PP121 Introductory Physiology by Dr Lee Siew Keah Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences UCSI University

To identify the hierarchy of the structural organization To identify major organ systems of the body and their major components To describe the basic functions of human body To identify the anatomical terms & major body cavities

Anatomy the study of the structure of the body and the relationships of the various parts of the body
Gross/macroscopic Microscopic i.e cytology (cellular), histology (tissue) Developmental structural changes

Physiology the study of the functions of the parts of the body, includes specific organ systems , molecular and cellular levels e.g renal physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology
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Table: Hierarchy of structural organization

Name Chemical Definition Interactions between atoms and their combinations into molecules Example Atoms: H and O Molecule: H2O

Organelles

Microscopic structures in the Mitochondria, ribosome, cell; composed of molecules that lysosome. are specialized to carry out functions of the cell Basic units of living organism A group of cells with similar structure and function Compose of two or more tissues types; organs perform one or more common functions Groups of organs with a unique collective function A single complete individual Skin cells, nerve cells, and RBC. Epithelial, connective and muscle tissue. Heart, brain and stomach. Skeletal system, nervous system and digestive system.
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Cells Tissues Organs

Organ systems

Organism

Atom Cell
Macromolecule

Molecule Organ
Organ system

Organelle Organism Tissue

Necessary Life Functions

Survival needs

Responsiveness & adaptability Growth & Reproduction Movement Respiration Circulation Digestion Excretion

Nutrients Water Oxygen Appropriate temperature Appropriate atmospheric pressure

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Integumentary Muscular system Skeletal system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system

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8. 9. 10. 11.

Respiratory system Lymphatic & immune system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system

Major organs/tissues:
Skin, hair, nails

Primary functions:
Protects body from injury & dehydration Defense against foreign invaders Synthesis vitamin D Regulates body temperature Sensory detection

Major organs/tissues:
Bones Cartilage Bones marrow Associated ligaments

Primary functions:
Protects & support body organs Provides a framework for muscles Bones - produce blood cells Bones - Store minerals
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Major organs/tissues:
Skeletal muscles, tendons

Primary functions:
Body movement/locomotion Facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat & maintain body temperature

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Major organs/tissues:
Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves & ganglia Special sense organs

Primary functions:
Direct immediate response to stimuli Coordinates activities of organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information

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Major organs/tissues:
All glands secreting hormones: pancreas, testes, ovary, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, intestinal, thymus, heart, pineal

Primary functions:
Regulate processes like growth, reproduction, metabolism Direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
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Major organs/tissues:
Heart, blood vessels, blood

Primary functions:
Transport of blood throughout the bodys tissues Distributes heats and assist in body temperature regulation

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Major organs/tissues:
WBC, lymph vessels & nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

Primary functions:
Defense against foreign invaders Return of extracellular fluid to blood Formation of lymphocytes
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Major organs/tissues:
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Primary functions:
Exchange of CO2 and O2 Regulates acid-base balance Voice production

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Major organs/tissues:
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Primary functions:
Digests food Absorbs water and nutrients

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Major organs/tissues:
Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

Primary functions:
Regulate plasma composition through controlled excretion of salts, water and organic wastes Regulates electrolyte, water, acid-base balance of the body
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Major organs/tissues:
Testes, penis, prostate gland, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, scrotum

Primary functions:
Produces sperms and produce male sex hormones Deliver sperms to the female reproductive tract
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Major organs/tissues:
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Primary functions:
Production of eggs Provision of a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus Nutrition to the infant

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The study of the function of the human body is termed: __________. a. b. c. d. gross anatomy systemic anatomy cytology physiology
Marking Scheme
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A group of similar cells that perform the same function is classified as a(n) _______.

a. b. c. d.

tissue organ organ system organism

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Identify the hierarchy of the structural organization Describe the basic functions of human body Identify major organ systems of the body and their major components Identify the anatomical terms & major body cavities

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Standard anatomical body position

Facing the observer Standing erect with feet slightly apart Arms at the sides with palms facing forward

Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position Right and left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer

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Two fundamental divisions

Axial main axis of the body i.e head, neck and trunk Appendicular limbs

Regional terms used to designate specific areas

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Figure Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Mammary Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin)

Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand) Pollex Palmar Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal

Pubic (genital)

Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Anterior/Ventral

Figure Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)

Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular

Vertebral

Manus (hand) Metacarpal

Lumbar

Sacral
Gluteal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar Posterior/Dorsal

Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)

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Body plane
Flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study

Sections
Cuts or sections made along a body plane
A cut along a sagittal plane produces a sagittal section

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Three most common

Sagittal plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse (horizontal) plane

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Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane Midsagittal (median) plane
Lies on midline

Parasagittal plane
Offset from the midline

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Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts Produces a frontal or coronal section

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides body horizontally (90to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross section
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Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane

Transverse plane

Frontal section (through torso)

Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas Aorta

Median section (midsagittal)

Arm Liver Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer

Spleen

Left and Liver Heart right lungs Stomach

Body wall Rectum Intestines Vertebral column

Two sets of internal body cavities closed to environment

Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Protect internal organs and cushion them from shocks that occur during activity Allow organs within them to change size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs
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Protects nervous system Two subdivisions:

Cranial cavity
Encases brain

Vertebral cavity
Encases spinal cord

Cranial cavity (contains brain)

Cranial cavity

Vertebral cavity

Dorsal body cavity

Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)

Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs)

Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Lateral view Anterior view Abdominopelvic cavity

Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)

Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

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Thoracic cavity subdivisions Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Two pleural cavities
Each houses a lung

Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity; encloses heart Surrounds thoracic organs e.g esophagus, trachea

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Cranial cavity (contains brain)

Cranial cavity

Vertebral cavity

Dorsal body cavity

Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)

Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

Diaphragm

Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Lateral view

Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Anterior view

Serous membrane or serosa

Thin, double-layered membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)

Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid

Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane Allows the organs to slide without friction actoss the cavity walls, and as they carry out routine functions
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Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers.

Heart

Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium

The serosae associated with the heart.

Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated Each has parietal and visceral layers Pericardium
Heart

Pleurae
Lungs

Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic cavity
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Serous membranes Serous membranes line body cavities that are closed to the exterior.

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura Visceral Parietal pericardium pericardium Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Figure The four abdominopelvic quadrants.

Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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Divisions used primarily by anatomists

Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region

Epigastric region

Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region

Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix

Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Umbilical region Hypogastric (public) region

Nine regions delineated by four planes

Figure The nine abdominopelvic regions.

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Exposed to environment
Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities

Not exposed to environment

Synovial cavities

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Humans differ externally and internally

90% of all structures present in body match description in textbook Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place Smalls muscle may be missing

Extreme variations inconsistent with life

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Uterus Small intestine Rectum Spinal cord Heart

Pelvic Abdominal Pelvic Dorsal Thoracic/mediastinum/ Pericardial

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Construct a table that lists the 11 systems of the body, names two organs of each system, and describes overall or major function of each system.

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