Caffe ine

Caffeine contributes to endurance performance, apparently because of its ability to enhance mobilization of fatty acids and thus conserve glycogen stores. Caffeine may also directly affect muscle contractility, possibly by facilitating calcium transport. It could reduce fatigue as well by reducing plasma potassium accumulation, which contributes to fatigue. Probably some ergogenic effects occur at doses of 6.5 mg/ g of body weight when ta en before endurance e!ercise" however, caffeine does not seem to offer any benefits before high#intensity e!ercise. $ecause ofthis potential ergogenic effect, caffeine is banned by the International %lympic Committee &I%C', although the banned level is much higher than that needed to enhance performance. (n energy#enhancing effect is seen with only ) .5 to * mg of caffeine per pound &*.* to 6.6 mg/ g'. +or a )5,#lb man this is e-uivalent to only one ),#oz cup of coffee. fu fluid replacement beverages, tea, iced tea, coffee, cola, caffeinated watet and some of the new caffeine#containing energy drin s are poor choices because of their diuretic effect and variable carbohydrate content. .he diuretic action of caffeine could have negative conse-uences for athletes with e!cessive water needs or for those participating in long#distance events who do not want to have to urinate during the event. fu a restricted drug by the I%C, caffeine is considered a doping agent if the inta e results in urine caffeine concentrations above )/ mg/01& rauser 6,*'

Coffee a nd . ea
Coffee inta e has been investigated in a variety of cancers. Investigators involved with two large prospective studies &the 2urse1s 3ealth 4tudy 5women6 and the 3ealth Professionals1 +ollow#7p 4tudy 5men6' e!plored the association between colorectal cancer incidence and consumption of coffee and tea &8ichels et al., /,,5'. .he investigators concluded that the regular consumption of caffeinated coffee or caffeinated tea or caffeine inta e was not associated with the incidence ofcolon or rectal cancer in either cohort. (nother study found that the regular drin ing of green tea and otler sources of polyphenols may reduce the ris of stomach cancer &%wuor and 9ong, /,,/'. 4ome studies have shown that the consumption of very hot drin s has been associated with an increased ris of esophageal cancer &4harp et al., /,,)'. (t this time the regular consumption of coffee or tea has no significant relationship with the ris of cancer at any site.&:66'

Polyphenols, found in coffee & rauser hal )/::'

.he manganese content of foods varies gready. .he richest sources are whole grains, legumes, nuts, and tea. +ruits and vegetables are moderately good sources. (nimal tissues, seafood, and dairy products are poor sources. ;elatively high amounts e!ist in instant coffee and tea. 3uman mil is relatively low in manganese. .he .otal <iet 4tudy of the +<( &):=/ to )::)' revealed that the median mansanese inta es appro!imated the recommended inta e for mln and women but were too low for adolescent girls &Pennington and 4choen, )::6'. & rauser hal )*/' >>disini mau nun?u in opi itu tinggi mangan'

8anganese &ini sedi it faal'

8anganese deficiency in humans was first reported in ):@/, and its essentiality in humans is well established. 4yrnptoms of deficiency are weight loss, transient dermatitis,

and occasionally nausea and vomiting, a change in hair color, and slow hair growth1 8anganese deficiency in animals also affects reproductive capacity, pancreatic function, and several aspects of carbohydrate metabolism1

(bsorptio.ra nsporstation storage and e!cretion

8anganese is absorbed throughout the small intestine. Iron and cobalt compete for common binding sites for absorption. 8en absorb less manganese than women, a difference that may be related to iron status, according to a study by +inley et aI. &)::A'.In this study, manganese absorption was significantly associated with plasma ferritin. 3eme iron has no influence on manganese status, but diets high in nonheme iron were associated with lower serum manganese values, higher urinary manganese losses, and somewhat lower activity of a manganesedependent enzyme called supero!ide dismutase. 8anganese is transported bound to a macroglobin, transferrin, and transmanganin. B!cretion of manganese occurs mainly in the feces after secretion into the intestine via the bile.

+unctions
.he ), to /, mg of manganese contained in the adult human body tends to be concentrated predominantly in tissues rich in mitochondria. 8anganese is a component of many enzyrnes, including glutamine s)1nthetase, pl1ruvate carbo!ylase, and mitochondrial supero!ide dismutase. In addition, manganese activates many other enzytnes1 most of which can also be activated by magnesium. 8anganese is associated with the formation of connective and s eletal tissues, growth and reproduction, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism &see .hble *#*6'. ( cohort study in <enmar of ==,A=/ pregnant women recruited for a comprehensive interview on coffee consumption and potentially confounding factors in pregnanry found that high levels of coffee consumption were associated with an increased ris of fetal death &$ech et al., /,,5'. It is recommended that all pregnant women, even those eating a well#balanced diet, ta e *, mg of ferrous iron supplement daily in divided doses during the second and third trimesters as fetal iron needs are increasing C%8, )::,'. +urthe4 for optimal absorption, the iron supplement should ideally be ta en between meals and not with mil , tea, or coffee, because they interfere with absorption. $everages containing ascorbic acid enhance absorption. &)@6'

<rug (bsorption
.he presence of food and nutrients in the stomach or lumen of the intestinal tract has the potential to reduce the absorption of a drug. B!amples of a critically significant reduction in drug absorption are the antiosteoporosis drugs alendronate &+osama!', risedronate &(ctonel', or ibrandronate &$oniva'. (bsorption is negligible if these drugs are given with food and reduced by 6,D if ta en with coffee or orange ?uice. .he manufacturer1s instructions for alendronate or risedronate are to ta e the drug on an empty stomach with plain water at least *, minutes before any other food, drin , or medication. Ibrandronate must be ta en at least 6, minutes before any other food, drin , or medication. 3owever, in one study bioavailability was reduced by A,D when ), mg of alendronate was ta en *, to 6, minutes instead of / hours before brea fast &+osama!, /,,)'. (lendronate and risedronate are now available in daily and wee ly formulations,

whereas ibrandronate is available in daily or a once monthly formulation. .he absorption of the iron from supplements may be decreased by 5,o/E when ta en with food. Iron is best absorbed when ta en with = oz of water on an empty stomach. If iron must be ta en with food to avoid sastrointestinal distress, it should not be ta en with bran, eggi, high#phyate foods, fiber supplements, tea, coffee, dairy products, or calcium supplements,b ecausee ach of these can decreasei ron absorption &A*6'

<ai ly +luid 2eeds

<aily fluid inta e recommendationsfo r sedentaryin dividuals vary gready becauseo f the wide disparity in daily fluid needs created by body size, physical activity, and environmentalc onditions& Frand?eane t al., /,,*'.. he /,,A< ;I for water and electrolltes identifiz the ade-uatei nta e for water to be*.@ 0/day in males &)*, ozG day,)6 cups of fluid,/ day' and /.@ 0/day for females &:5 ozGday, about )/ cups/ day' &Institute of 8edicine, /,,A'. (ppro!imately /,D of the daily water need comes from water found in foods &i.e., fruits and vegetables't"h e remaining =,o/Ei s provided by beveragesi,n cluding water, ?uice, mil , coffee, tea, soup, sports drin s, and soft drin s.&6,,'
$oth coffee and caffeine stimulate acid secretion and may also decrease 0B4 pressure" however, neither has been strongly implicated as a cause of peptic ulcers outside of the increased acid secretion and discomfort associated with their consumption &66A' 4ubstances in certain foods and digestive products increase acidity &e.g., coffee, both with or without caffeine" alcohol" polypeptides and amino acids 5products of protein digestion6&bo! 6/#6 665' .he most commonly consumed food sources of magnesium in the 7.4. diet include mil , bread, coffee, ready#toeat cereals, beef, potatoes, and dried beans and lentils. ;ecent data &0opez et a).,/,,A' have indicated that a decrease in p3 of bread dough during preparation &as with sourdough' reduces phytate content of flour and increases the availability of magnesium and other minerals from bread.&)))'