Elementary Fluid Dynamics: The Bernoulli Equation

CEE 331 June 8, 2006

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bernoulli Along a Streamline

p = a + gk

dz p = as + g ds s

z Separate acceleration due to gravity. Coordinate system may be in any orientation! k is vertical, s is in direction of flow, n is normal.

Component of g in s direction

Note: No shear forces! Therefore flow must be frictionless. Steady state (no change in p wrt time) x

k i

s j

Bernoulli Along a Streamline

p dz = as + s ds dV V ds V as = = = V dt s dt s

Can we eliminate the partial derivative? Chain rule Write acceleration as derivative wrt s

0 (n is constant along streamline, dn=0) p p dp = ds + dn dp ds = p s and dV ds = V s

s n dp dV dz = V + ds ds ds

Integrate F=ma Along a Streamline

dp dV dz = V + ds ds ds dp + VdV + dz = 0 Eliminate ds Now lets integrate

dp

+ VdV + g dz = 0

But density is a function of ________. pressure If density is constant

dp 1 2 + V + gz = C p 2

1 p + V 2 + z = C p ' 2

Bernoulli Equation
Assumptions needed for Bernoulli Equation Frictionless Steady Constant density (incompressible) Along a streamline Eliminate the constant in the Bernoulli equation? _______________________________________ Apply at two points along a streamline. Bernoulli equation does not include Mechanical energy to thermal energy ___________________________ Heat transfer, Shaft Work ___________________________

Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli Equation is a statement of the conservation of ____________________ Mechanical Energy
V2 +z+ = C p" 2g p p
1 + gz + V 2 = C p 2 p

p.e.

k.e.

= Pressure head

z = Elevation head
V2 = Velocity head 2g

Hydraulic Grade Line + z = Piezometric head

V 2 Energy Grade Line +z+ = 2g Total head

Bernoulli Equation: Simple Case (V = 0)

Reservoir (V = 0)
z Pressure datum 1 2

Put one point on the surface, one point anywhere else

V2 +z+ = C p" 2g p

Elevation datum

p1

+ z1 =

p2

+ z2

We didnt cross any streamlines so this analysis is okay!

z1 z2 =

p2

Same as we found using statics

Hydraulic and Energy Grade Mechanical energy Lines (neglecting losses for now)
V2 z + z + 2 g = C p" p
V2 2g

Mechanical Energy The 2 cm diameter jet is Conserved 5 m lower than the

surface of the reservoir. V 2 What is the flow rate 2 g (Q)? Teams

z Elevation datum Atmospheric pressure Pressure datum? __________________

Bernoulli Equation: Simple Case (p = 0 or constant)

What is an example of a fluid experiencing a change in elevation, but remaining at a constant pressure? ________ Free jet
V12 p2 V22 + z1 + = + z2 + 2g 2g p1 V12 V22 = z2 + z1 + 2g 2g

V2 = 2 g ( z1 z2 ) + V12

Bernoulli Equation Application: Stagnation Tube

What happens when the water starts flowing in the channel? Does the orientation of the tube matter? _______ Yes! How high does the water rise in the stagnation tube? How do we choose the points on the streamline?
V2 +z+ = C p" 2g p

Stagnation point

Bernoulli Equation Application: Stagnation Tube

1a-2a V = f(p)
_______________ Same streamline
V2 +z+ = C p" 2g 1b p

2b z

1b-2a V = f(p)
_______________ Crosses || streamlines 1a-2b V = f(z2) _______________ Doesnt cross _____________ streamlines
V12 p2 V22 + z1 + = + z2 + 2g 2g p1

1a

2a

In all cases we dont know p1

V12 = z2 2g
V1 = 2 gz2

Stagnation Tube
Great for measuring __________________ EGL (defined for a point) Q = V dA How could you measure Q? Could you use a stagnation tube in a pipeline?
What problem might you encounter? How could you modify the stagnation tube to solve the problem?

Pitot Tubes
Used to measure air speed on airplanes Can connect a differential pressure transducer to directly measure V2/2g Can be used to measure the flow of water in pipelines Point measurement!

Pitot Tube
Stagnation pressure tap

Static pressure tap

V12 p2 V22 + z1 + = + z2 + 2g 2g p1

2 V 1

V1 = 0 z1 = z2

V=

( p1 p2 )

Connect two ports to differential pressure transducer. Make sure Pitot tube is completely filled with the fluid that is being measured. Solve for velocity as function of pressure difference

Relaxed Assumptions for Bernoulli Equation

Frictionless (velocity not influenced by viscosity)
Small energy loss (accelerating flow, short distances)

Steady
Or gradually varying

Constant density (incompressible)

Small changes in density

Along a streamline
Dont cross streamlines

Bernoulli Normal to the Streamlines

p = a + gk

p dz = an + g n dn

Separate acceleration due to gravity. Coordinate system may be in any orientation! Component of g in n direction

k
s

Bernoulli Normal to the Streamlines

p dz = an + g n dn V an = R
2

R is local radius of curvature

n is toward the center of the radius of curvature 0 (s is constant normal to streamline)

dp dn = p n

p p dp = ds + dn s n dp V2 dz = + g dn R dn

Integrate F=ma Normal to the Streamlines

dp V2 dz = + g dn R dn Multiply by dn

dp + V dn + gdz = C n R
2

Integrate

p V 2 + dn + gz = Cn R
2 V p + dn + gz = Cn " R

(If density is constant)

Pressure Change Across Streamlines

V p + dn + gz = Cn " R
2

1 V 2 + dn + z = Cn ' g R

If you cross streamlines that are straight and parallel, p + gz = C and the then ___________ hydrostatic pressure is ____________.
p C12 rdr + gz = Cn "

n
V (r ) = C1r dn = dr

C12
2

r 2 + gz = Cn "

As r decreases p ______________ decreases

End of pipeline?
What must be happening when a horizontal pipe discharges to the atmosphere?
2 V p + dn + gz = Cn " R

Try applying statics (assume straight streamlines) Streamlines must be curved!

Nozzle Flow Rate: Find Q

Crossing streamlines Along streamline Q Coordinate system 2
h=105 cm

1
90 cm h

z
D1=30 cm

z2 , z3 = 0 z1 = h p1 , p3 = 0

3
D2=10 cm

gage pressure Pressure datum____________

Solution to Nozzle Flow

1 V 2 + dn + z = Cn ' g R

1
h=105 cm

z
D1=30 cm

p1

+ z1 =

p2

+ z2

h=

p2

Q 2

3
D2=10 cm

Now along the streamline

V2 +z+ = C p" 2g p p2 V32 V22 p3 + z2 + = + z3 + 2g 2g

V22 V32 = h+ 2g 2g

Two unknowns _______________ Mass conservation

Q = V2 A2 = V3 A3
4Q V2 = d 22

Solution to Nozzle Flow (continued)

h+
8Q 8Q = 4 g 2 d 2 g 2 d34
Q 2
D2=10 cm
2 2

1
h=105 cm

z
D1=30 cm

8 1 1 2 h= 4 Q 2 4 g d 3 d 2

hg 2 Q= 1 1 8 4 4 d3 d 2

Incorrect technique
1 V 2 + dn + z = Cn ' g R p
Q 1
h=105 cm

z
D1=30 cm

3 2
D2=10 cm

V +z+ = C p" 2g p1 p3 V32 1 V2 + dn + z1 = + z3 + g R 2g

V32 h= 2g

C p" = Cn '

The constants of integration are not equal!

Bernoulli Equation Applications

Stagnation tube Pitot tube Free Jets Orifice Venturi Sluice gate Sharp-crested weir
Applicable to contracting streamlines

(accelerating
flow).

Ping Pong Ball

Why does the ping pong ball try to return to the center of the jet? What forces are acting on the ball when it is not centered on the jet?
1 V 2 + dn + z = Cn ' g R p V2 +z+ = C p" 2g p

Teams

How does the ball choose the distance above the source of the jet?

Summary
By integrating F=ma along a streamline we found

mechanical That energy can be converted between pressure, elevation, and velocity That we can understand many simple flows by applying the Bernoulli equation

However, the Bernoulli equation can not be applied to flows where viscosity is large, where mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy, or where there is shaft work.

Jet Problem
How could you choose your elevation datum to help simplify the problem? How can you pick 2 locations where you know enough of the parameters to solve for the velocity? You have one equation (so one unknown!)

Jet Solution
The 2 cm diameter jet is 5 m lower than the surface of the z reservoir. What is the flow rate (Q)?

V2 2g

Elevation datum z2 = 5 m

Are the 2 points on the same streamline?

p1 V12 p2 V22 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g

V2 = 2 g ( z2 )

Q = V2

d 22
4

d 22
4

2 g ( z2 )

What is the radius of curvature at the end of the pipe?

p V 2 + dn + gz = Cn R p V + R
2

1
h=105 cm

z
D1=30 cm

dn + gz = Cn

3 2
D2=10 cm

p V2 z + gz = Cn R V2 + z g = Cn R p

Uniform velocity Assume R>>D2

dn = dz p1 = p2 = 0

1 2

V2 g= R

V2 R= g

Example: Venturi

Example: Venturi
How would you find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop between point 1 and 2 and the diameters of the two sections? You may assume the head loss is negligible. Draw the EGL and the HGL over the contracting section of the Venturi. How many unknowns? What equations will you use?

Example Venturi

p1
1

V12 p2 V 22 + z1 + = + z2 + 2g 2 2g

Q = VA
V 1 A1 = V 2 A 2

p1

p2

V 22 V 1 2 = 2g 2g

p1

p2

V 1 = 2g
2 2

d 2 d 1

V1

d 12
4

= V2

d 22
4

V 1 d 12 = V 2 d 22

V2 =

2 g ( p1 p 2 )

1 (d 2 d 1 )

V1 = V 2

d 22 d 12

Q = C v A2

2 g ( p1 p 2 )

1 (d 2 d 1 )4