Insights into English, Unit 1 Cultural Issues and Values

Vocabulary: Expressions of definition is refers to is referred to as is defined as has been defined as... is the way of is refers to is referred to as being has been defined as

Cultural anthropology

the study of human culture.

An anthropologist is an expert in anthropology. Culture is the way of life of a particular group of people. A stereotype is defined as being a belief about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in a particular group will behave in the same way. Hospitality and tolerance are values that are deeply rooted in the Moroccan culture. If you happen to go to live in a foreign country with a different culture, you have to adjust to it, otherwise you will feel as a fish out of water. ifferent cultures have different values. !alues vary from culture to culture. "eople from rural areas stick to customs and traditions more than urban people. Cultural issues arise when groups of people believe another group behaves wrongly. Culture is learned and transmitted from generation to generation. Deeper insights into other people#s customs, values and ideas minimi$e conflict due to ignorance and intolerance. Asking for clarification: .What does the verb! mean " .What is another word for" A: What is another word for aware!" #: Conscious. $ocabulary: %p &'( uneasy: uncomfortable unlike: as opposed to to obey: to respect) to abide by dissimilarities: differences natural: healthy wrongly * rightly Conditional: types & and ' +f you pay attention in the classroom) you!ll understand better.

+!ll continue my studies abroad if + get high grades in by bac e,ams. -ariam won!t marry .abil if he isn/t an honest person. +f + were you) +!d give up smoking. We wouldn!t have so many car accidents if both drivers and pedestrians were careful enough. +f 0ouad had money) she could buy a new laptop. Asking for) giving and responding to advice: %p &1( Asking for advice What do you think + should do" What do you suggest" What would you do if" What!s your advice for" What would you advise me to do" 2ow can + " What!s the best" + don!t know what to do. What should + do" Giving Advice + think you should -ay be you should +t!s best not to +t!s a good idea not to Why don!t you" +f + were you) + would 3ou!d better %not( Whatever you do) don!t 3ou should%n!t(4ought%n!t(to Responding to advice 5hat!s a good idea. 5hanks. 5hanks for your advice) but + really 5hank you for your advice) but + really 0orry) + can!t. +!m ing +t sounds like a good idea. 5hanks) but +!ve already 5hanks) but + doubt whether

6atient: +!m afraid +!m putting on weight) doctor. What do you think + should do" Doctor: +t!s a good idea not to eat between meals and you!d better e,ercise at least three times a week. -ay be you should eat more vegetables and less fatty food. 6atient: +t sounds like a good idea7 5hanks for your advice) doctor. Vocabulary:
ambitious broad%minded capable cheerful forgiving helpful honest imaginative independent logical polite self%controlled courageous

(18) ADJECTIVE

MEA I G
hardwor&ing, aspiring open%minded competent, effective light%hearted, 'oyful willing to forgive others wor&ing for the welfare of others sincere, truthful daring, creative self%reliant consistent, rational courteous, well%mannered self%disciplined standing up for your beliefs

8,pressing lack of understanding) interrupting and asking for clarification (

E!pressing lack of understanding
Could you say that again 4 repeat please" + beg your pardon" +!m not 9uite sure + follow you. +!m not 9uite sure + know what you mean. + beg your pardon) but + don!t 9uite understand. + don!t 9uite see what you mean) +!m afraid. 0orry) + didn!t 9uite hear what you said. +!m not 9uite sure + got your point. 0orry) + didn!t get your point) +!m afraid. + don!t 9uite see what you!re getting at.

Interrupting
8,cuse me 0orry) but 8,cuse me for interrupting -ay + interrupt for a moment" Can + add something" Can + say something here" +!d like to say something) if + may" Can + ask a 9uestion" -ay + ask a 9uestion"

Asking for clarification

What do you mean by" Do you mean" +!m not 9uite with you. What do you mean" Could you clarify that) please" Could you be more e,plicit" Could you e,plain what you mean by" Could you possibly give us an e,ample" + wonder if you could say that in a different way" Could you be a little bit more specific) please.

8,pressions for clarifying one!s point 4 idea:

> ?et me e,plain that. > ?et me put it another way. > ?et me e,press that differently.

> 0orry) let me e,plain. > +n other words) > +n other terms

> 5o say that differently) > 5o put it differently) > ?et me e,plain that in more detail.

2eadmaster: -obile phones are not allowed at school. 0tudent: 0orry) sir. +!m not 9uite sure + know what you mean. 2eadmaster: +n other words) you mustn!t use your mobile at school because they are forbidden. 0tudent: +!m sorry) sir.

5he 6ast 6erfect vs. 5he 6ast 6erfect Continuous(

)p*+,

"or#: P. Participle: had + past participle of the verb P. Participle Continuous: had + past participle + ving

After the cultural anthropologist had finished the lecture) he flew to 5angier. #y the time + went to see the doctor) + had been ill for at least two weeks. Adib had bought a brand new car before he got his driving licence. :nce +lham had read the advert about the job) she went to the :ffice of Admission. ;ane had done her homework before she went out. When he arrived to the airport) there was no plane. +t had already taken off. 0he didn!t go to bed until she had set her alarm clock. <Why didn!t you tell her that you had divorced your first wife"= 5he fire had already spread to the neighbouring houses when the fire brigade arrived. -ounia and ;amal had been e>mailing each other before they got married. ;im had been studying computer science for three years before he graduated. $%rasal Verbs: (p 24)
I&ve tried e!plaining %o' it 'orks( but I )ust can&t get t%roug% to %i#* +co##unicate 'it%, I&# taking t%e -accalaureate t%is year( I 'ill certainly get t%roug%* +pass, I still don&t kno' %o' to use E!cel* Could you possibly go t%roug% t%e instructions again. +repeat, /ne of #y class#ates %as been very ill( but %er doctor says s%e 'ill pull t%roug%* +recover0survive, I&ve looked t%roug% t%e editorial t'ice and can&t see t%e issue t%e editorialist is arguing for*+read carefully,

1 IT 2 T3E GI"T4 /" 5/1T3

Vocabulary: STR !"T#S $% &$UT# /1 4
energy perseverance enthusiasm patience flexibility sociability optimism vigour imagination

ADJECTIVE4
energetic perseverant enthusiastic patient flexible sociable optimistic vigourous imaginative

/1 4
audacity strength competence reliability responsibility vitality ability punctuality persuasion cooperation

ADJECTIVE4
audacious strong competent reliable responsible vital able punctual persuasive cooperative

creativity adventure innovation talent ambition in uiry

creative adventurous innovative talented ambitious in uisitive

maturity efficiency self!confidence autonomy rebellion independence

mature efficient self!confident autonomous rebellious independent

Although young people are a heterogeneous group, they can play responsible, determining roles in society. -hey are the lifeblood of a country and represent the most active and vital force in its development. -hey should be allowed to voice their opinions because they have as much to say about societal problems and potential solutions as others do. .arim, our classmate, is &nown to be very cooperative. /hen we are assigned pro'ects, he wor&s well with us and always does his share of wor&. A high percentage of young people no longer believe in their country#s political parties0 that#s why they tend to shy away from politics. -he youth need their independence in order to grow into responsible adults. -he young man left the conference room with a clear conscience. He felt happy he had been able to raise people!s awareness to the importance of community wor&.

UNIT 3 Advances in 4cience and Tec%nology

Ahmed( /hat does :@W5 stand for1 2abila( It stands for :bserve, @orm, Watch and 5est. Ahmed( I thin& these are the four steps scientists normally follow in their wor&, aren#t they1 2abila( 3es, they are. $ocabulary( )p+4, benefits 5 advantages events 5 happenings on your own 5 independently pseudo 5 false, fa&e, not genuine

:ne of the advantages of being scientifically literate is that you can as& and find answers to 6uestions derived from curiosity about everyday happenings. Another advantage is that you can understand how the world wor&s and thin& critically and independently. A third one is that scientific literacy allows us to identify pseudo scientific claims.
3ousra( In your opinion, which is the most significant breakthrough in technology1 7ohn( 8or me, the internet is the most significant one. I really can#t do without it. brea&through 5 advances E6$RE44I G $1R$/4E 0tructure to 9 infinitive for 9 noun for 9 ing in order to 9 infinitive so that 9 modal so as to 9 infinitive :ouad goes 'ogging every morning to keep fit and healthy. A&ram met Mr. 7ohnson for an interview. "osters and brochures are used for interviewing people to study. Adults go to literacy classes in order to learn how to read and write. He trains very hard so that he can be ready for the next ;lympic <ames. :he left home early so as to be on time for the interview.

/e should all be scientifically literate so as to identify pseudo scientific claims. :alma learnt Italian so as to get a better 'ob. Hicham li&es to meet foreigners so as to practise his languages.

7ournalists should be tactful so as not to offend readers. -hey left home early in order not to miss the train. Amina wor&s very hard so as not to fail her exams. I too& off my shoes and wal&ed upstairs so as not to wa&e my parents. /hen I have a lot of homewor&, I sometimes do it immediately in order not to forget it. He went out for a wal& in order not to get sleepy. Could you repeat the message slowly so that I can understand.

:ther ways of e,pressing purpose(

An investigation is carried out for the purpose of determining the cause of the accident. =esearch is being done with the aim of developing a cure to bird flu. -he association is raising money with the objective of building a street children center. He went to the clinic with the intention of doing a general chec&%up. $ocabulary: )p>?, fundamental ( important headways ( progress, strides :cientists are ma&ing headways in many technological fields such as biotechnology and cellular phones technology.

Branches of Science and Technology

'athe'atics Science ph(sics che'istr( Technolog y engineering robotics biotechnolog(

-echnology is applied science. It focuses on designing tools and systems for practical purposes whereas science focuses on general &nowledge by investigating natural phenomena. 5he 0imple 6ast 5ense( )review,

/hen I returned home from wor&, I decided to watch -!. I took the remote controller and Aapped to my favourite channel. @ut, the electricity went off a short time later. I took my mobile phone and called my friend to help me fix the problem. He was busy on his computer sending and replying to e%mails or chatting. I couldn!t use the vacuum cleaner to clean the carpet, so I had to ta&e a brush and do it manually. I couldn!t use the microwave oven to heat my dinner and was obliged to have cold. After dinner, I couldn!t use the dishwasher and again, with my own hands, I washed all the dishes. Making and responding to co#plaints about be%avior COMPLAININ
0orry to say it) but you. 8nough is enough7 +!m not satisfied with the way you +!ve been patient long enough) but + just don!t know how to say it) but +!m afraid + have to make a serious complaint. :h. +!ve got a bit of a problem hereB you see... 0orry to bother you) but ?ook) +!m sorry to trouble you) but

APOLO I!IN
+ do apologise. 0orry about that. +!m very sorry. +!m awfully sorry. +!m terribly sorry. 0orry to hear that. :h) dear. +!m really sorry. + just don!t know what to say. +!m sorry. + didn!t realiAe. + can!t tell you how sorry + am.

ACCEPTIN "#E$USIN APOLO IES

+t!s :.C .ever mind. +t!s not important. Don!t worry about it. + see no reason why + should.

#e%ecting a co&'laint ()ell, I*& afraid there*s nothing +e can do a,o-t it act-ally. (I*& afraid there isn*t &-ch +e can do a,o-t it. A:usan( + wish you wouldn!t ma&e so much noise when I#m busy wor&ing. -om( :h) +!m terribly sorry7 + didn!t realiAe you were wor&ing. AHamid( +!m sorry to say this) but I really didn#t li&e the way you tal&ed to your mother. 7ohn( :h) +!m awfully sorry. + didn!t realiAe I was so rude. A@arbara( I was waiting for you in the coffee shop but you didn#t come. :teve( +!m awfully sorry, darling. I really forgot it. @arbara( Don!t worry about it. :teve( Another time perhaps. At a hotel AA( 8,cuse me) but there is a problem with the heating in my room. @( 0orry to hear that B I#ll get someone to chec& it for you. AMan( +!m afraid + have to make a complaint. :ome money has gone missing from my room. =eceptionist( We!re terribly sorry, sir. Expressing Certainty and Uncertainty 8D6E800+:.0 :@ C8E5A+.53 undoubtedly G crystal clear G no one can deny G won!t be G are sure G certainly G must be (p56) 8D6E800+:.0 :@ F.C8E5A+.53 may Gcould G might G unlikely > probably G + doubt if > +t!s improbable that..>+ think 4guess etc

E!pressing certainty: 2ere are some phrases you can when you are sure that something will not happen in the future. @or e,ample) to the 9uestion < Do you think that scientists will find a cure to A+D0 in the near future"=) you may respond as follows: absolutely sure 6uite sure certain positive

I#m 3es definitely. certainly. of course.

they will.

2o,

absolutely sure 6uite sure I#m certain positive definitely not. certainly not. absolutely not.

they won#t.

Expressing uncertainty: When you are not sure whether something will happen in the future) you can use these useful phrases:

/ell,

it#s possible. there might be. it could happen. it#s not possible.

+ suppose

but

you never &now of course. no one can say for certain.

I wouldn#t li&e to say for certain. I#m not really sure. I doubt it. I have my doubts. it#s doubtful. it#s highly unli&ely. it#s improbable.

@unctional meaning of modals(

must( certainty, obligation, ) C??D necessary to do something., mustn#t( prohibition ) C??D necessary not to do something., may( possibility B probability ) it#s about >?D possible , might( possibility ) less than >?D possible , needn#t( ) lac& of necessity , should( advice ) it#s a good idea , shouldn#t( ) it#s a bad idea , can#t ( impossibility )hen * leave school+ * #ay go to a ,niversit( of science or * can even get a -ob at a laborator(. This #ust be the laborator( / there are instr,'ents and prod,cts of scientific research. *0ll probably co'e bac1 to see the 'anager ne2t 3ee1 if * a' free. * t%ink 0 guess the( are going to offer 'e a -ob as * have the ideal profile. The( 3ill certainly intervie3 'e abo,t '( past e2perience as the( ,s,all( do. * guess 0 t%ink their 3ages are high and their technolog( is advanced. * certainly 3ill en-o( '(self 3or1ing in this laborator(4 * a' fond of science and technolog(. 5o'p,ters are likely to replace teachers in a fe3 (ears0 ti'e. It&s positive t%at the proble' of ,ne'plo('ent 3ill be solved if drastic 'eas,res are ta1en. I bet the rate of illiterac( in o,r co,ntr( 3ill decrease in the ne2t decade. )e needn&t raise ta2es. )e have 'ade a lot of 'one( o,t of phosphates sales this (ear.

PAST TENSE : si&'le and contin-o-s

(review)

* 'as %aving l,nch in a s'all resta,rant near the office. She 'as sitting at a table near the 3indo3. * 'ondered 3h( she 'as looking at 'e. <id she 1no3 'e= * didn0t thin1 * %ad ever seen her before. S,ddenl( she stood ,p and 'alked slo3l( to3ards 'e. * still re'e'ber '( feeling e2actl(. * 'anted to r,n a3a(+ b,t * kne' * couldn&t. She stopped b( '( table and s#iled do3n at 'e. She %ad on a p,rple dress. * thin1 it %ad a flo3er pattern and she 'as a'a>ingl( bea,tif,l. ? 2c,se 'e+0 she said. ?#ave (o, got a pen=0

$%rasal verbs (pages 67+68)

b,'p ,p: increase t,rn do3n: (1) ref,se an offer+ re-ect an application. She t,rned do3n the ne3 -ob beca,se she didn0t 3ant to 'ove. t,rn do3n: (2) lo3er the vol,'e or intensit( of a T9+ radio+ or other 'achine. *0' st,d(ing: ;lease t,rn do3n the T9. p,t do3n: ins,lt+ 'a1e so'eone feel st,pid ease off: red,ce press,re loo1 for3ard to: be e2cited abo,t the f,t,re

$%rasal verbs 2 (p68) progress along+ behind+ thro,gh+ on co'',nication across+ thro,gh+ over+ bet3een relationships together+ ,p getting involved in an activit( in+ into ignoring proble's aro,nd+ aside+ off @( pro-ect 3or1 is co#ing along nicel(. *0ve fallen be%ind 3ith '( 3or1. )e sailed t%roug% o,r e2a's. )e learnt a lot before the e2a's. A,st keep on. &o, have been doing a good -ob. Bet0s all )oin in 3hen * sing the @oroccan !ational Cnthe'. )hen * can get into '( 3or1+ * reall( en-o( it. * can0t 'ork round this proble'. )e need to put aside o,r differences. * laug%ed off his criticis'. )e got toget%er in o,r first (ear at this school. The 3hole gro,p rallied toget%er to protest against child labo,r. T3o st,dents fro' each class pair up to prod,ce a short pla(. * don0t see' to be able to get t%roug% to the'. The 'essage ca#e over clearl(. So'ething interesting passed bet'een the'. She eased off the accelerator to let the car slo3 do3n. Reading: (pages 7D+71) C: )hat did "raha' Eell invent= E: #e invented the telephone. To do an( -ob 3ell reF,ires hard 3or1+ perseverance and the abilit( to foc,s on (o,r ai's 3itho,t being distracted. perseverance: deter'ination Cbdellah: )hat 3o,ld (o, li1e to be in the f,t,re= #abiba: *0d li1e to be a laboratorial.

1 IT 7 8o#en and $o'er

@an( people are activel( involved in 'an( @oroccan non9govern#ental organi:ations. The ;alestinians have been struggling for their independence since 1G48. to str,ggle: to fight @eria' 5hadid 3as the first 3o'an to set foot on the Cntarctica+ 3here she patrioticall( and pro,dl( raised @orocco0s flag. !a3al Cl'o,ta3a1il is a U!*5 % good'ill a'bassador. )o'en have de'onstrated considerable leadership in co'',nit(+ as 'ell as in p,blic office. @oroccan r,ral 3o'en need ed,cation as 'ell as health care. 3o'ever+ the( still s,ffer fro' negative stereot(ping. $,r district has been short of 3ater for abo,t si2 'onths no3. 3o'ever+ nothing has been done abo,t so far. Along 'it% being b,s( 3ith her professional career+ Hari'a 'anages her fa'il( life. ot only;**but;**also;** @oroccan 3o'en0s 'aga>ines are not only critici>ed for being elitist but also for foc,sing on ,rban iss,es. d,cated 3o'en have a big infl,ence on societ(. Moreover+ the( contrib,te to the 3elfare of their fa'ilies. d,cated 3o'en loo1 after their ho,ses. The( also 3or1 o,tside their ho'es.

Despite spending ',ch ti'e at 3or1+ 3or1ing 3o'en are able to perfectl( 'anage their ho,seholds. In spite of the efforts 'ade b( the govern'ent to alleviate povert(+ the proble' still persists. *t0s tr,e that a lot of 3o'en and girls in @orocco have access to ed,cation. 3o'ever+ their sit,ation is far fro' perfect. Alt%oug%+ "lobali>ation has a positive i'pact on 3o'en0s stat,s+ the( are still regarded as inferior in so'e societies. #a'id ta1es after his father '%ereas Cbdellah ta1es after his 'other. Regardless of their colo,r or religion+ people ',st be treated eF,all(. <on0t give ,p (o,r pro-ect regardless of ho3 ',ch 'one( it 3ill cost (o,. Contrary to 3hat people thin1+ the (o,th are not so selfish as the( are portra(ed. o #atter %o' the( tried+ the( co,ldn0t get to the other side of the seaIcoast. o #atter '%at (o,r social stat,s+ (o, ',st abide b( the la3.

)riting/

Using Con%-nctions

Tal0ing A,o-t A-stralia

C,stralia is ver( hot in <ece'ber+ but cold in A,l(. Alt%oug% the co,ntr( is big+ there arenJt 'an( people living there. C,stralia has a lot of interesting ani'als. The 1oala is c,te+ but the crocodile is dangero,s. C,stralia has a lot of open spaces+ and the 3eather is good+ so sport is ver( pop,lar. C,stralian people often eat barbec,ed food.

1oca,-lary/
fe#inis#: a 'ove'ent 3hich advocates the rights of 3o'en to have eF,al opport,nities to those possessed b( 'en. gender: 'ale or fe'ale e#ancipation: freeing so'eone sociall( or politicall( violence: actions or 3ords 3hich are intended to h,rt so'eone polyga#y: having 'ore than one spo,se stereotype: an e2aggerated or 3rong i'age of the characteristics of a partic,lar gro,p self9confidence: belief in one0s o3n abilities or s1ills E!a#ples: !egative stereotypes are obstacles that hinder 3o'en0s advance'ent in different do'ains. Than1s to the ne3 @oroccan fa#ily code+ the stat,s of 3o'en has noticeabl( changed. Cccording to the ne3 ?@,da3ana0+ polyga#y can0t be practised 3itho,t the first 3ife0s approval. Cll over the 3orld+ 3o'en have al3a(s had a contin,o,s str,ggle for e#ancipation. The Red 5rescent organi>ation provides %u#anitarian aid for people in need+ especiall( 3o'en and children.

1 IT 7 into Englis% Asking for and giving opinion<

Insig%ts
(;lease see p8D)

Asking for opinion I)hat do (o, thin1 abo,t= I)hat0s (o,r opinion abo,t= I)hat0s (o,r vie3 abo,t= I #o3 do (o, feel abo,t= I<o(n0t) (o, thin1M believe that= I<o (o, reall( thin1M believe that= ICre (o, absol,tel( s,re that= IC' * right in thin1ing that= I)o,ld * be right in thin1ing that= Ietc

Giving opinion ITo be honest+ I)ell+ if (o, as1 'e ITo '( 'ind+M *n '( opinion+M vie3+ I* reall( feel that I;ersonall( spea1ing+ * thin1 I*0d li1e to point o,t that I* strongl( believe that I %ro' '( point of (o,+.. ICs far as *0' concerned+ I* thin1M believe M *t see's to 'e that I etc

Reported 4peec%< DIRECT 4$EEC3 $resent si#ple $resent continuous $ast si#ple $resent perfect $ast continuous =8ill& future Can May Must RE$/RTED 4$EEC3 $ast si#ple $ast continuous $ast perfect $ast perfect $ast perfect continuous ='ould& conditional Could Mig%t 3ad to

Ti#e and place 'ords c%anges reporting state#ents or >uestions< 3ere are so#e c%anges t%at #ay to be #ade< no' t%is t%ese %ere today t%en t%at t%ose t%ere t%at day yesterday tonig%t to#orro' ne!t 'eek t%e day before t%at nig%t t%e ne!t day t%e follo'ing 'eek

#e

sa(s thin1s believes feels

that

it0s nice to have faithf,l friends.

Cccording to hi'+ *n his vie3+ EXAMPLES: K*0' a3f,ll( sorr( * a' late.L #e apologised for being late.

K5ongrat,lations on having s,ccessf,ll( passed this e2a'+L @( nglish teacher congrat,lated 'e for having s,ccessf,ll( passed '( e2a'. K&o,0d better ta1e ,p co'p,ter science ne2t (ear+L @( class'ate advised 'e to Mthat * sho,ld ta1e ,p co'p,ter science. K* 3ill help (o, 3ith (o,r co'p,ter science+L * a' a co'p,ter literate+L @( class'ate also offered to help 'e 3ith '( co'p,ter science. K&o, reall( ',st 3or1 harder to pass the 'athe'atics test+L @( teacher of 'ath ordered 'e to 3or1 harder. KCno,ar sho,ld go to ,niversit(+L The nglish teacher s,ggested that Cno,ar sho,ld go to ,niversit(. K)h( don0t 3e go to the librar(=L @( friend s,ggested o,r going M that 3e sho,ld go to the librar(. K*t0s free>ing cold toda(+L @( @,' co'plained abo,t the free>ing cold. K"o on: &o,0ll never have another chance to visit Spain+L The travel agent enco,raged 'e to visit Spain. K#,rr( ,p:L The head'aster ordered 'e to h,rr( ,p. K)here #assan To3er+ please=L #e as1ed 'e 3here #assan To3er is. K<oes the charter co'pan( r,n cheap flights to Aapan=L #e as1ed 'e if the charter co'pan( r,ns cheap flights to Aapan. K#ave (o, bo,ght a @oroccan Crabic phraseboo1=L * as1ed hi' if he had bo,ght a @oroccan Crabic phraseboo1. K#o3 long are (o, going to sta( in @orocco=L * as1ed hi' ho3 long he 3as going to sta( in @orocco. K*s Aapanese eas( to learn=L * as1ed hi' if he thin1s Aapanese is eas( to learn.

eading:

A long struggle !or e"uality and !reedo#

(p84)

C: )hen is the *nternational )o'en0s <a(= E: *t0s on @arch 8. Vocabulary< +p?7, irrevocabl(: irretrievabl(4 once and for all4 forever idealistic N realistic "#I$ % &'AI# ('AI#

Erain drain: h,'an capital 'igration -rain drain is the depart,re of highl( s1illed people to 'ore favo,rable+ geographic+ econo'ic+ or professional conditions. Due to conflicts+ political t,r'oil and lac1 of opport,nities in their ho'e co,ntries+ 'an( talented and trained people e'igrate to other co,ntries to loo1 for a better life. Janet< Are you for or against brain drain. Adila< I&# not in favour of brain drain because t%is %u#an capital #igration %as very bad side9effects on t%e developing countries* It really e#pties t%ese countries of t%eir %u#an resources* As far as I&# concerned( %ig%ly skilled people suc% as engineers( arc%itects and doctors s%ould return %o#e after finis%ing t%eir studies abroad* Govern#ents s%ould do t%eir best to encourage t%ese %ig%ly >ualified people to return to t%eir countries by creating a good 'orking environ#ent and #ore attractive opportunities for t%eir

graduates and researc%es to stop or at least to reduce t%is p%eno#enon* Janet< I s%are your vie'* MA@I G REA1E4T4 A D /""ER4< P;R SS*!" R QU STS I ( <o sth.fo 'e) + 3ill (o,= I )ill (o, please= I * 3ant (o, to + vb I 5an (o,= I 5o,ld (o, please= I )o,ld (o,= I <o (o, thin1 (o, co,ld= I 5o,ld (o, possibl(= I <o (o, 'ind= I )o,ld (o, 'ind= I * 3onder if (o, co,ld possibl(= Accepting offers I &es+ please (if (o, co,ld) I Than1 (o,. I 5o,ld (o,= That0s ver( 1ind of (o,: I Than1 (o,. *0d appreciate that. I That0ll be fine. Than1s. I $h+ that0d be great. Than1s. C: 5an (o, lend 'e (o,r nglish boo1+ please= E: *0' sorr(+ * need it. C: Than1s+ an(3a(. C: 5o,ld (o, t(pe this letter for 'e+ please= E: &es+ * thin1 so. C: Than1 (o, ver( ',ch+ indeed. C: 5o,ld * borro3 the 'aga>ine for a 3hile= E: *0' sorr(+ *0' afraid not. C+ $h+ * see. )ell+ than1 (o,+ an(3a(. C: Sir+ )o,ld (o, 'ind '( opening the 3indo3= E: !ot at all. C: * 3onder if (o, 3o,ldn0t 'ind 3ord processing this article for 'e= E: !ot at all. C: )ill (o, please t,rn do3n the vol,'e= E: $H. C: Than1s. C: *f (o, li1e * can help (o, carr( (o,r s,itcase. E: 5o,ld (o,= That0s ver( 1ind of (o,. (p8O) R S;$!<*!" T$ R QU STS I &es+ of co,rse. I Sorr(+ * can0t. I 5ertainl( not. I !ot at all. I S,re I Sorr(+ *0' afraid not. @CH*!" $%% RS I Bet 'e help (o, + vb I Bet 'e help (o, 3ith I <o (o, 3ant 'e to I Shall *= I )o,ld (o, li1e 'e to= I *f (o, li1e+ * can

Declining offers I Than1s+ b,t that 3on0t be necessar(. I Than1s+ b,t please don0t bother. I That0s ver( 1ind of (o,+ b,t I That 3on0t be necessar(. I !o+ it0s all right+ than1s. * can 'anage. I !o+ than1s all the sa'e.

L$%&$%' () *S:

(p84)

<espite this+ R nevertheless *n co'parison to this+ R b( contrast Cs * see it+R personall(

*t see'sR apparentl( Cs a res,lt of this+R conseF,entl( %or this reason+ R therefore *t is eas( to appreciate M grasp M see that R ,nderstandabl( *t certain that R ,ndo,btedl(

CA14E A D E""ECT<
B* Cause

(p 86) Effect 2* Effect is ca,sed b( is d,e to is the res,lt of res,lts fro' Cause

6 y

ca,ses res,lts in leads to is responsible for is the leading ca,se of

The res,lt M effect M conseF,ence of .is. .Eeca,se of this+.. 5onseF,entl(+ Cs a res,lt+. Cs a conseF,ence+ So+

E!a#ples< S'o1ing res,lts in l,ng cancer. (5a,se R ffect) B,ng cancer res,lts fro' s'o1ing. ( ffect R 5a,se) 5areless driving leads to road accidents. Road accidents are the res,lt of careless driving. Erain drain is d,e to the lac1 of opport,nities in the ho'e co,ntries. Schools are far fro' st,dents.5onseF,entl(+ absenteeis' increases in r,ral areas. $ne ca,se of ,nderdevelop'ent is illiterac(. $ne effect of illiterac( is large fa'il( si>e. <,e to dro,ght and lac1 of p,blic services+ 'an( people have left their villages to loo1 for a better life in the cities. Cs a conseF,ence of this+ cities have gro3n so large. d,cated 3o'en have fe3er children beca,se the( plan their fa'il( 3ell. Cs a res,lt+ the( have better personal life and n,trition.

1 IT C

31M/1R

So'e -o1es are ,ntranslatable beca,se of c,lt,ral differences. So'e 'entalIe2perts thin1 there is a correlation bet3een opti'is' in an individ,al and having a good sense of h,'o,r.

a',se'ent / pleas,re / happiness I -o( / f,n / 'erri'ent / -,bilation /opti'is' /cheerf,lness /gaiet( / lightIhearted I

$ositive e#otions egative e#otions

sorro3 / sadness / pessi'is' / grief /loneliness / anger / depression / 'iser( /bitterness / boredo' / tension / do3nI heartedness

)hen '( father la,ghs+ his 'o,th stretches al'ost fro' ear to ear. Bife no3ada(s is 'ore en-o(able than it 3as in the past. K)hat 3as the pla( li1e=L K"reat: )e en-o(ed it ver( ',ch. )e had lots of f,n.L K<o (o, 1no3 3hich people in @orocco are fa'o,s for -o1e telling=L K;eople fro' @arra1ech. the( e2cel at that:L The stor( * read last night 3as so a',sing that * co,ldn0t help la,ghing all along. * 1no3 ho3 (o, ',st be feeling+ b,t * didn0t 'ean to h,rt (o,r feelings. * 3as -,st -o1ing. RE4$/ DI G T/ G//D A D -AD #ESPON2IN TO E84< (pGO) #ESPON2IN TO BA2 NE)S
*0' a3f,ll( sorr( that M *0' sorr( to hear that. M * hope there is nothing 3rong. M *0' ever so sorr(. M *t0s s,ch a frightening e2perience. M *0' sorr( to hear s,ch terrible ne3sM @( goodness: M * can0t believe it: ;oor (o,: M *0' a3f,ll( sorr( to hear that. M * do s('pathi>e 3ith (o,. M ;lease+ accept '( deepest s('path(. M * 1no3 ho3 (o, ',st be feeling. M that ',st be a3f,l:

OO2 NE)S

That0s great: M 5ongrat,lations: M That0s 3onderf,l: M *0' glad to hear thatM "reat ne3s:M *ncredible:M S,perb:M So,nds great: M B,c1( (o,: M $h+ ho3 3onderf,l: M Reall(= * can0t believe that: M )o3: That so,nds e2citing: M That0s fantastic:

E!a#ples< Ri': *0ve passed '( driving test. *lias: T%at&s greatD Ri': Than1 (o, ver( ',ch. Hari'a: *0ve learnt all '( irreg,lar verbs b( heart. So,ad: T%at&s 'onderfulD Hari'a: Than1s. Bo,bna: )hat0s the proble'+ $,alid= $,alid: @( father had a bad car accident this 'orning. Bo,bna: I&# sorry to %ear suc% terrible ne's. Aalila: &o, loo1 pale+ Ba'iae: Cre (o, sic1= Ra-ae: !o+ b,t so'ebod( 3anted to steal '( handbag a fe3 'in,tes ago. * 3as so scared beca,se he 3as holding a 1nife+ b,t fort,natel( he ran a3a( 3hen he sa3 a police'an co'ing to3ards ,s. Aalila: It&s suc% a frig%tening e!perience* Rachid: )e0ll establish a cleanIair association in o,r to3n. )o,ld (o, li1e to -oin ,s= Sa'(: 4uperbD * 3o,ldn0t 'iss s,ch an initiative. Son: <id (o, hear that= C ne3 civil 3ar has bro1en in central Cfrica. %ather: My goodnessD * hope it 3on0t last for long. Son: E,t+ the U! 3ill send soldiers to establish order there. %ather: GreatD The(0ll s,rel( cal' do3n things there. Rachid : )e0ll establish a cleanIair association in o,r to3n. )o,ld (o, li1e to -oin ,s= Sa'(: 4uperbD * 3o,ldn0t 'iss s,ch an initiative.

C'al: Sali': C'al: Sali':

)hat 3as (esterda(0s antiIglobalisation rall( li1e= So'e angr( bo(s clashed 3ith the police: I can&t believe itD * hope there 3eren0t an( cas,alties: %ort,natel(+ there 3eren0t.

1 IT ?

CITIEE 43I$

C: )ho and 3hen 3ere the l(rics of the @oroccan !ational Cnthe' 3ritten b(= E: The( 3ere 3ritten b( Cli S1alli in 1G8D. C: <o (o, feel patriotic 3hen (o, hear o,r national anthe'= E: &es+ * do. * thin1 schools sho,ld teach their st,dents to respect their flags and anthe's.

"1 CTI/ AF E6$RE44I/ 4

3o' do you feel '%en;;;;;;** . Is %aving;;;;;;** i#portant. 8%o 'as it;;;;;;;; by. 8%o 'ere t%ey;;;;;**by.

C: #o3 do (o, feel 3hen (o, see so'e Cfrican people starving= E: * feel sad and ver( sorr( for the'. C: *s having a lot of friends i'portant to (o,= E: !o+ * prefer to have one or t3o good and inti'ate friends. C: )ho 3as the @oroccan !ational Cnthe' co'posed b(= E: *t 3as co'posed b( BSo @organ. =Citi:ens%ip& refers to the stat,s of being a citi>en. *n this sense+ it has to do 3ith certain rights and obligations that are defined b( la3+ s,ch as the right to vote+ the obligation to pa( ta2es and so on. V/CA-1FAR5 (p1D4) a3are: conscio,s to abide b(: to respect 1eep abreast of: sta( infor'ed abo,t altr,istic: caring abo,t the goods of others to be pro,d of: to ta1e satisfaction in )e sho,ld be proud of o,r @oroccan c,lt,ral heritage. )e sho,ld abide by all la3s 3hether 3e li1e the' or not. Ch'ed is opti'istic over the f,t,re of @orocco. @an( people 3or1 and keep abreast of p,blic affaires. C good citi>en has to be altruistic and cooperative. Cll citi>ens sho,ld be a'are of their rights and obligations. E!pressing probability( ability( obligation and #aking deductions< (;lease see the e2a'ples on p1DG) Sa'ir: )hat are (o, planning to do ne2t 3ee1end= #a'id: * #ay go to *frane to practise s1iing. Botfi #ig%t contin,e his st,dies abroad. #e hasn0t ta1en a decision (et. Rachid isn0t at ho'e no3. #e #ust be 3ith his friends. )e could %ave spent a longer ti'e in Rabat+ b,t 3e didn0t. She can&t %ave been a ,niversit( st,dent. )e s%ould have a 'edical chec1I,p fro' ti'e to ti'e. )hen he 3as (o,nger+ !abil could s3i' ver( 3ell. $'ar could %ave gone on a picnic 3ith his friends.

Baila %ad to sta( at ho'e (esterda( to loo1 after her sister0s bab(. TC: )here is C'al= E: * don0t Hno3 for certain. She #ig%t be 'orking on her pro-ect. Vocabulary: US*!" C%%*PCT*$!S: ( Please see the guide on pages 111 and 11 for more examples) PREFFIX MEANIN EXAMP!E re" do again # $a%& reread ' re(rite en" ma&e ' %ause to $e ' put into enlarge ' enri%h ' en%ir%le de" remo)e demoti)ate " de$one pre" $efore # earlier pretest ' preplan ' prehistori% post" after post"(ar * post"graduate pro" for # in fa)our of pro"a$ortion ' pro"Ameri%an anti" against anti"(ar ' anti"nu%lear (eapons o)er" too mu%h # ex%essi)el+ o)ersleep ' o)er"populated under" not enough # too little underpaid ' under%oo& ' under(or&ed mis" (rongl+ # $adl+ misunderstand ' mishear self" $+ oneself self"edu%ated ' self"suffi%ient non" not %onne%ted (ith # not non"go)ernmental ' non")iolen%e ex" former ex"president ' ex"(ife su$" under su$marine ' su$(a+ ' su$marine %o" together # (ith %o"manage ' %o"author $i" t(o # t(i%e $ilingual ' $iannual out" more than # outdo another outnum$er ' out(eigh h+per" )er+ # a$o)e # o)er h+per"%riti%al ' h+per"sensiti)e auto" of or $+ oneself # self autograph ' auto$iograph+ E!a#ples< Sal'a didn0t get the -ob beca,se of her ine2perience in 'ar1eting. *t illegal to sell dr,gs. Irreg,lar school attendance is a bad thing. * don0t li1e dishonest people. %ootball hooliganis' is a antisocial behavio,r. )e sho,ld sta'p it o,t. 5iti>ens%ip often i'plies 3or1ing to3ards the better#ent of one0s co'',nit(. @orocco is a 'e'ber of the *sla'ic organi>ation. *n 1G6O the @oroccan people did not accept the replace#ent of S,ltan @oha''ed 9 b( the unpop,lar Een Crafa+ )hose reign 3as illegiti'ate. Bast 3ee1 * read the autobiograph( of '( favo,rite pla(3right. @orocco recovered its political independence on @arch 2+ 1G67. ;assengers ',st fasten their belts before the planes ta1e off land do3n. The st,dents as1ed the teacher to si'plify the instr,ctions for the'. @( friend C'ina decorated her bedroo' bea,tif,lly. The freedo' of speech+ de'ocrac(+ collaboration and happiness are so'e of the val,es &assine believes in. 5atch(: 1. attractive or appealing R C catch( idea for a T9 series. 2. easil( re'e'bered R C song 3ith a catch( t,ne. O. tric1(4 deceptive R C catch( F,estion on an e2a'. 8riting<

)ports as a means of building body and character: I t' s given f act that practising sports has a very great importance. Sport contributes to building our bodies perf ectly. I t' s the best solution to obesity .I t also leads to intelligence because a sound reason is in a sound body. Sports also accustom us to great values such as team-work, co-operation, punctuality, self -reliance and ambition. Nowadays, the government gives due care to sports activities. New clubs and stadiums are set up all over the country. Sports competitions are hold everywhere to encourage our youth to do their best and become a strong generation. Unless you 1

1 IT ?
Englis% Page *+, A$ilit+ Pro$a$ilit+ ,$ligation o$ligation A$ilit+ Pro$a$ilit+ Ma&ing dedu%tion Ma&ing dedu%tion Pro$a$ilit+ A$ilit+ A$ilit+ E6AM$FE4 I %an (or& hours and hoursI ma+ appl+ for a s%holarshipI should ha)e a medi%al %he%&"upI had to (ear a tie for the inter)ie(.hen I (as +ounger/ I %ould pla+ foot$all (ell0e might $e 1o&ing2 3ou must $e 1o&ing2 3ou %an4t ha)e $een serious2 M+ %lassmate might ha)e gone on holida+I %ould ha)e sent him an e"mail5he+ might ha)e $een ma&ing arrangements for their holida+ up north"/RM

Insig%ts into TIME RE"ERE CE

Modal + Simple verb (infinitive without to) Modal + continuous form

Present Future Past Present

Perfect Modals Perfect Modals

Past Past

Dialogue< (page 116)

7ournalist: 5he team %oa%h has $een a(a+ for a (ee& no(- .hen is going to return homePress se%retar+: .ell/ I %an4t reall+ $e %ertain- 0e ma+ #might sta+ longer- perhaps three more da+s7ournalist: Is he ha)ing a good time8 Press se%retar+: 0e must $e ha)ing a (onderful time $e%ause he simpl+ does not (ant to lea)e7ournalist: .hat did he do this morning8 Press se%retar+: I %an4t sa+ for sure/ $ut he might ha)e tal&s (ith a Moro%%an pla+er in !i)erpool7ournalist: .hat is he doing no(8 Press se%retar+: 0e ma+ $e resting/ or he ma+ $e tal&ing to English %oa%hes- I don4t &no( for %ertain-

UNIT 8
1seful E!pressions<

International Organizations

The U! came into existence on 24 $ctober 1G46.

The U! ai's at resolving international conflicts peacefully. *t also ai's at saving s,cceeding generations fro' the scourge of war. The U! provides assistance to developing co,ntries and enco,rages sustainable development and selfIs,fficienc(. %,rther'ore+ it is considered a leader in pro'oting de'ocrac( h,'an rights. <espite of the fact that it doesn0t have enforceable legal a,thorit( over 'e'ber states+ the U! re'ains an infl,ential organi>ation. %or e2a'ple+ it can reco''end that 'e'ber states i'pose arms embargoes or 3ideIranging sanctions against nations 3hich threaten to disrupt international peace* C'nest( *nternational is a non-profit organization* Sal'a: )hen 3as the Beag,e of !ations for'ed= Clae: *t 3as for'ed in 1G1G. Sal'a: )hen did the U! officiall( co'e into e2istence= Clae: *t officiall( ca'e into e2istence on 24 $ctober 1G46. Sal'a: )here 3as the United !ations 5harter signed= Clae: *t 3as signed in San %rancisco+ USC. C: )here are the headF,arters of the U! based= E: The( are based in !e3 &or1+ USC. Vocabulary: (page116) to govern: to ad'inister to draft: to 3rite to set forth: to present considerable: tho,ghtf,l to have a 'oral force: it is considered right+ a good thing. *t is not illegal Collocations: (page 118) to resolve conflicts peacef,ll( to save generations fro' the sco,rge of 3ar 'aintain international peace disr,pt international peace nat,ral disasters s,stainable develop'ent to enco,rage selfIs,fficienc( nonIprofit organi>ation highl( val,ed Abbreviations: (p11G) "@T "reen3ich @ean Ti'e @CR)C! @oroccan Ccade'ic and Research )ide Crea !et3or1 C*<S CcF,ired *'',ne <eficienc( S(ndro'e !CT$ !orth Ctlantic Treat( $rgani>ation Vocabulary< (page 12D) &o, sho,ld install an antivir,s in order to prevent co'p,ter vir,ses. *t ta1es onl( a fe3 'in,tes to set ,p a blog. There are so'e ele'ents to bear in 'ind+ tho,gh. )e al3a(s settle o,r conflicts in o,r class peacef,ll(. )e all agree to help each other+ don0t 3e= )e are allo'ed to ,se onl( nglish in o,r classroo'.

The U! has pla(ed a pro'inent role in #aintaining international peace. *t has also been a leader in a 3ide range of other fields s,ch as providing %u#anitarian assistance+ i'proving 'edical treat'ent+ pro#oting de#ocracy and h,'an rights. Dialogue: T%e 1nited ations Son: )h( 3as the U! for'ed= %ather: *t 3as for'ed to provide nations 3ith a 3a( to resolve conflicts peacef,ll( and to provide assistance to nations in crisis. Son: <on0t (o, see that the U! has failed to stop international conflicts= %ather: &o, 1no3 that0s not tr,e. Since 1G46+ the U! has carried o,t peace1eeping operations in 'an( international crisis. Than1s to the interventions of this organi>ation+ 'an( co,ntries are no3 living in peace and har'on(. <on0t (o, thin1 so= Son: &es+ of co,rse there is that+ b,t * still believe that the U! hasn0t got a real po3er to solve all the regional and international conflicts. #as it fo,nd a sol,tion to the proble' of o,r @oroccan Sahara= <oes it have eno,gh po3er to settle peace in So'alia and S,dan for e2a'ple= %ather: * agree 3ith (o,+ b,t (o, sho,ldn0t ,nderesti'ate the role the U! has pla(ed to resolve these proble's and 'an( other conflicts peacef,ll( 4o#e useful e!pressions to ask for and give opinion<
<on0t (o, see that= &o, ',st 1no3 that Cre (o, telling 'e that= &es+ that0s all ver( 3ell+ b,t &es+ of co,rse there is that+ b,t That 'a1es no difference:
&o, 1no3 that0s not tr,e. *n '( opinion+ * g,ess+ * tr,st+ * definitel( thin1 that

(page 12D)

TC: 5igarettes advertise'ents are a danger to p,blic health. 8%at do you t%ink= E: To #y #ind+ the( sho,ld be banned. TC: 8%at&s your opinion about the @oroccan co'edian+ l Ae'= E: I really feel t%at he0s the f,nniest actor in @orocco. Vocabulary: (page 12O) i''ediate: pro'pt nonIl,crative: nonIprofit the poor : the need( irrespective of: 3itho,t regard to v,lnerable: ph(sicall( or e'otionall( 3ea1 as a conseF,ence of: d,e to The @oroccan Red 5rescent (@R5) is a nonIprofit 'a1ing+ vol,ntar( relief organi>ation. <,e to their contin,ing assistance to the need( and pro'pt disaster relief activities+ @R5 and the Red 5ross have a 3orld reno3ned rep,tation. The( serve v,lnerable

people and those in need 3itho,t regard to race+ religion+ class or political belief. EXPRESSIONS OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT:
Agreeing * agree. * agree entirel( M co'pletel(. * certainl( agree 3ith that. * co,ldn0t agree 'ore. That0s a good point. * share the sa'e vie3. That0s e2actl( 3hat * 3as thin1ing '(self. * F,ite agree 3ith (o, &o,0re definitel( M absol,tel( right. &o,0re F,ite right That0s -,st ho3 * see it. * s,ppose so.

(p12O)

Disagreeing *0' afraid * don0t agree. * disagree 3ith (o,. *0' sorr(+ b,t * disagree. Sorr( to sa( it+ b,t (o,0re 3rong. &es+ that0s F,ite tr,e+ b,t * don0t share this vie3. * don0t share this vie3 3ith (o,. *0' afraid (o,0re 3rong there. *0' not s,re * F,ite agree 3ith (o, here. ;erhaps+ b,t don0t (o, agree= * see 3hat (o, 'ean+ b,t * s,ppose not.

C: $,r school handball tea' is the best. E: I suppose so. (partial agree'ent) C: The( have done a good -ob. E: I suppose not. (partial disagree'ent) THE GERUND: (p 124) T e Mal o!n

;la(ing @alho,n involves re'e'bering h,ndreds of ',sical phrases and singing the' properl(. Unli1e poets+ novelists and painters+ @alho,n ',sicians aren0t acc,sto'ed to 3or1ing alone. Eeca,se of the tr,e nat,re of @alho,n+ for 'ost of the'+ pla(ing and practising ',st be 3ith other ',sicians. So'e @alho,n ',sicians are s1illf,l at i'provising. Singing and ,sing @oroccan dialect is a lot of f,n for the'. * greatl( en-o(ed listening to the last song of the concert. *t 3as certainl( 3orth listening to. #o3ever+ * ad'it not li1ing all of it. * certainl( appreciated (o,r inviting 'e to the concert. #a'id en-o(s fishing and -ogging. C'ina is interested in reading 'aga>ines. Sali'0s father can0t stand 3atching g(ptian 'ovies. )o,ld (o, 'ind opening the 3indo3+ please= * hope (o,0ll en-o( visiting the ',se,'. Salah thin1s it0s not 3orth 3asting ti'e on 3atching so'e @oroccan football 'atches. C: Bet0s have a tagine 3ith la'b and pr,nes. E: *0' fed ,p 3ith la'b: * s,ggest having fish and a 'i2ed salad. 1ses of t%e gerund and infinitive (p126) 2cl,ding 3o'en fro' the political scene is a hindrance to 3o'en e'po3er'ent. $n '( 3a( to 3or1+ * ,s,all( stop to pic1 ,p hitchhi1ers+ 3hatever the( loo1 li1e. * stared to read an article abo,t the United !ations. $,r nglish teacher doesn0t allo3 ,sing lang,ages other than nglish. @( father doesn0t allo3 '( little brother to ,se his laptop.

#ali'a prefers having co,sco,s on %rida(s. #ali'a prefers to have co,sco,s on %rida(s. !ot 1no3ing 3hat to do+ * 3ent to loo1 for so'ebod( to help 'e. TC: *0' going to see 5asa !egra. E: *s it 3orth seeing= C: * thin1 so. UNIT " For#al$ In%or#al an& Non'%or#al E&!(ation Cn3ar holds a @aster0s degree in 'ar1eting. #e trains teachers not onl( in @orocco b,t else3here+ too. Rea&ing: T)*es o% e&!(ation (p1O1)

There are three t(pes of ed,cation. %or'al ed,cation is the str,ct,red ed,cational s(ste' provided b( the state for school goers. !onIfor'al ed,cation+ in contrast+ is refers to ed,cation that happens o,tside the for'all(Iorganised school / that is the ed,cation that refers to ad,lt literac( and contin,ing ed,cation for ad,lts. This 1ind of ed,cation is vol,ntar(. Cs for the infor'al ed,cation+ it is the ed,cation that happens o,tside the classroo'. *t is considered as integral part of for'al ed,cation.

8riting:

an eI'ail Application for ad#ission to t%e --A

Cddress of ,niversit(

&o,r address : <ate :

<ear Sir @ada'+ <ear Sir oror @ada'+ * a' 3riting appl( for ad'ission the EEC+ 3hich * sa3 advertised the 3ebsite * a' 3riting toto appl( for ad'ission toto the EEC+ 3hich * sa3 advertised inin the 3ebsite Your University. * a' @oroccan st,dent+ aged 18. * 3ill sit for the Eaccala,reate ofof Your University. * a' aa @oroccan st,dent+ aged 18. * 3ill sit for the Eaccala,reate e2a's ne2t A,ne. $ver the last three (ears * st,died nglish. e2a's ne2t A,ne. $ver the last three (ears * st,died nglish. * loo1 for3ard hearing fro' (o,. * loo1 for3ard toto hearing fro' (o,. &o,rs sincerel(. &o,rs sincerel(.

1nit G Englis%
Reading < $syc%ology < T%e 4cience of t%e Mind (p 1O7)

Insig%ts into

;s(chologists+ li1e other scientists+ ,se the scientific 'ethod The( ,se the h,'an behavior as a cl,e to ho3 the 'ind 3or1s. Since the 'ind cannot be observed directl(+ ps(chologists ,se h,'an behavior as data to test their theories abo,t ho3 the 'ind 3or1s Finking 'ords< (see p1O8)

Reading : Dialogue:

Aob Cds

(p1O8)

C: Cre (o, interested in teaching nglish to ban1 e'plo(ees= E: &o,0re 1idding+ aren0t (o,= E: !o+ @editel needs nglish st,dents to teach nglish to a gro,p of its e'plo(ees. C: *s it a f,ll ti'e -ob= E: !o+ it0s a partIti'e one. C: *s an( e2perience needed= E: * don0t thin1 so. &o, -,st need to send (o,r 59 and salar( e2pectations. )ill (o, appl( for it= C: * thin1 *0' not F,alified eno,gh to get it. * 3ish * 3ere fl,ent in nglish. E: &o, sho,ld be selfIconfident . %or 'e+ (o,r nglish is ',ch better than 'ine. *f * 3ere (o, * * 3o,ldn0t 'iss s,ch an opport,nit(. E: Than1s for the advice.

8RITI G< Curriculu# Vitae +4ee p BHG, Re#e#berD

A letter of application should be an original or copy, not a photocopy. It should be neat and free and spelling errors. Try to be brief, but express the particular job you are applying for. a word-processed from grammatical your interest in

Layout :
5he address of the person +ou are (riting to 3our address 9ate

9ear :ir or Madam/ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 3ours sin%erel+/

%on+de!ining relati,e clauses:

revie3

(;lease see page 141 for 'ore

e2a'ples) @oha'ed Hhaireddine+ '%ose all 3or1s * a' going to read+ 3as a poet. Cgo,n0chich+ '%ic% 3as his seventh and last novel+ 3as p,blished in %rance seven (ears after his death. 5ritics co'pare hi' to Ri'ba,d+ the %rench 3riter+ '%o# * li1e ver( ',ch.

Expressing addition:

( see p 14D)

1 IT BI S!staina+le De,elo*#ent
-oca.ulary: /pages 012 015) sustain: maintain sustainable: able to continue over a period of time. Despite his shyness Chalid seems to find it easy to sustain relationship with neighbours. 5he -inister of finance think that the economy of -orocco will sustain its growth for the ne,t few years. 5hat sort of diet is not sustainable over a long period of time. As far as + am concerned) making wise use of national resources such as water and energy is very important. Hlobal problems such as climate change) the damage to the ozone layer and the extinction of wildlife species affect all of us. 5hey are real threats to our survival. We should do something to stop the e,tinction of dolphins. Air pollution is a serious threat to health. +t is frightening to see people throw garbage in public places. 2ard work is rewardingB that is) it pays off. +!ve been working hard for the e,am. + don!t s9uander one minute of my free time. + will pursue all my aims simultaneously through my life. 8ach and everyone of us has a valuable role in sustainable development. CitiAenship relies on us taking part in sustainable development.

(riting:

/p 013)

A Film review The Grass is Greener Here is Moroccan romance film. It is the true story of Halim a Moroccan brain drainer, aged 3 !ho is bac" home because he thin"s that human de#elo$ment is the concern of all Moroccans. He set u$ a building firm and recruits fi#e young architects to !or" on an affordable housing $ro%ects for ne! teachers in the north of Morocco in gratitude for !hat his former teachers ha#e done for him. The $ro%ect goes #ery !ell. In the closing scene, Halim gets married to Halima an e&cellent architect and a niece of one of his former teachers of mathematics. They $romise each other to li#e ha$$ily until death $arts them. The soundtrac" is su$erb. I lo#e all the songs, $articularly those sung at the !edding $arty. This film is un'uestionably !orth seeing.

T%e $assive Voice<

TE 4E Present )imple Present Continuous Past )imple Past Continuous Present Perfect -uture

41-JECT
T%e 1 docu#ent T%e article on sustainable develop#ent T%e proposal T%is proposal T%e date of t%e conference on sustainable develop#ent 5ou

VER- T/ -E
are is being 'as 'as being %as been 'ill be

$A4T $ARTICI$FE
translated translated discussed discussed announced invited to participate in t%is conference into si! languages into @orean by t%e 1 #e#bers yesterday '%en t%e TV cre' arrived

$he Passive .ith modals

(page 16D)

T%e passive 'it% #odels is for#ed as follo's< 4ub)ect J ;;;** J ;;;** J $ast $articiple ;;;**

All literary books $he article $he 0eneral Assembly

should must can may might

be

returned .ord!processed called

to the library before *st /uly no. for an emergency session

Exa#ples: 3ou must switch off the computer after use. 5he computer must be switched off after use. 3ou must keep medicines out of the reach of children. -edicines should be kept out of the reach of children. 3ou must sign the visa application. 5he visa application must be signed. 3ou can fill it out in Arabic) too. +t can be filled in Arabic) too. 3ou may send it by post or e>mail it. +t may be sent by post or e>mailed. We could inform you about your visa application either by e>mail or phone. 3ou could be informed about your visa either by e>mail or by phone. We can only process complete applications for admission. :nly complete applications can be processed for admission. We speak Arabic in -orocco. Arabic is spoken in -orocco.

5he father drives his children to school every day. 5he children are driven to school every day by the father. .adia decorated the bedroom beautifully. 5he bedroom was decorated beautifully by .adia. 5he mechanic is repairing my brother!s car. -y brother!s car is being repaired by the mechanic. 5hey are building new schools in our village. .ew schools are being built in our village. -y mother was cooking lunch when + got home yesterday. ?unch was being cooked by my mother when + got home yesterday. 5hey have taken the injured man to the hospital. 5he injured man has been taken to the hospital. 5he maid had done the housework before we arrived. 5he housework had been done by the maid before we arrived.

Unit 3 Dialogue< Advice pleaseD

Ticket 2 Englis%

C: 5an0t (o, see children d(ing= E: )hat do (o, thin1 * sho,ld do= C: * thin1 (o, sho,ld help the'. E: )hat do (o, s,ggest to help these children= C: @a( be (o, sho,ld help feeding the' and c,ring their illness. E: )hat 3o,ld (o, do in this sit,ation= C: *f * 3ere (o,+ * 3o,ld participate in b,ilding shelters and hospitals for the'.

He asks me if I can do it Reporting state#ents( >uestions and co##ands in t%e present and t%e past ECiti$enship includes civic virtues and duties,F the teacher always states. -he teacher always states that citi$enship includes civic virtues and duties. E/hat is fairness1 :ome students as& the teacher. :ome students as& their teacher what fairness is. EAlways express your gratitude,F my mother often reminds me. My mother often reminds me to always e,press my gratitude.

EHow do you define a good citi$en1F, @rahim as&ed his friend. @rahim asked his friend how he defined a good citi$en. EIs civility similar to politeness1F, @rahim wonders. @rahim wonders if civility is similar to politeness. E=esponsibility means being in charge of our choices and our lives.F -he 6uote states that responsibility means being in charge of our choices and our lives. E/hat does fairness involve1F :tudents ask their teacher what fairness involves. E8airness involves issues of e6uality and impartialityF -he teacher replies that fairness involves issues of e6uality and impartiality. E2ever 'udge others without prior &nowledge. 7udge them only on their character, abilities and conduct.F He always warns them not to 'udge others without prior &nowledge, and to 'udge them only on their character, abilities and conduct. E id you watch yesterday#s show about citi$enship1F My friend wants to know if I watched yesterday#s show about citi$enship. E8ill in this application form to become a member.F A member of the association told the volunteer to fill in the application form to become a member1 EHow can help in sensiti$ing people to become good citi$ens1F -he volunteer wanted to know how he could help in sensiti$ing people to become good citi$ens. E on#t underestimate voluntary wor&.F He advised the audience not to underestimate voluntary wor&. EA lot of people participated in the campaign.F 2e reported that a lot of people had participated in the campaign.
EI will participate in a conference on citi$enship.F Ann told #etty that she would participate in a conference on citi$enship. EAre you invited there1F @etty asked Ann whether she was invited there.

EHow long are you going to stay there1F :he wanted to know how long she was going to stay there. E"lease, bring me a copy of the annual report.F :he begged her to bring her a copy of the annual report. Read t%is e!cerpt fro# @ofi Anna&s speec% and notice t%e c%anges*

<?eadership is needed more than it was IJ years ago. +n these days) the security of every one of us is linked to that of everyone else. Hlobal solidarity is both necessary and possible. 6owerful states have a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. We can only do all these things by working together We have achieved much since &KL1) but much remains to be done tomorrow.=

A spokesperson of t%e 1 %as reported @* Annan&s speec%* 4tudy and notice t%e c%anges*

.ofi Annan said that leadership was needed more than it had been G? years before. He added that in those days, the security of every one of us was lin&ed to that of everyone else. He stated that global solidarity was both necessary and possible. He also stressed that powerful states had a special responsibility to ta&e account of global views and interests. He insisted that they could only do all these things by wor&ing together 8inally, he declared that they had achieved much since CH+>, but much remained to be done the day after.

F.+5 M
$:CA#F?AE3:

+nternational :rganiAations

5he following acronyms stand for: F. N the Inited 2ations F.80C: N -he I2 Jducational, :cientific and Cultural ;rganisation F.+C8@ N -he I2 Children#s Jmergency 8und F.2CE N -he I2 high Commissioner for =efugees W2: N World Health ;rganisation @2: N 8ood and Agriculture ;rganisation +CEC N International Committee of the =ed Cross K Crescent 5+ N -ransparency International A+ N Amnesty International W5: N /orld -rade ;rganisation DW@ N octors /ithout 8rontiers

-he Inited 2ations was established in the +?s to maintain international peace and security. According to its charter, member states are supposed to refrain from the use of force against other member states. -his document also calls on countries to settle bilateral disputes by peaceful means. 5hat is to say, international discords should be solved by diplomacy and negotiations. Any violations of this principle can result in severe economic and political sanctions. -he I2 has a court in -he Hague )Holland, whose function is to look into conflicts between countries. Amnesty +nternational is an independent pressure group. It campaigns for the release of imprisoned or maltreated people because of their political or religious beliefs. -he movement was founded in CHGC and has its head9uarters in London. Amnesty International has a network of voluntary local groups and individual members throughout the world. -o &eep its independence from governmental influence, AI is financed by donations and benevolent contributions. AI#s activities include campaigns and lobbying for political and religious freedom. -o achieve security in the world, populations must be protected from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. -hrough solidarity, countries can be stable and secure. "oor countries should benefit from the world#s wealth as much as rich countries.

1 IT G

Advances in 4cience and Tec%nology

C/ DITI/ AF T5$E H J 8I43E4 Rule< Conditional type H "/RM *f + past perfect + 3o,ld have + past participle 14E To describe h(pothetical conditions in the past and the res,lts that the spea1er i'agines 3ere possible E6AM$FE *f the leaders %ad been 3iser+ the 3ar 'ouldn&t %ave broken o,t.

Rule< 8is%es @:E-

F08 -o express past wishes

8DA-6?8 My grandfather wishes he had had a cell phone in his childhood. If only there hadn#t been many victims in the second world war.

I wish K wished K If only 9 past participle -o express regret Te!t:

If I %ad ti#e( I 'ould %ave done it

K@( brother Aa'al 3on a national a3ard for his latest scientific invention. )e celebrated it last night. C lot of people ca'e. )e had a lot of food. Unfort,natel(+ * ate so ',ch that * had a sto'achIache. * co,ldn0t get ,p in the 'orning beca,se * didn0t sleep earl(. * didn0t go to school. * 'issed several lessons. * didn0t do the test. The teacher gave 'e a bad 'ar1 beca,se * forgot to do '( ho'e3or1.L If 7amal hadn!t eaten a lot, he wouldn!t have had a stomach%ache. +f he had slept early, he could have got up in the morning. He wouldn!t have missed several lessons if he had gone to school. +f he had gone to school, he would have done the test. -he teacher wouldn!t have given him a bad mar& if he had done the homewor&. + wish + hadn!t eaten so much last night. I felt terrible then. +f + hadn!t eaten so much last night, I wouldn!t have felt terrible. + wish my father had bought me computer last year. I could be a programmer then. +f my father had bought me a computer last year, I could have been a programmer then. Health authorities wish people got immuniAed. -hey could improve their health then. "eople could have improved their health if they had got immuniAed. 2abil wishes his satellite receiver hadn!t stopped wor&ing. He could watch the live conference about the nuclear danger on the environment.

2abil could have watched the live conference about the nuclear danger on the environment if his satellite receiver hadn!t stopped wor&ing.

Dialogue< :tudent( Could you give me an idea about biotechnology, please1 -eacher( 3es, of course. @iotechnology )or bioengineering, refers to any change of an organism#s genes for practical purposes li&e disease control, better crops, cloning of plants and animals, @iotechnology is closely related to genetics which can be defined as the scientific study of genes, i.e. variations in the characteristics B resemblances and differences B of organisms and how these characteristics are inherited from generation to generation. Modern genetics is as much concerned with the organism level of this process as it is with cellular and molecular levels. 5hanks to biotechnology, farmers are able to get rid of unwanted characteristics of plants and &eep the ones that they desire. ;ne example of these is the new type of potatoes that resist invasion by dangerous insects. Advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to decrease the need for fertili$ers by breeding plants that produce their own form of efficient fertili$ers 2owever, there are some negative side effects that must be wor&ed out. An e,ample of this, is a decline in the 6uality of taste, which would definitely outweigh the benefits of a long shelf life or resistance to insectsM :tudent( Is it used to control some of the human diseases1 -eacher( 3es. -he use of genetic engineering in humans promises some extraordinary benefits, one of which is cure and prevention of many types of diseases that come from faulty genes. :tudent( -han& you very much, sir. -eacher( 2ot at all. E!pressions of concession and addition<

Fink your 4entences

)hen diplo'ats 'et to for' the United !ations in 1G46+ one of the things the( disc,ssed 3as settling ,p a global health organi>ations. As a result+ )orld #ealth $rganisation 3as set ,p on 8 Cpril 1G48I a date 3e no3 celebrate ever( (ear as )orld #ealth <a(. )#$ is responsible for providing leadership on global health 'atters. *t also acco,nts for shaping the health research agenda suc% as setting nor's and standards( providing technical s,pport to co,ntries+ 'onitoring and assessing health trends. 4ince health is a shared responsibilit(+ )#$0s -ob is to provide eF,itable access to essential care and collective defence against transnational threats. In brief )#$0s greatest concern ',st al3a(s rest 3ith disadvantaged and v,lnerable gro,ps4 t%at is to say( the gro,ps 3ho often live in re'ote r,ral areas or shant( to3ns and have little political voice. Alt%oug% the school is far a3a(+ Uahra attends all afternoon classes. Alt%oug% he is rich+ Cdil does not give al's to the poor.

Alt%oug% international organi>ations 3or1 hard+ the( can0t solve all the proble's. Alt%oug% globali>ation has a positive i'pact on @oroccan 3o'en0s sit,ation+ there is still fear of losing local tradition. Alt%oug% it 3as raining+ 3e 3ent o,t. T%oug% the school is ver( far fro' her village+ %ati'a insists on attending all her lessons. In spite of his 3ealth+ Cdil does not give al's to the poor. In spite of t%e fact t%at he is 3ealth(+ Cdil does not give al's to the poor. She gets higher 'ar1s despite st,d(ing in diffic,lt conditions. In spite of being illiterate+ so'e 3o'en ,se the 'aga>ine0s pict,res as reso,rces for dress'a1ing. In spite of t%e rain+ 3e 3ent o,t. In spite of t%e fact that it 3as raining+ 3e 3ent o,t. Despite spending ',ch ti'e at 3or1+ 3or1ing 3o'en are able to perfectl( 'anage their ho,seholds. *t0s tr,e that a lot of 3o'en and girls have access to ed,cation. 5et+ their sit,ation is far fro' perfect. Along 'it% being b,s( 3ith his professional career+ Rachid is a good father. Uahra has got an a3ard fro' the U! S5$ because she 3as the first to fight illiterac( in her village. #er parents 3ere illiterate. Conse>uently+ the( didn0t send her to school 3hen she 3as (o,ng. %o,ad is not only good at volle(ball but he is also a fantastic handball pla(er. #elen Heller 3as a 3o'an of l,'ino,s intelligence+ high a'bition and great acco'plish'ent. In addition+ she devoted her life to helping others. @oroccan 3o'en need ed,cation as 'ell as health care. )o'en have de'onstrated considerable leadership in co'',nit(+ as 'ell as in p,blic office. 3o'ever+ the( still s,ffer fro' negative stereot(ping. U! S5$ 3or1s to pro'ote fields of interest suc% as ed,cation+ science+ and c,lt,re. "reenpeace 3or1s to preserve the environ'ent. -esides+ it is an nonIprofit organi>ation. So'e @oroccan 3o'en are illiterate. 3o'ever+ the( benefit fro' pict,res in 'aga>ines. d,cated 3o'en have a big infl,ence on societ(. Moreover+ the( contrib,te to the 3elfare of their fa'ilies. d,cated 3o'en loo1 after their ho,ses. The( also 3or1 o,tside their ho'es. 1 IT BI

4 A$% * A$%

Scientists+ engineers+ e!perts and talented ,niversit( st,dents fro' poor co,ntries are floc1ing to the industriali:ed 3orld+ dra3n b( the pro'ise of better salaries and 3or1ing conditions. E,t not ever(one is happ( 3ith his sit,ation. "overn'ents of so'e developing co,ntries regard the pheno'enon as a loss of %u#an capital that ',st be restricted. $thers vie3 the sit,ation 3ith so'e opti#is# as co,ntries of origin 'ight also gain so'e benefit. V/CA-1FAR5 te'pting: highl( attractive s1illed: having the abilit( to perfor' a tas1 e2pertl( and 3ell ,ns1illed: not having special s1ill or training C ph(sicist: an e2pert in ph(sics inco'e: reven,e gain: obtain so'ething needed or 3anted The president of the )orld Ean1 urged developing co,ntries to invest in ed,cation and econo'( and co'bat povert( effectivel(.

Cn esti'ated GDD+DDD of %ig%ly skilled professionals entered the C'erican labo,r 'ar1ed bet3een 1GGD and 2DDD. Talented professionals e'igrate to develop co,ntries to earn te#pting 3ages and sec,re a better f,t,re. A p%ysicist is a scientist 3ho st,dies the properties and interactions of 'atter and energ( in all their for's (liF,id+ solid+ gas and plas'a). C/FF/CATI/ 4< brain drain lo3 pa( attract attention developed co,ntries high technolog( s1illed 3or1ers

$refi!es and t%eir #eanings< $RE"I6E4 inter e2tra intra ,nder over s,per h(per etc E!a#ples< 1nderpaid 3or1ers prefer to e'igrate abroad to i'prove their salaries. Cccording to the International $rganisation for @igration+ Cfrica has been losing 2D+DDD professionals each (ear since 1GGD. Cn i''igrant scientist in the USC said that the '(ster( of Eer',da triangle is so'ething supernat,ral. The 'a-orit( of highl( talented professionals e'igrate fro' underdeveloped to developed co,ntries. So'e (o,ths are overe2cited abo,t e'igrating to ,rope not 1no3ing the proble's the( 'ight face. @an( scientists and e2perts attended an intercontinental conference on brain drain. Cn Cfrican scientist presented e!traordinar( ideas t,rn brain drain to brain gain. E6$RE44I G REGRET MEA I G bet3een+ a'ong o,tside+ be(ond 3ithin+ over+ inside less than+ ins,fficient e2cessivel(+ 'ore than above+ over+ be(ond above+ over+ e2cessive etc E6AM$FE4 intercontinental+ international e2traterrestrial+ e2traordinar( intracell,lar ,nderpaid+ ,nderdeveloped overpop,lated+ overcro3ded s,personic+ s,pernat,ral h(persensitive etc

!"#fter spending two months in $anada, I began to feel homesick. It%s too cold to live here. #lso I didn%t like the !"#fter spending two months in $anada, I began to feel homesick. It%s too cold to live here. #lso I didn%t like the &ob. If only I had stayed in m y country' I%m now longing for my country%s climate and m y family life. I can%t &ob. If only I had stayed in m y country' I%m now longing for my country%s climate and m y family life. I can%t com e back because I lost my &ob in (orocco. If I hadnt abandoned my &ob there, I wouldnt have stayed here a com e back because I lost my &ob in (orocco. If I hadnt abandoned my &ob there, I wouldnt have stayed here a day longer. I thought that imm igrating to $anada would help m em ake a lot of m oney. Unfortunately, I was day longer. I thought that imm igrating to $anada would help m em ake a lot of m oney. Unfortunately, I was unlucky. I should have thought well before deciding to do that. I regret it now. I wish I were am ong m y relatives. unlucky. I should have thought well before deciding to do that. I regret it now. I wish I were am ong m y relatives.

Relative Clauses< 4tudy t%ese t'o sentences and notice t%e difference< a) @( brother '%o graduated fro# t%e university e'igrated to 5anada. * have 'ore than one brother and * a' spea1ing abo,t the one 3ho e'igrated to 5anada. b) @( brother+ '%o graduated fro# t%e university+ e'igrated to 5anada. * have onl( one brother. #e grad,ated fro' the ,niversit( and e'igrated to 5anada. V -. The clause in sentence b) can be deleted without affecting the meaning of the sentence W Bionel @essi '%o is a talented football player is fro' Crgentina. Cfrican 3riters '%o 'rite in Englis% settle do3n in ngland or the USC. "rad,ates '%ose grades are t%e %ig%est 3ill be given -obs 3ith te'pting salaries. The ;an Cfrican 5onference+ '%ic% took place in Illinois+ USC on $ctober 24+ 2DDO foc,sed on reversing brain drain into brain gain. 5apital flight+ '%ic% is proble#atic as brain drain+ refers to financial capital that is no longer invested in the co,ntr( 3here its o3ner lived and earned it. $ne of the proble's 3hich t%e Arab countries suffer fro# is brain drain. @( ,ncle+ '%o got %is university degree+ e'igrated to 5anada to contin,e his st,dies. *ndia+ '%ose %ig%ly skilled labour is IT engineers+ has re'ar1abl( s,cceeded in reversing brain drain to brain gain. 2perts '%o ca#e around KI African countries 3ere given a special reception at the hotel. The United !ations is an international organisation '%ose 'ission is to 'aintain 3orld peace and sec,rit(. The ho,se+ '%ic% %as been e#pty for about a year+ has -,st been sold. The lad( '%o# 0 t%at Ean HiI@oon appointed to serve as his dep,t( is 3ell F,alified.

EMEM4E 5 Two kinds of relative clauses can be distinguished: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. The relative pronouns used are: who which who that whose.! In defining relative clauses" the relative can be left out if it is the ob#ect of the relative clause. e.g. $id you like the present %which& I sent you' %which! can be left out here&. If the relative pronoun is the sub#ect of the clause" we cannot leave it out. e.g. I et a wo an who works for the () *rganisation. %!who! cannot be left out&. )on-defining relative clauses add e+tra infor ation to a sentence and are set off by co as. ,y grand other" who is -. years old" still goes #ogging twice a week. ,y car" which is /. years old" often lets e down. 0elative pronouns cannot be left out of )$01 .

$aragrap% 'riting<

Pro.le#s o! schooling in rural areas

Today in many parts of the world growing up in a rural region often means growing up without a decent education. School attendance is generally low and absenteeism is high, mainly among girls. This is not surprising, considering the distance many children have to walk daily, only to find a school in precarious areas, without furniture, learning materials, drinking water or toilets, and sometimes even without a teacher. Rural people are often caught in the vicious circle of having no access to the services and opportunities that might lift them out of poverty. Test )o!rsel%: &. legal: 5here is no doubt that cannabis will remain an OOOOOOOOOOOOOO drug for the foreseeable future. '. possible: +t was 9uite OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO for us to drive all the way from 6aris to -adrid in one one day. P. successful: 2e made an OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO attempt to climb the highest mountain in the range. L. responsible: 5o take the boat out with four children under the age of ten and with no life jackets on board was 9uite OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO of him. 1. appropriate: 5he dress she was wearing was 9uite OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO for the occasion. I. polite: +t was very OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO of him to insult his mother in front of his aunt. Q. religious: 5hey were a completely OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO family and + never thought that one day + would marry one of the daughters. M. honest: As a politician he was OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO and it was not long before nobody trusted him. K. perfect: 5he goods were OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO and had to be returned to the store we bought them from. &J. contented: 0he was OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO with her life and decided that things had to change. Cns3ers: 1) illegal 2) i'possible O) ,ns,ccessf,l 4) irresponsible 6) inappropriate 7) i'polite 8) irreligio,s 8) dishonest G) i'perfect 1D) discontented PHRAS- .ER/S: P rasal ,er+s call off break up put up with get on with let somebody down run out of something take after put on put up put off put on put out give up check in look forward to fill in set up De%initions 0 S)non)#s cancel end a relationship with somebody tolerate have a good relationship with sb. fail to help) disappoint have none left look like) resemble get dressed in increase) raise postpone) delay increase weight e,tinguish stopB abandon register long for) anticipate with pleasure complete establish) start

turn down put somebody up cut down on go on get over get rid of look up look after pull down figure out go off

reject give accommodation to reduce happen recover from an illness throw away search for take care of demolish understand ring

etc.

8,amples:
. 2ow are you getting on with your new neighbours" + hope they are as nice as the previous ones. . 5he price of petrol has been put up several times over the last two years. . We can!t have lunch at home. We!ve run out of gas. We!d rather go to a restaurant and have lunch there. . +!m really thinking of moving to the country. + can!t put up with the city noise any longer. . 6ut on your coat. +t!s cold outside7 . +!m sorry to be nuisance) but could we put off our meeting until ne,t week" . 5he manager is off sick) so we need to call off all his appointments today. . +f you!d like to keep fit) cut down on fatty food and e,ercise three times a week. <All country women who are willing to set up their own businesses can now get loans from the bank.= said the social affaires minister in a recent interview. . :n international flights) passengers need to check in about two hours before departure. . +!ve put on five kilos since last ;anuary. + ought to go on diet. . + miss you a lot. +!m really looking forward to seeing you soon. . 3ou needn!t stay at a hotel. We can put you up for a few days. We!ve got a spare room. . -r and -rs ;ones) our ne,t door neighbours ) are making too much noise. + wonder what!s going on over there. 6erhaps they!re arguing again. . <3ou!ll have to give up smoking) otherwise your cough will get worse.= said the doctor to the patient. . 5ake off your coat and hang it up in the wardrobe. . + was rearranging my home library books when + came across an old school report of mine. . -y brother is determined to emigrate somewhere. 2owever) he hasn!t made up his mind which country to go to. . ?ook at these abbreviations) ;acky. Do you know what they stand for" . 6ick up that banana skin from the stairs and put it in the dustbinB somebody might slip on it. . 5he aircraft was refused permission to take off because of lack of visibility due to thick fog. . ?ook7 5here!s a job advertisement in this newspaper. Why don!t you apply for it" . +!ve been waiting here since L o!clock. .ow it!s round 1 now and he hasn!t turned up yet. . 0orry) + can!t make out the doctor!s prescription. 2is handwriting is so terrible. . Will you please try on these new shoes" +!ve just bought them for you. . -y car engine didn!t start yesterday morning. 5he battery might have died out. . -ost of .H:!s in -orocco rely on benevolent donations only. 5hey receive no financial support from the government. . 0low down) will you" 0peed limit is limited here. +t!s only LJ km. . <+ hope the F0A will not carry out its threats to impose new sanctions on our country.= said the +ranian diplomat to a journalist. . 5urn off the tap) will you" 3ou!re wasting too much water these days. .<Don!t worry7 Cheer up7 3our son!s all right. 2e!s out of danger.= 5he doctor said to ;im!s mother. . ?ove between married couples does not last long. +t fades away with time.

. ?ook out7 3ou almost knocked out that old lady. 2ow many times do + have to tell you to drive slowly and carefully" . 5ommy knew he was in big troubleB so he made up a fabulous alibi to make the police believe he was innocent. . :ne of our classmates is mentally>retarded. 2e finds it difficult to keep up with the class. . -y parents object to my moving homes and changing jobs now and again. 5hey!d really like me to get married and settle down once for all. . When + got back home from work yesterday evening) + was surprised to find out that + had left the front door unlocked. 2ow careless of me7 . 2ow!s your mother" 2as she got over from her illness or is she still in bed" . +t took the fire fighters hours and hours to put out the fire in the forest. . ?et!s get the work done today. + hate putting off thinks to a later time. . 5he plane took off on time but landed 'J minutes late due to some technical problems. . <Could + add an other idea here"= <0ure. Ho ahead.= . +!ll ring you up in case + need you. . 5he song you!re listening to dates back to the QJ!s. +t!s a very nice one. . Cate has thrown away every single letter her e,>fiancR wrote to her. 0he hasn!t kept one. . Although they set off 4 out early in the morning) they didn!t get to their destination until past midnight. . <+ wonder if you could possibly look after my child while +!m away on holiday"= -rs ;efferson said to her aunt. . + don!t have the company!s phone number. + must look it up in the directory. . As soon as he finished the telephone conversation) he took off his pyjamas) put on his suit and rushed out. . 5he city council is pulling down the old houses and in the city center and converting them into buildings and shopping centres. . +f you try to open that safe door) the alarm will certainly go off. Pre*ositions: A&1e(ti,e 2 *re*osition (o#+inations: pleased 3ith certain abo,t good at satisfied 3ith clever at serio,s abo,t opti'istic abo,t fed ,p 3ith hopeless at ,seless at bad at fa'o,s for i'pressed b( late for read( for nervo,s abo,t capable of covered in fr,strated 3ith interested in lac1ing in s1illed at responsible for frightened of sorr( for 3orried abo,t afraid of fond of pro,d of different fro' dependent of terrified of 1een on astonished at acc,sto'ed to allergic to g,ilt( of angr( 3ith co'patible 3ith etc.

Verb J preposition co#binations< apologi>e for co'plain abo,t deal 3ith congrat,late on 3ait for hear of M fro' E!a#ples< appl( for ob-ect to s,cceed in approve of abide b( insist on s,ffer fro' agree 3ith disagree 3ith co'pl( 3ith concentrate on be M get ,sed to protect (sb.) fro' 3arn (sb.) against M abo,t arrest sb. %or attrib,te sth. to etc.

$,r neighbo,r0s da,ghter is e2cellent at all s,b-ects. #er 'other is pro,d of her. @( sister is reall( 1een on pla(ing the piano. K*s there an(thing (o,0re allergic to=L The doctor as1ed the patient. @ost people living in r,ral areas are pessi'istic abo,t the f,t,re. The( feel the sit,ation is getting 3orse. Aac1 3as acc,sed of stabbing his 3ife to death. The pilot 3as held responsible for the aircraft crash. #e insisted on landing in bad 3eather conditions. )hen 3ill (o, sit for the entrance e2a'ination to the fac,lt( of 'edicine= Sara is s,ffering fro' inso'nia. She0d better see a doctor. So'e Aapanese are ,sed to eating ra3 fish. @oroccan c,isine is fa'o,s for its delicio,s dishes. The st,dent apologi>ed for co'ing late. !abil 3as angr( 3ith his sister beca,se she da'aged his ca'corder. Cltho,gh the e2a' F,estions 3ere a bit diffic,lt+ Cli s,cceeded in ans3ering all of the'.

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