Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire (fa) (ur)

15261857

Flag

The Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb c. 1700

Capital Agra (15261571) Fatehpur Sikri (15711585) Lahore (15851598) Agra (15981648) Shahjahanabad (16481857) Persian (official and court [1] language) Chagatai Turkic (only initially) Urdu (later on) Islam Absolute monarchy, unitary state with federal structure

Language(s)

Religion Government

Emperor

Mughal Empire

2
- 15261530 - 18371857 Historical era -Battle of Panipat -Indian Rebellion Area -1700 Population -1700 est. Density Currency 150000000 46.9/km2 (121.4/sqmi) Rupee 3200000km2 (1235527sqmi) Babur (first) Bahadur Shah II (last) Early modern 21 April 1526 10 May 1857

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Timurid dynasty Delhi Sultanate Suri dynasty Adil Shahi dynasty Sultanate of Bengal Deccan Sultanates

Maratha Empire Durrani Empire Hotaki dynasty British Raj Hyderabad State Nawab of Carnatic Nawab of Bengal Nawab of Awadh Kingdom of Mysore Bharatpur State

Today part of

India Pakistan Bangladesh Afghanistan [2]

Population source:

The Mughal Empire (Persian: , Shhn-e Moul, self-designation: , Grkn;[3] Urdu: , Sultanate-e-Mughliya),[4] or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power in the Indian subcontinent from about 1526 to 1761 (though it lingered for another century). The Mughal emperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. At the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the subcontinentextending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).[2] The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with the accession of Akbar the Great. Under his rule, India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as religious harmony. Akbar was a successful warrior; he also forged martial alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but they were subdued by Akbar.

Mughal Empire The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, was the golden age of Mughal architecture and the arts. He erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Pearl Mosque, the Red Fort, Jama Masjid (Mosque), and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expansion during the reign of Aurangzeb. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, ruling over more than 150 million subjects, nearly 1/4th of the world's population, with a combined GDP of over $90 billion.[2][5] By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had ravaged the Mughal provinces from the Deccan to Bengal, and internal dissatisfaction (as well as separatist agendas from the Rajputs, Sikhs, and Jats) arose due to the weakness of the Mughal Empire's administrative and economic systems. In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire was defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah. Mughal power was severely limited. The last emperor, Bahadur Shah II had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad. He supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was overthrown by the British, and the last remnants of the empire were taken over by the British Raj.

Early history
The name Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids, the Central Asian steppes once conquered by Genghis Khan and hence known as Moghulistan, "Land of Mongols". Although early Mughals spoke the Chagatai language and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentially Persianized[6] and transferred the Persian literary and high culture[6] to India, thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture and the Spread of Islam in South Asia.[6][7] Zahir ud-din Muhammad Babur acquired Kabulistan in 1504, and decided to regain the territories in Hindustan held once by Turks. He started his exploratory raids from September 1519 when he visited the Indo-Afghan borders to suppress the rising by Yusufzai tribes. He undertook similar raids up to 1524 and had established his base camp at Peshawar. Finally in 1526 in his fifth attempt, Babur defeated the last of the Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat. To secure his newly founded kingdom, Babur then had to face the formidable Rajput Rana Sanga of Chittor, at the Battle of Khanwa. Rana Sanga offered stiff resistance but was defeated.[8]

A dagger from the Mughal Empire with hilt in jade, gold, rubies and emeralds. Blade of damascened steel inlaid with gold.

Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but suffered reversals at the hands of the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri and lost most of the fledgling empire before it could grow beyond a minor regional state. From 1540, Humayun became ruler in exile, reaching the court of the Safavid rule in 1554 while his force still controlled some fortresses and small regions. During 15531556, the Hindu king, Hemu Vikramaditya acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of the Mughal Emperor Akbar at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals reestablished their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat.[9] Humayun crossed the rough terrain of the Makran with his wife until their son Akbar was born in the fortress of Umarkot in Sind. The resurgent Humayun then conquered the central plateau around Delhi, but months later died in an accident, leaving the realm unsettled and in war. Akbar succeeded his father on 14 February 1556. He became known as Akbar, as he was a wise ruler, setting high but fair taxes. He was more inclusive in his approach to the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire. He investigated the production in a certain area and taxed inhabitants one-fifth of their agricultural produce. He also set up an efficient bureaucracy and was tolerant of religious differences which softened the resistance by the locals. He made alliances with Rajputs and appointed native generals and administrators. Later in life, he devised his own brand of syncretic philosophy based on tolerance.[10]

Mughal Empire Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar, ruled the empire from 16051627. In October 1627, Shah Jahan, son of Emperor Jahangir succeeded to the throne, where he inherited a vast and rich empire. At mid-century this was perhaps the greatest empire in the world. Shah Jahan commissioned the famous Taj Mahal (16301653) in Agra which was built by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri as a tomb for Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birth to their 14th child. By the late 17th century, the empire reached its peak under the leadership of Aurangzeb Alamgir when it included almost all of present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and most of Afghanistan.[11]

Mughal dynasty
The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the early 18th century. Founded in 1526, it officially survived until 1858, when it was supplanted by the British Raj. The dynasty is sometimes referred to as the Timurid dynasty as Babur was descended from Timur.

A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II to celebrate the feast of the Eid ul-Fitr in 1843.

The Mughal dynasty was founded when Babur, hailing from Ferghana (Modern Uzbekistan), invaded parts of northern India and defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. The Mughal Empire superseded the Delhi Sultanate as rulers of northern India. In time, the state thus founded by Babur far exceeded the bounds of the Delhi Genealogy of the Mughal Dynasty Sultanate, eventually encompassing a major portion of India and earning the appellation of Empire. A brief interregnum (15401555) during the reign of Babur's son, Humayun, saw the rise of the Afghan Suri Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri, a competent and efficient ruler in his own right. However, Sher Shah's untimely death and the military incompetence of his successors enabled Humayun to regain his throne in 1555. However, Humayun died a few months later, and was succeeded by his son, the 13-year-old Akbar the Great.

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The greatest part of the Mughal expansion was accomplished during the reign of Akbar (15561605). The empire was maintained as the dominant force of the present-day Indian subcontinent for a hundred years further by his successors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The first six emperors, who enjoyed power both de jure and de facto, are usually referred to by just one name, a title adopted upon his accession by each emperor. The relevant title is bolded in the list below. Akbar the Great initiated certain important policies, such as religious liberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusion of natives in the affairs of the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Rajputs, that were innovative for his milieu; he also adopted some policies of Sher Shah Suri, such as the division of the empire into sarkar raj, in his administration of the empire. These policies, which undoubtedly served to maintain the power and stability of the empire, were preserved by his two immediate successors but were discarded by Emperor Aurangzeb who spent nearly his entire career expanding his realm, beyond the Urdu Belt, into the Deccan and South India, as well as into Assam in the east; this venture provoked resistance from the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Ahoms.

By the year 1690, at it zenith the realms of the Mughal Empire spanned from Kabul to Central [12] Southern India. .

Decline
The main outside force contributing to the destruction of the Mughal Empire was the Hindu Maratha Empire. Chatrapati Shivaji declared "Hindu Swarajya" (Independence for Hindus) and raised an army that could outfight the larger Mughal armies. Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav, one by one, eliminated most of the Mughal generals.[13] Mountstart Elphinstone call this period a demolishing period for "Mussalmans" with many of them losing spirit to fight against the Maratha Army. In 1706, just a few months before Aurangzeb's death, his son Prince Bakht was routed by Maratha General Dhanaji in South Gujarat.[14] Defeats of the imperial army brought disgrace to the throne, and its helplessness was apparent after Aurangzeb's death. Maratha Prime Minister Peshwa made deep inroads ravaging Mughal outposts in much of the Indian Subcontinent in the subsequent years. After Aurangzeb's death, Shivaji's grandson Shahu was released by the Mughals, which brought some peace between the Marathas and Mughals. However, the Marathas continued to expand their Empire.[15] Peshwa Vishwanath Balaji Rao ravaged Mughal Deccan territory and forced the Mughal emperor to make "Chatrapati Shahu" the viceroy of Deccan.[16] It was, however,Vishwanath's son Baji Rao I who is credited with overthrowing Mughal control from Tamilnadu to the Punjab and from Bengal to Sindh; Sir Jadunath Sarka calls him the "Second Shivaji".[17] Assuming the post of Peshwa at 19 years age, he started invading northern Mughal strongholds. In 1728, he defeated Nizam in the Battle of Palked, and in 1729, defeated Muhammad Khan Bangash at Bundelakhand.[18] None of the Muslim generals were able to stop him, and by 1735, he had annexed Rajasthan and Bundelkhand.[19] In 1737, he invaded and plundered Delhi itself. Under Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, he sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the Imperial Mughal Army fled.[20][21] In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. The final blow came from Nadir Shah in 1739.[22]. For the next century the Mughal emperors had authority only over Delhi. In 1857, Emperor Bahadur Shah IIa mystic who led a renaissance in poetrysupported the great rebellion. He was overthrown by the British, his sons killed, and the last remnant of the Mughal empire was absorbed into the British Raj.[23]

Mughal Empire Historiography Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1690 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. In fiscal terms the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. The imperial army, bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive Marathas, lost its fighting spirit. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. After the execution of emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region.[24] Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation.[25] Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. The psychological interpretations emphasize depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge. A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasizes excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime.[26] Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British.[27] In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu Rajputs revolted against Muslim rule.[28] Finally other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court.[29]

List of Mughal emperors

Emperor Birth Reign Period 15261530 Death Notes

Babur

Feb 23, 1483

Dec 26, 1530 Jan 1556 May 1545 1554

Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Timur and was the founder of the Mughal Empire after his victories at the Battle of Panipat (1526) ad the Battle of Khanwa.

Humayun

Mar 6, 1508 1472

15301540

Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri. Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty.

Sher Shah Suri Islam Shah Suri Humayun

15401545

c.1500

15451554

2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration. Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 15301540; left unified empire for his son, Akbar.

Mar 6, 1508 Nov 14, 1542

15551556

Jan 1556

Akbar

15561605

Oct 27, He and Bairam Khan defeat Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famous 1605 victories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort. 1627 Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the British East India Company. Reportedly was an alcoholic, and his wife Empress Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled in his place. Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb.

Jahangir

Oct 1569

16051627

Shah Jahan

Jan 5, 1592

16271658

1666

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Oct 21, 1618 16581707 Mar 3, 1707 He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured the diamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by Mansabdars, and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his own styles of calligraphy. he died during a campaign against the ravaging Marathas in the Deccan. First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors. Was an unpopular incompetent titular figurehead;

Aurangzeb

Bahadur Shah Oct 14, I 1643

17071712

Feb 1712

Jahandar Shah Furrukhsiyar

1664

17121713

Feb 1713 1719

1683

17131719

His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of the rebellious Banda In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Company granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal, the Firman was repudiated by the notable Murshid Quli Khan.

Rafi Ul-Darjat Rafi Ud-Daulat Nikusiyar Muhammad Ibrahim Muhammad Shah

Unknown 1719

1719

Unknown 1719

1719

Unknown 1719 Unknown 1720

1743 1744

1702

17191720, 17201748

1748

Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Countered the emergence of the renegade Marathas and lost large tracts of Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in [30] 1739. His Grand Vizier Safdarjung was responsible for the Mughal Civil War, during which Mughal forces massacred by the Maratha during the Battle of Sikandarabad; The Mughal Empire had impulsively began to re-centralize after subjects anxiously sought his gratification, he was murdered according to the conspiracy of the unscrupulous Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and his schismatic Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau; Was ordained to the imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau who went on to loot the Mughal heartlands, he was generally regarded as an usurper and was overthrown after the Third Battle of Panipat by Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht. Was nominated as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat. Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal,Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Treaty of Allahabad. Hyder Ali becomes Nawab of Mysore in 1761. Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathas during the Third Battle of Panipat; The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799; He was the last Mughal Emperor to preside effective control over the empire. He designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, Although he was under British protection his imperial name was removed from the official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company; The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. End of Mughal dynasty.

Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II

1725

174854

1775

1699

17541759

1759

Shah Jahan III

Unknown In 1759

1772

Shah Alam II

1728

17591806

1806

Akbar Shah II 1760

18061837

1837

Bahadur Shah 1775 II

18371857

1862

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Influence on the Indian subcontinent

Mughal influence on South Asian art and culture
A major Mughal contribution to the Indian subcontinent was their unique architecture. Many monuments were built by the Muslim emperors, especially Shahjahan, during the Mughal era including the UNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, which is known to be one of the finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sites include Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, the Red Fort, the Agra Fort, and the Lahore Fort The palaces, tombs, and forts built by the dynasty stands today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri, Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.[31] With few memories of Central Asia, Babur's descendents absorbed traits and customs of the Indian Subcontinent,[32] and became more or less naturalised. Mughal influence can be seen in cultural contributions such as: Centralised, imperialistic government which brought together many smaller kingdoms.[33] Persian art and culture amalgamated with Indian art and culture.[34] New trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands.
Mir Sayyid Ali, writing a commentary on the Quran, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.

The development of Mughlai cuisine.[35] Mughal Architecture found its way into local Indian architecture, most conspicuously in the palaces built by Rajputs and Sikh rulers.

Landscape gardening Although the land the Mughals once ruled has separated into what is now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, their influence can still be seen widely today. Tombs of the emperors are spread throughout India, Afghanistan,[36] and Pakistan. The Mughal artistic tradition was eclectic, borrowing from the European Renaissance as well as from Persian and Indian sources. Kumar concludes, "The Mughal painters borrowed individual motifs and certain naturalistic effects from Renaissance and Mannerist painting, but their structuring principle was derived from Indian and Persian traditions."[37]

Urdu language
Although Persian was the dominant and "official" language of the empire, the language of the elite later evolved into a form known as Urdu. Highly Persianized and also influenced by Arabic and Turkic, the language was written in a type of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq, and with literary conventions and specialized vocabulary being retained from Persian, Arabic and Turkic; the new dialect was eventually given its own name of Urdu. Compared with Hindi, the Urdu language draws more vocabulary from Persian and Arabic (via Persian) and (to a much lesser degree) from Turkic languages where Hindi draws vocabulary from Sanskrit more heavily.[38] Modern Hindi, which uses Sanskrit-based vocabulary along with Urdu loan words from Persian and Arabic, is mutually intelligible with Urdu.[39] Today, Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and also an important co-official language in India.

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Mughal society
The Indian economy remained as prosperous under the Mughals as it was, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency, together with the unification of the country.[40] Manufactured goods and peasant-grown cash crops were sold throughout the world. Key industries included shipbuilding (the Indian shipbuilding industry was as advanced as the European, and Indians sold ships to European A silver coin made during the reign of the firms), textiles, and steel. The Mughals maintained a small fleet, which Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. merely carried pilgrims to Mecca, imported a few Arab horses in Surat. Debal in Sindh was mostly autonomous. The Mughals also maintained various river fleets of Dhows, which transported soldiers over rivers and fought rebels. Among its admirals were Yahya Saleh, Munnawar Khan, and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh. The Mughals also protected the Siddis of Janjira. Its sailors were renowned and often voyaged to China and the East African Swahili Coast, together with some Mughal subjects carrying out private-sector trade. Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals; however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres.[41] Only those guilds which produced goods for the bureaucracy made goods in the towns; most industry was based in rural areas. The Mughals also built Maktabs in every province under their authority, where youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law such as the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri in their indigenous languages. The Bengal region was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 to the seizure of control by the British East India Company in 1765.[42] In a system where most wealth was hoarded by the elites, wages were low for manual labour. Slavery was limited largely to household servants. However some religious cults proudly asserted a high status for manual labour.[43] The nobility was a heterogeneous body; while it primarily consisted of Rajput aristocrats and foreigners from Muslim countries, people of all castes and nationalities could gain a title from the emperor. The middle class of openly affluent traders consisted of a few wealthy merchants living in the coastal towns; the bulk of the merchants pretended to be poor to avoid taxation. The bulk of the people were poor. The standard of living of the poor was as low as, or somewhat higher than, the standard of living of the Indian poor under the British Raj; whatever benefits the British brought with canals and modern industry were neutralized by rising population growth, high taxes, and the collapse of traditional industry in the nineteenth century.

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Science and technology

Astronomy
While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers continued to make advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi. The instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from the Islamic tradition.[46][47] In particular, one of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the seamless celestial globe.

Alchemy
Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal Alchemy and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire.

Muhammad Salih Thattvi headed the task of creating a seamless celestial globe using a secret wax casting method, the famous celestial globe was also inscribed with Arabic and Persian [44][45] inscriptions. .

Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV.[]

Technology
Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed a volley gun.[48] Akbar was the first to initiate and utilize metal cylinder rockets known as bans particularly against War elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal.[49] In the year 1657, the Mughal Army utilized rockets during the Siege of Bidar.[50] Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and grenades while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan himself was mortally wounded after a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot and after twenty-seven day's of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the victorious Mughals.[50] Later onward's the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets utilized during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. Hyder Ali realized the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. These rockets turned fortunes in favor of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War particularly during the Battle of Pollilur.[51]

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Gallery

The Bazaar outside the Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore.

A Mughal War elephant guarding the gateway to the Grand Mosque in Mathura.

Muslims entering a Grand Mosque in the Mughal Empire.

Mughal troopers purchase copper utensils in the Bazaar.

References
History of the Mongols

Before Genghis Khan Khamag Mongol Mongol Empire Khanates - Chagatai Khanate - Golden Horde - Ilkhanate - Yuan Dynasty Northern Yuan Timurid Empire Mughal Empire Crimean Khanate Khanate of Sibir Nogai Horde Astrakhan Khanate Kazan Khanate Zunghar Khanate Mongolia during Qing Outer Mongolia (1911-1919) Republic of China (Occupation of Mongolia)

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Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia) Modern Mongolia Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) People's Republic of China (Inner Mongolia) Republic of Buryatia Kalmyk Republic Hazara Mongols Aimak Mongols Timeline
[52]

[1] Conan, Michel (2007). Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity : Questions, Methods and Resources in a Multicultural Perspective, Volume 31. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p.235. ISBN978-0884023296. [2] Richards, John F. (March 26, 1993). Johnson, Gordon; Bayly, C. A.. eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.1, 190. doi:10.2277/0521251192. ISBN978-0521251198. [3] Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (September 10, 2002). Thackston, Wheeler M.. ed. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Modern Library. p.xlvi. ISBN978-0375761379. "In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temr's title Gurkn, the Persianized form of the Mongolian krgn, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess." [4] Balfour, E.G. (1976). Encyclopaedia Asiatica: Comprising Indian-subcontinent, Eastern and Southern Asia. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. S. 460, S. 488, S. 897. ISBN978-8170203254. [5] Warrior Empire: The Mughals (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=P-Ygz9VbiE0) (DVD). The History Channel. October 31, 2006. . [6] Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20: "The Mughals Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India" [7] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ itc/ mealac/ pritchett/ 00islamlinks/ ikram/ part2_10. html [8] Jeremy Black, "The Mughals Strike Twice," History Today (Apr 2012) 62#4 pp 22-26 [9] Jeremy Black, "The Mughals Strike Twice," History Today (Apr 2012) 62#4 pp 22-26 [10] Ahmad Bashir, Akbar the Great Mughul: His New Policy and His New Religion (2009) [11] Fergus Nicoll, Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor (2009) [12] "The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East - Marguerite Eyer Wilbur, The East India Company - Google Books" (http:/ / books. google. com. pk/ books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA175& lpg=PA175& dq=baharji+ borah& source=bl& ots=AlYwMkBwb6& sig=KpQbE7bMcMILePXasygPjYd6Xkk& hl=en& ei=ahnNTtnqEOHb4QSUtZ1S& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CCoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=cape comorin& f=false). Books.google.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-04-29. [13] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=1VgOAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA663& dq=santaji+ mogul+ elphinstone& hl=en& sa=X& ei=VfTST5-eAYaJrAfmsI38Dw& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false [14] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC& pg=PA842& dq=dhanaji+ 1706+ prince& hl=en& sa=X& ei=0fTST8akE46GrAf0v9T8Dw& ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=dhanaji%201706%20prince& f=false [15] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC& pg=PA70& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X& ei=yvXST8v9MMHsrAfV36j8Dw& ved=0CEEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false [16] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC& pg=PA70& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X& ei=yvXST8v9MMHsrAfV36j8Dw& ved=0CEEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false [17] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC& pg=PA11& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X& ei=WvbST-3aCIy0rAe6vsD8Dw& ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false [18] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC& pg=PA12& dq=bajirao+ 1728+ palkhed+ nizam& hl=en& sa=X& ei=tf_ST9u-B8yqrAfXuaj8Dw& ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=bajirao%201728%20palkhed%20nizam& f=false [19] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC& pg=PA11& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X& ei=WvbST-3aCIy0rAe6vsD8Dw& ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false [20] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC& pg=PA295& dq=amir+ khan+ baji+ rao+ delhi& hl=en& sa=X& ei=4ffST8iGA5CurAe21PX7Dw& ved=0CE4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=amir%20khan%20baji%20rao%20delhi& f=false [21] http:/ / www. google. co. in/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q=amir+ khan+ baji+ rao+ delhi& btnG= [22] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=1pMxAQAAMAAJ& pg=PA685& dq=baji+ rao+ delhi+ six+ hundred& hl=en& sa=X& ei=5PjST87nMcPjrAe995H8Dw& ved=0CEoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=baji%20rao%20delhi%20six%20hundred& f=false [23] William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal (2007)

Mughal Empire
[24] J. F. Richards, "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy," Comparative Studies in Society and History, (1981) 23#2 pp. 285-308 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 178737) [25] Sir William Wilson Hunter (1908). Imperial gazetteer of India (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=QYlDAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA107). Clarendon Press. p.107. . [26] Irfan Habib, "Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India," Journal of Economic History (1969) 29#1 pp. 32-78 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 2115498) [27] Karen Leonard, "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire', Comparative Studies in Society and History (1979) 21#2 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 178414) [28] Robert C. Hallissey, The Rajput Rebellion against Aurangzib (U. of Missouri Press, 1977) [29] Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C). pp.1723. . [30] S. N. Sen (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. pp.1113,4143. ISBN8122417744. [31] Ross Marlay, Clark D. Neher. 'Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders' pp.269 ISBN 0847684423 [32] webindia123.com-Indian History-Medieval-Mughal Period-AKBAR (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ history/ MEDIEVAL/ mughal period/ mughal2. htm) [33] "Mughal Empire MSN Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kx6SG3s9). Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761564252/ mughal_empire. html) on 2009-11-01. . [34] Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650) (http:/ / www. soas. ac. uk/ southasia/ research/ nilc/ indopersian/ ) [35] Mughlai Recipes, Mughlai Dishes Cuisine, Mughlai Food (http:/ / www. indianfoodforever. com/ mughlai/ ) [36] The garden of Bagh-e Babur : Tomb of the Mughal emperor (http:/ / www. afghanistan-photos. com/ crbst_36. html) [37] R. Siva Kumar, "Modern Indian Art: a Brief Overview," Art Journal (1999) 58#3 pp 14+. [38] "A Brief Hindi Urdu FAQ" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071202103338/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ sikmirza/ arabic/ hindustani. html). sikmirza. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. geocities. com/ sikmirza/ arabic/ hindustani. html) on 2007-12-02. . Retrieved 2008-05-20. [39] Urdu Dictionary Project is Under Threat : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN (http:/ / pakistaniat. com/ 2009/ 07/ 23/ urdu-dictionary-project-is-under-threat/ ) [40] John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire (1996) pp 185-204 [41] K. N. Chaudhuri, "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India," Modern Asian Studies (1978) 12#1 pp. 77-96 [42] Tirthankar1 Roy, "Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy," Past & Present (Nov 2011) 213#1 pp 115-146 [43] Shireen Moosvi, "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c.15001750)," International Review of Social History (Dec 2011) Supplement S, Vol. 56 Issue S19, pp 245-261 [44] Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. [45] Kazi, Najma (24 November 2007). "Seeking Seamless Scientific Wonders: Review of Emilie Savage-Smith's Work" (http:/ / www. muslimheritage. com/ topics/ default. cfm?articleID=832). FSTC Limited. . Retrieved 2008-02-01. [46] Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., pp.89, ISBN8120812565 [47] Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York Press, pp.829, ISBN0791429199 [48] Bag, A. K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu". Indian Journal of History of Science (New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy) 40 (3): 431436. ISSN0019-5235. [49] Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 - YouTube (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Lbzr26t8H2U) [50] "The Mughal Empire - Ishwari Prasad - Google Books" (http:/ / books. google. com. pk/ books?id=yAJuAAAAMAAJ& q=aurangzeb+ bidar+ rocket& dq=aurangzeb+ bidar+ rocket& hl=en& sa=X& ei=cXo1T5DDFcXP-ga3nPjsAQ& ved=0CE0Q6AEwBg). Books.google.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-04-29. [51] Roddam Narasimha (1985). "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D." (http:/ / www. nal. res. in/ pages/ rocketsdet. htm). National Aerospace Laboratories, India. . Retrieved 30 November 2011. [52] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Template:History

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Further reading
Alam, Muzaffar. Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh & the Punjab, 1707-48 (1988) Ali, M. Athar. "The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case," Modern Asian Studies (1975) 9#3 pp. 385-396 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/311728), on the causes of its colapse Black, Jeremy. "The Mughals Strike Twice," History Today (April 2012) 62#4 pp 22-26. full text online Blake, Stephen P. "The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals," Journal of Asian Studies (1979) 39#1 pp. 77-94 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2053505) Dale, Stephen F. The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals (Cambridge U.P. 2009) Dalrymple, William (2007). The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi, 1857 (http://books.google.com/ books?id=zlEDvkhEmL8C). Random House Digital, Inc.. Faruqui, Munis D. "The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (2005) 48#4 pp 487-523 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor. org/stable/25165118), on Akbar and his brother Gommans; Jos. Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 (Routledge, 2002) online edition (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102714757) Gordon, S. The New Cambridge History of India, II, 4: The Marathas 1600-1818 (Cambridge, 1993). Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982). Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 (http://books.google.com/ books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C). Anthem Press. pp.79184. Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire (http://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC). Cambridge University Press. Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1974). The Mughul Empire (http://books.google.com/ books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ). B.V. Bhavan. Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996) excerpt and online search (http://www.amazon.com/Mughal-Empire-Cambridge-History-India/dp/0521566037/) Richards, J. F. "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1981) 23#2 pp. 285-308 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/178737)

Culture
Berinstain, V. Mughal India: Splendour of the Peacock Throne (London, 1998). Busch, Allison. Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India (2011) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/Poetry-Kings-Classical-Literature-Research/dp/0199765928/ ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1339157925&sr=1-2) Preston, Diana and Michael Preston. Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire Walker & Company; ISBN 0802716733. Schimmel, Annemane. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture (Reaktion 2006)

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Society and economy

Chaudhuri, K. N. "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India," Modern Asian Studies (1978) 12#1 pp. 77-96 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/311823) Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982). Habib, Irfan. Agrarian System of Mughal India (1963, revised edition 1999). Heesterman, J. C. "The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, (2004) 47#3 pp. 292-297 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/25165051) Khan, Iqtidar Alam. "The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire," Social Scientist (1976) 5#1 pp. 28-49 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3516601) Rothermund, Dietmar. An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991 (1993)

Primary sources
Bernier, Francois (1891). Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668 (http://www.archive.org/stream/ travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/ii/mode/2up). Archibald Constable, London. Hiro, Dilip, ed, Journal of Emperor Babur (Penguin Classics 2007) The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor ed. by W.M. Thackston Jr. (2002); this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature Jackson, A.V. et al, eds. History of India (1907) v.9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental, by A.V.W. Jackson online edition (http://www.archive.org/details/ historyofindia09jackiala) The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language by Jouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty (http://www.archive.org/stream/ tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft#page/n7/mode/2up). John Murray, London. 1832.

Older histories
Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 18671877. ( Online Copy (http://persian. packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf?file=80201010&ct=0) at Packard Humanities Institute Other Persian Texts in Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List (http://persian.packhum.org/persian/)) Adams, W. H. Davenport (1893). Warriors of the Crescent (http://www.archive.org/stream/ warriorsofcresce00adamuoft#page/n9/mode/2up). London: Hutchinson. Holden, Edward Singleton (1895). The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398- A.D. 1707 (http://www. archive.org/stream/mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/n9/mode/2up). New York : C. Scribner's Sons. Malleson, G. B (1896). Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire (http://www.archive.org/stream/ akbarriseofmugha00mallrich#page/n5/mode/2up). Oxford : Clarendon Press. Manucci, Niccolao; tr. from French by Franois Catrou (1826). History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 13991657 (http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofmoguldy00manurich#page/n5/mode/2up). London : J.M. Richardson. Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906). History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol. 4) (http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofindia04jackuoft#page/n9/mode/2up). London, Grolier society. Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 16531708, Vol. 1 (http:// www.archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm01manuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up). London, J. Murray. Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 16531708, Vol. 2 (http:// www.archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm02manuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up). London, J. Murray. Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 16531708, Vol. 3 (http:// www.archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm03manuuoft#page/n9/mode/2up). London, J. Murray.

Mughal Empire Owen, Sidney J (1912). The Fall of the Mogul Empire (http://www.archive.org/stream/ fallofmogulempir00owenuoft#page/n5/mode/2up). London, J. Murray.

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External links
Mughals and Swat (http://www.valleyswat.net/literature/papers/MUGHULS_AND_SWAT.pdf) Mughal India (http://www.mughalindia.co.uk/index.html) an interactive experience from the British Museum The Mughal Empire (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml) from BBC Mughal Empire (http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2005/04/12/mughal-empire/) The Great Mughals (http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/mughals.html) Gardens of the Mughal Empire (http://www.mughalgardens.org/html/home.html) Indo-Iranian Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future, by M.Reza Pourjafar, Ali A. Taghvaee, in Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (Fabio Maniscalco ed.) (http://www.webjournal.unior.it/ ), vol. 1, JanuaryJune 2006 Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace PHOTOS Great Mughal Emperors of India (http://www.paradoxplace. com/Insights/Civilizations/Mughals/Mughals.htm) A Mughal diamond on BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1566398.stm) Some Mughal coins with brief history (http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Mughal.htm)

Article Sources and Contributors

17

Article Sources and Contributors

Mughal Empire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=498658933 Contributors: 15turnsm, 1or2, 3210, 3swordz, 7794hka, 9258fahsflkh917fas, A. B., A. Parrot, ABDEVILLIERS0007, AI009, AJ-India, AMbroodEY, Aamirshkh, Aamrun, Aarandir, Aaron Schulz, Abductive, Abgilmore91, Abhijitsathe, Abhishekmathur, Abikan, Absar, Acsenray, Adam.J.W.C., AdjustShift, Adnaan1, Afghan Historian, Againme, Ageo020, Agha Nader, Ahassan05, Ahmedtaz, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsaninam, Aiiwolf, Aimn0, Airunp, Aivazovsky, Aj 123531pool, Ajfletch, AjitPD, Aksi great, Al Ameer son, Alansohn, Alchemist Jack, Aldis90, Alex43223, AlexanderPico, AlexiusHoratius, Alksub, Allstarecho, Alren, Altetendekrabbe, Ambarish, Amberhabib, Amcl, Anakinskywalker, Anaxial, AndOutComeTheWolves, Andre Engels, Andrewlp1991, Andy anno, Andycjp, Angela, AngoraFish, Anoopeic, Anupam, AnwarInsaan, Anwarsw, Apalaria, Aragor34, Archerblack, Arcot, Areapeaslol, Arjun024, Arnab kl4, Arthena, Arvindn, ArzalKashmiri, AshLin, Astral, Astynax, Aszekely, Atulsnischal, Austriacus, Aviatormd, Aymatth2, B00P, Bahauddeen, Bahramm 2, Balcer, Balthazarduju, Bbatsell, BeachHome, Beeblebrox, Beh-nam, Belligero, 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File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk) File:Mughal Empire (orthographic projection).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mughal_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: KarnRedsun File:Timurid.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Timurid.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Stannered File:Blank.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor, Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, Tintazul File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: DarkEvil File:Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Herat.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk) File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Barryob File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Yenemus File:Nawab flag.GIF Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nawab_flag.GIF License: Public Domain Contributors: Arafath.riyath File:Flag of Awadh.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Awadh.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Utcursch File:Flag of Mysore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mysore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lucas Larson, based on work of MChew File:Flag of Bharatpur.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bharatpur.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk) File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Dagger horse head Louvre OA7891.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Jastrow

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File:A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id., 1843.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_panorama_in_12_folds_showing_the_procession_of_the_Emperor_Bahadur_Shah_to_celebrate_the_feast_of_the_'Id.,_1843.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Ekabhishek, Innotata, MPF, 2 anonymous edits File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mughal_Genealogical_Table.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Nafsadh File:India in 1700 Joppen.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_in_1700_Joppen.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Charles Joppen File:Mir Sayyid Ali - Portrait of a Young Indian Scholar.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ecummenic, Eugene a, Johnbod, Jungpionier, Shakko, Zolo File:Silver Rupee Madras Presidency.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Albertomos, Jungpionier, Roland zh File:Islamic Celestial Globe 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Islamic_Celestial_Globe_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Smithsonian Institution File:Weeks Edwin Lord An Open-Air Restaurant Lahore.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_An_Open-Air_Restaurant_Lahore.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ekabhishek, Look2See1, Mattes, Staszek99 File:Weeks Edwin Lord Royal Elephant.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_Royal_Elephant.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ekabhishek, Kilom691, Mattes, Roland zh, Staszek99 File:Weeks Edwin Before A Mosque 1883.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weeks_Edwin_Before_A_Mosque_1883.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnonMoos, JMCC1, Kilom691, Mattes, Roland zh, Staszek99 File:Street Scene in India.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Street_Scene_in_India.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid Image:Mongol dominions1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mongol_dominions1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Briangotts, Latebird, Maksim, Nik Sage, RNLion, Shyam, 1 anonymous edits

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