! # $ % & ' % ' ( ) * + , ( - .

+ ' /



LL 324: Slgnals and SysLems ll
SecLlon 8
rofessor: ur. 8aLnesh kumar



!"# %&'()* +! !"# %&'()# *(+&)
0/1 0-+ ''%*/ 2344/
2/13/14








1
!*'-#536'+#*
uurlng Lhls lab, l exLended my pracLlce on LesLlng and sysLem behavlor. ln order Lo undersLand
whaL sysLems do and how Lhey are expecLed Lo behave, l used Laplace represenLaLlons,
deLermlned reglon of convergence, and many oLher compuLaLlons. l predlcLed sysLem behavlor
uslng Laplace analysls. 1he maln goal of Lhls lab was Lo bulld a connecLlon beLween Lhe Laplace
Lransform, Lhe frequency characLerlsLlcs, and Lhe Llme-domaln feaLures of Lhe response.
7-(89%:

lor each of Lhe sysLems ln llgure 1:
1. Use the |ntegrat|on-|n-t|me-doma|n propert|es of the Lap|ace transform to der|ve the
|mpedance of the capac|tors and |nductors. S|nce both capac|tors and |nductors are
causa| systems, what are the reg|ons of convergence of the|r Lap|ace transforms?

lnducLor CapaclLor
!
!
!!! ! !
!
!"
!
!
!!! ! !
!
! ! !"!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!!
! !"
!"#! !"" ! ! !"#$%

!
!
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!
!
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!
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!
!!
!!
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! !
!
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!
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!
!
!
!
!
!"

!"#! !" ! ! !











2
2. Der|ve the transfer funct|on (from |nput vo|tage to output vo|tage, |n Lap|ace
representat|on) of each system. Compute |ts po|e(s) and zero(s), and the reg|on of
convergence.
ClrculL A:





! ! !
!!!!
!!!!
!
!"
! ! !"








ClrculL 8:









! ! !
!!!!
!!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!" !
!
! !
!
! !!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!





8CC Zeros oles
8e[s} > 0 s=0
! ! !
!
!

8CC Zeros oles
8e[s} ! !
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!

n/A
! ! !
!!
!
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!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!

L
8
L 81
82
83
3


ClrculL C:






! ! !
!!!!
!!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !



3. Subst|tute s=[w (can you do th|s? why?). Compute the magn|tude of the transfer funct|on
and ver|fy ana|yt|ca||y your |ntu|t|on about what each system does to very |ow (!" 0 )
frequency components of the |nput s|gna|, and to very h|gh frequency components (!" # ).
Can you subst|tute s=[w |n the capac|tor's |mpedance? Why? What |s the effect of res|stors on
a pass|ve c|rcu|t's po|es?

ClrculL A:
! !" !
!"
!"#!!
=
!!
!!!!
!
!!
!

! ! ! !!!"! ! !
! ! ! !!!"! ! !
Plgh-pass fllLer
ClrculL 8:
! !" !
!
!
!
!
!!!!! !
!
!!
!
!!!
!
!
!
!!
!
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!!
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!
"
!
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!!!!
!
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!!
!
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!!!
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!!
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!!
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!
!
!
!

! ! ! !!!"! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !!
!
!
!
! ! !!
!
!
!
!

8CC Zeros oles
8e[s} >
! !
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
! !!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
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!!
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!
!
!
!!!!
!
!
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!!!
!
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!
!
!
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!
!

s=0
! !
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !!
!
!
!
! !
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!
!
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!
!
! !!!
!
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!!!
!
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!
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!
!
!


82
81
C1
C2
4
! ! ! !!!"! ! !
#$%&'()) *+,-./

0+/12+- 03
! !" !
!
!
!
!
!
!!!!
!
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!
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!
!!!!! !
!
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!!
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"
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!!!
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!!
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!!
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!

! ! ! !!!"! ! !
! ! ! !!!"! ! !
4(56&'()) *+,-./

1he 8CC for a capaclLor ls 8e[s}>0. ?ou cannoL subsLlLuLe s=[w ln Lhls case. When s=[w, lf we can
show LhaL Lhe 8CC for Lhe Lransfer funcLlon lncludes Lhe [w axls, Lhen we can subsLlLuLe [w for s.
1o know lf we have enough lnformaLlon Lo flnd 8CC for Lhe Lransfer funcLlon we can do Lhe
followlng: llnd poles where Lhe 8CC ls elLher Lo Lhe lefL or Lhe rlghL. ?ou have Lo know wheLher
lL ls rlghL slded or lefL slded. hyslcal sysLems have Lhe causal properLy. Causal means LhaL Lhe
sysLems are dependenL only on pasL lnpuLs. 1ransfer funcLlon ls ?/x, Lhls can be used Lo flnd ?.
lnpuL of a causal sysLem ls ln Lerms of lmpulse response. lmpulse response applles aL Llme zero.
lf sysLem ls causal, we see zero before zero (no lnpuL before zero) and afLer zero, we see Lhe
response. 1he Lransfer funcLlon ls noLhlng buL Lhe lmpulse response on a causal sysLem. Cn [w
axls, lf rlghL mosL pole ls less Lhan zero, we can evaluaLe on [w. 1he effecL reslsLors have on a
passlve clrculL's poles ls LhaL when we add a reslsLor, Lhls normally makes Lhe poles go on Lhe
lefL slde of Lhe s-plane.

4. !" $%& '()*$ '+ , *('$ +$&) "*(-$'.( */$01 2%,$ ,3& $%& 4,'( "&,$*3&+ 5.* 2'66 &7)&-$ !" !""
!" $%& '($)($* +(,$!-. /. -'01233. 4&0!5!"6 $%& $!1&-!"#$%& ()*+"&*) ", )$-. !"!#$% #'
! #$%& '&() *+,# -%.. #'( ! )!/&%!. 0/!1&%,$ (2)!$'%,$3 !$4 &5( %$6(/'( !"#$"%& ()"*+,-).
!"# %&'( !#&')*"+ )%#,-.

!"#$%"& ()

! ! !
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1herefore, ! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
!!!!
1he ouLpuL ls a rlghL-slded slgnal. lL exponenLlally decays Lo zero.


3
ClrculL 8:
! ! !
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!
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!
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Lherefore, ! ! !
!
!
!! ! !
!!"#!
!!!!!
1he ouLpuL slgnal ls zero aL L!0, and wlll lncrease unLll lL reaches a parLlcular value.

ClrculL C:
! ! !
!
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!
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!!!"#!!!"#$$

Lherefore, ! ! ! !!!"!!
!!!!!"!
! !
!!"#!!"!
!!!!!
1he ouLpuL slgnal wlll be zero aL Lhe sLarL and end of Lhe sysLem.

;%:#-%'#-/ <..+=*>(*'



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!"#$ &' ($! ')*#(+&*,- ),! ./"(0"1 2!034 &5 ($! $!03 #&66"*78 (& 9!5+': ($! #&55!#(*!,, &' :&)
!"!#$%&'!# )*+,#%+ -)./ %0* 1)*-!"#$








6
C|rcu|t A:
ScrlpL LdlLor CuLpuL



0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Impulse Response
Time (seconds)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
7











0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
Step Response
Time (seconds)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
-90
-45
0
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
8
C|rcu|t 8:
ScrlpL LdlLor CuLpuL







0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
Step Response
Time (seconds)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
9










0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Impulse Response
Time (seconds)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
-180
-135
-90
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
10
C|rcu|t C:
ScrlpL LdlLor CuLpuL




0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Step Response
Time (seconds)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
11


As you can see, my resulLs are conslsLenL wlLh my pre-lab.




0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Impulse Response
Time (seconds)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
-90
-45
0
45
90
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
12
2. Us|ng the transfer funct|on, bu||d the equ|va|ent S|mu||nk d|agram (S|mu||nk b|ock 1ransfer
Iunct|on).

C|rcu|t A:

C|rcu|t 8:

C|rcu|t C:

13
?ou can see LhaL all Lhree sysLems use Lhe Lransfer funcLlon Slmullnk block. 1he dlfference
beLween each sysLem ls Lhe coefflclenLs of Lhe numeraLor and denomlnaLor of Lhe Lransfer
funcLlons.

3. 1est your system to d|fferent |nput s|gna|s and cond|t|ons, and ver|fy that !" !$ %&'$!$"('"
!"#$ &'() both your pre-|ab ana|ys|s and w|th the otuput of the b|ock d|agram you der|ved |n
Lab 2.
C|rcu|t A:
Slne Wave wlLh lrequency aL 1 rad/sec Slne Wave wlLh lrequency aL 10 rad/sec



lmpulse 8esponse lmpulse 8esponse (zoomed ln)










14
SLep 8esponse SLep 8esponse (zoomed ln)



C|rcu|t 8:

Slne Wave wlLh lrequency aL 1 rad/sec Slne Wave wlLh lrequency aL 10 rad/sec



lmpulse 8esponse lmpulse 8esponse (zoomed ln)






13

SLep 8esponse SLep 8esponse (zoomed ln)



C|rcu|t C:

Slne Wave wlLh lrequency aL 1 rad/sec Slne Wave wlLh lrequency aL 10 rad/sec



lmpulse 8esponse lmpulse 8esponse (zoomed ln)





16

SLep 8esponse SLep 8esponse (zoomed ln)



?ou wlll flnd LhaL MA1LA8 doesn'L sLarL Lhe responses unLll lL geLs Lo 1 second for some of Lhe
lnpuLs. lf you compare Lhe above slmulaLlons wlLh Lhe pre-lab and lab 2, you can conclude LhaL
Lhey are conslsLenL.

?#*693.+#*
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