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Properties of Functions
Function:
Any value of the independent variable can be associated with no more than one value of
the dependent variable. (Every “x” has no more than one “y”)
Function
Not a
Function
Domain:
The set of all “x” values (the width of the function).
Range:
The set of all “y” values (the height of the function).
Function Notation:
F(x):
o Reads “f of x”
o Means the same thing.
F(5):
o “f of 5”
o Means what is the “y” value when “x” equals 5.
Image:
The “y” values are referred to as the images of the “x” values.
52
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
Increasing:
o For x1 < x2 , f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x 2 )
o Moving from left to right, the “y” values are increasing.
INCREASING
Decreasing:
o For x1 < x2 , f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x 2 )
o Function going down from left to right.
DECREASING
Constant:
o For x1 > x2 , f ( x1 ) = f (x 2 )
o Horizontal line.
EX:
(1, 3)
(-4, -2)
(5, -3)
53
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
INCREASING [− 4,1]
DECREASING [1,5]
Pain in the Ass Point:
Constant intervals are attached to whatever interval you’re referring to.
INCREASING [0,2]
DECREASING [6,8]
CONSTANT [2,6]
Set Notation:
∀x1 , x2 ∈ [a, b] : x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
∀ Means “for every”
∈ Means “element of” or “belongs to”
⇒ Means “implies that”
Intercepts:
“x” intercepts:
o The “x” values where the function crosses the “x” axis.
o Also called the zeros.
o To find in any function, let y = 0.
“y” intercepts:
o The “y” value where a function crosses the “y” axis.
o Also called the initial value/value at zero/f (0).
o To find in any function, let x = 0.
Extremes
Absolute Maximum:
o The absolute highest “y” value of a function.
o NOTE: ∞ cannot be a maximum!
Absolute Minimum:
o The absolute lowest “y” value of a function.
o NOTE: − ∞ cannot be a minimum!
54
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
Relative Maximum:
o The highest “y” value over an interval of the function (usually on vertex of an arc)
Relative Minimum:
o The lowest “y” value over an
B D interval of the function (usually on
vertex of an arc).
A: Absolute Minimum
A B: Relative Maximum
C
C: Relative Minimum
D: Absolute Maximum
Positive:
o The “x” values when the function’s “y” values ≥ 0 (above “x” axis).
Negative:
o The “x” values when the function’s “y” values ≤ 0 (below “x” axis).
55
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
System of Equations
Definition:
2 or more equations, the solutions are the coordinates where the independent and
dependent variables are the same in both equations.
A.K.A.: the solution is the point of intersection on the graph.
EX:
y1 = 3 x − 2 x y1 y2
y2 = x + 1 0 -2 1
1 1 2
Solution: ≈ (2.5,3.5) 2 4 3
56
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
EX. 1: EX. 2:
y = 3x − 2
y = 7 x − 12
y = x +1
y = −3 x + 8
3x − 2 = x + 1
7 x − 12 = −3 x + 8
3x − x = 2 + 1
7 x + 3 x = 8 + 12
2x = 3
10 x = 20
2
10
x=3 x=2
2
y = x +1 y = −3 x + 8
y = 3 +1 y = −6 + 8
2
y=2
y=5
2 = (2,2)
(
= 3 ,5
2 2
)
Word Problem Example:
Justin buys a pink scooter for $100 which costs $13 per day to operate. “What’s her face”
buys a gas duck for $150 which costs only $2 per day to operate. How many days would
it take before the pink scooter and the duck cost the same amount?
y = 13 x + 100
y = 2 x + 150
13 x + 100 = 2 x + 150
11x = 50
11
x = 4.55
y = 13 x + 100
y = 159.1
= (4.55,159.1)
Substitution Method:
1. Isolate one variable in one equation.
2. Substitute equivalent expression into other equation.
3. Solve for remaining variable.
4. Plug answer back in to find other variable.
5. Check in both equations.
57
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
EX. 1: EX. 2:
x + 3y = 5 → x = 5 − 3y x = 2 y + 10
7 x + 6 y = 20 3x + 5 y + 3 = 0
7(5 − 3 y ) + 6 y = 20 3(2 y + 10) + 5 y + 3 = 0
35 − 21 y + 6 y = 20 6 y + 30 + 5 y + 3 = 0
− 15 y = −15 11 y + 33 = 0
− 15 11y = −33
y =1 11
x + 3(1) = 5 y = −3
x = 5−3 x = 2(− 3) + 10
x=2 x=4
(2,1) (4. − 3)
Elimination Method:
1. Align both equations.
2. Multiply one or both equations to match coefficients of one variable.
3. Add or subtract equations (one variable must cancel out).
4. Solve for remaining variable.
5. Plug answer back in.
6. Check.
EX. 1:
x + 3 y = 5 → 2( x + 3 y = 5) → 2 x + 6 y = 10
7 x + 6 y = 20 − 7 x + 6 y = 20
− 5x − 10
=
−5 −5
x=2
OR
7( x + 3 y = 5) → 7 x + 21y = 35
7 x + 6 y = 20 − 7 x + 6 y = 20
15 y = 15
15
y =1
x + 3(1) = 5
x = 5−3
x=2
58
Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student
EX. 2:
− 2 x − 3 y = −25 − 2 x − 3 y = −25
5 x + y = 30 → 3(5 x + y = 30) → + 15 x + 3 y = 90
13 x = 65
13
x=5
5 x + y = 30
5(5) + y = 30
y=5
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