rI

SPE 36603

Society of Petroleum Engineers

A Comprehensive Approach to Select Fracturing Fluids and Additives for Fracture Treatments
Hongjie Xiongl Brian Davidson, Bryan Saunders, and Steve A. Holditch, S. A. Holditch & Associates

Copyright 1996 Soaety of Petroleum Engineers Inc Th!s paper was prepared for presentahca at the 1996 SPE Annual Technta Exhlb$tDn held m Denver Colwado U S A 6-9 Oclotmr 1996 Conference and

perforations, fracture following The

and deep into the fracture. an ideal fracturing

To pump a successful fluid should have the and at and

treatment, fluid

characteristics, should be compatible with the formation viscosity fluids. sufficient suspend so it can proppant

Thm paper was Selectm for presentation by an SPE Program Comm!tlue Idlowmg rewaw of nfofmatum conlamed In an abslraci subfmtted by the Wthor(s} Contents C4 the papel as presented have not been reviewed by the Soaefy of Petroleum Engineers and are sub@ to correctnn by the author(s) The material as presen fed does not fwcessanly reflect any posmon of the SocIafy of Petroleum Engineers Its offuws of mambers Papers presanted al SPE meetmgs are -@ect to pubhcalmn revunv by Eddortal Cwnmtttees of the Sme!y of Petroleum Ertgmeers Perm IssIon 10 CWY IS restr!c!wd to an abstract of not more than 300 words Illustrations may not ta c@led The abslracl should contain cnnsplcuous acknowledgment of where and by worn the paper was presenled VWe Librarian SPE P O BM 83383$ RKhardson TX 75083-3836 U S A fax 01-214-952-9435

the reservoir reservoir

The fluid should be able to maintain temperature, transport it deep into the fracture. The fluid should be capable fracture penetration.

of developing

the necessary deep acid or high

width to accept proppants should have low fluid

or to allow loss properties from

Abstract
The paper describes Based on the given determines method, determines necessary, same time, combinations base fluid, Secondly, of polymer the a new approach fuzzy formation the system possible used to select fracture treatments. first best the system the Then. 3 to the 5 fluid systems by applying logic for fracture information, method, chooses fluids.

The fluid The fluid

fluid efficiency. should be easy to remove damaging the formation and have minimal and the formation. The fluid should be easily pumped down the wellbore exhibit minimal friction pressure and the fracture. The fluid should be easy to prepare and safe to use. The fluid should be low cost. Currently available requirements a fracturing viscosity at fracturing Of that fluid we fluids these. have seldom however. to ability satisfy the all of
most

effects on both the proppant and

viscosifying

and energization system At the of the which is to to the

losses in both the pipe

type and loading, also checks

crosslinker,

gas type if

and other additives the system

for the fluid

systems.

the compatibility in this paper, best fluid

fluid and additives The fuzzy study, The

with formation fuzzy

fluids and composition. can be applied systems in wells. of many completing.

logic system described and determine the

above

requirements.

consisted of several evaluate. approach

logic evaluators,

important selecting sufficient compatibility Fracture

consider and

when (2)

are ( I ) the reservoir

to maintain

stimulate oil and gas production other similar and working problems over wells.

or water injectivity to the solution with drilling,

temperature fluids.

can be extended associated

with the formation fluids can be divided (2) oil-based fluids.

and reservoir (3)

into four groups: ( I ) waterfoam-based fluids. and i describes these fluid types, is

based fluids,

fluids, Table

(4) alcohol-based and the conditions

under which they are most often used. fracturing of and the fluids for a formation factors: formation, experience of the following formation formation to be provide

Introduction
Hydraulic reservoir treatment additives additives fracturing production, heavily is extremely proppan: fluids is one The depends of on major the methods fracturing to increase fluids and is success or failure of a fracture

The selection of optimal based on consideration pressure, temperature, created. important a fracture stimulation knowledge, water permeability, Laboratory information fluid. sensitivity

and the fracture field

half-length

used in the treatment. important

Choosing

the correct fluid and as designed, and fractures and to the

testing

to ensure that the formation

that must be considered

when choosing of the

not damaged, Fracturing transport

is placed in formation are used the to create

the fluid breaks and cleans up properly. proppant down tubular goods, through

These decisions are crucial treatment, and experience.

to the success or failure comprehensive engineers Few

and require

data sets,

possess all the

293

H. XIONG, B. DAVIDSON, B. SAUNDERS, AND S. A. HOLDITCH

SPE 36603

skills ancilor all the data required consistency. Though represent different many we can use flow-charts rules and experience

to make the decisions and rule-based to select proper SPE monograph which

with

describe experts defined. This engineer

reservoir Designing paper

characteristics. decisions the optimal the

Some stimulation and

of

the rules treatments logic that

that with an

use to make

are also fuzzy

- not clearly

systems to fluids No.12 for lists of

consistency

is important, presents

yet very difficult issues

to accomplish, the during fracture logic theory~ to not only fluid and expert

situations. (For example, for different into rule-based Lack fuzzy of

some of rules used to select fluids), parameters select fluid systems. almost prohibit and experience rule-based potential problem, systems or flow-charts candidates. and many

the value combinations us to compile

must apply to make correct decisions This paper concludes that fuzzy fracture fluids,

situations, systems sufllcient

are used to those rules The a

fluid selection. select proper candidates. knowledge

can be used to build evaluators The methodology

to help an engineer is clearly explained

or flow-charts. data

but also rank all possible

may also be hard to rank is always terms are often used to

is recorded for ail parties to use in their job.

linguistic

Table Fluid Base I Linear fluids

I - Fracturing

Fluids and Conditions

for Their

Use Used for

Main Composition I Gelled water, HPG, HEC,

Generally Short fractures,

low temperatures

Long fractures, high temperatures Water sensitive formations, Oil-based I I Crosslinker Emulsifier + Oil + Oil + Water Water sensitive formations, Good for fluid-loss control short fractures long fractures

Crosslinked fluids Water external polyemulsion Acid-based foam

Acid + Foamer + N2 Water + Foamer + C02 N? Methanol + Foamer + N2 or

Low pressures, water sensitive formations Low pressure formations Low pressure formations blocking problems of water Removal blocks with water

Foambased

Water-based foam Alcohoibased foam

Alcoholbased

Linear system Crosslinked system

Gelled water + Alcohol Crosslinked Alcohol system +

familiar
G

with; and in well stimulation treatment; or

When an engineer does not have much knowledge experience When reservoir conditions development reservoir means that the previous A procedure have changed during for the

Methodology
Fuzzy solve well logic has been applied problems, Several selecting conditions, potential in the petroleum those logic best systems treatment the optimal diagnosing optimal industry have to
G

numerous stimulation. for tubular

including fuzzy the

associated

with been

or a history pattern has been broken, which rules or experience to build problems.~ of seven

developed4 evaluating type, damage Those situations:

G

candidate, treatment formation fluids

may not be re-used. has been developed well stimulation consists a fuzzy logic As shown in For more No.4.

selecting barriers,

evaluating

system for typical Figure

mechanisms, fuzzy

and selecting

treatment

1, the procedure

steps.

and additives. logic systems are very useful for following in a is not

details about the methodology, The objective fluid treatment area or in a formation where the engineer

please see the reference situation. of fluids. important parameters

of our fuzzy logic system is to select optimal The output of the (fuzzy

systems for any formation we identify all

When an engineer designs a stimulation frontier

fuzzy system is the components Then

294

SPE 36603

A COMPREHENSIVE

APPROACH

TO SELECT FRACTURING

FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES

FOR FRACTURE TREATMENTS

variables) functions

that affect the fluid selection, and weighting functions we compute factors and the weighting

and build membership variables. factors which values, Using (they the are

Principle
sections:

of Fluid Selection

Fuzzy System
fluids is divided and fluid into two specification

The process of selecting (see Figure 2). Fluid type contains the viscosifying the or (crosslinked. linear,

fracture

membership matrices),

the fluid type determination

the evaluation

are used

to rank options. Following

sections detail the process.

the base fluid (water, the of gel, consideration fluid

oil, or alcohol), of viscosity (foamed, For

method

or polyemulsion), fluid water without

and the energization clean-up any energizer).

Determine Objectives of the Fuzzy Evaluator f Identify and Structure the Output/ Decision from the Evaluator 7 Identifi All Prameters (Fuzzy Variables) That Affect the Output v Build Membership Functions For All Fuzzy Variables (Jsing Domain Knowledge and Expertise 7 Determine the Weighting Factors v Determine the evaluation procedure

STEP

method energized, example,

consideration normal

crosslinked

energized

polyemulsion.

STEP 2

and foamed oil. After the fluid type is determined, type (HPG, (if CMHPG, Guar, or we specify the polymer polymer loading, (if and quality

HEC.),

STEP 3

crosslinker necessary).

necessary),

and the gas type condition, for

Based on the formation STEP 4 Procedure:

we apply the following every 2 option for all in the

i,
2. STEP 5

Determine viscosifying Form all combinations) viscosifying method;

the

possibility (see a

method, base fluid, and energizer; combinations and method, Table possible of a combination consists

a base fluid, and take

and an energization three to five highestgas

STEP 6
v Adjust the Fuzzy Membership Functions and Weighting Factors If Required Upon Comparison Computer Output With Filed Results

3.

Rank Specify

all combinations crosslinker,

Based

ranking combinations STEP 7 4, type and quality recommended

as the recommendations; polymer

then for the

type and concentration, and other additives

(if necessary),

combinations.

Figure

1- The Methodology

to Built A Fuzzy Evaluator

Table ~

2 - The Possible Combinations Viscosifying

of Base fluid,

Viscosifying Base Fluid Oil

Method,

and Energization

Method.

Energizat ion Foamed Energized Normal

Alcohol

Crosslinked Viscosifying Linear

Polyemulsirm

x x x x x x x x x
x

x x

x x

x x x x x

Water Base Fluid Oil Alcohol Foamed

x x X1X ! ; x

Energization

Energized

Nm-rnal

x x I x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

IIT?%?TII
295

specific
stall

formation

situation, and

we have to consider height. the weighting factors

formation We use the listed in

temperature, membership Table Linear,

fracture functions

length, and fracture the evaluation

* t

Temperature

I Water wrwtiwy

3+Z.I
I Pwswe 2 Tempcmtum 3 Fracture length 4 Depth I 2

3 to compute

values. Then we rank the method (Crosslinked, values.

possible

options of the viscosification and Polyemuision)

based on the evaluation

2 Fracturelength 3 Fracture hcighr 4 Treatment we

2 Oepth 3 Fracture Ienglh 4 Temperature 5 FOMMI, (XI flu,d 6 Crx!

Viscosification viscosify consider fracture the Polyemulsion. height (see

Method fracture

We consider fluids:

three options

used to and

1 1 Crosslmkcd 2 Linear

3 Polmlsnm

waler 0,1

IFoamed
J None

1+

Crosslinked, the viscosifying fracture

Linear,

2 Energtzcd

When determining temperature, Table 3)

method, we length and length and or etched the higher Linear

3 Alcohol

formation height

length, and fracture fracture fracturing,

(note: in this paper, fracture to the propped for are proppant usually

&
!
Need
crosslinker q

referring height fluids

J3=.1 .
v
I Permeabll!ty 2 cost 3 Temperature 1 -

propped

fracture

fracture length and etched fracture height for acid fracturing.). Crosslinked temperature treatments. is needed used in formations and/or in large size treatments. and medium for high are used when moderate requirement

Yes

fluids are used in low temperature Polyemulsions without the

or small size viscosity temperature

A
I 2 1 4 I Bomm

Cross l#nker

5 P ESTER
m I Temperawe 1 Fracture length 3 Pressure ., 2 Ocplh :;,,fl,;;,h J&-1 7 I Temperature 2 Treatmcm s,?e

Temperature Treatment Mm COW Clean

1
1 Ewe Fl,d

stability.

Table Linear

3 - Parameters Fluids.

for Crosslinked,

Polyemulsion,

and

T
2 Tmnium ) Ztrwn!um

70 15 I W,

3 Polymer type ? 30 to to lbm/10COualfor

NZ C02

Parameter

] Symbol

I Unit

I Weighting Factor

I
I

Legend

Temperature

T H

F ft I fl [ psi

0.4 0.2 I 0.2 I I

J.2_.l
Figure

anners

Option

Fracture Height II Fracture Len~th Youngs Modulus

I Lf
I E I Cx

2- The Procedure

to Select Fluids and Additives

Fluid Complexity For each step in Figure rank the possible options. In a fuzzy evaluator, parameters (fuzzy Then, Appendix) we knowledgeh-ules Weighting evaluator. build and factors we first identify membership memberships factors. (in the following Tables variable 3 to 9) of all fuzzy variables factor of a fuzzy in a fuzzy logic indicates factors and can be the most important decisions. (All in the the Base Fluids Water fluids. to avoid consider formation variables) that affect the primary functions are presented 2, we build a fuzzy evaluator to

0.1 0.1

II

There are two kinds of base fluid: water and oil. are used more damage frequently than oil-based oil-producing we temperature, 4). Alcohol for gas in certain situations

based fluids formation

Oil based fluids are advantageous To choose depth, fracture water

and weighting

to water-sensitive formation

formations.

or oil as the base fluid,

represent the importance The weighting its contribution are extracted Finally, factors (W),

formation-water

sensitivity,

length, and cost (Table No oil-based

to the decisions

of system. The weight (or experience)

(methanol/water) formations.

as a base fluid is usually

used in very water

from human expertise using the membership we compute

sensitive gas formations.

fluid is allowed

adjusted for different

situations in a fuzzy system. functions (F) and weighting values (Fb), which are the evaluation

used to rank options.

Energization foamed Usually, formations. fluids, we

Method (2) use

The

options fluids, fluids are

considered (3) in used are fluids very in low

here are: (1) without low to gas. pressure medium pumped. length

energized foamed fluids without

Energized fluids

,=]
For example, to rank the viscosification methods for a

pressure formations. liquid fracture Formation pressure,

For normal or high pressure formations, gas normally temperature, depth, and fracture

296

SPE 36603

A COMPREHENSIVE

APPROACH

TO SELECT FRACTURING

FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES

FOR FRACTURE TREATMENTS

are

taken

into

account 5).

when

we

choose

the

energization

Polymer formation Table 7).

Concentration temperature, The polymer temperature

Polymer treatment concentration

concentration size, and polymer on viscosity

varies

with of on

method (Table

type (see

decides the viscosity depends size.

a fluid system,

and the requirement

Table 4- Parameters for Water, Oil, and Alcohol

Parameter Symbol Unit Water Sensitivity Fracture Length Formation Temperature Cost and Safety Formation Formation Type * Fluid Complexity Cx [I 0.1 *. no oil base fluids for gas forrllations. Depth Fluid c D ft 0.20 0.10 Ws Lf T R F . Weighting Factor 0.35 0.10 0.15

Fluids

the formation

and the proposed treatment

Table

7-

Parameters

for Polymer I Unit

Loading.

Parameter

I Symbol

rreatment Formation Temperature Poivmer

Size

I s IT I

I ftA2 I F 1-

I 0.5 0.5 1

TvrIe

Foam 70 to Table 5Parameters for Foam/Energized/Normal I Unit I Weighting Factor Gas Pressure Gradient Formation Temperature Fracture Length Formation Depth Lf D Cx ft ft 0.20 0.15 0. I pg T psilfi F 0.4 0.15 C02 Fluids.

Quality
is%.

or Gas Quantity depending

For foams, on the pressure

we usually

use

quality

and treatment

size. For energized

fluids, the gas quantity

is about I So/O.

Parameter

I Symbol

Type

For

foamed Nitrogen

or energized (N2,

fluids, fluids.

the energized Dioxide N2 (C02). is water, 8 when is typically

agents are usually

and Carbon

is not compatible

with oil-based all parameters

not used in deep or hot formations. we have to consider choosing N2 or C02.

If the base fluid listed in Table

Fluid Complexity

Table Polymer HEC, Type There are several polymers Guar and HPG fluids. HEC are more available HPG, when for water CMHPG,

8-

Parameters

for Gas Type Symbol Unit

(Nz and COZ). Weighting Factor

Parameter

base fluids

in the industry,

such as, Guar, is chosen important,

and Xanthan.

are two types of polymer the fluid We also have to phosphate ester is

Formation Temperature Formation Depth

T D Lf c

F ft ft

0.35 0.35 0.25 0.05

used in water-based invasion polymer and cleanup (see Table

consider the cost, residue, and fracture oflen used.

length when selecting a

Fracture Length Cost Index

6). For oil base fluids,

Crosslinker Table 6 - Parameters for Polymer Type Selection. Borate, crosslinker Factor Formation Temperature Cost Index Permeability Base Fluid c k md 0.35 02(J T F 0,45

There depends

are three and

commonly The

used crosslinkers: selection of a cost, and

Titanium,

Zirconium.

on the formation

temperature,

[reatment size (see Table 9).

297

H. XIONG,

B. DAVIDSON,

B. SAUNDERS,

AND S. A. HOLDITCH

SPE 36603

Table

9-

Parameters

for Crosslinkers. Symbol Unit Weighting Factor

Example temperature, not

This and very

is

typical are (Table

low-permeability, which three possible

low is fluids

low pressure gas formation, There

Parameter

water-sensitive.

recommended required-fracture

in this situation

12). Because of a long

Formation

0.45

length, crosslinked

fluids are recommended.

Table Fluid Rank

12 - Recommendations Fluid 1 1 crossl inked foamed water

for Example Fluid 2 2 poly emulsion energized water (external)

Fluid 3 3 cross linked energized water HPG/ CMHPG 30 Ibl I OOOgal NJCOl 15 Borate/ Zirconium 0.434

Viscosifying

Application
logic system

Examples
to illustrate fluids. how this fuzzy Table 10 lists is used to choose fracture

Method Energizing Method Base Fluid Polymer Type

Here we present two examples the data for the three examples.

HPG/ CMHPG 20 Ib/ 1OOOgal NJCOz 75 Borate/ Zirconium 0.538

HPG/ CMHPG 30 lb/ 1000gal NJCOJ 15 NA 0.478

Table 10 - Data for Examples

Polymer Example No. 1 6,200 (F) 345 2 1,080 I 20 Loading Gas Type Gas Quantity Cross linker Possibility Value Pressure (psi) Temperature

Example not water

This case is a deep and thick gas formation and normal Because I l). sensitive. of formation depth and

with high

Conclusions 1. The fuzzy

applied systems injectivity 2.

logic

system oil

described and

in this paper or

can be water to

very high temperature temperature,

pressure, The fonrnation is CMHPG

to study, in wells.

evaluate,

and determine

the best fluid

to stimulate

gas production

the best choice

is 60 Ibm crosslinked

water gel (see Table

The technique the solution with drilling,

presented of many completing,

in this paper can be extended similar tool problems and working in computer and transfer found rules. system involves Domain logic fuzzy using fuzzy over wells,

other

associated domain

3. Table Fluid Rank Viscosifying Energizing Base Fluid Polymer Polymer Gas Type Gas Quantity Crosslinker Possibility Value Type Loading Method Method I I - Recommendations for Example I Fluid I 1 crosslinked normal water CMHPG/HPG 60 lb/1000 gal NA NA Zirconium/Borate 1 4. 1

Fuzzy more and

logic

is an excellent

to represent domain logic

expertise

and knowledge We

codes, which makes knowledge the rather rules, quantifying

it easier to apply expertise.

is

have

that

problem

much

easier

than production Developing knowledge available Identifying determining weighting

(IF-THEN) logic

a fuzzy acquisition is crucial fuzzy the factors

substantial experts system. and and and sets,

activities. and important.

to develop variables of very

a fuzzy

base are

membership

functions Building

tuning membership

functions could

be time consuming.

298

SPE 36603

A COMPREHENSIVE

APPROACH TO SELECT FRACTURING FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES

FOR FRACTURE TREATMENTS

References 1. Gidley, J. L., Holditch,

Monograph 2. Zimmerman, Applications, (1991). 3. 4. Kosko, Xiong, B.: Neural Volume

S. A., Nierode, in Hydraulic Set

D. E., and Veatch Fracturing, TX, 1989 and Its Boston, Theo~ Publishers, SPE Summary function of rules used to select fracturing tables summary the rules types for all fuzzy evaluators fluids and membership in our fuzzy Following

Jr., R. W.: Recent Advances H. J.: Kluwer

[2, SPE, Richardson, FUZ.T Academic

described

system. Each table contains Networks and FUZ-T Systems, PrenticeInvestigation to Well Applications, Into the (Feb. the membership Column S, A.: An Logic Computer membership Column when of Fuzzy SPE Stimulation Func. Do Not Type Use

the parameters represents means should

to be considered, the type of its

function type, and the rules. at above two equations). not be selected and the membership

Hall, (1992). H. and Holditch, Design, Application Treatment 1995) 18.

function (illustrated

a parameter

fits into the range,

value is ZERO. Column I. Use means should be selected when the value fits into the range, and the membership value between function value is and the points of Use type. of a parameter

The membership

Appendix
There are two types of membership functions as shown as follows (see also Figure 3): Type I - Membership value increases as the parameter:

DO Not Use depends on the membership

(0
F(x) = ~(1 +sin( (b~a)(x { a+b -y)))

(x<= a) (a<x<b)
(X>

Rutes for the FUW Evaluator - Viscostfying Methods

Table 13- The Rules Used to Select Viscosifying

Methods lUse

b)

ii

lParameter

lFunc.

IDo Not Use <= 60 <=0.500 <= ] 5(I <= 50 >180 >6

Type
Temperature Type II - Membership value decreases as the parameter: Youngs (10 psi) CrossFrac Length (ft) Frac Height (ft) (X> 1 I II II (F) I 1 Modulus

>= 180 >=4 >= 4t)(l >= 150 <= I 00 <=2

(1 F(x) = ;(1 -sin( (b:a)(x { a+b y)))

(x<= a) (a<xsb) b)
Linear linked

Temperature Youngs (10psi)

~F)

Modulus

I
111 111 II III II II ~~) (F)

1
0.8 ; ~ n .1 j 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Parameter Value

1~ 11

Frac Height [ft) lFrac Len&h Temperature Youngs (10 psi) Frac Height (ft) Frac Length (ft)

1>200 ]> 400

l<= 8(3 1<= Zt)()

>250

Modulus

1>9 >300 >700

120 ,<= <=4

I
Function Type

Pol y-

emulsion

<= ] 00 <= 200

Figure

3 The Membership

299

H. XIONG,

B. DAVIDSON, B. SAUNDERS, AND S. A. HOLDITCH

SPE 36603

Rules for the FUZV Eva[uator - Base Fluids

Table 14- The Rules Used to Select Base Fluids

Rules for the FUZV Evaluator-

Gas Type

Table 1

16-

The Rules Used to Select Gas Type Parameter Func. Type Base Fluid DO Not Use Use

I Parameter

!Func. Type

IDo Not Use >=1.()

I Use I <= (),4

II

Water Sensitivity Depth(R) - ] ~F)

II

L N2 Temperature Depth (ft) Frac Length (ft) Base Fluid C02 Temperature Depth (ft) Frac Length (ft) ~F) ~F)

II II 1[

>275 >8000 >600 Oil

<= 200 <= 5000 <= 45(3 Water >= 275 >= 4500 >= 45t)

I
I
Oil

Water

Temperature

Frac Length (fl) Formation Fluid

lCost and Safety ~1 Water Sensitivity Demh Ift) Ternpe~ature ~F)

I I 1

<60 <i 000 <5(J

I III II II

I 1> 15000 >250 >800 Gas

I 1<= 8000 <= 135 <= 5t30 Oil

Frac Length (R) Formation Fluid

Rules for the Fuqv Evaluator - Polymer Type

Table Frac Length (~) Formation Fluid Temperature ~F) 11 > Ioo(l <= 500 17The Rules Used to Select Polymer Parameter Func. Type Do Not Use Type Use

Cost and Safety II I I > 2@3 <5(3 <0.01 <= [50 >=50 >10 Frac Length(ft) Permeability

Rules for the Fuz.rJ Evaluator - Energization Methods

Cost Index Temperature ~F) II I 11 >300 <50 >5(3 <= 20(3 >=50 <0.05 <= 350 >=25 <t).()() I

Table

15-

The Rules Used to Select Energization lParameter lFunc. Type Pressure (psilfl) IDo Not Use IUse

Methods

Frac Length(tl) Permeability

11
Normal (no gas)

Cost Index Temperature ~F) 11 1 II >450 <25 >lo

II

<= 0.30

> ().45

CMHPG

Frac Length(ft) Permeability Cost Index Temperature ~F)

Temperature

cF)

Frac Length (ft) Depth (t?) Pressure (psiIft) I <= 0.21 or >0,48 >500 >2000 >20000 >0.4 >360 >750 > I 0000 >0.2 I and <=0.48 <= 300 <= 75t) <= 8(300 <=0.25 <=250 <= 5s30 <= 4r)()() 1 Xanthan

Frac Length(ft)

[1

>50

<=50

oil-based fluid

Energized

Temperature

cF)

II II II 11 II II [1

Frac Length (ft) Depth (fl) Pressure (psifft) Temperature Foamed ~F)

Frac Length (ft) Depth (R)

300

SPE 36603

A COMPREHENSIVE

APPROACH

TO SELECT

FRACTURING

FLUIDS

AND ADDITIVES

FOR FRACTURE

TREATMENTS

Rules for the Fuqv Ewduator - Crossiinker Type

Table 18- The Rules Used to Select Crosslinker

Type

Borate

k T (lo

F ftA2) I

% I

Clean Break

Titanium

Zirconium

Cost Index

301