ef; 0g'tm; wynfah wmfrsm; (wrefawmfrsm;). todik ;f
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onf *&dwf Anthony the Great . yrmaemufo@kd vdu k cf =Jh uayonf? odk@aomf emrfyidk ;f qdik &f m
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vm cJah yonf?
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pwkwˆ u&l;qdwf (av;}udrfajrmuf omoemjyKppf) wGi;f uGefpwefwED dkbJv. f xkwfyg,jf cif; ESit fh wl
rnfo. l =oZmonf txGÉt f xdyo f kd@ a&mufco Jh nf qdo
k nfh tjzpftysuf uGi;f quf &_yfaxG;r_rsm;ESifh
trSew f u,f jzpf& yfrsm;rSm a&m¹yef;v#uf &Sdayonf?
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odk@aomf at'D 5 &mpkwiG f toif;awmfrS yJx h uG v
f monfh toif;awmf. ta&@b S ufyikd ;f ESihf taemuf
bufyidk ;f wdk@ jzpfaom aumhyfpf Copts odk@r[kwf trD; eD;,ef; Armenians rsm;onfum; Todk@
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aumifpw D dk@tm; bHt
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tv,af cwf tapmydik ;f yky&f [ef;cH,rl r_ sm;
a&mr+rdK@awmfonf tv,facwf tapmydik ;f umvrS tDwmvD u|ef;qG,Yf jzpfymG ;cJhaom ppfyGJrsm;twGi;f
uaomif;ueif; jzpfjcif; ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H jcif; rsm; twGi;f wGif tr_ywfc&Jh ayonf? {u&mZfjynf&h iS f *syfpw f if
(1) onf a*gw h of pfcf vlrsdK;}uD;0g' tkycf sKyfjcif;udk qef@usifv#uf tDwvDtwGi;f tifyg,m csKyfuidk fr_
tm; jyefvnfwu d scidk frmatmif &nfoefcaJh yonf? T0g'jzef@csDr_rmS tenf;ESifh trsm; atmifjrifr_
&&Scd I
Jh / tDwvDodk@ apmifh=unfEh idk &f ef tufpq f mcsw d f tifyg,mudk &mAifem;wGif xlaxmifcaJh yonf?
odk@aomf tifyg,m. =oZmv$r;f r_rmS twdik ;f twm wpf&yfr#om jzpfcaJh yonf? odk@aomf u|ef;qG, f
onf tm;enf;vnfjcif;/ xdk@aemuf vGe;f (rf)bwf'w f kd@. usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif; rSm &ifu h suv
f mjcif; ESifh
ppfyGJrsm;. tusdK; qufu a&mrtm; rdru d ,
kd frdr&d yfwnfap&ef xm;&pfcJhayonf? xdk@a=umifh yky&f [ef;
rsm;onf tydv k t dk yfcsufrsm;tjzpf +rdK@awmftm; au|;arG;apmifha&Smuf&ef yky&f [ef; ydik f ajrrsm;Y
pdu
k fysdK; a&; vkyjf cif;/ tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_ pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfjcif;/ vGef;(rf)bwf ppfrif;}u;D rsm;tm;
umuG,af &; p&dwaf =u;aiGrsm; ay;jcif; +rdK@awmftm; apmifha&Smuf&ef ppfom;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif; rsm; vkyf
aqmif&ef olwdk@u, dk of wl dk@ zGJ@pnf;vmcHayonf? (+rdK@awmfqo kd nfrmS yky&f [ef;rif;ESifh ol. yky&f [ef;
ud,k x f nf tzGJ@0ifrsm;aeonfh ae&mudk qdv k Ikd / jynfot l m;vH;k aeaom +rdK@udk rqdvk dkay)? wpfppjzifh
tifyg,musq;Hk cef;ESifh taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;ydk@ru _ sq;Hk cef; tusKd ;qufrsm;u yky&f [ef;rsm; tbdk@ tjcm;
aom axmufyHhr&_ &Sad &; vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk &SmazG&ef ta=umif;zefvmawmhonf? trsm;qH;k rSm
txl;ojzifh a[mfvefrsm;xHrS jzpfcJhayonf?
(5-
(5-3) wpfausmjh yef um&dv
k if*,
D ef
wpfausmjh yef um&dv k if*, D ef acwfumvrSm pmayESihf ,Ofaus;r_ &Sio f efarG;bGm;vmonfh at'D 8 &mpk
aESmif;ydik ;f ESifh 9 &mpkrsm; twGi;f yif jzpfI csm;vfrde;f ESifh vl;0pf onf ydik ;f ,mhpf eef;oufrsm; twGi;f wGif
rsm;qH;k xGe;f um;cJayonf? xdu k mvwGif pmay/ tEkynm/ Adou k mynm/ w&m;pD&ifr_ynm/ 0wfjyK
qkawmif;onfh enf;ESifh emrfyidk f;qdik &f m avhvmr_rsm; wd;k wufcaJh yonf? TumwGif acwfopf
(t*Fvdyfpm) pmvH;k tao;wdk@. rlvtp umvdv k if*, D ef pmvH;k tao; (a&;om;r_) rsm;vnf; zGH@+zdK;
vma=umif; awG@&ayonf? yHkrSefr[kwaf om ajymif;vnf;r_rsm; jzpfvmrnfh vufwifbmom. pHESe;f
xm;r_onfvnf; zGH@+zdK; vmcJah yonf? (Medieval Latin ud=k unfyh g)? &H;k awmf (eef;awmf)ESifh
bkef;awmf}u;D rsm;. az:jyr_rsm;t=um; pmaytoH;k tESe;f qdik &f m jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef csm;vfrde;f
onf ausmif; rsm;udk wnfaxmifcI Jh / ol@eef;awmfrS ausmif;rsm;onf Oa&my wcGifrS oDtadk 'gzh f/ aygvf

onf a'uef/ tifef*Jvb
f wf/ tuGv
D ;D eD,m;rS aygvv
f DemhpfESihf a,muf rS tmvful tifwdk@ uJo
h dk@aom
pmay avhvmolrsm;tm; qGJaqmifcaJh yonf?
(6) tv,facwf jrifrh m;csed f toif;awmf (at'D 800-

800-1499)
tv,facwf jrifhrm;csdeu f mvonf csm;vfrde;f eef;wuf bduo f u
d cf aH om at'D 800 rS 15 &mpk eD;yg;
uGe;f pwefwED dkbJvf usq;Hk onfh at'D 1453/ ESpw f &mppfyJG tqH;k owfaom at'D 1453/ urBo pftm;
&SmazGawG@&Sdjcif; 1492 ESifh y&dw
k ufpw
f ifh jyKjyifajymif;vnf;jcif; at'D 1515 txd jzpfcaJh yonf?
(6-
(6-1)ta&S@yidk ;f / awmifyidk ;f qvmAfrh sm;. ajymif;vnf;r_
ruf &uf'f [dk@pfay:rS pdef@ pD&;D vf ESifh pdef@ rufo'dk ;D ,mhpf trSww
f & ausmufwidk f
at'D 800 xdwidk f Oa&my taemufyikd ;f tm; c&pf,mefrif; rsm; vH;k vH;k v#m;v#m; tkycf sKyfcJhaomfvnf;
Oa&my ta&S@yidk ;f wGif omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; v_y&f mS ;ae&aom a'orsm; &Sad ecJah yonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
pdef@ pD&;D vfEiS fh pdef@ rufodk';D ,mhpw f dk@onf Oa&my ta&S@yikd f;rS qvmApfvlrsdK; rsm; xHodk@ omoemjyKrsm;
wd;k csJ@atmifjrifcI Jh / orRu sr;f ESifh 0wfjyKqkawmif;rsm;udk qvmEdkApf bmomjzifh jyefqcdk Jah yonf? at'D
988 wGif udA. f ESpjf cif; cHr_rS c&pf,mef omoemonfh uDAif &kpf (vlrsKd ;) rsm;xHodk@ jyef@ESH@omG ;
cJI
h ,lu &de;f / b,fvm&kpfESifh &k&mS ;wdk@wiG f c&pf,mefomoemudk xlaxmifEikd cf Jhayonf?
at'D 9 &mpkEiS fh 10 &mpktwGi;f wGif c&pf,mef omoemonf uDAif &kpf (vlrsdK;) rsm;tygt 0if Oa&my
ta&S@ydik ;f twGi;f odk@ twGi;f qufqaH &;rsm; }uD;rm;pGm jyKvkycf aJh yonf? qvmhAfrsm;tm; c&pf,mef
omoemjyKjcif; odk@r[kwf c&pf,mefr_ jyKjcif;udk bdik Zf efwikd frS avhvmr_ tm;taumif;qH;k xJrS wpfO;D jzpf
onfh oif;tkyq f &mawmf zdk;wD;,mhpu f taumiftxnf az:cJjh cif; jzpfayonf? rdak &;AD;,m; bk&if
&mwufpv f mhAf.u rdak &AD;,ef; (vlrsKd ;) wd@k tm; olwkd@. ud, k yf idk f bmompum;jzifh omoemjyK&ef
omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;vdck siaf =umif; arwWm&yfcHcsut f m; wkH@jyefonf taejzifh bdik Zf efwidk f {u&mZf
rdu
k u f ,f (3) u pD;&D;vfEiS fh rufokd';D ,mhpw f @kd tm; a&G;cs,cf aJh yonf? nDtpfuEdk SpOf ;D onf qvmEdkApf
wdik ;f &if; bmompum;udk ajymqd=k u+yD;/ orRusrf; pmESihf rsm;pGmaom bk&m;&Scd ;dk usrf;pmrsm;udk bmom
jyef cJhayonf? bmomjyeftm; olw@kd jyifqif+yD; tjcm;aom a'ocH bmompum;rsm;jzifh xyfqifh
ul;,lv#uf ujym;bmompum; (bHb k mompum;) jzifh qvmEdkApf toif;awmfa[mif; pum;udk
zefw;D cJhayonf?
rufodk';D ,mhpo
f nf aemufyidk ;f wGif qmhAfrsm; bmomul;ajymif;&ef qufvuf vkyaf qmifcaJh yonf?
qvmEdkApf 0wfjyKqkawmif;enf;onf wdik ;f jynftm; *&d=oZmv$r;f rd;k r_tm; wefjyef aqmif&u G rf _jyK&ef
enf;vrf;wpfcjk zpfonf[k &_jrifaom bla*;&D;,ef qm bd;k &pf. zdwaf c:r_a=umifh tcsdK@aom wynfh
awmfrsm;onf bl;a*;&D;,m;odk@ jyefvmcJhayonf? tcsdewf kd twGi;f wGiyf if pD;&D;vf ESifh rufodk 'D;,mhpf.
wynfah wmfrsm;onf tem*gwf qvmhAf bl;a*;&D;,ef; bke;f awmf}uD;tm; *vm*dv k ufwufcf tuQ&m

Glagolitic alphabet twGi;f ESifh orRusr;f pmqdik &f m jyXmef;pmtkyw
f iG ;f odk@ jyifqifwnf aqmuf&ef
xdr;f ay;cJah yonf?
bla*;&D;,m;tm; oif;tkyfq&mydik f a'otjzpf uGefpwefwED b kd JvfrS at'D 945 wGif w&m;0if tod
trSwf jyKay;cJah yonf? qmAD;,m;tm; 1345 ckESpw
f iG v
f nf;aumif; &k&mS ;tm; 1589 wGif vnf;aumif;
todtrSwf jyKcJhayonf? Twdik ;f jynfrsm;onf Tod@k owfrw S af om tcsde@f ae@&uf rwdik frDS ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm uyif bmomul;ajymif; +yD;om; jzpfayonf?
qvmhAf ta&S@buf/ awmifbufyikd ;f odk@ omoemjyKvkyfief; rSm }uD;pGmatmifjrifru_ kd &cJah yonf?

tb,fa=umifq h kdaomf omoemjyKrsm;onf rlvXmaewdik ;f &if;om; bmompum;rsm;udk a&mr bke;f
awmf}uD; rsm; vufcx H m;onfh vufwifbmomxuf vnf;aumif;/ *&dbmomxuf vnf;aumif;
OD;pm;ay; oH;k pGJcjJh cif;a=umifh jzpfayonf?
6-1 (1) *&dwf rd&k mAD;,m; odk@ omoemjyK tzGJ@

*&dwfr&dk mAD;,m;. bk&ifvnf;jzpf/ xif&mS ;aom arSmfq&m}uD;vnf; jzpfaom &mhpw f pfvmhAu
f bdik Zf ef
wdik tf m; rd&k mAD;,ef; (vlrsdK;) rsm;tm; ud, k yf ikd f bmompum;jzifh a[majymEdik faom "rRq&mrsm;
apv$waf y;yg& ef arwWm&yfccH Jh aomtcg/ bdik Zf efwikd f {u&mZf rdu k u f ,f (3) onf uGefpwefwdefEiS fh
rufodk';D ,mhpf nDt pfudk ESpaf ,mufukd a&G;cs,cf Jhayonf? olwdk@. rdcifrmS oufomavmedwf jrpf&;dk
a'orS qvmhAf vlrsdK;jzpfI nDt pfukdESpOf ;D rSm t&yfa'ooH;k qvmEdAk pf bmompum;udk u|rf;usifpGm
ajymEdik fayonf? omoemjyKtzGJ@onf csucf si;f vufiif;yif pD;&D;vpfcf pmaytuQ&mudk wDxiG cf I Jh /
usr;f pmESifh bk&m;&Scd ;dk rsm;udk qvmEdkApf bmomodk@ jyefqckd aJh yonf? TqvmApf toH;k tESef;rS
qvmEdkApf toif;awmfa[mif;. rlvtajccH jzpfvmcJah yonf? aemufyidk ;f wGif ‚rS qvmEdkApf toif;
awmf tjzpf qifu h JjzpfvmI ‚rS bHk bk&m;&Scd ;kd pm bmompmaytm; &k&mS ; atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf
ESifh tjcm;aom qvmApf c&pf,mef toif;awmfrsm;u qufvuf oH;k pGJv#ufyif &Sad yonf? qvmhAf
ta&S@ydik ;f ESifh awmifyidk ;f odk@ omoemjyKaom tzGJ@rsm;rSm vufwif/ *&d pmayrsm;xuf a'ocH bmom
pmayrsm;udk toH;k jyKjcif;a=umifh t}uD;tus,f atmifjrifru _ dk &&Sad yonf? *&dwf rd&k mAD;,m;wGifrl
uGefpwefwed fESifh rufodk';D ,mhpf wdk@onf taemufykdi;f odk@r[kwf toif;awmf. vufwifXmecGJudk ud, k f
pm;jyKaom *smref omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;ESihf yufyif;wd;k cJ&h ayonf? ‚XmecGJrsm;rSm jrwfaom a&mr
tifyg,mtm; csm;vfrde;f rS xlaxmifjcif; jzpfa=umif; tom;ay; ud, k fpm;jyKI bmompum; ,Ofaus;
r_ rsm;rSm wpfajy;nD wpfom;wnf; jzpf&ef (yifr vufwif udo k m bHo k ;kH &ef) w&m;0if vkyfaqmifay
onf? olwdk@onf vufwif bk&m;&Scd ;kd pmudo k m oH;k I/ rd&k mAD;,m;ESifh qvmApfvlrsdK;wd@k onf olwdk@
ydik fqidk faom omoemjyK&m e,fajrrsm; jzpfonf[k owfrw S x f m;ayonf?
xdyq f idk wf ;dk r_ (yÉdyuQ) wd;k &ifvh maomtcg nDaemifESpOf ;D rSm c&pf,mefrsm;t=um; toif;tyif;uGJ+yJr_
udk rvdv k m;aoma=umifh yky&f [ef;rif;tm; awG@I omoemjyK e,frsm;Y omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;t=um;
cdu
k &f efpum;rsm;r_rsm;rS a&Smif=uOf&eftwGuf oabmwlnrD u _ kd &&ef a&mrodk@ c&D;xGucf aJh yonf?
uGefpwefonf a&mr&Sd bke;f }uD;ausmif; wpfausmif;od@k 0ifI/ ol. trnfudk pD&;D vf [k ajymif;cJhayonf?
xdek mrnfjzifh ol@tm; ,ae@ odaejcif; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf rsm;r=umrSD owif;ywfrsm;twGi;f olonf
xdak e&mYyif uG,v f eG f tedpPa&mufcaJh yonf?
yky&f [ef;rif; tif'&D;,ef; (2) u rufokd';D ,mhpt f m; qmrD,ef (,ck qmAD;,m; &Sd p&if; rfpum
rufx&dk Apfum) . tmcDbJhpfa&Smhyf bGJ@ukd cs;D jr‡ichf JhI/ rd&k mAD;,m;ESifh yifEdke;D ,m; a'otm;vH;k tm; pD&if
csuyf dkicf iG fhEiS fh qvmEdkApf bmompum; bk&m;&Scd kd;pmrsm;udk w&m;0ifo;Hk pGJyidk fciG u fh dk ay;tyf+yD; at'D
869 wGif jyefvnf apv$wcf aJh yonf? odk@aomf r=umrSDwiG f olw@kd naD emiftm; zdwfrEœujyKcJhaom

rif;om; &mhpw
f pfvmhAf ewf&mG pHomG ;I/ ol@tm;qufco H u
l rufodk';D ,mhpt f m; axmufcHr_ rjyKawmhacs?
at'D 870 wGif a[mfv ef bk&if vl;0pfEiS fh ol. bJhpfa&Smhyfu &mhww f pfqb f Gef oHCm,emY rufodk
'D;,mhpt
f m; t&du
k t
f &mrS csI/ (2)ESpaf usmaf usmf axmifxJwiG f xm;cJah yonf? yky&f [ef;rif; *|ef (8)u
ol@tm; vGwaf jrmuf&ef apmifrcJhaomfvnf; qvmEdkApf bk&m;&Scd ;dk pmoH;k jcif;udk &yfwef@& ef trdef@csrSw f
cJah yonf?
at'D (878) wGif/ qvmEdkApf pmoH;k r_jzifh rdpm> tjzpf tr_ywfum rufo'dk ;D ,mhpt f m; a&mrodk@ qifah c:
cJah yonf? Tt}udrw f gif yky&f [ef;rif; *|eo f nf av#mufvGJcsut f m; em;vnfoabmaygu+f yD;/
rufodk';D ,mhpt f m; tr_tm;vH;k udk yvyfay;v#uf jyefykd@ay;cJhonft h jyif qvmEdkApfpmtm; toH;k jyK&ef
vnf; cGijfh yKcsuf ay;vdu k af yonf? ol@tm; qufco H nfh u,f&v dk if*;D ,ef; bJhpaf &Smhyf 0pfcsde;f u
qvmEdkApf bk&m;&Scd ;dk pmrsm;udk okwo f ifypfI/ rufokd';D ,mhpf. aemufvu dk rf sm;udv
k nf; twif;t=uyf
armif;xkwcf aJh yonf? xkad emufvu dk rf sm;pGmrSm qvmApf pum;ajym toif;awmftm; todtrSw f
jyKay;aom bla*;&D;,m; bk&if abm&pf (at'D 852-889) . xHY cdv k =_H uonfukd awG@&ayonf?
xdt k awmtwGi;f wGif yky&f [ef; rif; *|et f m; qufco H rl sm;rSm vufwifbmompum; wpfcw k nf;udo k m
owfrw S o
f ;Hk pGaJ om rludk usio fh ;Hk cJh+yD; ‚onf aemuf &mpkrsm;xd usefaecJhayonf?
6-1 (2) qmhAEf ifSihf bla*&D;,ef;wdk@. ajymif;vJr_r_
rufodk';D ,mhpo f nf qmhAfrsm;tm; bmomajymif;vJ& ef qufvuf aqmif&u G cf aJh yonf? qvmApf

bk&m;&Scd ;dk pmrsm;rSm wdik ;f jynfodk@ *&d=oZmv$r;f rd;k vmr_ukd umuG,Ef dkif onf[k tjrif&Sdaom bl;a*;
&D;,m; bk&if qm abm&pf (1). zdw=f um;csuaf =umifh &Sif uvD;rifh/ bl;a*;&D;,ef; awmf0ifrsdK;EG,frS
jzpfaom &Sif eef; rf/ ESifh &Sif tif*svm&mhpf rnfaom rufo'dk D; ,mhpf. wynfah wmfrsm;onf bla*;&D;,m;
odk@ jyefomG ;cJah yonf? tcsdew f dk twGi;f wGifyif pD;&D;vfESifh rufo'dk D;,mhpf. wynfhawmfrsm;onf
tem*gwf qvmhAf bl;a*;&D;,ef; bke;f awmf}u;D tm; *vm*dkvufwufcf tuQ&m Glagolitic alphabet
twGi;f ESifh orRusr;f pmqdik &f m jyXmef; pmtkyw f iG ;f odk@ jyifqifzGJ@pnf;&ef at'D 893 wGif jyKvkyfEikd cf o
Jh nf
xdk@aemuf *&dbkef;}u;D rsm;tm; ESix f wk cf +Jh yD; qvmEdkApf bmompmaytm; toif;awmf. w&m;0if
pmay odk@r[kwf pum;ESifh Edik if Hawmf. w&m;0if&;kH oH;k bmompum; tjzpf owfrw S cf aJh yonf?
6-1 (3) &kpfprf sm;. b0wmajymif

b0wmajymif;vJr_
Avm'Drm. ESpjf cif;cHr_

bla*;&D;,ef; rsm;. b0wmajymif;vJjcif; (omoemajymif; jcif;). atmifjrifro _ nf tjcm;aom ta&S@
buf qvmApfvlrsdK;rsm;odk@ b0wmajymif;vJap&ef tiftm;wpf& yf wyfqifay;jcif;yif jzpfayonf?
&kpfrsm;rSm b,fvm&k&mS ;/ &k&mS ;/ ESihf &kqif; (,lu&de;f ) vlrsKd ;rsm;. a&S;OD;rlv rsdK;qufyif jzpfayonf?
at'D 11 &mpk. tv,fyidk ;f wGif &k&mS ;/ bla*;&D;,m;/ qmAD;,m; tygt 0ifjzpfaom a&S;OD; qvmApf
urBmonf bdik Zf efwidk f c&pf,mef omoemodk@ ul;ajymif; ouf0ifcJhayonf?
at'D 989 ck udAfrS Avm'Drm. ESpfjcif;cHjcif; rSm &d;k &mtpOftvmESifh &k&. S omoemajymif;vJjcif;udk
twlwuG aqmif&u G jf cif; jzpfayonf? xkEd Spjf cif;cH&mY olonf bdik Zf efwikd f {u&mZf bufp,fvf (2).
nDr bdik Zf efwidk f tdraf &S@rif;orD; tifemESihf vufxyfxdr;f jrm;udk wpf+ydKifeuf jyKvkyfcaJh yonf? odk@aomf
vnf; Tae@&ufrwdik frSD (ESpfrsm;) uyif udA+f rdK@EiS fh a*smf*s,D mwdk@wiG f c&pf,mef omoemrSm jyef@ES@H ae+yD;
om; taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sad eayonf?
,ckacwfwiG f &k&S atmfodka'gh toif;awmfrmS atmfokda'gh toif;awmfrsm;teuf t}uD;qH;k toif;

awmf jzpfayonf?
(6-
(6-2) trsm;}udKuf vdu
k af v#m qifajcrSm; wdu
k zf suaf &;0g
&;0g'
tif'&D; &kbv
f AJh .
f oH;k yg;wpfql
rlqvifrsm;udk qef@usifaom ppfyGJtwGi;f ppfwyf tacstaerSm t}u;D tus,f ajymif;jyef tacstae

rsm; jzpfcaJh om at'D 8 &mpkwiG f tjyeftvSef ykycf wfr_ (tjypfqkdr)_ rsm;rSm ta&S@ydik ;f bdik Zf efwidk f
c&pf,mef toif;awmfwiG f v_y&f mS ;r_wpf&yf tjzpf pwifcJhayonf? at'D 726- 730 twGi;f bdik Zf ef
wdik f {u&mZf vD,dk (3) onf tqm,l&ifonf uGefpwifwED b dk Jvf eef;awmf}u;D . rkc0f jzpfaom
csmv h cf f 0ifayguaf y: ae&m,lxm;onf a,&_. qif;wktm; z,f&mS ;&ef trdef@xw k cf +Jh yD; xdak e&mY vuf
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onf?
=o&pf ZGZiG *f vD
f dk aqmif;xm;onfh =o&pf ZGi*f vD.

bGJ@OD;xkyu
=o&pf ZGif*vDonf qGpv f lrsdK; ynm&Sif wpfOD;jzpfI/ a'oydkif oif;tkyq f &mawmf wpfyg;vnf; jzpfay
onf? y&dw k ufpw f ifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; tpydik ;f wGif =oZmwuUrd }u;D xGm;cJo h vl nf; jzpfayonf?
ZGi*f vDu ol. bmoma&;qdki&f m t,ltqonf vlomxHrS acsimS ;xm;jcif; r[kw[ f k a=ujimcJhI/
vlom. ausmf=um;aom qENxw k af z:jyor_ rwdik frSD at'D 1516 wGif oDt&kd u D kd a=ujimcJah yonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ol. xde;f ndj‡ cif; =o0g'onf *smref a'opm&D &[ef;. qifjh yefcsufEiS fh qifw, l rdk mS ;
&Sad eayonf? 1518 ckESpw f iG f ZGif*vDtm; Zl;&pfrS *a&mhpfrGe;f pwm; toif;awmf aumvdyfausmif;Y
&mxl;ay;jcif; cH&ayonf? i,fpOfuyif qufpyfcJhaom xdak e&mYyif aemufq;Hk uG,v f eG cf sdet
f xd
aeoGm;cJah yonf? r=umrSD olonf +rdK@. em,u tjzpf &mxl;wufvmcJI h / qGpZf mvefEiS hf umodv k pf
[pfbmhwf tifyg,m csm;vf (5) wd@k t=um; Edik fiaH &; wif;rmr_rmS t&Sed fjrifv h mcJhayonf? Ttae
txm;wGif ZGif*vDonf ol. jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; qdik &f m tjrifrsm;udk pwif a[majymcJhayonf? ‚
wGif xdef ;f ndj‡ cif;qdki&f m =o0g' udk ydkrakd ocsmaom axmufjycsurf sm; yg0ifcJhayonf? odk@aomf &kyfymG ;rsm;
tm; trGet f jrwf xm;jcif;onf &kyfyGm;qif;wk ud;k uG,jf cif;om jzpfI/ Tonf yxOD;qH;k ynwfawmf
udk csKd ;azgujf cif;om jzpfonf[al om tcsu/f ,lcsm&pfwiG f yuwdjzpfwnfjcif; udk jiif; yg,fjcif; paom
tcsurf sm;uJo h dk@ vlomESifh t&Sdet f [kefjyif; pGm oabmxm;uGJr_rsm; &Sad eayonf? r=umrSw D iG f +rdK@awmf
aumifpDrS ZGif*vD. =o 0g'udk vufccH I Jh / olonf ydkrdk tajccHusaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;. t"du
jy,k*f jzpfvmayonf? ol@tm; =unfnKd av;pm;olrsm;ESihf aemufvu dk 'f umrsm;u ol. =o0g'rsm;udk
ol&nf&, G xf m;onfxufyI dk wd;k csJ@aqmif=unf;cJah yonf? ‚txJwiG f t&G,rf a&mufaom oli,f
tm; ESpjf cif;cHay;jcif;tm; vufrcHjH cif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifayonf? T vlomESifh ZGif*vDt=um; uGJvGJr_
onf vlom&ifEiS fh jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; 'oet=um; y&dw k ufpwf ifh uGJjym;r_. Zpfjrpf jzpfvmcJh ayonf?
xdt k csed wf iG f Edik if Ha&; wif; rmr_ a&csdefrmS jrifhrm;vmcJI h / ZGif*vDEiS fh Zl;&pf acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf twGi;f
ydik ;f qGpZf mvef umodv k pf jynfe,frsm;tm; pD; yGm;a&; ydwfq@kd r_udk jyKvkycf &Jh mrS ppfyGJjzpf onfh tacsodk@
OD;wnfcaJh yawmhonf? xdpk pfyGJwiG f oHcsyfum tjynf0h wfqifx f m;aom ZGi*f vDonf ol@w yfrsm;ESifh
twl owfjzwf vkyf}uHcv H u dk &f ayonf?
*|ef uJvf
vAf if

*|ef uJvfAifonf jyifo pf bke;f awmf}uD; wpfyg; jzpfI/ Oya'ynmjzifh a'guw f mbGJ@& wpfO;D vnf; jzpf+yD;/
y&dw k ufpw f ifh jyKjyifajymif;vJol tjzpf bufajymif;cJu h m y&dwk ufpwf ifh jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;. 'kw, d
rsKd ; qufjzpfI/ ol. t,ltqqdik &f m usrf;}uD;jzpfonfh c&pf,mef omoem. tajccH tkyjf rpf
Institutes of the Christian Religion pmtkyu f dk a&;om; xkwaf 0cJhayonf? 1536 ckESpw f iG f
ol@u, kd o
f l *sDeAD m. jyKjyifajymif;vJaom toif;awmf./ acgi;f aqmifw pfO;D tjzpf xlaxmifI/ *sDeDAm
onf 16 &mpk. 'kw, d xuf0ufwiG f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; 0g'D c&pf,mefrsm;. w&m;0if rjyKaom
c&pf,mef aejynfawmf jzpfvmcJhayonf? xdak ejynfawmfY rSwo f m;avmufaom yrm% &So d nfh
tm%mydik rf sm;udk cef@tyfI +rdK@awmfaumifpu D kd pD&ifcuJh m/ y&dw
k ufpw f ifh yky&f [ef; tjzpf ac:wGiaf pcJh
ayonf? olonf t}uD;tuJae&mudk wnfaxmifI/ xdak e&mwGif ygpwmrsm; t}uD;tuJrsm;ESifh
bmoma&;qdik &f m pnf;urf; enf;vrf;rsm;udk *sDeDAm vlxt k wGuf zGJ@pnf; ynwfcaJh yonf? uJvAf if.
bmoma&; oDt&dk rD S ol. t}udKyef;wdik f =o0g' qdo k nfu vlot d rsm;qH;k jzpfayonf? ‚u
twGi;f ydik ;f qdik &f mtm;vH;k rS bk&m;ocifwiG &f o dS nf/ u,fwifjcif;cH& rnfo h l twGuf }udKwifaxmufyhH
xm;r_rmS &S+d yD; jzpfonf [l.? t}udK yef;wdik f t,lt qonf u,fvAf if. ud, k yf dkif 'oe r[kwaf cs?
‚onf olqufccH o Jh nfh rsm;pGmaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; 0g'Drsm;. t,ltqom jzpf[ef&dSayonf?
t*Fvyd f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
a&;
&pfcsuf [GumU . &kyyf /Hk
tjcm;aom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; uJo h dk@ r[kwb f J/ t*Fvyd jf yKjyifajymif;vJa&; v_y&f mS ;r_onf eef;wGi;f
rdom;pkrS =oZmoufa&mufcjJh cif; jzpfonf? [ife&D (8)onf ol@u, dk of l umodv k pf bk&ifcH tjzpf
owfrw S f+yD;/ 1521 ckESpw f iG f rmwifvo l m tm;qef@usiI f yky&f [ef;rif;0g'udk ckcu H muG,af om
pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0um/ ‚pmtkyt f m; “w&m;awmf 7 csuf ckcu H muG,jf cif;” The Defense of the
Seven Sacraments [k trnf wyfca Jh yonf? xd@k twGuf ykyf vD,kd (10)u ol@tm; “omoemapmifh
rif;” Fidei Defensor [lonfb h GJ@udk cs;D jr‡ihfcaJh yonf? od@k aomfvnf; bk&ifco H nf ol. ZeD; t&m*GefrS
uufo&if;ESifh vyfxyfxm;r_udk y,fzsucf sifaom tr_wiG f yky&f [ef;rif; ESifh ra=urvnf pwif jzpfvmcJh
ayonf? xdu k pd tP wGuf yky&f [ef; rif;xHrS cGifhjyKcsuu f kd vdt k yfayonf? uufo&if;onf tjcm;
rsm;pGmaom awmf0if aqGrsdK;rsm;=um;Y tifyg,mjynf&h iS f csm;vf (5). ta':awmfpyfol jzpf+yD;/ olonf
yky&f [ef;rif;tm; txif&mS ;qH;k axmufyhu H n l o D l jzpfaeayonf? xdo k dk@ tuGJt+yJrsm;onf wajz;ajz;
ESifh a&mrrS cGJxu G &f ef OD;wnfvmcJ+h yD; aemufq;kH wGif t*Fvef bk&mcHonf/ t*Fvef toif;awmf.
tcsKyft jcm jzpfonf[k a=ujimcsuf xGuaf y:vmcJah yonf? t*Fvef toif;awmfonf aoG;&l;aoG;
wef; jzifh aqmufwnf&m r&aom umv tawG@t}uHKrsm;/ a&S@aemuf rnD!w G af om jyKjyifajymif;vJ
r_rsm;/ cdik frmaom a&S;&d;k pGJrsm;. OD;aqmifru _ mvrsm; jzpfvmcJhayonf? tuf'f0gh'f (6)/ ar&D (1)/
tJvZD buf (1) paom bk&ifcHrsm;ESihf uifwmbl&DrS oif;tkyfq&mawmfrsm; jzpfonfh aomrwf
c&if;rm ESifh 0dv#H vl@'f wdk@uo Jh dk@ olrsm;u toif;awmftm; rsdK; quftenf;i,f twGi;f rsm;pGmaom

OD;wnfcsub f ufodk@ wGe;f cJhayonf? xdrk S Edik fit
H oif;awmfonf ol@u,
dk o
f l jyKjyifajymif;vJxm;aom
umodv k pf [k owfrw S cf aJh yonf? od@k aomf “a&mr” ESihf tjcm;aom w&m;r0ifaom tajccH0g'Drsm;
v_y&f mS ;r_ jzpfonfh yl&w
D efrsm; Puritans uJo h dk@ r[kwaf cs?
wefjyef
jyef jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
a&;
wefjyef jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; odk@r[kwf umodv k pf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;onf y&dw k ufpw
f ifwh dk@. jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udk umodv k pftoif;awmfrS wk@H jyefaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;yif jzpfayonf? wefjyef jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;. tESuo f m&rSm jyefvnf qef;opfaom &d;k &m tavhtusirhf sm;udk csrw S &f ef/ twnf
jyKxm;aom umodv k pf =o0g'tm; "rRq&mrsm;ESifh qdik faom ud, k uf siw
hf &m; &if;jrpftm; jyKjyif
owfrw S &f ef/ y&dwk ufpw f ifhrsm;. jyef@us,v f mr_udk &yfwef@ypfEidk fa&;udk tajzxkw&f efwdk@ jzpfayonf?
odk@jzifh ‚onf a,Zl;wf Jesuits &[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; rGr;f rHoifwef;ay;onfh qifrDem&D; seminaries
rsm; xlaxmifjcif; / urBmESit fh 0Sr;f omoemjyKvkyif ef;rsm; jyefvnf qef;opfapjcif;/ atmfoadk 'ghyHkpH
0dnm^fa&;&mrsm;udk zGH@+zdK;xGe;f um;apjcif; (az:xkwjf cif;) (‚wdk@rmS pydew f dk@. pdww f efc;kd ynmESifh/
jyifopfwdk@. 0dnm^fa&;&m t,luo Jh @kd jzpfonf) rsm;udk bmoma&; tpDt pOfopfrsm; tjzpf xlaxmif
v_y&f mS ;cJhayonf? xdq k ufpyfr_ tm;vH;k rSm =o0g'rsm;udk jyefvnf twnfjyKay;onfh owfrw S af om
zGifhqcdk surf sm;jzifh usrf;pmudk zGifhqadk y;I “a&mr tEkywdavmr” Roman Catechism tjzpf xkwv f yk f
ay;aom x&ifh oHCm,emrS qH;k jzwfowfrw S cf sufrsm;yif jzpfayonf?
tdik ,f mvef/ pydef/ jyifo pfEiS fh tjcm;ae&mrsm;onf wefjyef jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif wpfausmif;

wpf*gxm wpf&mG wpfyk'fqef;=uaomfvnf; ‚wd@k . yifrcsuw f ikd frmS tDwvDyif jzpfayonf? yky&f [ef;
rif; trsdK;rsKd ;uvnf; ol@acwfEiS o hf l 0dedp,P rsm; wm;jrpfyw d fyifaom pmtkyfrsm;pm&if; Index
Librorum Prohibitorum udk jyKpk=uayonf? 0dedp, P qdok nfrmS t,lvJrG _EiS fh t,lvJjG cif;udk ckcHay;r_
wdk@tm; ppfa=umI (apm'em)I w&m;pGJqdjk cif; jzpfayonf? yky&f [ef; rif; pde@f ydki;f ,mhpf (5) (1566-
1572) onf rdp>m t,lrsm;ESifh toif;awmftwGi;f avmuDqidk &f m csdK;azgufr_rsm;udk &yfwef@apjcif;
a=umifo h mru/ ol. bmomw&m;udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ bufqo D @kd qnf;uyfr_EiS fh y&dw k ufpw f ifw
h dk@. av#muf
vGJcsurf sm;. yifrudk pDppfq;Hk jzwfjcif;rsm;a=umifh vlodrsm;ayonf? ydik f;,mhpo f nf ol. yky&f [ef;rif;
&mxl;udk qif;&Jom;wdk@tm; rsm;pGmaom tv_ay;jcif;/ axmufyahH 0iSjcif;/ aq;ukay;jcif; rsm;jzifhpwif
cJah yonf? olonf qif;&Jom;ESifh vlrrmwdk@tm; =unh&f _apmifah &Smufjcif; / omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;tm;
axmufyhHay;jcif;rsm;jzifh vlord sm;ayonf? ol. wpf+ydKifeufwnf; aqmif&u G rf _rsm;teuf a&mr.
a&S@a[mif; c&pf,mef ajratmufocsKõ if; *ltm; jyefvnf&mS azGawG@&jdS cif;vnf; yg0ifayonf? 'dik t f mruf'f
rufual vmhcsf Diarmaid MacCulloch u “T a&S;a[mif; tmZmenfrsm;tm; wpf}udrx f yfavmif; I
az:jyjcif;rSm umodv k pfrsm;onf vwfqwfv#u&f adS om tmZmenfrsm;jzifh pwifc+Jh yD;/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy
omoemjyKajrrsm;Y Oa&myajrmufyikd ;f rS y&dw k ufpwf ifw
h @kd tm; jyefvnf atmifEdkiaf p&ef v_y&f mS ;r_yif
jzpfayonf? ajratmufocsKõ if;*lonf rsm;pGmaom aqmif&u G rf _rsm;ESifh ol&Jaumif;wd@k tm; tm;oGi;f
ay;jcif;udk oufaojyv#uf &Sd.” [k az:jyxm;ayonf?
x&ifh oHCm,em
m,em

pefw r&D, r*~,
D dk&D Santa Maria Maggiore bk&m;ausmif;rS o*Fg,em
yky&f [ef;rif; aygvf (3) (1534-1549) OD;pD;aom x&ifh oHCm,em Council of Trent (1545-1563)
rS qDrGefeD simony ta0;a&muf ajr&Sif0g'/ aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f aumif;pm;a&;0g' tjcm;aom csdK;azgurf _rsm;
uJoh dk@ aocsmaom bke;f awmf}uD; rsm;qdki&f m cspm;r_rsm;udk az:xkwf rde@f qckd Jhayonf? tvm;wlyif tjcm;
aom &d;k &m "avhrsm;ESifh toif; awmf. w,loef pdwu f ;l rsm; jzpfonfh &d;k &m =o0g'wdk@tm; jyefvnf
twnfjyKjcif;rsm; vkycf Jhayonf? xd&k ;kd &mrsm;rSm oif;tkyfq&mrsm; ud, k x f nf (tzGJ@tpnf;)/ bke;f
awmf}uD; rsm; tcrf;tem;/ w&m;awmf 7 csuf/ taoG;awmf ajymif;vJjcif; (vlxu k aygifrkHEiS hf pyspf0idk f
wdk@tm; v_'gef;=uaom tcrf;tem;wGif ‚wd@k onf c&pfawmf. taoG;awmf tom;awmfrsm; tjzpf
pifppfajymif;vnf;oGm;onf[k ,H=k unfcsu)f / "gwaf wmf/ pHjyyk*~dKvfEiS fh olawmfpifrsm; (txl;ojzifh r,f
awmf rm&d) wdk@tm; txGÉt f jrwfxm;jcif;/ u,fwifjcif;cH& &ef tvd@k imS ,Hk=unfcsuEf iS fh aumif;rGefpmG
usiafh qmifr_ ESpcf v
k ;Hk r&Sdrjzpf vdtk yfjcif; / aumif;uifbYHk =um;cH pcef; wnf&jdS cif;/ yky&f [ef;ydik frsm;.
tmrcHcsuf (a&mif;&ef r[kw)f ponfjzifh jzpfayonf? ‚wd@k tm;vnf; xdo k C
H m,emrS xyfrH t
wnfjyKcJah yonf? wenf;tm;jzifh y&dw k ufpw f ifhrsm;. =o0g'qdik &f m jyKvJjcif;rsm;udk vH;k 0 todtrSwf
rjyK jiif; yg,vf u
dk jf cif; jzpfayonf? ToHCm,emonf a0;vHoaD cgiaf om a'orsm;rS bke;f awmf}uD;
rsm;. ynm&nf wd;k wufru _ vdk nf; tm;ay;cJah yonf? rDv if. oif;tkyq f &m pde@f csm;vf abmf&kdr, D dk
(1538-1584) onf a0;vHoaD cgiq f ;kH aom a'orSjzpfI tqifjh rifh *k%&f nf&v Sd mcJjh cif;rSm Oyrm
wpf&yfyif jzpfayonf?
&SmazGawG@&Sad om acwf (1492-

(1492-1769)
&SmazGawG@&Sdaom acwfonf c&pfwkdzm udv k efbwfpf (1492) . a&a=umif;c&D; rS pwifcI
Jh / ‚onf
Oa&my udv k edk D ruf&iS ;f v_y&f mS ;r_. trSwo
f n‡mvnf; jzpfayonf?
c&pf,mefomoemjyK
omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;
umodv
k pf ruf&iS ;f rsm;
&SmazGawG@&Sdaom acwftwGi;f wGif/ a&mr umodv k pf toif;awmfonf urBmopfqo D dk@ c&pf,mef
omoemtm; jzef@cs&D efEiS fh wdik ;f &if; rlv
l vlrsdK;rsm;tm; c&pf,mef omoemtwGi;f od@k ul;ajymif;ap&ef
twGuf omoemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm;pGmudk xlaxmifcaJh yonf? wpfcsdew f nf;wGi/f z&efppf ZmAD;,m; uJo h dk@
omoemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm;/ tvm;wl tjcm;aom a,Zl;wf/ =o*wfpwife, D ef;/ z&efppfpuifEiS fh 'dkrDeu
D ef
rsm;rSm tm&SbufEiS fh ta&S@zsm;qDo@kd a&G@v#m; vmcJhayonf? ay:wll*Drsm;u tmz&duodk@ omemjyK
ruf&iS ;f rsm; apydk@caJh yonf? xdo k moemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm;rS wpfcsdK@rSm tifyg,mjynf&h iS frsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f
v#uf tjcm;olrsm;tm; ESdyu f yG fr_rsm; &Scd Jhayonf? tjcm;aom ruf&iS ;f rsm; (w&kwjf ynfodk@ omoemjyK

aom rufw, D dk &ufp.
D a,Zl;wf) rsm;rSm tifyg,mjynf&h iS frsm;. ,Ofaus; r_ odr;f oGi;f jcif; (omoem
jyK rdi_ ;f wdu
k jf cif;xuf) +idr;f csrf;pGm yl;aygif; aqmif&u
G jf cif;rsdK;jzifh csn;f uyfcaJh yonf?
y&dw
k ufpw
f ifh udv
k edk cD sJ@jcif;
urBmopfY y&dw k ufpw f ifhrsm;. txif&mS ;qH;k udv k ekd cD sJ@jcif; rSm t*Fvef yl&w D efrsm; Puritans . ajrmuf
tar&duodk@ ajcqef@jcif; yif jzpfayonf? pyde/f jyifopfwkd@ESihf rwlbJ/ t*Fvdyf udv k dkeDrsm;onf a'ocH
vlrsdK;rsm;tay:odk@ tDAif*svu dk f (omoemjyK) vkyaf qmifjcif;rSm th=H oavmufatmif pdu k t
f m; &Scd Jhay
onf? yl&w D ef odk@r[kwf bk&m;zl;rsm;onf yl&w D ef0g'tm; vufco H rl sm; ud,k wf idk f xlaxmif+yD; tcsKyf
tjcmydik f e,fajrwGif aexdik &f ef t*Fvefudk pGef@cGmcJah yonf? yl&w D efrsm;onf t*FvefrS xGucf mG cJo h nf
rSm olwdk@. bmoma&; t,ltqa=umifh zdEdSycf sKyfcs,cf &H r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfayonf? yl&w D eft rsm;pkrmS
wdik ;f jynf. ajredrfhyidk ;f wGif tajccsc+Jh yD; / xdkae&mwGif vdiyf kdi;f qdik &f m ud, k uf siwhf &m; ysuyf sm;r_rsm;udk
awG@&v#uf tpd;k &taejzifh bmoma&;t& udik w f , G &f efukd wk@aH ES;aejcif; rsm;udk vufrcHEidk jf cif;wdk@
a=umifh olwdk@onf olwdk@. tdrfruftwdik ;f yl&w D efwkd@. udk,yf ikd f urBmopftm; xlaxmif&ef xGucf mG
vm cJjh cif; jzpfayonf?
toif;awmfEiS fh ^m%fpOfawmf (1580-

(1580-1800)
*vDv,
D .
dk tr_&ifqidk cf ef;
&H;k awmfjrwf
rwaf &S@arSmufrS *vDv,
D dk (19 &mpk *sKd ;Zuf eDc;dk vd/ a&mbwf zvD,&l D . yef;csrD )S
*vDv,D . dk tr_udpo
P nf/ ol. udkyg; epfuif tmuoa&;&mtm; axmufyt hH m;ay;r_a=umifh a&mr
umodvk pf toif;awmfEiS fh yÉdyuQ jzpfc&Jh jcif; jzpfayonf? ‚tm; ordik ;f wGif bmoma&;ESifh odyH̀
a&;& wdk@ qufpyfvmaom umv[k owfrw S af vh&adS yonf?
at'D 1610 wGif *vDv, D o dk nf ol. =u,fwm&m wrefawmf Sidereus Nuncius pmtkyu f dk yHkESdyf
xkwaf 0cJhayonf? ‚wGif th=H oavmufaom pl; prf;r_jzpfonfh oljyKvkyaf om tEk=unfhrSeaf jymif;
topfudk az:jycJah yonf? ‚ESit fh jcm;aom &SmazGawG@&cdS surf sm;u tmumoa&;&m qdik &f m em;vnf
Edik fr_ cufcJaejcif; rsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef taxmuftyHh jzpfcI Jh / aumfyife;D uyfp.
f [Dv, D pdk ifx&pf
heliocentric oDt& dk D uJo
h dk@ tajccH oif&;kd rsm;ay:Y pdwf0ifpm;r_ jyefvnf opfqef;apcJo
h nf?

wefjyef ta&;,ljcif;tm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom ynm&Sifrsm;u urBmonf v_y&f mS ;onf[k qdkjcif;/ aeonf
0ifxu G o
f mG ;vmjcif; r&Sb
d J A[djk yK&yfaeonf[k qdjk cif; rsm;onf rdpm> t,ljzpfonf[k qufvuf udik pf GJ
xm;ayonf? xdak cwfumvu olw@kd . t,ltqwpfcsdK@onf orRmusrf;pmyg ay;xm;csuEf iS hf 0da&m"d
jzpfaejcif; rsm;rSm rdpm> t,l[k em;vnf;xm;=uayonf? *vDv, D .dk bufwiG frl oDt&dk q D idk &f m/ tmum
o qdik &f m/ tawG;tac:qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;bG,jf zpfr_rsm;rSm txGÉt f xdyo
f dk@a&mufvmI aemufq;Hk wGif
ol@tm; tr_wifppfaq;v#uf at'D 1633 ckESpw f iG f t,lysurf t_ wGuf jypf'%fjzpfaom axmif'%fudk
ay;cJah yonf? odk@aomf trSww f u,fwiG f olc&H aom axmif'%frmS ol@pmtkyw f iG f yky&f [ef;rif;tm;
apmfum;r_a=umifh jzpfI/ aumfhyg;epfuifonf tmumoESifh ywfoufaom odyq H̀ idk &f m taxmuftxm;
rSm jynfph Hvk aHk vmufr_ r&Scd Jhacs? (ol@ot
D &kd w
D iG f tmumoa&;&m tcsut f vufrsm;ygaomfvnf;/ xdk
tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm urBm. a&G@v#m;aer_onf tjcm;aom axmufyhHr_rsm; r&Sad cs[k jzpfI/ p=u0Vm
qdik &f m qGJt m; oDt&dk D tm; &SmazGrawG@ro DS nf txdom jynfph ckH Jhayonf)?
jyifopfawmfveS af &;
jyifopf &Dbmyvufuif jyuQ'def ESifh bke;f awmf}uD;rsm; qef@usiaf &; tcsdet
f q/
jyefvnfE;dk ºuGonf
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(1720-1906)
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jyefvnfE;dk ºur_udk ud, k fpm;jyKI/ Ed;k xr_}uD;[k ac:qdak yonf? ajrmuftar&duwGif tDAif*svu D ,frsm;/
y&ufbidk wf m 0g'Drsm;/ bwWZd H0g'Drsm;ESihf rufoadk 'gh0g'D toif;awmfrsm;. ay:xGef;wd;k wufvmr_ukd awG@
&ayonf? xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_onf wajz;ajz;ESihf tm;aysmhomG ;aomtcgwiG f ‚onf jyefvnf tpm;xd;k ol
rsm; v_y&f mS ;r_tm; jrifw h ufvmap&ef ay;tyfcaJh yonf?
Ed;k xr_}uD;
yxrOD;qH;k Ed;k xr_}uD;rSm at'D 1730- 1740 wGi/f tar&duef udv k ekd De,frsm; y&dw k ufpw f ifh bmoma&;
pdwjf yif;xefolrsm;. vdi_ ;f u,uf yifjzpfayonf? bk&m;w&m;ESiq fh kid af om olawmfpifw&m;rsm;udk
a[majymjcif;/ 0wfjyKenf; &d;k &d;k rsm;ESifh ESu&f id_ ;f aom yk*v ~ ud tjypfrsm;ESihf a,&_c&pf. ud, k pf m; tjypf
cH,al y;r_rsm; tav;ay; a[majymonfh &d;k &m jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkycf aJh yonf? ordik ;f
ynm&Sif qpf'eD tD; tmvfpxGr;f Sydney E. Ahlstrom u ‚onf “Edik if w H umqdik &f m y&dw k ufpf
wifrh sm; uaomif;ueif; jzpfjcif;. wpfpw d wf pfyikd ;f r#om jzpf.” [k &_jrifxm;ayonf? ‚onf
*smr%DwiG f ydik ;f ,pfwufZif/ t*FvefwiG f tDAif*svu D Jvf jyefvnfE;dk xjcif; ESifh rufokd@'ufZifrsm;
udv k nf; jzpfay:apcJhayonf? ‚onf 0wfjyKtoif; xlaxmifjcif;. touf0n d m^f jyefvnf
&Sio f efa&;udk A[dkjyKcJhI? 0wfjyKvx l q k ikd &f m pka0;r_rsm;/ y&ufbikd w f m 0g'Drsm;ESifh 'gch sf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/
*smref jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ bwfywufpfrsm;ESihf rufoakd 'gh toif;awmfrsm;od@k rsm;pGm xda&muf
cJah yonf? xdk@tjyif aus;u|ef vlO;D a&;rsm;xHo@kd vnf; jyef@ESH@caJh yonf? 'kw, d t}udrf Ed;k xr_}uD;
(1800- 1830) onf yxrt}udrfEiS hf rwlnaD wmhbJ/ ‚onf toif;awmfrJhrsm;odk@ OD;wnfv#uf
wufºuaom awG@qHkr_rsm;tm;jzifh yk*v ~ ud u,fwifjcif;cH&r_tm; &du k o f iG ;f cJhayonf? ‚onf
refrGefESifh jrifjh rwfaom v_y&f mS ;r_tzGJ@ uJo h dk@aom jyefvnf tpm;xd;k r_0g'. tpydik ;f tkyfpkrsm;od@k vnf
&du k cf wfomG ;ayonf? wwd, Ed;k xr_}u;D onf 1857 wGif pwifc+Jh yD; urBmESit fh 0Sr;f txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd f
pum;ajymEdik fiHrsm;odk@ jyeff@ESH@vy_ &f mS ;cJhayonf? ajrmuf tar&durS Ed;k xr_}u;D xJodk@ aemufqHk; 0ifvm
aom tkyfpkrSm yifwufpu f w
dk Jv0f g'Drsm; jzpfI/ olw@kd . a&aomufjrpfrmS rufoakd 'ghpf/ 0ufpav,ef wdk@
jzpfayonf? jrifjh rwfaom v_y&f mS ;r_tzGJ@onf 1906 ckEpS w f iG f avmhtif*s,v f pf+rdK@ tZlpm vrf;r ay:rS

pwifcJhayonf? yifwufpu
f w dk Jv0f g'Drsm;onf aemufyikd ;f wGif ESu+f cdKub
f ,
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movement tm; OD;aqmifcaJh yonf?
jyefvnf tpm;xd;k 0g'rD sm;

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tzGJ@rsm;udk ud,k pf m;jyKI/ acwf+ydKif c&pf,mef omomemrsm;/ rlvyifr rSeu f efaom c&pf,mefrS vrf;vGJ
aom tzGJ@rsm;[k todt rSwf jyKcH&olrsm; jzpfayonf? xdt k kypf krsm;onf jyefvnf wnfaqmuf
&ef }uHpnfv#uf “wrefawmf 0wˆKtm;” vrf;jyusr;f tjzpf oH;k avh&adS yonf? jyefvnf tpm;xd;k
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ordik ;f 0if qufo, G fr_ &Scd Jhayonf? odk@aomf uGJjym;jcm;em;onfrSm ‚wd@k onf olw@kd u, kd o
f w
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tm; qufvuf wnf&aSd ponf[k aºu;a=umf+yD;/ toif;awmfwiG ;f wGif aysmufq;Hk aeonf[k olwdk@
axmufjyaom tcsufrsm;tm; jyefvnf tpm;xd;k jcif;om jzpfcJhayonf? xdt k oif;tzGJ@rsm;rSm “aemuf
ydik ;f ae@&uf olawmfpifrsm; toif;awmf” (refrGef) ESihf “a,a[m0g oufaocH v_y&f mS ;r_” rsm; jzpfay
onf?
acwf+ydKifwnf&rSd _ ordik ;f (1848 rS ,ae@acwf)

acwf+ydKif acwfumvrsm;wGif c&pf,mef toif;awmf. ordki;f udk 1848 ck awmfvSefa&;rS ,ae@acwfxd
umvudk owfrw S af yonf?
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S ifyg,mtwGi;f rS &k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf
armfpudk u&ifrvifrS toif;awmf. yHk

&k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmfonf &k&t S ifyg,mtwGi;f wGif txl;tcGi&fh ae&mY &Scd aJh yonf? atmf
odak 'gh0g'/ oufO;D qHyidk f0g'ESifh vlom;tusKd ;jyK0g' Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Populism [k
aemufydik ;f &k&t S ifyg,mwGif aqmifyk't f jzpfyif az:jyv#uf&adS yonf? 18 &mpk yDwm. toif;awmf
jyKjyifajymif;vJ;jcif;tm;jzifh toif;awmfonf Zmbk&m. xde;f csKyfr_atmufY &Sad ecJah yonf? ‚.
tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m ud,
k x
f nfrmS tjrifjh rwfq;Hk aom oHCmpk jzpfI/ Zmbk&ifu olu, dk w
f idk f bdou
d o
f Ge;f
w&m;0if cef@tyfayonf?
toif;awmfonf trsKd ;rsKd ;aom &yfpzD aD u;&Si;f russification 0g'jzef@csDa&;rsm;Y yg0ifcI

Jh / *sL;qef@usif
a&; tpDtpOfY yg0if ywfoufco Jh nf[k pGyfpJcG &H ayonf? qD; rduk f qef@usiaf &;ESihf *sL;qef@usifa&;

tpDtpOfrsm;wGif toif;awmf taejzifh wdu k &f u
kd yf g0if ywfoufcaJh =umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; rawG@
&acs? rsm;pGmaom &k&S atmfoadk 'gh bke;f awmf}uD; rsm;ESihf obm&ifh 0gpOf}uD;olrsm;u *sL;wdk@tm; ESdyfpuf
n‡i;f yef;r_udk yGifhyiG v
fh if;vif; ckccH JhI/ xdu
k dpt
P m; tenf;qH;k taejzifh 19 &mpk. 'kw, d xuf0ufyidk ;f wGif
awG@&ayonf? toif;awmftaejzifh *sL;bmom0ifw@kd tm; xdo k @kd jyKrlr_ w&m;0iftm;jzifv
h nf; r&Scd aJh cs?
toif;awmfonf aus;vufawmom;rsm; tay:Y tcGefaumufc&H ef cGijfh yKcJah yonf?
toif;awmftm; Zmbk&if.vlrsm;uJo h @kd yif abmfcsDApfEiS fh tjcm;aom &k&aS wmfvSeaf &; orm;rsm;u
&efot
l jzpf &_jrifowfrw
S jf cif;udk cH&ayonf?
qdAk ,
D uf ,le,
D t
H wGi;f rS &k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf
&k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmfonf atmufwb kd mawmfveS fa&;+yD; aemuf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG f wyfjzLawmf
ESifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G cf aJh yonf? Ttcsi;f t&ma=umifh aemufyidk ;f wGif abmfcsDApfrsm;. rvdrk ke;f xm;r_
udk cHc&Jh ayonf? vDeif. uGejf rLepf tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJ@onf bmoma&;qdik &f m udpPrsm;wGif =um;ae0g'
rwnf&Sd Edkiaf oma=umifh ‚taejzifh toif;awmftm; u&k%mrJah =umif; jyo&rnf jzpfonf? vDeif.
ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm; todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif toif;awmftwGuf ae&m[lI r&Sdacs?
atmufwb dk mawmfvSeaf &; rwdik frSDEiS fh +yD;aemuf 1917 Edk0ifbm 7 &uf (jyuQ'deaf [mif; t& atmufwdk
bm 12 &uf)wGif qdkA, D uf ,le, D tH wGi;f uGejf rLepf tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf urBmwpfcv k ;Hk nD!w G =f u&ef
v_y&f mS ;r_ wpfck jzpfcaJh yonf? xdv k _y&f mS ;r_wiG f Oa&my ta&S@yikd ;f abmfvuefa'o wdik ;f jynfrsm; yg0ifcJh
ayonf? tcsKd @aom qvAf wdik ;f jynfrsm;onf olw@kd . wdik f;&if;om; toif;awmfrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &ifom;
&d;k &mtarGrsm;rSm cdik frmpGm csnaf ESmif+yD;om; jzpfI/ olwdk@vx l ak &m toif;awmfrsm;yg tm;vH;k onf
qdkA, D uf. ypfrw S rf sm; jzpfcaJh yonf? bmoma&;ESihfywfoufI qdkA, D uf. w&m;0if &yfwnfr_rmS
“bmoma&;vGwv f yfciG fhEiS fh oD;cHem;vnfay;jcif;” [k jzpfaomfvnf;/ Edik if Hawmfonf odyH̀enf;us
trSew f &m;udo k m vufcaH ponfh bk&m;rJh0g'udk xlaxmifcaJh yonf? bk&m;rJh0g'tm; a0zefjcif;tm;
jyif;jyif;xefxef wm;jrpfxm;+yD; wcgw&H axmif'%fc&H jcif;yif &Sad yonf?
qdkA, D uf ,le, D o H nf r#waom t,ltq tawG;tac:ESihf bmoma&;qdik &f m txGÉt f xdy&f Sdaom
a&S;OD; Edik if wH pfEidk if H jzpfcJhayonf? xdt k &mrsm; tqH;k owfap&ef/ uGejf rLepftpdk;&onf toif;awmf.
ydik fqidk fr_rsm;udk jynfoyl idk f odr;f jcif;/ bmomw&m;tm; oa&mfavSmifajymifjcif;/ ,H=k unforl sm;tm;
taESmift h ,Suaf y;jcif;/ pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif bk&m;rJh0g'tm; a[majymjzef@csjD cif;rsm; jyKvkycf Jhayonf?
bmomw&m;tay:Y ta&;,lr_rsm;&Sad omfvnf; / Edkiif aH wmf. tusKd ;twGuf pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ t
aumif;qH;k aom bmomw&m;rsm;udk w&m;r0if a=ujimjcif; r&Scd aJh cs? atmfokda'gh bke;f }uD;rsm;ESihf ,Hk
=unforl sm;tm; ta&;,lenf; tcsdK@rSm uGyfrsufjcif;/ ESdyfpufjcif;/ axmifoiG ;f tus^;f csjcif; / &Jbufodk@
ydk@jcif;/ pdwZW aq;&Ho k dk@ ydk@jcif;rsm;yif jzpf.? tusdK;qufa=umifh toif;awmftm; n‡i;f yef;cH&aom/
tmZmenf toif;awmf[k ajymif;vJ jzpfwnfvmcJ. h ? abmf&ADS pfawmfvSeaf &;+yD; yxr 5 ESpw f iG f
oif;tkyq f &mawmf 28 yg;ESifh bke;f awmf}u;D 1200 uGyfrsucf Hc&Jh .?

u,fwif&iS f c&pfawmf (uufo',f armfpud)k jyefvnf wnfaqmuf+yD;yHk
1920ESifh 1930 bmoma&; qef@usifr_ vHa_ qmfjcif;. t"du ypfrw S frmS ,H=k unfodl vlO;D a& trsm;qHk;
jzpfaom &k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmfyif jzpf.? ‚. tm;vH;k eD; yg;aom bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;ESihf ,H=k unf
olrsm;rSm ypfowfc&H jcif; odk@r[kwf &Jbufpcef;odk@ tydk@cH&jcif; rsm; jzpfcJh.? bmoma&; t,ltq
qdik &f m ausmif;rsm;tm; tydwcf &H ./ toif;awmf. yHkEdSyx
f kwaf 0r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfc&H .? 1927 rS 1940
ckESpt f wGi;f &k&t
S oif;awmf bk&m;ausmif;aygi;f 29584rS 500 atmufodk@ av#mhusc&Jh .? xdk 1927 rS
1940 ckESpt f wGi;f atmfoadk 'gh bke;f }uD; 130000 tzrf;cH&.? ‚rS 95000 rSm ao'%fay;cH&.?
Zmom zvd&k ifpuDrmS T tmZmenf topfrsm; pm&if;wGif wpfyg; tygt0ifjzpf.?
1941 ckESpf emZD*smr%DrS qdkA, D uf,el ,D t H m; wduk cf u

kd +f yD;aemuf/ *sdK;Zif pwmvifonf ppfyGJtwGuf
rsKd ;cspfrsm; pkaqmif;ay;&ef &k&S atmfokda'gh toif;awmftm; jyefvnf &Sio f efciG fhay;cJh.? 1957 ckESpwf iG f
&k&S atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf bk&m;ausmif;aygi;f 22000 onf jyefvnf &Sio f efvmcJ. h ? odk@aomf 1959
ckESpw f iG f eDuw D m u&kcsuo f nf ol. yGJO;D xGuf 0g'jzef@csDr_ taejzifh toif;awmftm; qef@u siI f /
bk&m;ausmif;aygif; 12000 udk t"rRyw d fyif ypfc.Jh ? 1985 ckESpw f iG f bk&m;ausmif; aygi;f 7000 atmuf
wGio f m &Scd IJh / toif;awmf. 0gpOfu, kd xf nf bke;f }uD;rsm;rSm axmifcscH&jcif;/ odk@r[kwf t"rR xkwf
yg,cf &H jcif;wdk@ jzpfcJh.? olwdk@.ae&mrsm;wGif vufyg; bke;f awmf}u;D rsm;udk tpm;xd;k cJI h olwkd@rS trsm;pk
onf au*sDbDEiS fh csnaf ESmifv#uf &Sad y.?
qdkA,D uf ,le, D tH wGi;f wGi/f toif;awmfrsm;tm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif; ESifh tqifhqifh pepfwus ydwfypfr_rsm;
rSm ,cifu toif;awmfrS vkyfaqmifonfh tv_'getm; jzef@jzL;jcif; / vlr_zv l akH &;vkyif ef; rsm;udk Edkiif H
awmfrS vufv$J,v l udk jf cif;wdk@ jzpfayonf? yk*v~ u d ydik f ypPn;f tm;vH;k ESihf toif;awmfyikd frsm;udk jynfo l
vlxk oH;k &ef jynfoyl idk f odr;f vdu k af yonf? tpdk;&onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;tm; oH;k cGijfh yKxm;onf[k
jy,k*t f jzpf ae&mtenf;i,ftm; 0wfjyKqkawmif;Edik &f ef cGihfjyKay;xm;aomfvnf; Edik if aH wmfydki[ f k
owfrw S f xm;ayonf? Edik if aH wmftaejzifh taxGaxG ynma&;twGuf &HyHkaiGawmifw h if;vmaom
tcg/ toif;awmf. ynma&;0efaqmifciG hf/ uav;rsm;twGuf vufr_ynmrsm; oif=um;cGifh ausmif;
rsm;udk cGifhrjyKawmhacs? t&G,af &mufolrsm; twGuo f m bk&m;ausmif;ESifh qufpyfaom tvkyfrsm;udk
vkyu f idk fEidk o
f nfh avhusio fh ifwef; rsm;udok m cGihfjyKxm;ayonf? bke;f }uD;&[ef; vlwef;pm;/ bmoma&;
ausmif;/ avhvma&; tkyfpk/ we*FaEG ausmif; / bmoma&; yHkEdSyx f w k af 0jcif; tm;vH;k onf w&m;r0if
odk@r[kwf wm;jrpfxm;jcif;udk cH&ayonf? TESdyu f Gyfrr_ sm;rSm pwmvif uG,v f eG f+yD; 1991 ck
qdkA,D uf ,le, D H +ydKuGJcsdet f xd qufvuf&adS ecJhayonf? qdkAD,uf ,le, D H +ydKuGJ+yD;aemufwiG f bk&m;rJh0g'

wHy;dk atmufrS olawmfpif (c&pfbke;f }u;D a&S; rS bGJ@) rsm;tjzpf rsm;pGmaom tmZmenf topfrsm;udk
xnfo h iG ;f v#uf &Sad yonf?
zufqpf0g'
zufqpf0g'onf 20 &mpk Oa&mywGif Edik fiaH &; tkycf sKyfol tpd;k &rsm;ESifh wdu
k &f u dk q f ufpyfcI
Jh / txl;
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k ekd D. tDwvDEiS hf z&efu.
kd pydefEidk if w
H dk@ jzpfcaJh yonf?
emZD0g'
emZD0g'twGi;f c&pf,mefbmom. tajctaerSm tvGew
f &m &_yfaxG;ayGvv
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jyoemrsm;rS wpfcsdK@rmS Filioque, Scholasticism 'kuQp&d,tm; &nfoefaom tusif/h bk&m;ocif.

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ta&S@ taemuf ajymif;jyef ajymif;vJomG ;rnfyif?” [k pyif*vm uqdx k m;ayonf?

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c&pf,mef

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a,&_. b0wm (bDpD 6-

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wynfah wmfrsm; toif;awmf (Apostolic Church)

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