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Hydrogen Fueled vehicles Hydrogen Fueled vehicles

Hydrogen Age
Hydrogen Age
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CONTENTS CONTENTS
1.!ntroduction to Hydrogen 1.!ntroduction to Hydrogen
2. Fuel Cells 2. Fuel Cells
a) a) Principle Principle
b) b) Types Of Fuel Cell Types Of Fuel Cell
c) c) Automotive Application Automotive Application
3. Hydrogen in !C Engines 3. Hydrogen in !C Engines
a) a) Properties Properties
b) b) Safety Safety
c) c) Performance of H!CE Performance of H!CE
+. Conclusions +. Conclusions
- - ." ."! believe that water will one day be ! believe that water will one day be
employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen
which constitute it, used singly or together will which constitute it, used singly or together will
furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and
light of an intensity of which coal is not light of an intensity of which coal is not
capable..water will be coal of the future" capable..water will be coal of the future"
Hydrogen Cleanest of the Clean Hydrogen Cleanest of the Clean
Fuels Fuels
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Why Hydrogen Why Hydrogen
- - Potentially an inexhaustible supply of energy Potentially an inexhaustible supply of energy
can be produced from many available can be produced from many available
primary energy sources on petroleum primary energy sources on petroleum
imports produced from coal or renewable. imports produced from coal or renewable.
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Sources of Hydrogen Sources of Hydrogen
Generation Generation
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Hydrogen AvailabilityfProduction Hydrogen AvailabilityfProduction
- - Hydrogen is most plentiful element in universe but does not Hydrogen is most plentiful element in universe but does not
occur as a pure gas on the earth. occur as a pure gas on the earth.
- - Nearly all H2 production is based on fossil fuels at present. Nearly all H2 production is based on fossil fuels at present.
- - Hydrogen can also be produced from renewable sources such Hydrogen can also be produced from renewable sources such
as bio as bio- -mass, windfsolar energy. mass, windfsolar energy.
HYDROGEN GENERATION HYDROGEN GENERATION
From Conventional Sources{Fossil Fuels) From Conventional Sources{Fossil Fuels)
Natural gas, Oil, Coal Natural gas, Oil, Coal
- - Steam reforming of Natural gas Steam reforming of Natural gas
- - Partial Oxidation Partial Oxidation
- - Thermal cracking of Natural Gas Thermal cracking of Natural Gas
- - Coal Coal gasification
From Renewable Sources From Renewable Sources
- - Bio mass Bio mass- -Gasification Gasification
- - Electrolysis Electrolysis- -Electricity from renewable sources like Electricity from renewable sources like
solar,wind,hydle solar,wind,hydle etc. etc.
- - In India possibilities of producing hydrogen in sugar In India possibilities of producing hydrogen in sugar
mills from Bagasse mills from Bagasse cogen cogen power power- -electrolytic plant exist. electrolytic plant exist.
- - Chloro Chloro- -alkali units also have surplus hydrogen. alkali units also have surplus hydrogen.
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ELECTROLYSIS ELECTROLYSIS
Electrodes in conductive water Electrodes in conductive water
{with an electrolyte) produce {with an electrolyte) produce
H2 at the H2 at the - - & O at the + & O at the +
- - ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
- - Produces almost pure H2 {electricity through water) Produces almost pure H2 {electricity through water)
- - Could be powered with cool Could be powered with cool renewables renewables
- - Hydrogen is abundant Hydrogen is abundant
- - No moving parts; servicing rarely necessary No moving parts; servicing rarely necessary
- - DISADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
- - Currently not cost competitive Currently not cost competitive
- - Fossil fuel Fossil fuel- -powered electrolysis powered electrolysis
- - Amount of energy needed to divide H2O = amount Amount of energy needed to divide H2O = amount
given off when H2 burns given off when H2 burns
Solar
Solar
-
-
Powered
Powered
Electrolysis
Electrolysis
-
-Honda doing this in Torrance, Honda doing this in Torrance,
California California
-
-HYSOLAR: began making H2 HYSOLAR: began making H2
in 1994 in 1994
-
-Solar Solar- -Wasserstoff Wasserstoff- -Bayern Bayern in in
Bavaria Bavaria
-
-CAN project CAN project
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Nuclear Nuclear- -powered powered
Electrolysis Electrolysis
- - It's a feasible alternative It's a feasible alternative
- - Anti Anti- -nuclear sentiment nuclear sentiment
may prevent nuclear H2 may prevent nuclear H2
production production
- - NRDC opposed; spent fuel NRDC opposed; spent fuel
Making H2 from Natural
Making H2 from Natural
Gas
Gas
- - Stripping H2 from natural gas is Stripping H2 from natural gas is
called 'reforming' called 'reforming'
- - Reforming natural gas emits CO2 Reforming natural gas emits CO2
- - Outfitting a gas station with a Outfitting a gas station with a
machine to reform natural gas machine to reform natural gas
would cost $400,000 {building a would cost $400,000 {building a
conventional gas station costs conventional gas station costs
$1,500,000) $1,500,000)
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Getting H2 from Coal
Getting H2 from Coal
- - Coal Coal- -fired fired
utilities can utilities can
power power
electrolysis electrolysis
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H2 Production from Bacteria H2 Production from Bacteria
- - Some anaerobic bacteria can Some anaerobic bacteria can
produce H2 at 20 times their produce H2 at 20 times their
volume per minute volume per minute
- - When starved of sulfur, When starved of sulfur,
Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Reinhardtii
makes H2, one of ten most makes H2, one of ten most
important discoveries in 2000 important discoveries in 2000
{popular science magazine) {popular science magazine)
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HYDROGEN STORAGE HYDROGEN STORAGE
HYDROGEN STORAGE HYDROGEN STORAGE
ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVES
- - Storage as gas under pressure{250 Storage as gas under pressure{250- -350 bar) 350 bar)
- - Cryogenic storage as liquid hydrogen{20K) Cryogenic storage as liquid hydrogen{20K)
- - Storage as metallic hydrides Storage as metallic hydrides
- - Carbon adsorption& carbon Carbon adsorption& carbon microsphere microsphere under under
development. development.
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HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell
- - Converts hydrogen and Converts hydrogen and
oxygen into water and oxygen into water and
an electric current. an electric current.
- - Benefits Benefits
- - +0 +0- -50 efficient 50 efficient
- - Reduction in noise Reduction in noise
- - No emission of greenhouse No emission of greenhouse
gases gases
- - Reduced dependence on Reduced dependence on
fossil fuels fossil fuels
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell (cont.) Hydrogen Fuel Cell (cont.)
- - Hurdles to overcome Hurdles to overcome
- - Storage tank size Storage tank size
- - Operation in cold weather Operation in cold weather
- - Consumer cost Consumer cost
- - Scarcity of fuel stations Scarcity of fuel stations
- - Safety Safety
- - Environmental problems Environmental problems
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Storage Tank Size Storage Tank Size
- - Low density of hydrogen means a larger Low density of hydrogen means a larger
tank size to achieve driving range similar tank size to achieve driving range similar
to petrol. to petrol.
- - Reduction of trunk space Reduction of trunk space
Operation in cold weather Operation in cold weather
- - Fuel cells contain water for Fuel cells contain water for
- - Humidifying the cell Humidifying the cell
- - As byproduct of reaction As byproduct of reaction
- - Fuel cells need to reach a critical Fuel cells need to reach a critical
temperature for full performance temperature for full performance
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Consumer Cost Consumer Cost
- - Narket price of fuel cell vehicles must be Narket price of fuel cell vehicles must be
comparable to that of petrol comparable to that of petrol
- - Price of the fuel must also be comparable Price of the fuel must also be comparable
Scarcity of fuel stations Scarcity of fuel stations
- - Refueling stations must exist before Refueling stations must exist before
consumers will by the vehicles consumers will by the vehicles
- - Neetings between the nations top car Neetings between the nations top car
manufacturers, fuel distributors, and manufacturers, fuel distributors, and
airlines are currently underway airlines are currently underway
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Safety Safety
- - Public must be Public must be
educated in the use educated in the use
of hydrogen as a fuel of hydrogen as a fuel
- - Preliminary Preliminary
experiments: experiments:
- - Leak simulation (Dr. Leak simulation (Dr.
Swain) Swain)
- - Results Results
- - Petrol car is destroyed Petrol car is destroyed
- - Hydrogen car never Hydrogen car never
reached above 67 reached above 67 F F
Hydrogen Leaks Hydrogen Leaks
- - Cal Tech estimates 10 Cal Tech estimates 10- -20 hydrogen leak from 20 hydrogen leak from
cars and refueling stations. cars and refueling stations.
- - Results Results
- - Cooling of upper stratosphere Cooling of upper stratosphere
- - Disturbing of ozone chemistry Disturbing of ozone chemistry
- - President of !nternational Association of President of !nternational Association of
Hydrogen for energy believes percentage of Hydrogen for energy believes percentage of
leaked gas would be leaked gas would be much less than they are much less than they are
considering. considering." "
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FUEL CELL vEH!CLES FUEL CELL vEH!CLES
FUEL CELL vEH!CLE FUEL CELL vEH!CLE
CONF!GURAT!ON CONF!GURAT!ON
FUEL
FUEL CELL
BATTER!ES
POWER
COND!T!ONER
ACCESSOR!ES
WHEELS
ACfDC
DR!vE
NOTOR
WHEELS
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Hydrogen Car Nodels Hydrogen Car Nodels
- - GN GN Hy Hy- -Wire Wire
- - BNW 750hL BNW 750hL
- - Toyota FCHv Toyota FCHv
- - Toyota F!NE Toyota F!NE- -S S
GN GN Hy Hy- -Wire Wire
- - Features Features
- - Hydrogen fuel cell Hydrogen fuel cell
- - Drive Drive- -By By- -Wire technology Wire technology
- - Ability to switch the X Ability to switch the X- -
drive from the left side to drive from the left side to
the right the right
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GN GN Hy Hy- -Wire (cont.) Wire (cont.)
- - Technical Technical
Specifications Specifications
- - Notor Nax Power: 60 Notor Nax Power: 60
kW kW
- - Notor Nax Torque: Notor Nax Torque:
215 Nm 215 Nm
- - Nax RPN: 12000 Nax RPN: 12000
- - Nax Torque: 186+ Nm Nax Torque: 186+ Nm
BNW 750hL BNW 750hL
- - !nteresting Features !nteresting Features
- - Capable of running Capable of running
petrol or hydrogen petrol or hydrogen
- - Capable of running Capable of running
the air conditioner the air conditioner
even when engine even when engine
is off is off
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BNW 750hL (cont.) BNW 750hL (cont.)
- - Technical Specifications Technical Specifications
- - 0 to 100 kmfh in 9.6 seconds 0 to 100 kmfh in 9.6 seconds
- - Naximum speed of 226 kmfh Naximum speed of 226 kmfh
- - Range of 350 km Range of 350 km
- - Safety Tests Safety Tests
- - Destruction of tanks under high pressure Destruction of tanks under high pressure
- - Fire tests where tank was consumed in excess of Fire tests where tank was consumed in excess of
1000 1000 C C
- - Tank deformation tests Tank deformation tests
- - Side collision tests Side collision tests
Toyota FCHv Toyota FCHv
Permanent Permanent
Nagnet Nagnet
Notor Type Notor Type
PEN PEN Fuel Cell Stack Fuel Cell Stack
Type Type
Over 250 km Over 250 km Cruising Distance Cruising Distance
90 kW 90 kW Output Output
5 5 Seating Capacity Seating Capacity
Over 150 kmfh Over 150 kmfh Nax Speed Nax Speed
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Toyota F!NE Toyota F!NE- -S S
- - Concept Car Concept Car
- - Seats up to + Seats up to +
- - Futuristic look Futuristic look
- - Featured at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show Featured at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show
Hydrogen InternaI
Hydrogen InternaI
Combustion
Combustion
Engines
Engines
("HICEs")
("HICEs")
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Why HICE,s
Why HICE,s
- - HICEs are a viable alternative for bridging HICEs are a viable alternative for bridging
the gap to the H2 fuel cell economy the gap to the H2 fuel cell economy
- - HICEs may be a viable long HICEs may be a viable long- -term term
possibility as the ICE has undergone 100 possibility as the ICE has undergone 100
years of refinement years of refinement
- - To lessen greenhouse gases and foreign To lessen greenhouse gases and foreign
oil dependence, the government should oil dependence, the government should
encourage the transition to the H2 encourage the transition to the H2
economy with large investments in R&D, economy with large investments in R&D,
subsidies and tax incentives, subsidies and tax incentives,
Foreign Oil Dependence
Foreign Oil Dependence
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EARLY HISTORY OF H2 EARLY HISTORY OF H2
- - 1S00 1S00: Electrolysis : Electrolysis
- - 1S20 1S20: Reverend W. : Reverend W.
Cecil proposes Cecil proposes
HICE HICE
- - 1S74 1S74: Jules Verne : Jules Verne
- - 1S60 1S60- -70's 70's: N.A. Otto : N.A. Otto
uses uses ICEs ICEs and mixed H and mixed H
fuel fuel
- - 1930 1930- -40's 40's: Rudolf : Rudolf
Erren Erren develops HICEs develops HICEs
- - 1950 1950: Francis T. Bacon : Francis T. Bacon
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BIGGEST SETBACK BIGGEST SETBACK
Military Research into H Vehicles Military Research into H Vehicles
- - 1943: Air Force investigates LH2 fuel 1943: Air Force investigates LH2 fuel
- - 1956: Lockheed 1956: Lockheed
- - 1960's: 'Nuclear Powered Energy Depot' 1960's: 'Nuclear Powered Energy Depot'
A B-57B airplane that flew with one
engine fueled by liquid hydrogen
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The Modern Era of HICEs The Modern Era of HICEs
- - 1972 1972: Urban Vehicle Design : Urban Vehicle Design
Competition Competition - - UCLA Gremlin wins UCLA Gremlin wins
- - 1972 1972- -3 3: International H2indenburg : International H2indenburg
society society
- - 19S0's 19S0's: H : H- -fueled airplanes {NASA fueled airplanes {NASA
continues to study continues to study
FC airplanes) FC airplanes)
MODERN H2 VEHICLES MODERN H2 VEHICLES
- - 1993 1993: Ballard FC bus developed : Ballard FC bus developed
- - 1995+ 1995+
- - CTA FC buses CTA FC buses
- - Royal DutchJ Shell Royal DutchJ Shell
- - FC prototype cars FC prototype cars
- - BMW HICE vehicles BMW HICE vehicles
- - H refueling stations H refueling stations
open open
Ballard phase 3 FC buses,
in Vancouver and Chicago
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Companies making HICE prototypes Companies making HICE prototypes
- - Daimler Daimler- -Benz: Benz:
hydride HICEs, hydride HICEs,
19S4 19S4- -S S
- - GM GM has created a has created a
HICE prototypes HICE prototypes
- - Mazda, Cadillac: Mazda, Cadillac:
HICEs and HICEs and
hydride HICEs hydride HICEs
Mazda hydride HR-X prototype
Cadillac prototype HICE
Ford & BMW HICEs Ford & BMW HICEs
- - BMW: BMW: 1999 fifth 1999 fifth
generation generation
prototype, LH2 prototype, LH2
commercially commercially
available available
Ford: 1999 announced P2
HICE (H2, LH2)
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How HICEs Work How HICEs Work
- - 2H2+02= 2H20 + heat 2H2+02= 2H20 + heat
- - H behaves like octane H behaves like octane
- - Compressed H2 takes Compressed H2 takes
up more room than up more room than
gas gas
- - Unlike gasoline, which Unlike gasoline, which
needs strict air needs strict air- -fuel fuel
ratio ratio
- - More explosive than More explosive than
gas, timing critical gas, timing critical
- - Injected fuel delivery Injected fuel delivery
BMW HICE bus engine
BMW Hydrogen 7
Series IC Engine
NODE OF OPERAT!ON !N !.C. NODE OF OPERAT!ON !N !.C.
ENG!NES ENG!NES
Neat Hydrogen
Hydrogen Supplementation
{Petrol+ Hydrogen)
Hydrogen+CNG
Dual Fuelling
{Diesel +Hydrogen)
H2
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Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen Storage
STORAGE OF HYDROGEN ONBOARD STORAGE OF HYDROGEN ONBOARD
- - Netal hydrides Netal hydrides- - special alloys incorporate special alloys incorporate
hydrogen atom in their crystalline structure hydrogen atom in their crystalline structure
- - Hydrogen is released when heat is applied to Hydrogen is released when heat is applied to
alloys alloys
- - A tank with 120kg metal hydride could store A tank with 120kg metal hydride could store
6kg of H 6kg of H2 2 which can have vehicle range of about which can have vehicle range of about
+80 km in a car. +80 km in a car.
- - 3 wheeler can given 3 wheeler can given upto upto 150km with 500gm 150km with 500gm
hydrogen. hydrogen.
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H Onboard Storage Issues H Onboard Storage Issues
- - Hydride Hydride
- - gas compression, gas compression,
- - cryogenic cooling cryogenic cooling
- - No consensus No consensus
Infrastructure cost vs. Infrastructure cost vs.
onboard extraction onboard extraction
Metal Hydride
Hydride Storage Hydride Storage
1960`s R&D in the
U.S. & Netherlands
Metal alloys, absorb
H2 at higher temp./
pressures
Heat released when
H2 absorbed, same
heat required to
release H2
D-B used radiator heat
to de-bond H2
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Hydride Viability Hydride Viability
Advantages: Advantages:
- - Storage: Storage: the H takes up the H takes up
no extra room no extra room
- - Efficiency: Efficiency: hydrides carry hydrides carry
more energy per volume more energy per volume
than LH2 {'compressed' than LH2 {'compressed'
>1000x) & carry 2.2X >1000x) & carry 2.2X
more than compressed more than compressed
H2 at 5,000 H2 at 5,000 psi psi
- - Safety: Safety: no onboard tank no onboard tank
of H2 or LH2 of H2 or LH2
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
- - Weight: Weight: a 100 a 100- -liter liter
titanium titanium- -iron tank iron tank
has 1.2 has 1.2- -1.5X energy 1.5X energy
as 100 liters of LH2 as 100 liters of LH2
but weighs 25X but weighs 25X
FC & iron-titanium-magnesium hydride
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Compressed Gas Compressed Gas
Onboard Storage Onboard Storage
Compressed H2 Compressed H2
storage has been storage has been
used in: used in:
- - Mercedes NECAR Mercedes NECAR- -2 2
- - Ford FC concept car Ford FC concept car
- - Daimler Daimler- -Chrysler FC Chrysler FC
buses buses
- - Neoplan Neoplan vehicles vehicles
Compressed Compressed
Onboard Storage Onboard Storage
ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
- - Easiest form of H Easiest form of H
storage storage
DISADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
- - Backfire, engine Backfire, engine
knock are knock are
problematic problematic
- - Despite extreme Despite extreme
pressure, pressure,
compressed tanks compressed tanks
occupy so much occupy so much
space that they are space that they are
only practical for only practical for
buses or vans buses or vans
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Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen
{LH2) Onboard Storage {LH2) Onboard Storage
- - Cryogenically Cryogenically- -
cooled LH2 is cooled LH2 is
BMW's preference BMW's preference
- - The The Musashi Musashi
Institute of Institute of
Technology has Technology has
also investigated also investigated
this this
- - Requires an Requires an
extremely extremely
pressurized tank pressurized tank
to keep the LH2 in to keep the LH2 in
liquid form liquid form
A BMW, A BMW, ~ ~in operation since 1990, in operation since 1990,
equipped with an aluminum alloy equipped with an aluminum alloy
tank that carries 120 liters of LH2 tank that carries 120 liters of LH2
with a capacity of about 120 liters with a capacity of about 120 liters
of LH2 of LH2
Viability of onboard LH2 storage Viability of onboard LH2 storage
ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
- - Lowest costJ unit Lowest costJ unit
energy energy
- - Lowest weightJ unit Lowest weightJ unit
energy energy
- - Easier supply Easier supply
logistics logistics
- - Fast refueling Fast refueling
DISADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
- - Loss of fuel when not Loss of fuel when not
operational operational
- - Large tank needed Large tank needed
- - Cryogenic Cryogenic
engineering engineering
obstacles obstacles
- - Energy to cool LH2 Energy to cool LH2
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Hydrogen Refueling Stations Hydrogen Refueling Stations
2003: 2003:
Shell plans a H2 refueling station Shell plans a H2 refueling station
in Luxemburg; others in in Luxemburg; others in
California, Iceland, Japan, California, Iceland, Japan,
Holland, Norway Holland, Norway
- - California, Arizona, Nevada, California, Arizona, Nevada,
Illinois H2 refueling stations Illinois H2 refueling stations
- - Washington, D.C. demo refueling Washington, D.C. demo refueling
project planned project planned
- - EC International EC International Hydrofueler Hydrofueler
Project Project
- - Reykjavik, Iceland H2 bus Reykjavik, Iceland H2 bus
refueling station opens refueling station opens
- - 1999: Hamburg, Munich, 1999: Hamburg, Munich,
Dearborn Dearborn
LH2 reIueling station,
Munich airport
Honda solar H2 station
in Torrance, Ca.
ARE FUEL CELLS BETTER? ARE FUEL CELLS BETTER?
- - Fuel cells are more Fuel cells are more
efficient than HICEs efficient than HICEs
but less efficient when but less efficient when
operated on methane operated on methane
- - Barriers exist to Barriers exist to FCs FCs as as
'dual fuel' vehicles, and 'dual fuel' vehicles, and
thus may be less thus may be less
feasible than HICEs in feasible than HICEs in
the near future unless the near future unless
H2 onboard conversion H2 onboard conversion
materializes materializes
FCs cars are the
best for zero
emissions
FC cars average 60
more mpg than
BMW`s HICEs
FCs cars are far
more costly than
HICE vehicles
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What if What if FCs FCs are the future? are the future?
- - BMW's future could be adversely affected BMW's future could be adversely affected
- - Unlikely soon: Unlikely soon:
- - FC engines 3x as heavy as FC engines 3x as heavy as ICEs ICEs
- - No transport FC mass production No transport FC mass production
- - Most H2 vehicles produced are HICEs Most H2 vehicles produced are HICEs
- - HICEs offer a good opportunity to HICEs offer a good opportunity to
improve the H2 infrastructure as HICEs improve the H2 infrastructure as HICEs
are "comparatively easy to produce" are "comparatively easy to produce"
- - HICEs can bridge the gap to H2 HICEs can bridge the gap to H2- -fueled fueled
transport that eventually incorporates transport that eventually incorporates
fuel cells fuel cells
Fuel cell is a very costly technology Fuel cell is a very costly technology- -about 10 times than IC about 10 times than IC
engines. engines.
- - !t will take atleast 10 year to become affordable !t will take atleast 10 year to become affordable. .
H2 can be used in existing I.C engines H2 can be used in existing I.C engines
- - !C engine is a 100 years established technology and will require !C engine is a 100 years established technology and will require some some
modifications in tooling to make it adaptable for using hydrogen modifications in tooling to make it adaptable for using hydrogen as a as a
fuel. fuel.
H2 is clean burning fuel in IC engine H2 is clean burning fuel in IC engine
- - !t gives only Nox emission which can be minimised to negligible. !t gives only Nox emission which can be minimised to negligible.
- - No after treatment needed,hence no deterioration of emissions No after treatment needed,hence no deterioration of emissions
H2 can be used as admixture to CNG H2 can be used as admixture to CNG
- - H2 has a very high burning rate while CNG has slower burning rat H2 has a very high burning rate while CNG has slower burning rate e
- - !t can improve fuel economy 8 emission of CNG engine !t can improve fuel economy 8 emission of CNG engine
H2 can be used competitive with CNG H2 can be used competitive with CNG
- - With the infrastructure existing for CNG usage.H2 can replace CN With the infrastructure existing for CNG usage.H2 can replace CNG G
except of additional cost for reforming facility except of additional cost for reforming facility
Hydrogen in IC engines Hydrogen in IC engines
41
CONPART!vE PROPERT!ES CONPART!vE PROPERT!ES
1.05 1.05 1.30S 1.30S 1.3S3 1.3S3 Specific heat ratio {v) of Specific heat ratio {v) of
NTP gas NTP gas
4S 4S 55.53 55.53 141.S6 141.S6 HEAT OF HEAT OF
COMBUSTION{high)kjg COMBUSTION{high)kjg- -
1 1
44.5 44.5 50.02 50.02 119.93 119.93 HEAT OF HEAT OF
COMBUSTION{LOW)kjg COMBUSTION{LOW)kjg
- -1 1
4400 4400 651.19 651.19 S3.764 S3.764 DENSITY OF GAS AT DENSITY OF GAS AT
NTP {GM NTP {GM- -1) 1)
107.0 107.0 16.043 16.043 2.016 2.016 MOLECULAR WEIGHT MOLECULAR WEIGHT
GASOLINE GASOLINE METHANE METHANE HYDROGEN HYDROGEN PROPERTY PROPERTY
CONPART!vE PROPERT!ES CONPART!vE PROPERT!ES
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.00 1.00 Normalized flame Normalized flame
emissivity emissivity 2000k, 2000k,
1 1 atm atm
0.0S 0.0S 0.2 0.2 0.63 0.63 Diffusivity in air, Diffusivity in air,
cm2s cm2s
30 30- -42 42 23 23- -32 32 17 17- -25 25 Percentage of Percentage of
thermal energy thermal energy
radited radited from from
flame to surround flame to surround
0.2 0.2 0.203 0.203 0.064 0.064 Quenching gap in Quenching gap in
NTP air cms NTP air cms- -1 1
37 37- -43 43 37 37- -45 45 265 265- -325 325 Burning velocity Burning velocity
in NTP air,cm in NTP air,cm
GASOLINE GASOLINE METHANE METHANE HYDROGEN HYDROGEN PROPERTY PROPERTY
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CONPART!vE PROPERT!ES CONPART!vE PROPERT!ES
2470 2470 214S 214S 231S 231S Flame Flame
temperature K temperature K
501 501- -744 744 S13 S13 S5S S5S Autoignition Autoignition
temperature K temperature K
0.24 0.24 0.29 0.29 0.02 0.02 Minimum energy Minimum energy
for ignition in air . for ignition in air .
MJ MJ
1.76 1.76 9.47S 9.47S 29.53 29.53 Stoichiometric Stoichiometric
composition in air composition in air
vol vol % %
1.0 1.0- -7.6 7.6 5.3 5.3- -15.0 15.0 4.0 4.0- -75.0 75.0 Limit of Limit of
flammability in air flammability in air
vol vol % %
GASOLINE GASOLINE METHANE METHANE HYDROGEN HYDROGEN PROPERTY PROPERTY
Hydrogen vehicles Based on Hydrogen vehicles Based on
IC engine IC engine
- - Energy content of 9.5 kg of H Energy content of 9.5 kg of H2 2 is equivalent to is equivalent to
25kg of petrol. 25kg of petrol.
- - Storing of 9.5kg of H Storing of 9.5kg of H2 2 require a 55kg tank vfs require a 55kg tank vfs
25kg of petrol of 17 kg tank. 25kg of petrol of 17 kg tank.
- - H2 fuel typically takes + times space than H2 fuel typically takes + times space than
petrol for same energy. petrol for same energy.
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!ND!A'S ADvANTAGES FRON !ND!A'S ADvANTAGES FRON
HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
- - Potential to build a National Hydrogen !ndustry" at Potential to build a National Hydrogen !ndustry" at
aggressive pace using exiting oil 8 natural gas aggressive pace using exiting oil 8 natural gas
infrastructure produce at refineries or locally supply infrastructure produce at refineries or locally supply
through existing distribution 8 retail network. through existing distribution 8 retail network.
ENERGY SECUR!TY ENERGY SECUR!TY
- - Hydrogen vehicles 8 Hydrogen vehicles 8 gensets gensets can replace diesel, can replace diesel,
gasoline 8 kerosene, fueled polluted power units. gasoline 8 kerosene, fueled polluted power units.
ENv!RONNENT PROTECT!ON ENv!RONNENT PROTECT!ON
- - Allow !ndia to leap frog" in technological Allow !ndia to leap frog" in technological
advancement. advancement.
ECONON!C ADvANCENENT ECONON!C ADvANCENENT
- - Will enable smooth transition to use of more efficient Will enable smooth transition to use of more efficient
energy conversion fuel cells. energy conversion fuel cells.
- - Limiting the equivalence ratio Limiting the equivalence ratio
- - Adopting exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) Adopting exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
- - Avoding Avoding hot spots on sharp edges and hot spots on sharp edges and
protrusions and using spark protrusions and using spark pluges pluges with narrow with narrow
gap settings. gap settings.
- - Water induction. Water induction.
- - Fuel injection Fuel injection
RENED!ES OF BACKF!RE RENED!ES OF BACKF!RE
44
- - Fuel injection Fuel injection - - optimum performance 8 low optimum performance 8 low
emmision emmision (Nanifold !njectionf (Nanifold !njectionf !ncylinder !ncylinder
!njection) !njection)
- - Exhaust gas recirculation Exhaust gas recirculation- - avoid back fire 8 avoid back fire 8
limits limits Nox Nox
- - Ultra lean operation( =0.28 achieved) Ultra lean operation( =0.28 achieved)
- - Water injection Water injection- - back fire control back fire control
- - Timed manifold injection has been Timed manifold injection has been
experimentally found to be most effective experimentally found to be most effective
CURAT!vEfPREvENT!vE STEP CURAT!vEfPREvENT!vE STEP
- - Hydraulically operated Hydraulically operated
- - Cam actuated Cam actuated
- - Solenoid Solenoid- -actuated electronically actuated electronically- - controlled controlled
Positive Features of !njection System Positive Features of !njection System- -
- - Eliminate pre ignition backfire and rapid rate of Eliminate pre ignition backfire and rapid rate of
pressure rise pressure rise
- - Reduces Reduces Nox Nox emissions drastically emissions drastically - - no other no other
pollutant in hydrogen engine exhaust. pollutant in hydrogen engine exhaust.
!NJECTOR ACTUAT!ON !NJECTOR ACTUAT!ON
NECHAN!SNS NECHAN!SNS
45
FUEL !NDUCT!ON TECHN!QUES FUEL !NDUCT!ON TECHN!QUES
- - Carburetion Carburetion
- - Continuous manifold injection (CN!) Continuous manifold injection (CN!)
- - Timed manifold injection (TN!) Timed manifold injection (TN!)
- - Low pressure direct cylinder injection (LPD!) Low pressure direct cylinder injection (LPD!)
- - High pressure direct cylinder injection(HPD!) High pressure direct cylinder injection(HPD!)
SYSTEN HARDWARE: SYSTEN HARDWARE:
Nost appropriate Nost appropriate 1.+ 1.+- -5.5 kgffcm2 5.5 kgffcm2 Timed manifold Timed manifold
injection (TN!) injection (TN!)
Not recommended Not recommended Slightly greater Slightly greater
than atmospheric than atmospheric
Continuous manifold Continuous manifold
injection (CN!) injection (CN!)
Unsuitable Unsuitable A little above A little above atm atm. . Continuous carburetion Continuous carburetion
(cc) (cc)
Comments Comments Supply pressure Supply pressure Nixture formation Nixture formation
46
- - As combustion fuel directly in !C As combustion fuel directly in !C
engine engine
- - !n ad !n ad- -mixture with CNG and LPG. mixture with CNG and LPG.
- - As a fuel for fuel cell. As a fuel for fuel cell.
- - !n hybrid electric vehicles(H2 to run !n hybrid electric vehicles(H2 to run
small generator for on small generator for on- -board charging board charging
of batteries). of batteries).
Hydrogen for Auto Application Hydrogen for Auto Application
OPT!NUN ENG!NE OPT!NUN ENG!NE
PERFORNANCE DEPENDS ON PERFORNANCE DEPENDS ON
- - Equivalence ratio Equivalence ratio- -ultra lean to slightly rich ultra lean to slightly rich
mixture. mixture.
- - !gnition timing !gnition timing
- - Compression ratio Compression ratio
- - Nethod of fuel introduction timed manifold Nethod of fuel introduction timed manifold
injection. injection.
47
PERFORNANCE OF HYDROGEN PERFORNANCE OF HYDROGEN
vEH!CLES vEH!CLES
- - There is a tradeoff power and efficiency and There is a tradeoff power and efficiency and Nox Nox
emissions:very lean operation increases efficiency and emissions:very lean operation increases efficiency and
reduces reduces Nox Nox but also reduces the volumetric heating but also reduces the volumetric heating
valve of the airffuel mixture (because there is less fuel ) valve of the airffuel mixture (because there is less fuel )
and thus reduces power. and thus reduces power.
- - Late direct injection of cryogenic hydrogen increases Late direct injection of cryogenic hydrogen increases
power output and efficiency, it eliminates pre ignition, power output and efficiency, it eliminates pre ignition,
backfiring and reduces backfiring and reduces Nox Nox formation. For these formation. For these
reasons, many hydrogen researchers feel that it is the reasons, many hydrogen researchers feel that it is the
most desirable form of hydrogen injection. most desirable form of hydrogen injection.
Power Power
Output Output
of HICEs of HICEs
Challenges facing HICEs: Challenges facing HICEs:
- - Backfiring common Backfiring common - - premature premature
ignition near the fuel intake valve ignition near the fuel intake valve
- - To reduce To reduce Nox Nox, the airJfuel ratio , the airJfuel ratio
can be increased, reducing power can be increased, reducing power
output to half a gasoline engine's output to half a gasoline engine's
- - To compensate for lost power To compensate for lost power, ,
HICE engines are usually larger or HICE engines are usually larger or
have superchargers have superchargers
- - Ford claims that Ford claims that superchargers superchargers
provide near provide near- -zero emissions and zero emissions and
power equal to a gas engine power equal to a gas engine
48
- - A hydrogen operated engine adopting TN! system embraces A hydrogen operated engine adopting TN! system embraces
the benefit of both the C! as well as S! engine. the benefit of both the C! as well as S! engine.
- - TN! designed so that the intake manifold does not contain TN! designed so that the intake manifold does not contain
any combustible mixtures thus eliminates the undesirable any combustible mixtures thus eliminates the undesirable
combustion phenomena combustion phenomena
- - TN! provides a pre TN! provides a pre- -cooling effect and thus renders the pre cooling effect and thus renders the pre- -
ignition sources ineffective. ignition sources ineffective.
- - !n TN! system, hydrogen air mixing can be sufficiently rapid !n TN! system, hydrogen air mixing can be sufficiently rapid
to ensure burning of hydrogen gas soon after it enters the to ensure burning of hydrogen gas soon after it enters the
cylinder cylinder
- - TN! is free from constraints such as injection pressure and TN! is free from constraints such as injection pressure and
charge mixing time. charge mixing time.
D!ST!NCT!vE FEATURES OF D!ST!NCT!vE FEATURES OF
TN! TN!
TN! vS LPD! TN! vS LPD!
- - Both TN! and LPD! showed the possibility of eliminating Both TN! and LPD! showed the possibility of eliminating
backfire by the method of delaying fuel delivery. backfire by the method of delaying fuel delivery.
- - Compared to LPD!, the TN! required a less sophisticated Compared to LPD!, the TN! required a less sophisticated
design of the injection valve. design of the injection valve.
- - There is a possibility of flow starvation for both hydrogen There is a possibility of flow starvation for both hydrogen
and air in case of LPD! whereas such a situation never and air in case of LPD! whereas such a situation never
arises in TN!. arises in TN!.
- - LPD! seemed to have problems of incomplete combustion LPD! seemed to have problems of incomplete combustion
due to very brief time allowed for the mixing of hydrogen due to very brief time allowed for the mixing of hydrogen
and air after injection. Such a problem is intrinsically and air after injection. Such a problem is intrinsically
avoided in TN! system. avoided in TN! system.
- - Flow controllability seemed to be main stumbling obstacle in Flow controllability seemed to be main stumbling obstacle in
achieving higher speed in LPD! as compared to TN! achieving higher speed in LPD! as compared to TN!
operation. operation.
49
LEAN BURN HYDROGEN LEAN BURN HYDROGEN
ENG!NE ENG!NE
- - A way to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines is A way to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines is
through lean burn combustion. through lean burn combustion.
- - Use excess combustion air to reduce flame temperature Use excess combustion air to reduce flame temperature
(consequently, reduce (consequently, reduce Nox Nox). ).
- - Carbon monoxide emissions from lean burn engines are also very Carbon monoxide emissions from lean burn engines are also very
low. low.
- - Hydrocarbon fuels have lean limits less than an airffuel ratio, Hydrocarbon fuels have lean limits less than an airffuel ratio,
l*=1.7 l*=1.7
- - The lean limit for air breathing hydrogen engines is around l=5 The lean limit for air breathing hydrogen engines is around l=5
- - A pure hydrogen engine may be operated at ultra lean conditions A pure hydrogen engine may be operated at ultra lean conditions
without concern for unburned fuel emission (hydrogen is not toxi without concern for unburned fuel emission (hydrogen is not toxic c
or an ozone producer). or an ozone producer).
- - The maximum brake thermal efficiency ever measurement at HC! The maximum brake thermal efficiency ever measurement at HC!
with a lean burn hydrogen engine is 38. with a lean burn hydrogen engine is 38.
- - Cv! is a robust mechanicalffluidic injection system that Cv! is a robust mechanicalffluidic injection system that
is controlled by electronics, much like a modern diesel is controlled by electronics, much like a modern diesel
injection system. injection system.
- - !ts fundamental operating principle is to maintain an !ts fundamental operating principle is to maintain an
approximately constant AfF ratio over a wide rage of approximately constant AfF ratio over a wide rage of
engine operating conditions. engine operating conditions.
- - No injection valves are big enough to serve the flow No injection valves are big enough to serve the flow
requirements of hydrogen engines and none can requirements of hydrogen engines and none can
enhance the breathing capacity of an engine as Cv! enhance the breathing capacity of an engine as Cv!
does (fuel does (fuel- - to air momentum transfer). to air momentum transfer).
- - Cv! shares the advantage of sequential multi port fuel Cv! shares the advantage of sequential multi port fuel
injected gasoline engines enhanced breathing, quick injected gasoline engines enhanced breathing, quick
throttle response and good cylinder to cylinder throttle response and good cylinder to cylinder
distribution of airffuel mixture. distribution of airffuel mixture.
CONSTANT vOLUNE FUEL CONSTANT vOLUNE FUEL
!NJECT!ON OF H !NJECT!ON OF H2 2
50
PARALLEL !NDUCT!ON: A S!NPLE PARALLEL !NDUCT!ON: A S!NPLE
FUEL CONTROL NETHOD FOR FUEL CONTROL NETHOD FOR
HYDROGEN ENG!NES HYDROGEN ENG!NES
- - Hydrogen and air enters the engine through separate, Hydrogen and air enters the engine through separate,
parallel paths parallel paths
- - The basic objective of parallel induction mixture control The basic objective of parallel induction mixture control
system are to separate and control the flow of fuel and system are to separate and control the flow of fuel and
air into the engine air into the engine
- - Each of the parallel system has its own throttle, its own Each of the parallel system has its own throttle, its own
manifold, and its own valve system. manifold, and its own valve system.
- - Parallel induction is conceptually similar to intake port Parallel induction is conceptually similar to intake port
injection in that fuel and air enter the cylinder during the injection in that fuel and air enter the cylinder during the
intake stroke. intake stroke.
- - A sleeve valve" delays the induction of H A sleeve valve" delays the induction of H2 2
HYDROGEN ADD!T!ON !N HYDROGEN ADD!T!ON !N
NATURAL GAS NATURAL GAS
- - Hydrogen when burnt with other fuels makes emission Hydrogen when burnt with other fuels makes emission
reductions that are greater than the percentage of reductions that are greater than the percentage of
hydrogen energy in the fuel. hydrogen energy in the fuel.
- - The addition of hydrogen to natural gas amplifies the The addition of hydrogen to natural gas amplifies the
clean burning properties of both fuels in a way that clean burning properties of both fuels in a way that
produces a large leverage factor. produces a large leverage factor.
- - Hythan Hythan bus fuel is a blend of 7 hydrogen by energy bus fuel is a blend of 7 hydrogen by energy
content in natural gas (20 h2 by volume). content in natural gas (20 h2 by volume).
- - Hytane Hytane is a registered is a registered trademarke trademarke of hydrogen of hydrogen
components, !nc. components, !nc.
- - The most effective way to get started with hydrogen The most effective way to get started with hydrogen
energy is in highly lever aged applications with other energy is in highly lever aged applications with other
fuels. fuels.
51
LEAN BURN HYTHANE ENG!NES LEAN BURN HYTHANE ENG!NES
- - Adding hydrogen to natural gas allow leaner Adding hydrogen to natural gas allow leaner
operation with less spark advance. operation with less spark advance.
- - Both of these tuning variable reduce Both of these tuning variable reduce Nox Nox
emissions. emissions.
- - Non Non- -methane hydrocarbon (NNHC) emission methane hydrocarbon (NNHC) emission
increase with leaner mixtures in natural gas increase with leaner mixtures in natural gas
engines. engines.
- - NNHC emission are reduced by adding hydrogen. NNHC emission are reduced by adding hydrogen.
EN!SS!ONS EN!SS!ONS
- - No HC,CO,Sox and particulates etc. No HC,CO,Sox and particulates etc.
- - Nox Nox is the only pollutant of concern is the only pollutant of concern
- - Ultra lean operation achievable with hydrogen Ultra lean operation achievable with hydrogen
engine drastically reduces engine drastically reduces Nox Nox. .
52
Is Hydrogen Fuel Safer? Is Hydrogen Fuel Safer?
Former Lockheed Manager: maintains air crashes Former Lockheed Manager: maintains air crashes
involving kerosene fuel would have resulted in involving kerosene fuel would have resulted in
fewer deaths if H2 were the fuel: fewer deaths if H2 were the fuel:
H2 volatile/ burns
quickly
H2 vaporizes/
disperses quickly
Less fire area

Radiated fire heat is less

with H2
No smoke from H2 fires
LH2 safer upon impact
than kerosene
Are HICEs unsafe at any Are HICEs unsafe at any
speed? speed?
- - H2 is volatile and is 10x more H2 is volatile and is 10x more
explosive than gasoline explosive than gasoline
- - H leaks and static present risks H leaks and static present risks
- - Special sensors and ducts that pull in Special sensors and ducts that pull in
fresh air may be necessary whenever fresh air may be necessary whenever
HICEs are parked indoors HICEs are parked indoors
- - Stringent, universal safety Stringent, universal safety
regulations are needed for storage, regulations are needed for storage,
handling, and disposal of H2 handling, and disposal of H2
53
BMW Tests indicate BMW Tests indicate
HICEs are Safe HICEs are Safe
- - ' '94 BMW: safety valves of 94 BMW: safety valves of
double double- -walled LH2 tanks walled LH2 tanks
were blocked, cooked, were blocked, cooked,
shaken, rammed with pole; shaken, rammed with pole;
slow LH2 leak, no explosion slow LH2 leak, no explosion
- - H2 escaped after 10 H2 escaped after 10
minutes in open fire; minutes in open fire;
burned with no effect on burned with no effect on
tank tank
- - OTHER TESTS: some tanks OTHER TESTS: some tanks
burst under extreme burst under extreme
pressure buildup pressure buildup
Ford's 2000 H2, Ford's 2000 H2,
LH2 vehicles LH2 vehicles
- - Model U concept car: Model U concept car: 3 millimeter aluminum barrier 3 millimeter aluminum barrier
tank, carbon tank, carbon- -fiber structural casing, rated to a pressure fiber structural casing, rated to a pressure
of 10,000 of 10,000 psi psi
- - P2000 FUEL system P2000 FUEL system - - redundancy for safety: redundancy for safety:
- - fueling system under trunk fueling system under trunk
- - Triple redundant system based on natural gas, Triple redundant system based on natural gas,
designed to use H2 natural dispersion designed to use H2 natural dispersion
- - H2 ventilators H2 ventilators
- - Sensors in engine, passenger and trunk Sensors in engine, passenger and trunk
compartments compartments
- - Alarms triggered at concentrations below Alarms triggered at concentrations below
flammability flammability
- - H2 detected = fuel systemJengine starter disable, H2 detected = fuel systemJengine starter disable,
roof opens, ventilation fans activate roof opens, ventilation fans activate
54
ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
- - Emissions are a Emissions are a
fraction of convention fraction of convention
ICE emissions ICE emissions
- - Ford HICEs emit Ford HICEs emit
almost no pollutants almost no pollutants
and are 25% more and are 25% more
fuel efficient than gas fuel efficient than gas
ICEs ICEs
- - H2J CH4 mixed fuel H2J CH4 mixed fuel
emits extremely low emits extremely low
NOx NOx
DISADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
- - High temperature H2 High temperature H2
combustion makes combustion makes Nox Nox
- - NOx emissions = NOx emissions =
that of gas, can be that of gas, can be
lessened with lessened with
additional control additional control
equipment equipment
- - Even without after Even without after- -
treatment, NOx treatment, NOx
emissions are low emissions are low
- - Fossil fuel electrolysis Fossil fuel electrolysis
lessens pollution gains lessens pollution gains
HICEs & POLLUTION HICEs & POLLUTION
Barriers to CommerciaI Barriers to CommerciaI
AvaiIabiIity AvaiIabiIity
H2/ LH2 H2/ LH2
infrastructure infrastructure
needed needed
Low cost H2 Low cost H2
production needed production needed
Economics of H2 Economics of H2
cars are iII cars are iII- -defined defined
ICE-HICE conversion
avaiIabiIity
Like current vehicIes,
H2/LH2 vehicIe designs
wiII IikeIy vary
Lack of uniform
reguIations of H2
55
Commercial HICE Availability Commercial HICE Availability
- - Shell: Shell: "marathon, not a sprint, and the race has "marathon, not a sprint, and the race has
just begun," just begun," H2 fuel network by 2030 H2 fuel network by 2030- -2050. 2050.
Others estimate 10 Others estimate 10- -50 years to the H2 economy 50 years to the H2 economy
- - BMW's HICE cars are available today BMW's HICE cars are available today
- - John C. Anderson, Pres. & CEO of AFS says: John C. Anderson, Pres. & CEO of AFS says:
{1) the existing ICE infrastructure {1) the existing ICE infrastructure
{2) the demand for clean emissions; & {2) the demand for clean emissions; &
{3) H2's flammability characteristics {3) H2's flammability characteristics
make H2 the make H2 the "ultimate low cost fuel" "ultimate low cost fuel" which, which,
when widely available, can be adapted to when widely available, can be adapted to
conventional autos and diesel engine vehicles conventional autos and diesel engine vehicles
- - Rev.w.cecil Rev.w.cecil {1S20) "hydrogen gas as a moving {1S20) "hydrogen gas as a moving
power in machinery" paper presented before power in machinery" paper presented before
Cambridge Philosophical Society Cambridge Philosophical Society
- - "Hydrogen engine prototype " by "Hydrogen engine prototype " by Benini Benini in 1S56 in 1S56
{Refereed in I.C. engine text book by {Refereed in I.C. engine text book by Lichty Lichty ) )
- - Ricardo, h.f., "Further Note on Fuel s Committee, Ricardo, h.f., "Further Note on Fuel s Committee,
Proc. IAC, vol. 1S, {1923 Proc. IAC, vol. 1S, {1923- -24). 24).
- - Rudolf Rudolf Erren Erren " Hydrogen : A commercial Fuel fro " Hydrogen : A commercial Fuel fro
internal combustion engines and other internal combustion engines and other
purposes" journal of the Institute of fuel purposes" journal of the Institute of fuel - -1933. 1933.
- - R.O king et al in R.O king et al in Candada Candada Exhaustive combustion Exhaustive combustion
studies studies
P!ONEER!NG HYDROGEN P!ONEER!NG HYDROGEN
ENG!NE RESEARCHERS ENG!NE RESEARCHERS
56
!ND!A'S ADvANTAGES FRON !ND!A'S ADvANTAGES FRON
HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
- - Potential to build a National Hydrogen !ndustry" at Potential to build a National Hydrogen !ndustry" at
aggressive pace using exiting oil 8 natural gas aggressive pace using exiting oil 8 natural gas
infrastructure produce at refineries or locally supply infrastructure produce at refineries or locally supply
through existing distribution 8 retail network. through existing distribution 8 retail network.
ENERGY SECUR!TY ENERGY SECUR!TY
- - Hydrogen vehicles 8 Hydrogen vehicles 8 gensets gensets can replace diesel, can replace diesel,
gasoline 8 kerosene, fueled polluted power units. gasoline 8 kerosene, fueled polluted power units.
ENv!RONNENT PROTECT!ON ENv!RONNENT PROTECT!ON
- - Allow !ndia to leap frog" in technological Allow !ndia to leap frog" in technological
advancement. advancement.
ECONON!C ADvANCENENT ECONON!C ADvANCENENT
- - Will enable smooth transition to use of more efficient Will enable smooth transition to use of more efficient
energy conversion fuel cells. energy conversion fuel cells.
STATUS OF HYDROGEN STATUS OF HYDROGEN
DEvELOPNENT !N !ND!A DEvELOPNENT !N !ND!A
- - NETAL HYDR!DE STORAGE NETAL HYDR!DE STORAGE
BHU has developed metal hydride storage system for storage and BHU has developed metal hydride storage system for storage and
release of hydrogen which can be used in release of hydrogen which can be used in gensets gensets and two and two
wheelers wheelers- - technology at demonstration stage. technology at demonstration stage.
USE OF HYDROGEN !N !C ENG!NES USE OF HYDROGEN !N !C ENG!NES
!!T, Delhi has developed hydrogen gas induction system for !C en !!T, Delhi has developed hydrogen gas induction system for !C engine gine
which can be used from small which can be used from small genset genset to large capacity spark to large capacity spark
ignition engines. ignition engines.
Development of fuel cells. Agencies working are Development of fuel cells. Agencies working are
BHEL BHEL- -Hyderabad Hyderabad
SP!C Science Foundation SP!C Science Foundation- - Chennai Chennai
Glass 8 Ceramic Research !nstitute Glass 8 Ceramic Research !nstitute- -Kolkata Kolkata. .
!!CT !!CT- -Hyderabad Hyderabad
DRDO DRDO- -Naval Naterial research Lab. Naval Naterial research Lab.
TER! TER!- -Delhi are working on. Delhi are working on.