PARASITOLOGY 1!

Ebenezer Daryl P. Manzano, RMT!

!INTRODUCTION! !PROTOZOA! !FLAGELLATES! !AMOEBA! !SPOROZOA! !CILIATES!

PARASITOLOGY!

!area of biology concerned with the

phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another!

Parasite"
!a living organism which receives !o !o !o !o
ectoparasite!! endoparasite! ! obligate parasites! facultative or opportunist parasites ! nourishment and shelter from another organism where it lives!

Host"

! an organism that harbors the parasite! ! o DEFINITIVE HOST - harbors the adult stage of the
parasite or where the parasite utilizes the sexual method of reproduction! is the denitive host in majority of infections, in malaria man acts as the intermediate host! INTERMEDIATE HOST harbors the larval stages of the parasite! some cases, developments are completed into two different intermediate hosts rst and second IH!

! *man ! o

! *in

Infection"
!-relationship of an endoparasite to its ! o ! o
host! superinfection- an individual harboring the parasite is reinfected with the same species of parasite! autoinfection- when the infected person is his own source of the reexposure!

Infestation"
!ectoparasites attach to the skin or !!"

temporarily invade the supercial tissues of the hosts body! most frequently applied to arthropods!

Sources of Exposure"
! !" contaminated soil or water! ! !" soil polluted with human excreta Ascaris, hookworm! ! !" water cysts of parasitic amoeba and intestinal agellates! ! !" food containing the immature infective stage of the
parasite !

! !" a domestic or wild animal harboring the parasite! ! !" another person, his clothing, bedding, or the immediate
environment that he has contaminated pin worm!

! !" ones self- Strongyloides stercoralis!

!!" mouth common Portals ofmost Entry " ! ! ! " skin penetration ! !" ! !" ! !" ! !"
Schistosoma!

hookworms,

! !"

bite of arthropods or blood-sucking insects malaria, lariasis! inhalation of airborne eggs Enterobius vermicularis! transplacental infection! transmammary infection! sexual intercourse Trichomonas vaginalis!

PROTOZOOLOGY!
Parasitology 1!

PROTOZOA " ! are unicellular organisms!

! specialized

! protozoan cells are covered with a cell membrane;

has a nucleus covered with nuclear membrane! organelles- contractile vacuoles, cystosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, agella, cilia! dormant stages that enable them to survive drought, heat and freezing!

! most protozoans produce cysts which are resistant ! they

reproduce asexually by cell division (binary ssion) and exhibit various degrees of sexual multiplication!

PROTOZOA " !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Phylum Sarcomastigophora! o Sarcodina (amoebae)! o ! Mastigophora (agellates)! !

divided into three phyla type of locomotion plays an important role in the classication!

-members move about by the formation of owing cytoplasmic projections called pseudopodia (amoeboid movement)! -possess whiplike structures called agella!

Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)! !" most advanced and structurally complex!

Phylum Apicomplexa! ! ! ! ! Sporozoa! ! ! ! -lacks motor organelles and all are internal parasites! -life cycle includes spore-forming stages! -Plasmodium is the signicant pathogenic sporozoans of humans!

!(insert agellates, amoebae, and sporozoa)!

Cryptosporidium sp"
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Cryptosporidiosis! Structure! !" oocyst mature oocysts have 4 naked sporozoites!

Mode of Transmission! !" ingestion of contaminated food and water with oocysts!

Habitat! !" the developmental stages are located characteristically in a vacuole at the surface of the microvilli of enterocytes or surfaces of ciliated epithelium of respiratory tract!

! Life cycle! ! !" The

Cryptosporidium sp"

oocysts of Cryptosporidium are ingested with contaminated food or water. The oocysts release sporozoites that invade the brush border of small intestinal epithelium where they develop into trophozoites. Oocysts may develop and pass into stool.!

! Clinical Manifestation! ! !" Many infections are asymptomatic, or there may be a

mild watery diarrhea. Immunocompromised hosts (such as persons with AIDS) may be more severely affected, with many loose watery stools per day!

! Diagnosis! ! !" Examination

of stool or duodenal aspirate for oocysts is required for diagnosis. Biopsy may reveal the organisms in the brush border!

CILIATES!
Parasitology 1!

Balantidium coli"
to the naked eye!

! Balantidiasis! ! largest protozoa parasitizing man, sometimes visible ! Mode of Transmission! ! !" ingestion of contaminated
with the cystic stage ! food and drinks

! !"

common in hogs, thus man gets infected from these animals especially piggery workers or slaughter house workers!

! Habitat !"

large intestine!

Balantidium coli"
! !" has 2 stages:! ! o trophozoite! ! ! found in diarrheic stool! ! ! ovoidal and covered with short cilia of uniform length! ! ! has 2 nuclei a bean-shaped macronucleus and a ! o cyst! ! ! round in shape and covered with a tough cystic wall! ! ! found in formed or semi-formed stool!
micronucleus!

smaller

Balantidium coli"

! Life Cycle! ! !" Cysts of the parasite are ingested and excysts in the small intestine.
The trophozoite then goes down to the large bowels and colonizes, As the fecal material in which the trophozoite is transported down the bowel dehydrates, encystation occurs.!

! Clinical Manifestation! ! !" diarrhea! ! !" may disappear spontaneously in healthy individuals but may be fatal in
debilitated persons!

! Diagnosis! ! !" demonstration of parasites in feces! ! Prevention and Control! ! !" environmental and personal hygiene!

Pneumocystis carinii"
! taxonomic status remains controversial! ! immunocompromised hosts causing ! Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)! ! emerging disease! ! opportunistic!
interstitial pneumonitis (pneumocystosis, interstitial plasma cells pneumonia)!

Pneumocystis carinii"
! fever, cough, dyspnea! ! high risk groups! ! premature or debilitated infants! ! congenital immunodeciency disease! ! steroid or immunosuppressive therapy! ! cancer of the lymphoid system! ! AIDS - most common opportunistic infection!

Pneumocystis carinii"
! TROPHOZOITE! ! CYSTIC stage! ! characteristic octonucleated cyst! ! believed to be sporozoites!

Pneumocystis carinii"
! DIAGNOSIS! ! aspirates from lungs! ! imprints from lungs! ! tissue sections for autopsy and biopsy!

Pneumocystis carinii"
! fever, cough, dyspnea! ! high risk groups! ! premature or debilitated infants! ! congenital immunodeciency disease! ! steroid or immunosuppressive therapy! ! cancer of the lymphoid system! ! AIDS - most common opportunistic infection!