1

Internet Architecture
Genesis and Evolution
2
Objectives
Brief history of the Internet architecture
Internet architecture today
Users - business and residential (dial-in) customers
Internet service providers (ISPs)
Backbone ISPs - network service providers (NSPs)
Network access points (NAPs)
Route servers and Internet routing registries (IRRs)
3
RFC 1958:
The principle of constant change
is perhaps
the only principle of the Internet
that should survive
indefinitely ...
B
rian C
arpenter, IA
B
4
Struktura organizacija na Internetu
ISOC
Internet Society
IAB
Internet Architecture Board
IESG
Internet Engineering
Steering Group
IANA
Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority
IETF
Internet Engineering
Task Force
RFC 4677
5
ISOC
Meunarodna, neprofitna, organizacija
bazirana na lanstvu sa zadatkom irenja
Interneta
Finansijski podrava aktivnosti ostalih I***
organizacija
www.isoc.org
6
IETF
Identifikovanje problema i predlaganje reenja
Specifikacija protokola
Specifikacija preporuka i standarda i slanje IESG-
u
Transfer znanja od IRTF (Internet Research Task
Force) ka irokoj Internet zajednici
Organizacija foruma u cilju razmene znanja
izmeu proizvoaa, korisnika, istraivaa,
agencija, ugovaraa i menadera
www.ietf.org
7
IESG
Podrava aktivnost IETF radnih grupa
Zaduen za proces proglaenja RFC-ova
(Request For Comment)
Daje samo smernice za rad ali nema
direktnu naredbodavnu ulogu
www.iesg.org
8
IAB
Brine se o globalnom razvoju Interneta
Zaduen za dugorono planiranje aktivnosti
IETF radnih grupa i aktivnosti
www.iab.org
9
IANA
Registar IETF aktivnosti
Vodi rauna o svim podacima tipa
numerikih parametara za protokole, root
DNS servera, adresnog prostora
www.iana.org
10
ta je Internet?
Federal Networking Council (FNC) - Internet Resolution (1995):
Internet is a global information system that:
is logically linked together by a globally unique address space
based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions
or follow-ons;
is able to support communications using the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its
subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible
protocols;
provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately,
high level services layered on the communications and related
infrastructure described herein.
11
Service providers and Customers
Residential
users
Business
customers
Service
provider
(ISP)
12
Review of the Terms
Customers (users):

Residential
Residential - Net access from home or a small office (SOHO).

Business
Business - Net access from a corporate LAN/WAN.
Service providers:

Internet service providers (ISPs)

Internet service providers (ISPs) - provide access to residential,
business customers and other (downstream) ISPs.

Network service providers (

Network service providers (
NSPs
NSPs
)
) - provide global connectivity
(huge ISPs - MCI, ANS, UUNET, Sprintlink, PSI etc.).
Level of user/ISP connectivity:

Single
Single
-
-
homed
homed - a single link to the Internet (default).

Multi
Multi
-
-
homed
homed - multiple physical/logical links to the Internet.
13
Internet arhitektura
Users
Customer premises equipment
(CPE), using by end users to
access the Internet.
Access points (POPs)
Routers and access servers
which provide Internet access to
the end users.
Core
Set of routers and communication
networks which provides and
maintain global connectivity.
14
Arhitekture mrea (2 slojna)
15
Arhitekture mrea (3 slojna)
16
Internet Timeline
Genesis
ARPANET
US universities
&
US Army
1970.
Old Age
NSFnet
Creation of a
global network
1985.
Golden Age
NAP/GIX
Web, ISPs.
NSFnet shutdown
1993.
Internet
Future ...
vBNS / VPN
Internet as a
universal global
network
1996.
17
ARPANET - end of 1969
UCLA
UTAH
SRI
UCSB
50 kbit/s
50 kbit/s
50 kbit/s
50 kbit/s
Mainframe
Host
Mainframe
Host
Mainframe
Host
Mainframe
Host
18
The ARPANET
Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
19
ARPANET - later ...
CORE
IMP
IMP
IMP
IMP
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
IMP
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
IMP
56 kbit/s
Host
Gateway Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host Host
NCP
TCP/IP
20
ARPANET - bottleneck
CORE
IMP
IMP
IMP
IMP
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
IMP
56 kbit/s
56 kbit/s
IMP
56 kbit/s
Host
Gateway Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host Host
21
New network was born ...
IMP IMP
IMP Host
Gateway Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host Host
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Gateway
ARPANET
NSFNET
TCP/IP
22
NSFNET !!!
Host
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Gateway
Host
Host
Host
Gateway
Host Host
Host
Host
Host
NSFNET
Router Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
23
NSFNET - end of 1993
24
NSFNET - Architecture
CORE
ACCESS
USER
Ethernet
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Workstation
Minicomputer
Workstation
Router
Router
Campus #1
Campus #2
Campus #3
Campus net
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
25
First Commercial ISPs
NSFNET
Router Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Ethernet
Campus
network
UUnet
PSI
Router
Router
Router
SprintNet
Ethernet
SprintNet
router
PSI
router
UUnet
router
NAP
26
Goodbye, NSFNET!
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Ethernet
Campus
network
UUnet
PSI
Router
Router
Router
SprintNet
Router
Router
Router
ANS
Router
Router
Router
MCI
NAP
NAP
Router
Ethernet
Campus
network
Router
Ethernet
Campus
network
Router
Ethernet
Campus
network
Router
Ethernet
Campus
network
27
Interconnection of Backbone
ISP Networks
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
NAP
28
Path Choice
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
POP
NAP
0
.5
0
$
/M
B
0
.
1
5

$
/
M
B
No fee
N
o
fe
e
0
.
1
0

$
/
M
B
0.5$/MB
0.15 + 0 + 0.10 = 0.25 $/MB
29
Commercial Impact on the Global
Network
There is no such thing as global backbone any more!
There is no such thing as Internet core any more!
Backbone of the global network consists of backbone ISP networks,
mutually interconnected at the NAPs.
The core of the networks consists of routers, ATM switches and other
devices, located in the ISP backbones, preventing the global network
from splitting into parts.
Routing policies between major backbone ISPs determine the ways of
traffic flow on the Internet today.
Routing policies dont assure optimal routing - the main criterion for
the routing policy design is - the cost of the links!
30
Network Access Points
(NAPs)
1. NAPs in the USA:
Mae East (Sprint NAP) - East Coast
Mae West (Pac Bell NAP) - West Coast
MassachusettsIX - East Coast
SIX-Seattle Internet Exchange - West Coast
...
2. Major European NAPs:
D-GIX - Stockholm
AIX - Amsterdam
LINX London
...
http://
http://
www.ep.net
www.ep.net
/
/
31
32
33
34
35
36
Traffic on NAPs
New York
37
Traffic on NAPs
London
38
Traffic on NAPs
Japan
39
Where is the Internet Today?
Decentralized network topologically, politically ...
Country borders dont affect the network architecture!
Access to the same services everywhere, regardless of location.

No per
No per
-
-
destination charging
destination charging, like in classic telephone networks.
Customers and providers use/provide a set of agreed services
Over 100 million of hosts on the Internet today (rough estimate).
Pace of growth used to be exponential (hostcount statistics ...).
Nowadays, statistics show slightly slower increase of hostcount:
Statistics are based on various directory services and DNS.
Networks are not fully open firewalls and DNS access restrictions apply
Reliable Statistics on the real number of hosts not obtainable any more?
Nevertheless, traffic on the backbones constantly increases ...
40
Internet Services
Services are:
The main raison d raison d etre etre of any telecommunications network of any telecommunications network.
Traffic generators and bandwidth consumers !!!
Drivers of network development and growth ...
Revenue generators for service providers.
From the technical point of view:
All services use TCP/IP protocol suite as the underlying communications engine.
All services follow the same client-server communication principle.
Services are a matter of the contract between the ISP and user.
The ISP reserves the right to restrict some services by AUP, additional fees etc.
So far, we used to talk about classical Internet services:
Email, Web, Telnet derived from simple applications
Today, we must talk about
value
value
-
-
added
added services:
Services for residential customers (home business and fun).
Services for business customers (corporate solutions).
All value-added services based on classical Internet services.
41
Basic Services for Residential
Customers
Term Term services services here is equal to specific Internet appliances and applications. here is equal to specific Internet appliances and applications.
Basic services Basic services accessible almost everywhere in the Net.world: accessible almost everywhere in the Net.world:
Electronic mail ( Electronic mail (email email) )
Information store and retrieval ( Information store and retrieval (Web, ftp Web, ftp) )
Chat and interactive games ( Chat and interactive games (Talk, IRC, Talk, IRC, MUDs MUDs) )
On On- -line discussion ( line discussion (Usenet Usenet, , mailing lists mailing lists etc.) etc.)
User User- -to to- -user voice/video telephony ( user voice/video telephony (IPhone IPhone) )
Net.broadcasting ( Net.broadcasting (Real audio/video streaming Real audio/video streaming) )
Interactive access to remote hosts ( Interactive access to remote hosts (telnet telnet, , ssh ssh) )
Value Value- -added services: added services:
Telecommuting (access to corporate servers and services from hom Telecommuting (access to corporate servers and services from home) e)
Distance learning (broadcasts of academic lectures, vendor cours Distance learning (broadcasts of academic lectures, vendor courses etc.) es etc.)
Online shopping Online shopping
Small LAN (SOHO) interconnection Small LAN (SOHO) interconnection
Computer Computer- -telephony and computer telephony and computer- -TV integration (Internet access from TV etc.) TV integration (Internet access from TV etc.)
Value Value- -added services are based on one or more basic services added services are based on one or more basic services
(e.g. E (e.g. E- -commerce is mostly based on commerce is mostly based on Web Web) )
42
Services for Business
Customers
Term services services here has a broader term and often refers to value-added solutions.
Intranet solutions:
Services specifically designed for private corporate networks (intranets).
Networks - based on same principles and protocol suites as Internet.
Services based on classical Internet services (Email, Web etc.)
Differencies in implementation, AAA mechanisms for data access etc.
Objective document sharing, groupware etc.
Not interesting from the communications point of view.
Virtual private networks (VPNs):
Building private networks over a public network, like Internet.
Can be implemented using fixed lines or dial-in (VPDN).
Usually includes end-to-end data encryption solutions (VPN gateway, PKI servers ...)
Voice-over-IP (VoIP) solutions:
Telephony over corporate networks and/or Internet.
PBX interconnection.
Call processing, forwarding, recording, integration with voice recognition systems ...
43
Customer Networks
Local Area Networks (LAN):
Local Area Networks (LAN):
Ethernet most popular and almost ultimate technology!
Data rates: 10/100Mbps (desktop), 1Gbps (backbone), 10Gbps, 100Gbps (future?)
Alternatives: usage of WAN technologies in local-area (STM-n, ATM (rare))
Still used, but phased out partially or completely are FDDI and TokenRing.
New alternatives: DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), RPR (Resilient Packet Ring)!
Wide Area Networks (WAN):
Wide Area Networks (WAN):
Technologies: leased-lines, packet data networks.
Leased lines:
Analog up to 33.6 kbps
Digital 64 kbps to 622 Mbps (STM-4)
Packet data networks:
X.25 up to 64 kbps, slowly being phased out
Frame Relay
ATM
Virtual Private Networks
Virtual Private Networks
(VPN)
(VPN)
:
:
Use the public Internet as a transport network.
Can cover an arbitrary area.
Cheap implementation, minimal costs.
44
Access Networks
Traditional access networks: Traditional access networks:
Implemented using network access servers (NAS):
ISDN PRIs used on the ISP side (or analog line groups rare solution nowadays).
NASs on the ISP side - aggregate typically Nx30 dial-in customers at the same time.
ISDN BRI or POTS used on the customer side.
Maximum 64-128 kbps per one customer connection.
Advantages use the existing PSTN networks, no investments in infrastructure.
Disadvantages keeps PSTNs busy, while data rates are low (64 kbps).
Broadband access networks: Broadband access networks:
Cable networks:
Existing CATV networks are used to carry data, modulated within one or more TV channels.
Data rates may vary and depend on the number of users, typically reach 512 kbps per user.
Advantages: usage of existing CATV networks, independent of PSTN, online all the time ...
Disadvantages: bandwidth decreases with the number of users, RF interference ...
DSL networks:
Existing copper pairs between local phone exchange and users are used.
Data rates may go even to 51Mbps (ASDL), typically 1.5 2 Mbps.
Advantages: independence of PSTN, online all the time, high bandwidth
Disadvantages: copper pairs of good quality not available everywhere ...
45
Access Networks (2)
Wireless data access networks: Wireless data access networks:
Can be implemented as wireless LANs or wireless WANs.
Wireless LAN systems:
Indoor coverage, or coverage within a relatively small area (group of buildings).
Based on IEEE 802.11, WAVELAN and some other standards.
License-free bands (ISM 2.4 GHz), infrared or laser links typically used.
Useful where cabling might be a problem.
Disadvantage: possible interference with other systems, reflection, line-of-sight requirement ...
Wireless WAN systems:
Usage of existing cellular radio systems (e.g. GSM).
Currently max 14.4 kbps offered, 9.6 kbps achievable with most GSM operators.
Pricing issues some GSM operators have special tariffs for data communications.
User equipment: PC+GSM card, communicator/PDA, WAP-capable cell-phone ...
GPRS new generation of mobile data networks, standards defined by the GSM Forum.
GPRS will allow data rates up to 2 Mbps per customer.
UMTS specification defines even higher rates (UMTS operators licensing is in progress).
46
Access Networks - Overview
Dial-in ISDN customer
Dial-in POTS customer
xDSL customer
Cable customer
ISP PoP
Modem
PSTN
ISDN NTU
Network Access Server
POTS
(max 33.6k)
ISDN BRI
(max 128k)
Network Access Server
Network Access Server
ISDN PRI
(2B+D)
ISDN PRI
(2B+D)
ISDN PRI
(2B+D)
L
A
N

s
w
i
t
c
h
Router
Router
ISP
backbone
CATV network
Television
Cable
modem
DSL modem
Copper
pair
xDSL customer LAN
DSL modem
Copper
pair
Ethernet
DSLAM's
ATM-UNI
ATM-UNI
ATM-UNI
ATM
network
ATM-UNI
DSL Service
Concentrator
L
A
N

s
w
i
t
c
h
Network Access Server
GSM
network
ISDN PRI
(2B+D)
Cell phones
47
ISP Networks
Backbone
Server
Farm
Network
management
Access Network
POP #2
POP #3
POP #4
POP #1
POP #5
Links to
peer ISPs
Backbone
devices & trunks
Users
Users
Users
Users
ISPs ISPs
48
Backbone Technologies
LAN technologies (PoPs, NAPs): LAN technologies (PoPs, NAPs):
Fast and Gigabit Ethernet (0.1 Fast and Gigabit Ethernet (0.1- -1Gbps) 1Gbps) almost ultimate PoP LAN technologies today.
10Gbps Ethernet 10Gbps Ethernet developed, implemented on biggest sites.
WAN technologies (backbone lines): WAN technologies (backbone lines):
E3 (34 Mbps) or T3 (45 Mbps) leased lines: E3 (34 Mbps) or T3 (45 Mbps) leased lines:
Used in national or regional level backbones.
POS (Packet Over SONET/SDH) POS (Packet Over SONET/SDH) STM STM- -1 1 - - STM STM- -64 (OC3 64 (OC3 OC48) OC48):
Offering from 155 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
OC768/STM-256 (40 Gbps) is expected to be offered by some vendors in 2001-2002.
By default, SONET or SDH networks are used, on top of dark fibre or DWDM.
Some vendors (Cisco, Juniper) offer POS interfaces capable of being used over DWDM networks
directly.
IP over ATM IP over ATM:
Not considered as a major backbone technology nowadays.
Reasons: high price, complex troubleshooting, hi-speed ports (STM-16, STM-64) not available.
Long Long- -haul Fast and Gigabit Ethernet (0.1 haul Fast and Gigabit Ethernet (0.1- -1Gbps) 1Gbps) mostly metropolitain area.
DPT and RPR (IEEE 802.17) DPT and RPR (IEEE 802.17) seen as a successor of FDDI (FDDI on steroids).
Double-ring (FDDI-like) topology, provides advanced self-protection mechanisms.
Can run over standard PDH, SDH or DWDM networks.
Speed not constrained, practical implementations up to 622 Mbps.
49
Backbone Interconnectivity
In order to exchange traffic, ISPs must be connected to each other.
Every ISP should consider:
Buying transit connectivity from one or more larger-sized ISPs (a must for
business!)
Interconnecting (for free!) its network with other local ISPs of the same size:
Not a must for business and not always achievable (politics ...).
National ISPs should be interconnected to other national ISPs in the same country.
Same goes for regional ISPs they should interconnect with other partners in the
region.
Exceptional case are International backbone ISPs:
Example: UUnet, CW (MCI), KPNQwest (EUnet), GTS (Ebone), Sprint ...
They dont buy transit service from anyone (they are transit transit- -free free).
They interconnect their network (for free!) with other backbone ISPs.
Interconnection between backbones is usually called peering peering.
Peering Peering can be:
Public Public implementing by bringing backbone routers to the public IX/NAPs.
Private Private usually a leased line or local cable between two backbones.
50
Private and Public Peering
A Big Picture
Hamburg
Munich
Barcelona
Madrid
Lisbon
Edinbourgh
Dublin
AMS-IX
Amsterdam
Private
peering
LINX
London
PARIX
Paris
Private
peering
Public
peering
51
Backbones and NAPs - Example
ESPANIX ESPANIX
CERN CERN
AMS AMS- -IX IX
PARIX PARIX
DE DE- -CIX CIX
52
Typical NAP Architecture
Ethernet
or
ATM
switch
AS3561
(CW/MCI)
ISP
Routers
AS286
(KPNQwest)
AS3300
(AUCS)
AS1755
(GTS/Ebone)
AS5511
(GlobalOne)
AS3320
(DTAG)
53
Internet Routing
Protocol responsible for routing is IP ( IP (Internet Protocol Internet Protocol) ).
Connectionless!
Based on hop hop- -by by- -hop hop paradigm, each router being a hop.
Source and destination address carried within the IP header.
The router looks the destination address and forwards the packet to the next hop.
We distinguish between packet routing packet routing and packet forwarding packet forwarding:
Forwarding Forwarding sending the packet from one router to another, based on various
params.
Routing Routing complex process, includes routing info exchange among routers.
Always follows the same path, regardless of service used.
No guaranted QoS!
Within one backbone, QoS can be controlled using various mechanisms:
On ATM backbones by defining various QoS classes.
On pure IP backbones queueing, traffic shaping, per-service rate limiting, MPLS ...
Between two different ISP backbones Between two different ISP backbones no guarantees for QoS at all! no guarantees for QoS at all!
54
New York London
Paris Wash DC
Source
Destin
New York London
Paris Wash DC
Source
Destin
Routing Between Backbones
Hot potato routing: Hot potato routing:
Popular in early days of Internet (NSFNET).
Principle get rid of the packet ASAP.
Give the packet away at the first possible hop to
the peering partner
Advantage if backbone capacities are a problem.
Disadvantage, if strict QoS control is needed.
Cold potato routing: Cold potato routing:
Preferred strategy nowadays
Principle keep the packet within your own
backbone as long as possible.
Advantage, better QoS control!
Disadvantage, if backbone capacities are a
problem.
55
Example Routing Scenario
AS 1755
AS 702
AS 5511
AS11
Backbone ISP
AS25
Regional ISP
AS2190
Customer
RTT: 600 ms
RTT: 30ms
8

M
b
p
s
8

M
b
p
s
2

M
b
p
s
2

M
b
p
s
AS Path
11 2190
AS Path
11 25 2190
Shorter AS path is followed! Shorter AS path is followed!
Result: RTT = 600 ms !!! Result: RTT = 600 ms !!!
56
Desired Scenario ...
AS 1755
AS 702
AS 5511
AS11
Backbone ISP
AS25
Regional ISP
AS2190
Customer
RTT: 600 ms
RTT: 30ms
8

M
b
p
s
8

M
b
p
s
2

M
b
p
s
2

M
b
p
s
Web, Ftp
...
VoIP, Telnet
...
Use VSAT for Web, Ftp ... Use VSAT for Web, Ftp ...
Use terrestrial for VoIP, Telnet ... Use terrestrial for VoIP, Telnet ...
57
Need for QoS
Users experience packet loss, delays etc.
Routers need some time for processing IP packets (forwarding) ...
Routing always follows the same path, regardless of service used ...
Some Internet services are delay or throughput sensitive:
File-transfer oriented services, like Web, Ftp, Usenet etc. need throughput!
VoIP, Real video/audio and other interactive services are delay-sensitive!
For voice delays over 100 ms cause a significant degradation!
Customers need firm QoS agreement with their ISPs.
Service level agreements (SLA) Service level agreements (SLA):
Defined between the customer and their ISP.
May include strict boundaries on delay, throuput, (un)availability etc.
Care must be taken to define realistic values, within the laws of physics:
RTT of 80-90 ms over transatlantic trunks is a realistic value.
RTT of 40 ms over transtlantic trunks is not realistic (speed of light !!!).
What can an ISP do about it?
What can an ISP do about it?
58
Solutions
Various vendors tried to overcome defficiencies of IP.
IETF QoS architecture called Integrated Services Integrated Services and DiffServ DiffServ (mid-90s):
Introduced service classes and protocols to classify packets into them.
ReSource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP):
Allows applications to send QoS requests to the network and reserve resources.
Once the reservation is made, routers create a flow.
Tag switching (introduced by Cisco):
Each route and each packet is being marked with a tag, once it gets into the network.
The router compares the tags and forwards only according to their values.
The router doesnt consult its forwarding table.
Implementation of forwarding algorithm in hardware:
Most router vendors used to implement IP forwarding in software.
Juniper forwarding algorithm in an ASIC chip, routing protocols still in software.
This doesnt solve the QoS problem just speeds up forwarding!
A vendor-independent solution has been seeked and found lately MPLS!
59
MPLS - Labels
Brings some ATM capabilities into a pure IP network.
Each IP datagram gets a fixed (shim) label.
Label being carried between L2 and L3 packet.
Labels treated like ATM VPI/VCI pairs in an ATM network or FR DLCIs.
Preamb.
(8B)
Destin.
(6B)
Source
(6B)
Type
(2B)
Data (46-1500B)
CRC
(4B)
Ethernet frame:
IP packet IP packet
Protocol Data (variable) Padding
PPP frame:
Lab Lab
60
MPLS Principle of Operation
1
1
0
LSR1
LSR2
LSR4
LSR3
10.12.32.1 ...
D.A.
D.A. - Destination Address
10.12.32.1 ... 4
10.12.32.1 ... 6
In
label
Out
label
prefix
3
4
1
6
10.23.2.14
10.12.32.1
0
1
In
label
Out
label
prefix
int
x
x
3
4
10.23.2.14
10.12.32.1
1
1
int
5 10.3.21.0 1 x
5 3 10.3.21.0 0
61
MPLS Result
(Virtual circuits within an IP network)
data transfer
data transfer
VOIP
video conferencing
video conferencing
MPLS MPLS
domain domain
62
Problem Leaving MPLS Domain
(Virtual circuits within an IP network)
AS45 AS45
MPLS not MPLS not
enabled enabled
AS25 AS25
MPLS enabled MPLS enabled
Site A
Site B
Hot Hot - -potato potato
routing routing
No QoS No QoS
control, control,
despite of despite of
MPLS MPLS
Cold Cold- -potato potato
routing routing
Better QoS Better QoS
control control
using MPLS using MPLS
63
MPLS Between Routing Domains
BGP protocol used for interdomain routing.
BGP can pass MPLS information between two autonomous
systems.
Peering agreements still unaware of MPLS.
Reason no SLA between big backbone ISPs (UUnet, ANS ...):
SLAs can be defined easily for customers.
How to define SLAs for peers, since peers dont pay service to each other?
A serious problem!
Matter of discussion among huge backbone ISPs today.
64
A Look into the Future (1)
Access: Access:
Ubiquitous access to data, voice, video ...
Broadband access from home:
DSL
Fibre to the home (more and more popular prices Stockholm ...)
Color to the home (DWDM)? Why not?
Wireless access from the train ... (still not recommended in plains,
though).
Backbone: Backbone:
IN: IN: IP over DWDM, but also IP over SONET/SDH.
OUT: OUT: IP over ATM!
IP forwarding implemented in hardware, maybe even at optical layer!
Juniper already implemented IP forwarding in hardware (ASIC).
Terabit and Petabit (1000 Tb) data rate possible (physics ...)?
65
A Look into the Future (2)
Problems to be solved:
Problems to be solved:
QoS end-to-end
Network management
Traffic measurement
Network security
IP address depletion
(IPv6)
66
67
C&W global cable systems
68
C&W USA cable systems
69
C&W Europe cable systems
70
C&W UK cable systems
71
C&W Asian network
72
SPRINT Europe network
73
SPRINT
SPRINT

USA network
USA network
74
SPRINT Asia network
75
Thanks!