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PULMONARY CIRCULATION
ARTERIES
VEINS
CAPILLARIES
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
ARTERIES
transport blood under high pressure high velocity flow 8x less distensible than veins transport blood away from the heart carry oxygenated blood
TYPES OF ARTERIES
ELASTIC ARTERIES (LARGE-SIZED)
MUSCULAR ARTERIES (MEDIUM-SIZED) RESISTANCE ARTERIES (SMALL-SIZED)
ELASTIC ARTERIES
a.k.a. large-sized arteries or conducting arteries elastic tissue and smooth muscle pulsatile flow pressure fluctuations
MUSCULAR ARTERIES
a.k.a. medium-sized arteries or distributing arteries (+) elastic tissue and smooth muscle pulsatile flow
RESISTANCE ARTERIES
a.k.a. small-sized arteries elastic tissue and smooth muscle pulsatile flow stopcocks (control conduits) of the vascular system
CAPILLARIES
Made up of single layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane (-) smooth muscle and (-) elastic tissue Contain tight junctions, fenestrations (pores), intercellular cleft and and pericytes Total area exceeds 6300 m2 and 1 m thick
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
Organ
Conductivity
Type of Endothelium
Brain (except CVO) 3 Skin 100 Skeletal muscle 250 Lungs 340 Heart 860 GIT (intestinal mucosae) 13,000 Kidney (glomerulus) Liver Bone marrow Endocrine glands Lymphoid tissue (Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology)
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
VEINS
Transport blood Great veins under low pressure. no valves, thin and easily distended 8x more distensible than arteries Venules no valves, walls slightly transport blood thicker than capillaries towards the heart carry deoxygenated blood.
Rate of blood flow to each tissues is almost always precisely controlled in relation to the tissue needs. The cardiac output is controlled mainly by the sum of all the local tissue flows. In general, the arterial blood pressure is controlled independently of either local blood flow control of cardiac output control
Arteriole
Capillary Venule Vein
30.0 m
5.0 m 20.0 m 0.5 cm
20 m
1 m 2 m 0.5 mm
Great vein
3.0 cm
1.5 mm
BLOOD DISTRIBUTION
Vessel
Systemic
Arteries Arteriole Capillary
% of blood volume
84 %
13 % 1-2 % 5%
Veins
Pulmonary/Heart
64 % (54 %)
16 %
Lungs
Heart
9%
7%
Pressure
Vascular Distensibility
HEMODYNAMICS
study of physical properties that govern blood flow through the blood vessels and the heart.
BLOOD FLOW
means the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time. usually expressed in ml/min or L/min (cm3/min).
BLOOD FLOW
BLOOD FLOW
( P1 - P2 ) The overall blood flow in F = -----------------the total circulation in a R
resting adult is 5,000 ml. (Cardiac Output) impediment to blood pressure difference
flow in a vessel. between two ends of cannot be measured the vessel (arterial directly end minus venous expressed in R units end)
where, F = flow P1 P2 = pressure difference or gradient of blood between two points of the vessel R = resistance to flow ( vascular resistance)
F =
P ----------R P --------F
OR
R =
= 1 R or 1 PRU
Electromagnetic Flowmeters Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeters Fick Principle Indicator Dilution Method Clearance Principle Plethysmography
POISEUILLES EQUATION
P . r4
F -----------------
. L
where,
F = flow P = pressure difference between two ends of the vessel = viscosity r4 = radius L = length of the tube
Since flow (F) is equal to pressure difference (P) divided by resistance (R)
. L R -----------r4
depends mainly on hematocrit (% of volume of blood occupied by the RBC amount of protein in the blood
Hyperimmunoglobulin D, E and M
Shear Stress
Force created by flowing blood on the endothelium that is parallel to the long axis of the vessel Equal to viscosity X shear rate
Shear rate
Rate at which axial velocity from the vessel wall towards the lumen
CONDUCTANCE
= -------------------------RESISTANCE
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
silent flow characterized by concentric layer of blood moving in parallel down the length of a blood vessel.
Turbulent flow
flow that that creates sound probability is also related to the diameter of the vessel and viscosity of the blood can be expressed by
Conditions Turbulent flow that in can proximal result toaorta and turbulent flow pulmonary artery
a) a) When High velocity blood flow of blood becomes flow too great. b) b) When Pulsatile there nature is obstruction of blood flow in a vessel c) c) When Sudden it makes changeain sharp vessel turn. diameter d) When Largeit vessel diameter d) passes over a rough surface
p.D .V Re = ---------------
where,
Re p D V = = = = = Reynolds number density of the fluid diameter of the tube velocity of flow viscosity of the fluid
LAW OF LAPLACE
T = Pr
BLOOD PRESSURE
force exerted by the blood per unit area of the vessel wall (pressure is exerted equally in all directions).
Mean Blood Pressure average pressure in any segment of the cardiovascular system during cardiac cycle. Arterial Blood Pressure blood pressure in the arterial side of the vascular system conveniently written as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure ( N.V. 100 -130 / 70 90 mmHg )
Systolic pressure
highest pressure attained in the aorta as a result of the ejection of blood by the ventricle. (N.V. 100 - 120 mmHg )
Diastolic pressure
is the lowest pressure which the gradient of fall reaches during the resting or diastolic phase of the heart. ( 70 - 80 mmHg )
Pulse Pressure
is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. (SP DP = 40 mmHg) factors that affect pulse pressure (SV/C)
represents the average pressure attained in the arterial system during the cardiac cycle.
MAP = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure Diastolic Pressure + ( Systolic Diastolic pressure ) MAP = ----------------------------------------3
EDV - ESV
ABP = CO X TPR
SV X HR
EDV - ESV
RESISTANCE
. L R -----------r4
a) viscosity
b) length c) radius
vasoconstriction /vasodilatation
EDV
SV ESV
CO
ABP
TPR
ABP
Vessel radius
Methods of Measuring Blood Pressure A. Direct Method B. Indirect Method a) Auscultatory Method b) Palpatory Method
increased pressure ----------- HYPERTENSION decreased pressure ----------- HYPOTENSION