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Background
There are 3 types of networks. Individual computer, computer network(homogeneous network),non homogeneous network. A message pertaining to a non-homogeneous network is
SIO OPC DPC CIC Actual Message
label
Identifying a node
A node has to be identified so that in the label we can input from which node a message has to be transferred ,to the recipient node. These information will be given in OPC(Originating point code) and DPC(Destination .. .) CIC stands for (Circuit identification code), the route the message travels from the origination to the termination. In order to understand this we will first examine how a telephone network operates.
Dialog
Suntel
Mobitel
Hutch
Tigo
Airtel
7 digits
SLT Lanka bell Suntel
Fixed Line
Network number
Mobile
How many telephones could be provided by dialog for the whole of Sri Lanka? Answer: 10 million subscribers.
Sub-Network
Local Area Network or PBX(Private Branch Exchanges) Suppose there are 800 telephones in your university. Do you want to have direct lines? Within the campus , do you want to dial full number of a given telephone?
The concept of sub numbering(Local Area If any extension dials more Network) than 3 digits implies an .
(Direct outward dialing) outbound call from the university network, this will be analyzed by the campus PAPX and call be routed accordingly 000 001 University Of Sabaragamuwa
002
Local Numbers
SLT Network
999
Sabaragamuwa 001
000
002
SLT Network Colombo Ruhuna
Peradeniya 9999
090 2 00 9999
(Direct inward dialing)
..
Every machine on internet has a unique identifying number which is known as IP Address. An example of an IP address is shown below 216.27.61.137
Basics of IP address
Any computer element connected to a computer network such as internet will be identified by 32 bits(We learned analogy in the telephone network this as 15 digits) The number of computers that could be connected to the internet is : 2 to the power 32) In order to save the addresses unlike telephones the IP addresses will be provided to customers as dynamic(means only when the computer is connected to the network , a temporary IP address will be provided by the service provider.) or static (similar to telephone network , one permanent IP address will be allocated) The ADSL line will provide static IP addresses while ILL will provide dynamic IP addresses. IP address is normally shown in dot decimal format : 32 bits consists of 4 bytes and each byte will be converted to denary What we have studied up to now is IPv4(version 4 , still using) In future IPv6 will be used and where 128 bits are there instead of 32 bits , so that much more computers can be provided with fixed (static) IP address.
Class A Class B
0 10
7 Bits Network
.
14 Bits Network
Hosts
Hosts
Class C
Class D Class E
110
Network Hosts
1110
0
Introduction to Subnet
The two level hierarchy (network and host numbers) were initially thought to be sufficient, but by 1984, it became clear that a third hierarchical level was needed and so the subnet was added to the hierarchy at that time Large block of class A and B is divided into several groups and each group is assigned to smaller networks (called subnets) A subnet was added into the HOST Shown in the diagram. Why?
Optimizing IP addressing
Examples
Subnet Example 1 Lets find the corresponding Network, Subnet and Host for a given IP address and a subnet Mask. IP Address : 10.27.32.100 Subnet Mask : 0xFFFF0000 Step 1
Step 3 AND both Subnet and IP address together IP Add : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Sub Net : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 Result : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 Step 4 Observe the result. The last bits which are 0s represent number of Host. In this example, Number of 0s (in the end of result ) are 16 bits. So the corresponding binary of the 0s in results are taken in the IP address.
Step 5 IP Add : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Sub Net : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 Result : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 We know that number of host bits in this example are 16 bits. This is Class A address and they have 24 bits for Host + Subnet So the Subnet bits are 24 16 = 8 bits Imagine you have no 0s in the end of the result (It is for the HOST not for subnet!)
Step 6 The rest is simple! Result : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 Ignore the bits allocated for Host and Subnet in the result. That would leave 0000 1010 = 10 So the Network is 10
Result
IP Address : 10.27.32.100 : 0000 1010 0001 1011 0010 0000 0110 0100 Subnet Mask : 0xFFFF0000 : 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000
Network : 10
Host : 32.100 Subnet : 27
Answers 1.
Answers 2.
Answers 3.
Classless Addressing
To overcome address depletion classless addressing was designed In this scheme there are no classes but the addresses are still granted in blocks Restrictions:
The addresses in a block must be contiguous, one after another. No. of addresses in a block must be a power of 2 (1,2,4,8,). The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses.
Example
A block of 4 addresses is granted to a small office. First 205.16.37.32 Last 205.16.37.35
We see that the addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses is a power of 2 (4= 22), an the first address is divisible by 4. The first address, when converted to a decimal number is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 4 results is 860,096,840
Example A block of addresses is granted to a small organisation. We know that one address is 205.16.37.39/28.Find the first address, last address and the number of addresses assigned to the organisation. Solution Binary representation is 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111. we set 32-28 rightmost bits to 0 11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000 Hence the first address is 205.16.37.32 Last address Set 32-n rightmost bits in binary to 1s Hence the last address is
Number of addresses The value of n is 28. Hence the no. of addresses is 232-28 = 16 NOTE: The first address in a block is used as the network address to represent the organisation to the rest of the world and is not assigned to any device.