Blueprint Reading 130

Blueprint Reading 130
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Class Outline
Objectives
What Is a Blueprint?
Blueprint Contents
Orthographic Drawing
Blueprint Drawing Views
Auxiliary and Section Views
Types of Section Views
Object and Hidden Lines
Extension, Dimension, and Leader Lines
Center and Break Lines
Cutting Planes and Section Lines
Blueprint Dimensions
Types of Dimensions
Uses of Dimensions
The Title and Change Blocks
Use of Scale
Use of Tolerances
Summary
Lesson: 1/18
Objectives
Describe the purpose of a blueprint.
Identify the three basic elements of a
blueprint.
Define orthographic view.
Identify the six possible views of a box.
Explain the appearance and use of views.
Identify the types of section views.
Describe how to show part edges.
Identify how to indicate dimensions.
Describe the appearance and use of center
lines.
Describe the appearance and use for break
lines.
Identify how section views are displayed.
Identify the dimensions on the blueprint.
Describe descriptive dimensions.
Figure 1. The print consists of the drawing, dimensions, and
Define functional dimensions.
notes.
Describe the appearance and use of notes.
Explain how to use scale information on a
print.
Explain the tolerance information on a print.
Figure 2. An orthographic print contains multiple views of a
part.
Lesson: 2/18
What Is a Blueprint?
Every manufactured part begins as an idea. This idea must
be passed from one person to the next: from engineer, to
machine operator, to inspector, and so on. Blueprints are
documents that make sure everyone communicates the
same information during the manufacturing process.
Figure 1 shows a simplified blueprint that describes the
part shown in Figure 2. A blueprint is essentially the
manufacturing instructions for a particular part. You may
also hear blueprints referred to as simply prints,
manufacturing prints, or drawings. The term "blueprint"
comes from an older method of producing prints that used
white lines on a blue background. Whatever the
appearance or name, the purpose is always the same.
Whether a part is being cast, forged, machined, welded, or
assembled, it begins as a blueprint. This class will teach
you the basic components of a blueprint so that you can
Figure 1. A blueprint provides manufacturing
begin to understand the information it contains.
instructions for a part.
Figure 2. This part is similar to the one in the print
above.
Lesson: 3/18
Blueprint Contents
Every blueprint contains these three basic elements:
The drawing consists of all the lines that
illustrate the shape of the part. Normally, the
drawing contains multiple views of the part from
different perspectives.
The dimensions are the numbers that describe
the various measurements of the part. The length
of a part, the location and size of a hole, the
angle of an edge all require dimensions.
The notes include information about the type of
material, the necessary finish, tolerances, and
other general information about the part. Every
company has its own particular style of notes
section.
Figure 1. The drawing, dimensions, and notes combine to
As you can see in Figure 1, these three elements form the complete print.
combine to form the necessary manufacturing
instructions for a particular part.
Lesson: 4/18
Orthographic Drawing
We are used to looking at three-dimensional
representations of objects. Advertisements contain
three-dimensional products because they appear more
"realistic" to the human eye. The drawing in Figure 1 shows
three dimensions of an object at the same time.
However, three-dimensional images are not always the
most informative. Most blueprints are orthographic
drawings. In other words, a blueprint will show only one
side of a part at a time. The emphasis is on the visible
edges rather than the depth of three dimensions. Each side
of the part is viewed head-on, separately from the others,
as shown in Figure 2. This may not create a realistic
representation of the part, but it is more informative than a
three-dimensional image. All features can, and in fact must,
be accurately and completely represented. Together,
orthographic drawings offer a total picture of the part. A
machine operator uses a blueprint drawing to identify the
measurements of every part dimension.
Figure 1. This drawing illustrates three dimensions
simultaneously.
Figure 2. These orthographic views isolate two
dimensions.
Lesson: 5/18
Blueprint Drawing Views
The drawing portion of the blueprint normally
contains multiple views of different part sides. For a
rectangular part, there are at least six possible side
views of a part that correspond to the six sides of a
box. These views are displayed similar to a box that
has been unfolded, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. You
can see that each side has edges that remain in line
with the edges of the front side.
A blueprint contains only the number of side views
that are necessary to convey all the information about
a part. Some parts may only require a front and a side
view. However, most parts require at least three
views of the front, top, and right side of the part to
convey the necessary information. Symmetrical round
Figure 1. The views of a part unfold like the sides of a box.
parts, such as the part in Figure 3, may require only
one or two views. Very complex parts might even
require a view of all six sides.
Figure 2. Some parts may require four separate views to
display all the features.
Figure 3. This tooling ball requires only one view to
communicate all its information.
Lesson: 6/18
Auxiliary and Section Views
Sometimes, the six basic views of a part are not enough
to communicate all the necessary information. This is
especially the case for complex parts or parts that have
angled surfaces. For example, the basic views in Figure
1 make it difficult to see and describe the dimensions on
the angled surface. Other views may better illustrate the
crucial features of the part.
To better illustrate the part, an engineer may use an
auxiliary view of the angled side, as shown in Figure 2.
This view is flipped as if the side had hinges and opened
like a door.
Complex parts may also benefit from a section view
that illustrates part details. With a section view, a
Figure 1. The angled surface is distorted by a basic view of
portion of the part is drawn as if it was cut away and
the part.
flipped. Section views can be used to show the interior
of a hole or the dimensions of slots or grooves. Figure 3
shows a section view of a cylindrical part with two holes.
Figure 2. The auxiliary view best represents the angled
section of the part.
Figure 3. A section view illustrates the part with a removed
section.
Lesson: 7/18
Types of Section Views
There are quite a variety of section views that an engineer
can use in a blueprint drawing. Figure 1 illustrates just a
sample of some of the types of section views:
A full section cuts the part entirely in half. The right
side is removed, and the left half is rotated.
A half section is similar to a full section, except only
one quarter of the part is removed. Symmetrical
parts often contain half sections.
An offset section uses an uneven line to cut the
part in half. This type of section allows an engineer
to show different features in the same section.
A broken-out section uses a wavy line to remove
only a small portion of the part. Broken-out sections
are used to highlight small details.
A revolved section rotates a thin slice of the part to
show its true shape. Long bars and spokes often
contain revolved sections.
Figure 1. Various section views illustrate removed
sections of the part.
Lesson: 8/18
Object and Hidden Lines
The drawing portion of the blueprint contains a range
of different styles of lines. Each style of line conveys a
different meaning. In a simplistic blueprint, it may not
seem terribly important to recognize each style of line.
However, in more complicated prints it is absolutely
essential.
The majority of a part, such as the nut in Figure 1, is
drawn with solid, continuous lines. These lines are
called object lines. They identify the shape and size of
the part as determined by the visible lines from that
Figure 1. The drawing for this T-slot nut requires both
perspective. Essentially, the lines that you would see
object and hidden lines.
appear as object lines in that view. Relative depth of
the visible edges does not matter. As you can see in
Figure 2, the features of the part are not always
directly visible in each view. If an edge is obscured or
hidden by another section of the part, it is represented
by a hidden line. Hidden lines appear as a series of
short dashes.
Figure 2. The threaded hole is represented with hidden
lines.
Lesson: 9/18
Extension, Dimension, and Leader Lines
The object lines used to represent the part require
additional lines that indicate their measurements.
Together, dimension lines and extension lines are
used to mark the measurement for each feature of the
part.
A dimension line is a solid line with an arrow at each
end. This line extends parallel to the distance that it is
measuring. Extension lines are then used to visually
connect the dimension line to the part by visually
extending the real edge. Extension lines do not touch
the object lines in the drawing. Instead, they begin next
to the part and extend slightly past the dimension line.
In a print, dimension lines are organized according to
their length. As shown in Figure 1, the shortest
dimension lines are closest to the object; the longest
lines are farthest from it. This arrangement neatly
organizes the dimension lines in the print.
Leader lines are generally used indicate a part or
Figure 1. Extension, dimension, and leader lines help
dimension. A leader line is a thin line with an arrow.
display the dimensions.
Space limitations may force dimensions to be written
outside the measured space in the drawing. The leader
line ties the dimension to the feature.
Lesson: 10/18
Center and Break Lines
Rectangular parts have easily defined edges and
corners for marking measurements. However, parts
with holes and cylindrical parts use center lines to
make their measurements clear on the print.
A center line consists of alternating long and short lines,
and it is used to divide a symmetrical part or feature in
half. For example, Figure 1 shows a center line that
runs through the middle of a cylindrical part. This figure
also shows how a center line can be used to mark a
hole, such as the hole to the left. This helps a person
reading the print to know the exact location of a hole
Figure 1. This long shaft requires both a center line and
and the center of a curved feature.
break lines in its print.
If a part is too long, the print may contain a break line
that shortens the drawing to a reasonable size. A break
line appears as a wavy line or a zig-zag. Keep in mind,
though, that a break line can be used only to remove a
section that does not contain any extra features or
details.
Lesson: 11/18
Cutting Planes and Section Lines
You learned earlier that certain parts may require a
section view to illustrate all the part features. A
section view requires both a cutting plane and
section lines to demonstrate how the section view
relates to the part.
A cutting plane is used to mark the view of the
broken-off portion in the section view. Cutting planes
are represented by a long dash alternating with two
shorter dashes. As you can see in Figure 1, two
arrows on either end of the cutting plane show the
direction of the section view. A letter is often used to
label the view as well.
In the section view, certain areas of the part are
divided and "cut off" by the cutting plane. These
areas are marked with section lines, which are drawn
closely together at a 45 angle. Section lines help a
person reading the print to visualize the imagined
break in the part by showing the sliced surface.
Figure 1. The arrows at the end of the cutting plane show the
direction of the view.
Lesson: 12/18
Blueprint Dimensions
The various types of lines are used to create the
drawing portion of the blueprint. Keep in mind, though,
that this is only one aspect of the entire print.
Dimensions are also necessary to convey the
instructions for manufacturing the part. The dimension
offers information about the desired size of a feature.
The drawing in the blueprint should closely resemble
the appearance of the part. However, that does not
mean that you can measure a section of the drawing
and use it as a measurement for the part. No print
drawing is ever entirely accurate. Also, manufacturers
may make changes to the original drawing. All
Figure 1. Metric measurements appear in brackets next to
measurements should be taken from the numerical
inches.
dimensions that accompany the drawing, not the size
of the drawing on the print.
Dimensions may appear in inches or in metric
measurements, as shown in Figure 1. Though some
drawings may use fractions, most measurements are
given in decimals. The dimensions most often appear in
the middle of a dimension line, as shown in Figure 2.
The inch marks are often missing if all the dimensions
appear in inches.
Figure 2. Dimensions are displayed in the middle of a
dimension line if possible.
Lesson: 13/18
Types of Dimensions
Not all dimensions that appear in a blueprint are the
same. Besides the regular measurements that appear in
the middle of the dimension lines, other descriptive,
qualitative dimension information may be used. You may
see these markings:
Reference dimensions, like the one in Figure 1,
appear in parentheses or are marked with "REF."
These dimensions are not crucial to the function of
the part, and they are not inspected. Reference
dimensions are useful when ordering raw material
for the part.
Typical dimensions are simply marked "TYP." This
marking indicates that the same measurement
appears in a number of places. For example, only
one side needs to be marked on a square. The
dimension may also have marked the number of
places that this measurement occurs.
Repetitive dimensions are very similar to typical
dimensions. Instead, after the dimension, the
number of repetitions is given, followed by
Figure 1. A reference dimension is not crucial for the part "PLACES," as shown in Figure 2.
to be effective.
You may also see holes marked with the label "THRU" to
indicate that the hole extends through the entire part.
Figure 2. Repetitive dimensions refer to multiple
locations.
Lesson: 14/18
Uses of Dimensions
With most parts that are manufactured, certain
dimensions will be more important than others. For
example, imagine that you are making the T-slot nut
in Figure 1. Though you want all the nuts to look the
same, the length of the nut head is not all that
important. However, the head width and size of the
hole are very important because they affect the
function of the part. The nut must fit into a matching
slot, and the hole must match a threaded bolt. The
width and hole dimensions will have a tighter, or
smaller, tolerance than the length of the head. This
means that it will be made with greater attention to
obtaining its precise dimension.
On a blueprint, some dimensions may be missing on
Figure 1. The dimensions that most affect part function
the drawing. This does not mean that the dimension
receive the tightest tolerances.
was forgotten; it means that the dimension is not
calculated during the manufacturing process. This
usually indicates that the measurement is not crucial
to the function of the part. Certain dimensions will
have a greater functional importance than others.
Functional importance is most often influenced by fit.
Lesson: 15/18
The Title and Change Blocks
The last key element of the blueprint is the notes section.
The notes include general information about the part,
including the type of material, the necessary finish,
tolerances, etc. Every company has its own particular style
of notes section, and the notes contain the name and
address of the company. Figure 1 shows the notes section
of a sample blueprint.
The notes can be divided into the title block and the
change block. The title block is where most of the relevant
information about the part is entered. Its contents are fairly
self-explanatory. The change block is the area where
revisions are made to the part manufacturing process. A
company might revise its part to correct mistakes, to meet a
new company request, or to reduce costs in the process.
The change block should contain both the old and the new
information about the part.
Figure 1. Every manufacturer has its own arrangement
for notes.
Lesson: 16/18
Use of Scale
The notes section also contains the scale of the
drawing. The scale is simply the relationship between
the size of the drawing and the actual size of the part.
The drawing may be larger, smaller, or the same size
as the part. If the sizes are different, the scale is
expressed as a ratio, with the drawing number first.
For example, a drawing that is half the size of the
actual part would have a scale that reads "1=2" and a
drawing twice the size of the part would read "2=1". If
the drawing and part are the same size, the scale is
labeled "full size" or "full scale," as shown in Figure 1.
A drawing may have more than one scale. The scale
contained in the notes section is a general scale for
the entire drawing. However, certain sections may be
Figure 1. The full-scale drawing for this part matches the
enlarged to highlight details. Also, you may see the
size of the actual part.
phrase, "Do Not Scale Drawing." In other words, you
should never measure the drawing to find a
dimension.
Lesson: 17/18
Use of Tolerances
Similar to the idea of scale, every blueprint contains
tolerances for the part. Tolerances may appear in
the notes section, as a separate note next to the
drawing, or with the part dimensions. Figure 1
illustrates general tolerances.
The tolerances in the notes section act as a general
guideline for the entire part. These general tolerances
are not intended for the more critical dimensions that
directly affect the function of the part. Tolerances that
are most important are shown with the dimension.
Specific tolerances may also appear as a separate
note that describes a similar set of dimensions.
It is very important that the people reading a
blueprint understand how tolerances affect the
dimensions. This is especially the case when
manufacturing precision parts or pieces that must fit
together.
Figure 1. These tolerances from the notes section are meant
as a general guideline.
Lesson: 18/18
Summary
Blueprints are documents that make sure everyone
communicates the same information during the
manufacturing process. Real parts originate as
two-dimensional drawings. Every blueprint contains three
major elements: the drawing, dimensions, and notes.
The drawing illustrates the views of the part necessary to
show the distinguishing features. In the case of complicated
internal features, auxiliary or section views may show
essential features. When necessary, section views offer a
view of a particular slice of the part.
Figure 1. Every real part first appears as a print
drawing.
In any drawing, solid object lines show the edges visible
from a particular view. Short-dashed hidden lines reveal
features not visible on the surface of a view. Together, the
extension lines and dimensions lines indicate the feature
being dimensioned. Specific tolerance information may also
be attached to dimensions.
The notes section contains administrative and global
information about the part: part name, company name,
revision information, scale, and general tolerance.
Figure 2. Each view illustrates the part from one
perspective.
Figure 3. The print consists of the drawing, dimensions,
and notes.
Class Vocabulary
Term Definition
A view drawn at a right angle to an angled feature of the part. Auxiliary views best illustrate angled auxiliary view
surfaces.
A document containing all the instructions necessary to manufacture a part. The key sections of a blueprint
blueprint are the drawing, dimensions, and notes.
A line used to define the boundary of an imaginary broken-out section or to shorten dimensions that are break line
excessively long. Break lines are wavy and irregular.
broken-out
A section view resulting from an imagined cut that removes a small portion of the part exterior.
section
A line used to define the center of a symmetrical part. Center lines consist of alternating long and short center line
dashes.
The area of the blueprint indicating any changes or revisions made to the part drawing or dimensions. change block
A line used to define the location of the imaginary cut that creates the matching section view. Cutting cutting plane
plane lines consist of two short dashes alternating with a longer dash.
The desired measurement of a feature on a part. dimension
A line used to define the measurement of a part feature. Dimension lines consist of a solid line with dimension line
arrows at both ends and a dimension in the center.
The collection of lines illustrating the shape and features of a part. drawing
A line used to visually connect the ends of a dimension line to the relevant feature on the part. Extension extension line
lines are solid and are drawn perpendicular to the dimension line.
A section view resulting from an imagined cut down the entire length of the part. full section
A section view resulting from an imagined cut that removes only a portion of the part length. half section
A line used to define a part feature that is not visible in a specific view. Hidden lines consist of a series of hidden line
short dashes.
An additional instruction or general comment added to a blueprint. Notes contain information about the note
material, finish, tooling, tolerances, etc.
A line used to define the shape and size of a part feature. Object lines are solid. object line
A section view resulting from an imagined cut that does not follow a straight line. Offset sections are used offset section
to include features that do not reside on a straight line.
A drawing that communicates the shape and size of an object through a series of related two-dimensional orthographic
views. drawing
reference
A dimension that is not crucial for the effective use of the part. Reference dimensions are not inspected.
dimension
repetitive
A dimension that is marked to indicate the number of locations for the particular measurement.
dimension
A section view resulting from an imagined cut that removes and rotates a wafer taken from the middle of revolved section
a part feature.
The area of the blueprint indicating the relationship between the drawing size and the actual part size. scale
A line used to identify the imagined cut portion of a part in a section view. Section lines appear as a section line
series of diagonal lines drawn close together.
A view illustrating a rotated section resulting from an imagined cut in the part. Blueprints may contain a section view
variety of different section views.
The area of the blueprint containing company name, address, part number, etc. Title blocks are unique title block
to each manufacturer.
The acceptable variation from a specified dimension. tolerance
A dimension that is assumed to be the same for similar features of the part. typical dimension

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