Research Innovation performance

and Portugal Country Profile

in

2013

Research and Innovation

EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate General for Research and Innovation Directorate C Research and Innovation Unit C.6 Economic analysis and indicators European Commission B-1049 Brussels Email : RTD-PUBLICATIONS@ec.europa.eu

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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reect the views of the European Commission. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Oce of the European Union, 2013 ISBN 978-92-79-30864-2 doi:10.2777/26011 European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Cover Images: earth, #2520287, 2011. Source: Shutterstock.com; bottom globe, PaulPaladin #11389806, 2012. Source: Fotolia.com

1 Innovation Union progress at countr y level

The challenge of a reco ery

PORTUGAL

Summary : Performance in research, innovation and competitiveness

The indicators in the table below present the synthesis of research, innovation and competitiveness in Portugal. They relate knowledge investment and input to performance or economic output throughout the innovation cycle. They show thematic strengths in key technologies and also the hightech and mediumtech contribution to the trade balance. The table includes a new index on excellence in science and technology that takes into consideration the quality of scientic production as well as technological development. The indicator on knowledgeintensity of the economy is an index on structural change that focuses on the sectoral composition and specialisation of the economy and shows the evolution of the weight of knowledgeintensive sectors, products and services.

Investment and input

Research R&D intensity 2011: 1.50 % 2000-2011: -0.16 % Innovation and structural change (EU: 2.03 %; (EU: +0.8 %; US: 2.75 %) US: +0.2 %)

Performance/economic output
Excellence in S&T 2010: 26.45 (EU: 47.86; US: 56.68) 2005-2010: +4.23 % (EU: +3.09 %; US: +0.53 %) Knowledgeintensity of the economy 2010: 41.04 (EU: 48.75; US: 56.25) 2000-2010: +3.18 % (EU: +0.93 %; US: +0.5 %)

Index of economic impact of innovation 2010-2011: 0.38 (EU: 0.61)

Competitiveness

Hotspots in key technologies Food, agriculture, sheries, Biotechnology, Materials, Environment, ICT

HT + MT contribution to the trade balance 2011: -1.2 % 2000-2011: n.a. (EU: 4.2 %; US: 1.93 %) (EU: +4.99 %; US: -10.75 %)

Portugal has expanded its research and innovation system over the last decade, increasing its investment in research at a remarkable average annual real growth rate of 7 % between 2000 and 2007. However, R&D intensity in Portugal decreased by an average of 0.16 % from 2008 to 2011. Public expenditure on R&D was maintained at a level of 0.69 % of GDP in 2011, despite the economic crisis. Portugal has also shown notable progress in the number of new doctoral graduates per thousand population aged 25-34, and in the share of researchers in the labour force. Business enterprise investment in R&D has grown dramatically, with Portugal nearly quadrupling the intensity of business R&D in its economy between 2000 and 2011. Business enterprise also increased its share as a source of funding GERD, from 27 % in 2000 to 44 % in 2009. These evolutions have had a positive impact on scientic production and excellence, as well as on innovation, including in SMEs. The knowledgeintensity of the economy increased by well over the EU average in the period 20002010. However, despite the progress observed on R&D expenditure in the business sector, and the large increase in the

total number of researchers in recent years, Portugal remains below the EU average in terms of S&T excellence, business enterprise research intensity and business enterprise researchers. Other challenges include the level of education attainment (both secondary and tertiary education), as well as the lower amount of publicprivate scientic copublications, PCT patent applications, licence and patent revenues from abroad, and knowledgeintensive activities. Some traditional manufacturing sectors like leather and footwear and textiles and textile products lost competitiveness over the last decade and reduced their share in the total national added value. Portuguese policies for research and innovation adequately support the structural change needed by the country to improve productivity and competitiveness, and to resume growth. The new Strategic Programme for Entrepreneurship and Innovation articulates policies like education, training and employment with the aim of stimulating R&D and Innovation in the scientic system and the business enterprises. New initiatives for research excellence were launched to promote

2 Research and Innovation per formance in EU Member States and A ssociated countries

the scientic employment of talents and excellent research centres. The Competitiveness Clusters are being rationalised and redirected towards strategic objectives of more competitiveness and an increase in exports

and employment. At the same time, the programme for applied research and technology transfer to enterprises is being reinforced.

Investing in knowledge
Portugal R&D intensity projections, 2000-2020 (1)

3.5

3.0

EU (2) target

2.5
R&D intensity (%)

Portugal (3) target 2.0 EU trend

1.5 Portugal trend 1.0

0.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, Member State Notes: (1) The R&D intensity projections based on trends are derived from the average annual growth in R&D intensity for 2000-2011 in the case of the EU and for 2008-2011 in the case of the Portugal. (2) EU: This projection is based on the R&D intensity target of 3.0 % for 2020. (3) PT: This projection is based on a tentative R&D intensity target of 2.5 % for 2020. (4) PT: There is a break in series between 2008 and the previous years.

Portugal has set a national R&D intensity target for 2020 of 3 %, where public sector R&D intensity would reach 1 % and business R&D intensity 2 % . From 2005 and up to the crisis, Portugal made very signicant progress towards its R&D intensity target. However, from 2009 onwards, the trend became negative, and in 2011, Portuguese R&D intensity had fallen back to 1.50%, with a public sector R&D intensity of 0.69 % and a business R&D intensity of 0.69 %. The main challenge for Portuguese R&D, therefore, is to increase the share of business R&D investment in total national R&D investment, and to attract foreign business R&D investment. R&D investment has slightly decreased, aected by the economic crisis. Business R&D investment reached its highest level in 2009 in absolute terms and in relative terms, after some years of notable growth. The dicult national business environment and the contraction of domestic demand places enterprises in a position of having to nd external markets while

facing challenges in terms of eciency (productivity and competitiveness) and nancing. The eorts of investing in innovation and research, increasing productivity and competitiveness, are pointing in a good direction. Public funding of R&D has been sustained, despite the pressures created by a reduction in public expenditure. Private and public R&D investment also receives support by co funding from the European budget, in particular through the Structural Funds, as well as from successful applications to the 7thFramework Programme for research. For the ERDF programming period 20072013, Portugal benets from funding of 5729million (26.8% of the total allocated to Portugal) for research, innovation and entrepreneurship in the Portuguese regions. In 2010, Portugal had already absorbed 62.5% of these EU funds (the average in the EU was a 46.6 % commitment rate). Portugal also has the scope to increase its funding of R&D from the 7th Framework Programme. The success rate of Portuguese applicants is 19.1 %, lower than the

3 Innovation Union progress at countr y level: Por tugal

EU average success rate of 21.6% . By early 2012, slightly over 1300 Portuguese participants had been partners in an FP7project, with a total EC nancial contribution

nearing 283million. Two Portuguese SMEs are among the top twenty SMEs having the highest numbers of FP7 signed grant agreements for the period 20072010.

An eective research and innovation system building on the European Research Area
The graph below illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of Portugals R&I system. Reading clockwise, it provides information on human resources, scientic production, technology valorisation and innovation. The average annual growth rates from 2000 to the latest available year are given in brackets under each indicator.

Portugal, 2011 (1) In brackets: average annual growth for Portugal, 2000-2011 (2)
New graduates (ISCED 5) in science and engineering per thousand population aged 25-34 (7.0 %) Business R&D intensity (BERD as % of GDP) New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per (11.8 %) thousand population aged 25-34 (1.3 %) SMEs introducing marketing or organisational innovations as % of total SMEs (0.8 %) SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of total SMEs (2.8 %) Business enterprise researchers (FTE) per thousand labour force (14.1 %) Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as % of total employment aged 15-64 (-1.5 %) Scientic publications within the 10 % most cited scientic publications worldwide as % of total scientic publications of the country (3) (6.1 %) EC Framework Programme funding per thousand GERD (EUR) (-4.9 %) Foreign doctoral students (ISCED 6) as % of all doctoral students (4) (11.9 %)

Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD plus HERD) nanced by business enterprise as % of GDP (-8.5 %) Public-private scientic co-publications per million population (13.9 %) BERD nanced from abroad as % of total BERD (-10.4 %)

PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current PPS (13.3 %)

Portugal

Reference Group (BE+FR+AT+UK)

EU

Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard Notes: (1) The values refer to 2011 or to the latest available year. (2) Growth rates which do not refer to 2000-2011 refer to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which comparable data are available over the period 2000-2011. (3) Fractional counting method. (4) EU does not include DE, IE, EL, LU, NL.

The graph shows in broad terms that the large increase in R&D investment over the period 20002011 triggered a stronger human resources component, higher scientic quality and some innovation, but with less progress on technology valorisation. All in all, while good progress is being made on human resources, science and business innovation, Portugal remains below the EU average on technology development, business R&D and the knowledge intensity of the economy. In the eld of human resources for research and innovation, Portugal is achieving notable progress on numbers of new doctoral graduates and on researchers employed by business. This is a result of strong public incentives. However, the share of employment

in knowledge intensive activities has not followed the same trend, reecting a weakness as regards its capacity to move towards more knowledgeintensive domains. The quality of scientic production improved signicantly, as reected by an average annual growth rate of 6.1 % in the share of national scientic publications in the 10 % most cited scientic publications worldwide. As can be seen in the graph above, overall technology development is well below the EU average, although the level of PCT patent applications per billion GDP shows remarkable progress for the period 20002009. Product or process innovations in SMEs are at a good level, having increased substantially over the last decade.

4 Research and Innovation per formance in EU Member States and A ssociated countries

Portugals scientic and technological strengths

The maps below illustrate several key science and technology areas where Portuguese regions have real strengths in a European perspective. The maps are based on the number of scientic publications and patents produced by authors and inventors based in the regions.

Strengths in science and technology at European level

Food, agriculture and sheries Scienti c production Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 2000-2011
Publications (Fractional Counting) 0.0 - 225.3 225.3 - 646.6 646.6 - 1263.4 1263.4 - 2039.0 2039.0 - 3265.3
Martinique & Guadeloupe French Guiana

Technological production

Runion

Canary Islands

Azores

Madeira

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

250

500

1,000

1,500

Kilometers 2,000

Biotechnology Scienti c production Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries

Biotechnology, 2000-2011
Publications (Fractional Counting) 0.0 - 98.6 98.6 - 245.2 245.2 - 463.7 463.7 - 961.3 961.3 - 1659.2
Martinique & Guadeloupe French Guiana

Technological production

Runion

Canary Islands

Azores

Madeira

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

250

500

1,000

1,500

Kilometers 2,000

Environment Scienti c production Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries

Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences), 2000-2011
Publications (Fractional Counting) 0.0 - 489.0 489.0 - 1285.7 1285.7 - 2296.5 2296.5 - 4841.3 4841.3 - 7842.7
Martinique & Guadeloupe French Guiana

Technological production

Runion

Canary Islands

Azores

Madeira

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

250

500

1,000

1,500

Kilometers 2,000

Source : DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit Data : Science Metrix using Scopus (Elsevier), 2010 ; European Patent O ce, patent applications, 20012010

5 Innovation Union progress at countr y level: Por tugal

Materials Scienti c production Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries

Materials (exluding Nanotechnologies), 2000-2011
Publications (Fractional Counting) 0.0 - 218.8 218.8 - 639.4 639.4 - 1213.7 1213.7 - 2415.2 2415.2 - 4203.5
Martinique & Guadeloupe French Guiana

Technological production

Runion

Canary Islands

Azores

Madeira

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

250

500

1,000

1,500

Kilometers 2,000

Information and Communication Technologies Scienti c production Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
Information and Communication Technologies, 2000-2011
Publications (Fractional Counting) 0.0 - 375.6 375.6 - 1059.2 1059.2 - 2304.5 2304.5 - 4745.1 4745.1 - 13375.5
Martinique & Guadeloupe French Guiana

Technological production

Runion

Canary Islands

Azores

Madeira

Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

250

500

1,000

1,500

Kilometers 2,000

In terms of scientic production, Portugal has stronger capacity in the elds of health, food, agriculture and sheries, ICT, materials, biotech, production and transport. The scienti c specialisation index, covering the period 20002009, shows higher values in the elds of food, agriculture and sheries, ICT, materials, production, construction, transport, biotech and security. Regional diversity in scientic production and excellence is a reality, particularly for health, biotech, ICT and materials, with the region of Lisboa taking the lead, followed by Norte and Centro. However, in areas such as food, agriculture and sheries and environment, participation

from other regions is more evident. Scienti c excellence, as shown by the impact of scientic publications in terms of citations, is shown to be particularly high for food, agriculture and sheries, materials, energy, environment and transport. Notwithstanding the diversication of S&T, as shown by the indicators above, the innovation base could be further strengthened by focusing more on certain scientic areas that would improve the quality of technological output, such as biotech, food, agriculture and sheries, materials, environment and ICT.

6 Research and Innovation per formance in EU Member States and A ssociated countries

Policies and reforms for research and innovation

The R&I policy is characterised by a large political consensus and continuity over time, which allowed for signicant progress from a relatively low base. Long term consistency has proved to be a positive determinant in ensuring the consolidation of the research system. However, the need to pursue a very tight budgetary policy has caused some changes. In 2012, for the rst time since the economic crisis, the government budget for R&D decreased. The budget for the Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) decreased by 42 million between 2011 and 2012, but from a rather high level. In 2012, the FCT launched a call for proposals for 80 scientists, both Portuguese and foreign nationals, to carry out research in Portugal. New calls will be announced to the coming years. This initiative is aimed at consolidating the pool of highlevel scientists working in Portugal. A call for research projects in all scientic domains was also launched following a very similar line to those launched by previous governments. Initiatives have also been launched on doctoral and post doctoral grants. R&D institutions have been nanced and evaluated in various scientic areas on a competitive basis and using new excellence based demand criteria. Over recent decades, the Portuguese research policy has been horizontal in nature and has covered a broad spectrum. Despite the implementation of a number of recent initiatives addressing more targeted objectives and industry academia interaction, the fact remains that part of the research carried out in the higher education, government and Private NonProt sectors is still essentially organised according to academic criteria and responds to academic incentives. There are, however, signs that targeted and thematic funding has been increasing in recent years. Examples are the International partnerships, addressing welldened areas, such as energy, advanced computation, security and health, the creation of the Iberian Nanotechnologies Laboratory, and the Commitment to Science initiative, which identied some specic areas that research should address. Some initiatives are indicative of the future R&I policies of Portugal, e.g. the greater emphasis on competition for funding beyond Portuguese strategic funds, or the renewal of the Carnegie Mellon Portugal programme to a second phase, with a change of the main focus from education and training to entrepreneurship and innovation. The new Strategic Programme for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (E+I+) includes several measures aimed at improving the connections between the two areas of innovation and research. These include : (1) promoting experimentation in basic and secondary education ; (2) education for entrepreneurship ; (3) promoting the transition of PhD holders to nonacademic careers, (4) improving the articulation of technology transfer units; (5) encouraging the economic exploitation of scientic knowledge; (6) launching scientic thematic/ priority programmes ; (7) support for patent registration and licensing ; and (8) a host of initiatives to encourage entrepreneurship. The programme of the new government species the encouragement of the integration of Portugals scientic system in the European Research Area. This will be achieved through an increased participation of Portuguese companies and research organisations in EU Framework Programmes and by supporting industrial research through publicprivate collaborations. The Strategic Programme for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (E+ I+) also includes a measure aimed at supporting the participation of Portuguese companies in international R&D programmes.

7 Innovation Union progress at countr y level: Por tugal

Economic impact of innovation

Theindex below is a summary index of the economic impact of innovation composed of ve of the Innovation Union Scoreboards indicators.1

Portugal Index of economic impact of innovation (1)

0.700 0.612 0.600 0.508 0.500 0.387

0.400

0.300

0.200

0.100

0.000 Portugal Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit (2013) Data: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013, Eurostat Note: (1) Based on underlying data for 2009, 2010 and 2011. EU Reference Group (EE+ES+PT)

The index of the economic impact of innovation shows that Portugal is lagging slightly behind in terms of orienting its economy towards innovative and knowledge intensive sectors. This is, of course, partly attributable to the severe economic crisis. However, the scale of the gap also points at more structural problems. Portugals overall performance in innovation is moderate also according to the IUS report. Although there is a high share of SMEs introducing innovations, it is clear that exports and employment in hightech sectors and knowledgeintensive services are particularly weak, showing the diculty for innovative rms to positioning themselves in markets with high potential for growth. This weakness is recognised, and a strategic programme to promote entrepreneurship and innovation, E+I+, was introduced at the end of 2011, leading to the creation of a National Council for Entrepreneurship and Innovation and the launch of competitions for innovation and R&D projects to be implemented by micro and SMEs in cooperation with universities and research institutes. Standards on innovation management and guidelines for the valorisation and protection of IPR are being developed. Various measures were adopted to reduce the constraints on credit conditions and to promote the internationalisation and exports of SMEs. The ongoing Digital Agenda 2015
1 See methodological notes for the composition of this index.

is progressing well, leaving Portugal with one of the most advanced broadband networks in the EU. If the analysis is not limited to innovative enterprises, but refers to all fast growing rms, it reveals that Portugals share of high growth2 enterprises (in terms of employment) in the total of active enterprises was 2.70 % for micro enterprises and 3.26% for somewhat larger enterprises (10 employees or more) in 2009. These values are lower than the 2008 values, at a similar level to Spain but lower than Estonia and the Czech Republic. If fast growing rms are measured in terms of turnover, the values for Portugal for 2009 are higher (4.45 % and 6.38 %, respectively), which seems to indicate that a critical size (in terms of employment and/or turnover), let alone other important factors, is an important factor in the growth of enterprises. The share of fast growing enterprises by sector is much higher when measured in terms of turnover than in terms of employment. In 2009, the shares of high growth enterprises in the construction sector, in terms of turnover, were 8.27% (5 to 9 employees) and 11.95% (10 employees or more), whereas in terms of employment the corresponding shares were much more modest at 2.90 % and 3.35%, respectively.
2 Enterprises with average annualised growth greater than 20 % per annum over a threeyear period.

8 Research and Innovation per formance in EU Member States and A ssociated countries

Upgrading the manufacturing sector through research and technologies

The graph below illustrates the upgrading of knowledge in dierent manufacturing industries. The position on the horizontal axis illustrates the changing weight of each industry sector in value added over the period. The general trend of moving to the lehand side reects the decrease in manufacturing in the overall economy. The sectors above the xaxis are sectors whose research intensity has increased over time. The size of the bubble represents the share of the sector (in value added) in manufacturing (for all sectors presented in the graph). The red coloured sectors are hightech or mediumhightech sectors.

Portugal Share of value added versus BERD intensity average annual growth, 1995-2006
80

BERD intensity average annual growth (%), 1995-2006 (2)

Wearing apparel & fur Construction 60 Wood & cork (except furniture) Basic metals 40 Other non-metallic mineral products Radio, TV & communication equipment 20 Textiles Leather products 0 Pulp, paper & paper products Other manufacturing Chemicals & chemical products Oce, accounting & computing machinery Publishing & printing Motor vehicles Electricity, gas & water Medical, precision & optical instruments Fabricated metal products Other transport equipment Machinery & equipment 0 5
(2)

Recycling

-20

Electrical machinery & Food products, beverages & apparatus tobacco -10 -5

10

15

Share of value added in total value added average annual growth (%), 1995-2006

Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit Data: OECD Notes: (1) High-tech and medium-high-tech sectors are shown in red. 'Other transport equipment' includes high-tech, medium-high-tech and medium-low-tech. (2) 'Food products, beverages and tobacco': 1995-2005; 'Wearing apparel and fur': 1996-2006.

For a small country like Portugal, the road to growth leads to an extended market beyond the national boundaries, where competition must be confronted with high quality actors in sectors providing more value added. This requires the capacity of enterprises to move into more hightech and mediumhightech sectors to be reinforced. Portugal has the scope to upgrade its knowledge intensity in new areas of industry and in traditional sectors by integrating more R&D with creativity, design, etc. The graph above shows a general picture of manufacturing sectors over the pre crisis period 19952006, showing reduced shares of value added, but increased BERD intensities for most of the sectors. In particular, textiles, leather products and other non metallic mineral products, lost important positions. Wearing apparel and fur, despite a growth in R&D intensity over the period,

lost an important share of value added, which can be explained by factors such as aggravated price competitiveness loss. Construction (a non exposed sector) continues to play an important role in manufacturing value added, with a very high growth rate of R&D intensity. The growth in the shares of value added for motor vehicles, and medical, precision and optical instruments is encouraging. The 2011 EU industrial R&D scoreboard, ranking the top 1000 companies investing in R&D, shows that the top Portuguese companies are in the telecommunications, banking and electricity sectors. Just a year earlier, pharmaceuticals and construction were also among the top sectors.

9 Innovation Union progress at countr y level: Por tugal

Competitiveness in reaping income of global demand and markets

Investment in knowledge, technologyintensive clusters, innovation and the upgrading of the manufacturing sector are determinants of a countrys competitiveness in global export markets. A positive contribution of hightech and mediumtech products to the trade balance is an indication of specialisation and competitiveness in these products.

Evolution of the contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to the trade balance for Portugal between 2000 and 2011
Road vehicles Machinery specialised for particular industries Oce machines & automatic data-processing machines Plastics in non-primary forms General industrial machinery & equipment; machine parts Other transport equipment Power-generating machinery & equipment Photographic equipment & supplies; optical goods, watches and clocks Professional, scientic & controlling instruments & apparatus Articles of rubber Metalworking machinery Pigments, paints, varnishes & related materials Textile bres & their wastes Iron & steel Telecommunication, sound-recording & reproducing equipment Fertilisers Radioactive & associated materials Sanitary, plumbing, heating xtures & ttings Organic chemicals Fabrics (not narrow or special fabrics) Arms & ammunition Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials Plastics in primary forms Chemical materials & products Medicinal & pharmaceutical products Electrical machinery, apparatus & appliances
1.58 1.5 2.0

1.00 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.27 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.05 -0.08 -0.09 -0.20 -0.62 -1.56 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0

Change in the contribution to trade balance (in % points)

Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit Data: COMTRADE Notes: Textile bres & their wastes refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 266 and 267. Organic chemicals refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 512 and 513. Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 553 and 554. Chemical materials & products refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 591, 593, 597 and 598. Iron & steel refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 671, 672 and 679. Metalworking machinery refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 731, 733 and 737.

Over the last decade, Portugal has had large current account and trade balance de cits, re ecting the overall weak competitiveness of the majority of enterprises. The graph above shows the changes, from 2000 to 2011, of the contributions of various industries to the national trade balance. The highest positive variation occurred in machinery specialised for particular industries. The second highest positive variation is in road vehicles (including air cushion vehicles), which passed from a negative contribution in 2000 to a positive contribution in 2011. The next positive variation is in plastics in non primary forms (this industry had a positive trade balance since 2007). On the negative variations, the highest occurred for electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, and electrical parts. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products and other transport equipment also had negative variations. Industries that contributed positively to the trade balance throughout the decade are : sanitary,

plumbing and heating xtures and ttings and fabrics, woven or man-made textile materials. Total factor productivity is lower than a decade ago (see the table below) and the share of employment in knowledgeintensive activities is also relatively low. Labour productivity increased over the same period, but only slightly. Enterprises need to further integrate new technologies and strive to develop new products, processes and services that may provide higher added value for their activities. Concerning the other EU 2020 objectives, Portugal is progressing well, in particular in relation to increasing the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption and the share of population having completed tertiary education.

10 Research and Innovation per formance in EU Member States and A ssociated countries

Key indicators PORTUGAL

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average annual growth (1) (%) EU average (2) Rank within EU

ENABLERS Investment in knowledge

New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand population aged 25-34 Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD + HERD) as % of GDP Venture capital ( ) as % of GDP
4

1.62 0.20 0.45 0.11

1.79 0.25 0.44 0.06

1.88 0.24 0.41 0.04

2.30 0.24 0.39 0.08

2.43 0.27 0.39 0.10

2.53 0.30 0.39 0.14

3.25 0.46 0.43 0.05

3.68 0.60 0.46 0.12

2.99 0.75 0.63 (3) 0.23

2.72 0.78 0.72 0.14

1.85 0.73 0.70 0.12

: 0.69 0.69 0.21

: : : :

1.3 11.8 3.0 6.3

1.69 1.26 0.74 0.35 ( )

5

9 17 10 6 (5)

S&T excellence and cooperation

Composite indicator of research excellence Scientic publications within the 10 % most cited scientic publications worldwide as % of total scientic publications of the country International scientic copublications per million population Publicprivate scientic copublications per million population : 6.2 150 : : 7.3 148 : : 7.3 176 : : 7.2 250 : : 8.0 299 : 21.5 9.2 331 : : 8.9 402 : : 9.3 423 10 : 10.0 498 11 : : 532 12 26.5 : 600 14 : : 678 17 : : : : 4.2 6.1 14.7 13.9 47.9 10.9 300 53 18 14 15 19

FIRM ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT Innovation contributing to international competitiveness

PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current PPS Licence and patent revenues from abroad as % of GDP Sales of newtomarket and newtorm innovations as % of turnover Knowledgeintensive service exports as % total service exports Contribution of hightech and mediumtech products to the trade balance as % of total exports plus imports of products Growth of total factor productivity (total economy) 2000 = 100 0.2 : : : -3.61 100 0.2 : : : -3.12 99 0.2 : : : -2.74 98 0.3 : : : -2.28 97 0.3 0.01 10.0 21.1 -2.28 98 0.5 0.02 : 22.8 -2.36 98 0.5 0.04 13.3 26.5 -1.47 98 0.5 0.04 : 28.5 -1.66 100 0.6 0.03 15.6 28.7 -1.30 99 0.6 0.06 : 28.9 -2.98 97 : 0.02 14.3 29.0 -3.50 99 : 0.03 : : -1.20 99 : : : : : 99 13.3 8.2 6.1 5.4 -1 (7) 3.9 0.58 14.4 45.1 4.20 (6) 103 19 23 11 14 20 24

Factors for structural change and addressing societal challenges

Composite indicator of structural change Employment in knowledgeintensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as % of total employment aged 15-64 SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of SMEs Environmentrelated technologies patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP in current PPS Healthrelated technologies patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP in current PPS 30.0 : : 0.02 0.05 : : : 0.01 0.06 : : : 0.00 0.08 : : : 0.01 0.06 : : 38.6 0.01 0.04 35.4 : : 0.06 0.09 : : 38.7 0.05 0.08 : : : 0.05 0.09 : 8.8 47.7 0.05 0.10 : 8.8 : : : 41.0 8.6 45.6 : :
8

: 9.1 ( ) : : :

: : : : :

3.2 -1.5 2.8 10.0 8.2

48.7 13.6 38.4 0.39 0.52

17 23 6 20 19

Europe 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES

Employment rate of the population aged 20-64 (%) R&D intensity (GERD as % of GDP) Greenhouse gas emissions 1990 = 100 Share of renewable energy in gross nal energy consumption (%) Share of population aged 30-34 who have successfully completed tertiary education (%) Share of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) 73.5 0.73 137 : 11.3 : 73.9 0.77 139 : 11.7 : 73.6 0.73 146 : 13.0 : 72.9 0.71 137 : 14.9 : 72.6 0.74 141 19.2 16.5 27.5 72.3 0.78 144 19.6 17.7 26.1 72.7 0.99 136 20.8 18.4 25.0 72.6 1.17 132 22.0 19.8 25.0 73.1 1.50 (3) 130 23.0 21.6 26.0 71.2 1.64 124 24.6 21.1 24.9 70.5 1.59 118 24.6 23.5 25.3 69.1 (9) 1.50 : : 26.1 25.3 : : : : : : -0.4 -0.2 -19 (10) 4.2 7.9 -1.4 68.6 2.03 85 12.5 34.6 23.4 13 14 24 (11) 5 21 17 (11)

Source : DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit Data : Eurostat, DG JRC ISPRA, DG ECFIN, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard Notes : (1) Average annual growth refers to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which compatible data are available over the period 2000-2012. (2) EU average for the latest available year. (3) Break in series between 2008 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2011. (4) Venture Capital includes early stage, expansion and replacement for the period 2000-2006 and includes seed, startup, later stage, growth, replacement and buyout for the period 2007-2011. (5) Venture Capital : EU does not include EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, SI, SK. These Member States were not included in the EU ranking. 6 ( ) EU is the weighted average of the values for the Member States. (7) The value is the dierence between 2012 and 2000. (8) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2010. (9) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2000-2010. (10) The value is the dierence between 2010 and 2000. A negative value means lower emissions. (11) The values for this indicator were ranked from lowest to highest. (12) Values in italics are estimated or provisional.

Portugal O Desafio da Recuperao

Resumo: Desempenho no domnio da investigao, inovao e competitividade Os indicadores no quadro infra apresentam uma sntese da situao de Portugal no domnio da investigao, inovao e competitividade. Estabelecem a relao entre o investimento nos conhecimentos e os contributos para o desempenho ou a produo econmica ao longo de todo o ciclo de inovao. Apontam pontos fortes temticos em tecnologias-chave e tambm o contributo das altas e mdias tecnologias para a balana comercial. O quadro inclui um novo ndice sobre a excelncia cientfica e tecnolgica que tem em considerao tanto a qualidade da produo cientfica como o desenvolvimento tecnolgico. O indicador relativo intensidade de conhecimentos da economia um ndice de alteraes estruturais que incide na composio setorial e na especializao da economia e mostra a evoluo do peso dos setores, produtos e servios com utilizao intensiva de conhecimentos. Investimento e contributos
Investigao Intensidade de I&D 2011: 1,50% (UE: 2,03%; EUA: 2,75%) 2000-2011: -0,16% (UE: +0,8%; EUA: +0,2%) ndice do impacto econmico da inovao 2010-2011: 0,387 (UE: 0,612)

Desempenho/produo econmica
Excelncia em C&T 2010: 26,45 (UE: 47,86; EUA: 56,68) 2005-2010: +4,23% (UE: +3,09%; EUA: +0,53) Intensidade de conhecimentos da economia 2010: 41,04 (UE: 48,75; EUA: 56,25) 2000-2010: +3,18% (UE: +0,93%; EUA: +0,5%) Contribuio das altas e mdias tecnologias para a balana comercial 2011: -1,2% (UE: 4,2%; EUA: 1,93%) 2000-2011: n.d. (UE: +4,99%; EUA: -10,75%)

Inovao e alteraes estruturais Competitividade

Pontos quentes em tecnologias-chave Produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, biotecnologias, materiais, ambiente, TIC

Portugal expandiu o seu sistema de investigao e inovao ao longo da ltima dcada, aumentando o seu investimento em investigao entre 2000 e 2007 a uma taxa mdia de crescimento real anual de 7%, um progresso notvel. No entanto, a intensidade de I&D em Portugal diminuiu a uma mdia de 0,16% no perodo de 2008 a 2011. O nvel das despesas pblicas em I&D foi mantido ao nvel de 0,69% do PIB em 2011, apesar da crise econmica. Portugal realizou tambm progressos notveis no nmero de novos doutorados por 1000 habitantes com idades entre 25-34 anos e na percentagem de investigadores na populao ativa. O investimento das empresas em I&D aumentou drasticamente, com Portugal quase a quadruplicar a intensidade de I&D empresarial na sua economia entre 2000 e 2011. As empresas aumentaram tambm a sua quota de financiamento da despesa interna bruta em investigao e desenvolvimento (BERD) de 27% em 2000 para 44% em 2009. Esta evoluo teve um impacto positivo na produo e excelncia cientficas, bem como na inovao, nomeadamente nas PME. O nvel da intensidade de conhecimentos da economia aumentou a um ritmo bastante superior mdia da UE no perodo de 2000 a 2010. No entanto, apesar dos progressos observados nas despesas de I&D no setor empresarial e do grande aumento do nmero total de investigadores nos ltimos anos, Portugal continua a estar abaixo da mdia da UE em termos de excelncia cientfica e tecnolgica, de intensidade de investigao nas empresas e do nmero de investigadores nas empresas. Outros desafios so o nvel de sucesso escolar (tanto no ensino secundrio como superior), bem como a menor quantidade de copublicaes cientficas entre os setores pblico e privado, de pedidos de registo de patentes TCP, de receitas de licenas e patentes do estrangeiro e de atividades com utilizao intensiva de conhecimentos. Alguns setores tradicionais da indstria transformadora, como os setores do couro e calado e dos txteis e produtos txteis, perderam competitividade ao longo da ltima dcada e reduziram a sua quota-parte no valor acrescentado nacional total. As polticas portuguesas no domnio da investigao e inovao apoiam adequadamente as alteraes estruturais necessrias para o pas melhorar a sua produtividade e competitividade e retomar a via do crescimento. O novo Programa Estratgico para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovao articula polticas

como a educao, formao e emprego com o objetivo de estimular a I&D e a inovao no sistema cientfico e no setor empresarial. Foram lanadas novas iniciativas no domnio da excelncia em investigao com vista a promover o emprego cientfico de talentos e centros de investigao de excelncia. Os Clusters de Competitividade so objeto de racionalizao e esto a ser reorientados para os objetivos estratgicos de maior competitividade e de aumento das exportaes e do emprego. Est simultaneamente a ser reforado o Programa de Investigao Aplicada e Transferncia de Tecnologia para o Tecido Empresarial. Investir no conhecimento
Portugal - R&D intensity projections, 2000-2020
3.5
(1)

3.0

EU (2) - target

2.5
R&D intensity (%)

Portugal

(3)

- target

2.0

EU - trend

1.5 Portugal - trend

1.0

0.5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, Member State Notes: (1) The R&D intensity projections based on trends are derived from the average annual growth in R&D intensity for 2000-2011 in the the case of the EU and for 2008-2011 in the case of Portugal. (2) EU: This projection is based on the R&D intensity target of 3.0% for 2020. (3) PT: This projection is based on a tentative R&D intensity target of 3.0% for 2020. (4) PT: There is a break in series between 2008 and the previous years.

Portugal fixou o objetivo nacional de 3% de intensidade de I&D para 2020, com a intensidade de I&D do setor pblico a atingir 1% e a intensidade de I&D das empresas a atingir 2%. A partir de 2005 e at crise, Portugal realizou progressos significativos no sentido do cumprimento do objetivo de intensidade de I&D. No entanto, a partir de 2009, a tendncia tem sido negativa e, em 2011, a intensidade de I&D em Portugal regrediu para 1,50%, com uma intensidade de I&D no setor pblico de 0,69% e no setor empresarial de 0,69%. Por conseguinte, o principal desafio para a I&D em Portugal consiste em aumentar a percentagem de investimento das empresas em I&D no investimento total nacional em I&D e em atrair o investimento de empresas estrangeiras. O investimento em I&D diminuiu ligeiramente, afetado pela crise econmica. O investimento das empresas em I&D atingiu o seu nvel mais elevado em 2009, em termos absolutos, e em termos relativos aps alguns anos de crescimento notvel. O difcil ambiente empresarial nacional e a contrao da procura interna colocam as empresas numa posio em que tm de encontrar mercados externos, ao mesmo tempo que enfrentam desafios em termos de eficincia (produtividade e competitividade) e de financiamento. Os esforos de investimento em inovao e investigao, permitindo aumentar a produtividade e a competitividade, apontam na direo certa. O financiamento pblico da I&D tem sido contnuo apesar da presso gerada pela reduo das despesas pblicas.

O investimento privado e pblico em I&D tambm beneficia de apoio atravs de cofinanciamento do oramento europeu, em especial no mbito dos Fundos Estruturais e de candidaturas selecionadas no mbito do Stimo Programa-Quadro de Investigao. No perodo de programao do FEDER de 2007 a 2013, Portugal beneficia de um financiamento de 5 729 milhes de euros (26,8% do total atribudo a Portugal) para a investigao, a inovao e o empreendedorismo nas regies portuguesas. Em 2010, Portugal j tinha absorvido 62,5% destes fundos da UE (a mdia na UE era uma taxa de autorizaes de 46,6%). Portugal tem ainda margem para aumentar o seu financiamento em I&D no mbito do Stimo Programa-Quadro. A taxa de sucesso dos candidatos portugueses de 19,1%, sendo inferior mdia da UE da taxa de sucesso de 21,6%. At ao incio de 2012, um pouco mais de 1300 participantes portugueses tinham sido parceiros num projeto no mbito do 7. PQ, com uma contribuio financeira total da CE de quase 283 milhes de euros. Duas PME portuguesas encontram-se entre as vinte principais PME em termos de nmero de convenes de subveno assinadas no mbito do 7. PQ para o perodo de 2007 a 2010. Um sistema de investigao e inovao eficaz baseado no Espao Europeu da Investigao O grfico infra ilustra os pontos fortes e fracos do sistema portugus de investigao e inovao. No sentido dos ponteiros do relgio, apresenta informaes sobre os recursos humanos, a produo cientfica, a valorizao tecnolgica e a inovao. As taxas de crescimento anual mdio entre o ano 2000 e o ltimo ano disponvel so apresentadas entre parnteses sob cada indicador.
Portugal, 2011 (1)
In brackets: average annual growth for Portugal, 2000-2011 (2)
New graduates (ISCED 5) in science and engineering per thousand population aged 25-34 (7,0%) Business R&D Intensity (BERD as New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) % of GDP) per thousand population aged 25-34 (11,8%) (1,3%) SMEs introducing marketing or organisational innovations as % of total SMEs (0,8%) SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of total SMEs (2,8%) Business enterprise researchers (FTE) per thousand labour force (14,1%) Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as % of total employment aged 15-64 (-1,5%) Scientific publications within the 10% most cited scientific publications worldwide as % of total scientific publications of the country (3) (6,1%) EC Framework Programme funding per thousand GERD (euro) (-4,9%)

Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD plus HERD) financed by business enterprise as % of GDP (-8,5%)

Pulic-private scientific copublications per million population (13,9%)

Foreign doctoral students BERD financed from abroad as % of (ISCED 6) as % of all doctoral total BERD students (4) (-10,4%) (11,9%) PCT pate nt applications per billion GDP in current PPS (13,3%)

Portugal

Reference Group (EE+ES+PT)

EU

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Econom ic Analysis Unit Data: DG Res earch and Innovation, Euros tat, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard Notes: (1) The values refer to 2011 or to the lates t available year. (2) Growth rates which do not refer to 2000-2011 refer to growth between the earlies t available year and the lates t available year for which com parable data are available over the period 2000-2011. (3) Fractional counting method. (4) EU does not include DE, IE, EL, LU, NL.

O grfico mostra, em termos gerais, que o forte aumento do investimento em I&D no perodo de 2000 a 2011 desencadeou um maior desenvolvimento da componente de recursos humanos, uma maior qualidade cientfica e alguma inovao, mas com menos progressos no que diz respeito valorizao tecnolgica. Em termos gerais, embora se tenham observado bons progressos relativamente aos
3

recursos humanos, cincia e inovao empresarial, Portugal continua abaixo da mdia da UE em termos de desenvolvimento tecnolgico, I&D empresarial e intensidade de conhecimentos da economia. No que diz respeito aos recursos humanos no domnio da investigao e inovao, Portugal est a realizar progressos notveis em termos do nmero de novos doutorados e de investigadores ao servio das empresas. Este facto uma consequncia dos fortes incentivos pblicos. No entanto, a quota-parte do emprego em atividades com utilizao intensiva de conhecimentos no seguiu a mesma tendncia, o que reflete uma deficincia quanto sua capacidade para evoluir para domnios com uma utilizao mais intensiva de conhecimentos. A qualidade da produo cientfica melhorou significativamente, conforme refletido numa taxa mdia de crescimento anual de 6,1% da quota de publicaes cientficas nacionais nos 10% de publicaes cientficas mais citadas a nvel mundial. Conforme apresentado no grfico supra, o desenvolvimento tecnolgico geral bastante inferior mdia da UE, embora o nvel de pedidos de registo de patentes TCP por milhar de milho do PIB revele progressos notveis no perodo de 2000 a 2009. O nvel de inovaes em produtos ou processos nas PME bom, tendo aumentado substancialmente ao longo da ltima dcada. Pontos fortes de Portugal nos domnios cientfico e tecnolgico Os mapas infra ilustram vrias reas cientficas e tecnolgicas fundamentais em que as regies portuguesas dispem de reais vantagens numa perspetiva europeia. Os mapas baseiam-se no nmero de publicaes cientficas e patentes produzidas por autores e inventores europeus com base nas regies. Pontos fortes no domnio da cincia e da tecnologia a nvel europeu

Produo cientfica

Produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas

Produo tecnolgica

Produo cientfica

Biotecnologia

Produo tecnolgica

Produo cientfica

Ambiente

Produo tecnolgica

Fonte: DG Investigao e Inovao Unidade Anlise Econmica Dados: Science Metrix utilizando o Scopus (Elsevier), 2010; Instituto Europeu de Patentes, pedidos de registo de patentes, 2001-2010

Produo cientfica

Materiais

Produo tecnolgica

Produo cientfica

Tecnologias da Informao e das Comunicaes

Produo tecnolgica

Em termos de produo cientfica, Portugal tem maior capacidade nos domnios da sade, produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, TIC, materiais, biotecnologias, produo e transportes. O ndice de especializao cientfica, que abrange o perodo de 2000 a 2009, revela valores mais elevados nos
5

domnios dos produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, TIC, materiais, produo, construo, transportes, biotecnologia e segurana. A diversidade regional em termos de produo e excelncia cientficas uma realidade, especialmente nos domnios da sade, biotecnologias, TIC e materiais, com a regio de Lisboa a liderar, seguida do Norte e do Centro. No entanto, em domnios como os produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas e ambiente, a participao de outras regies mais evidente. A excelncia cientfica, conforme demonstrada pelo impacto de publicaes cientficas em termos de citaes, continua a ser particularmente elevada nos domnios dos produtos alimentares, agricultura e pescas, materiais, energia, ambiente e transportes. No obstante a diversificao a nvel C&T, conforme demonstrado pelos indicadores supramencionados, a base de inovao poderia ser reforada mediante uma maior incidncia em algumas reas cientficas que permitiriam melhorar a qualidade dos resultados tecnolgicos, como as biotecnologias, os produtores alimentares, a agricultura e pescas, os materiais, o ambiente e as TIC.

Polticas e reformas no domnio da investigao e inovao A poltica de investigao e inovao caracteriza-se por um vasto consenso poltico e por uma continuidade ao longo do tempo que permitiram realizar progressos significativos a partir de uma base relativamente baixa. A coerncia a longo prazo revelou-se um fator positivo determinante para assegurar a consolidao do sistema de investigao. No entanto, a necessidade de prosseguir uma poltica oramental muito restritiva levou a algumas alteraes. Em 2012, pela primeira vez desde a crise econmica, houve uma reduo do oramento da administrao pblica para a I&D. Observou-se tambm uma reduo no oramento da Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia (FCT) de 42 milhes de euros entre 2011 e 2012, mas a partir de um nvel bastante elevado. Em 2012, a FCT publicou um convite apresentao de propostas para 80 cientistas, tanto portugueses como estrangeiros, realizarem investigao em Portugal. Sero anunciados novos convites para os prximos anos. Esta iniciativa destina-se a consolidar a base de cientistas de alto nvel que trabalha em Portugal. Foi tambm publicado um convite apresentao de projetos de investigao em todos os domnios cientficos, com uma orientao muito semelhante dos convites publicados por governos anteriores. Foram tambm lanadas iniciativas de bolsas para doutoramento e ps-doutoramento. Tem havido financiamento e avaliao das instituies de I&D em diferentes reas cientficas numa base concorrencial e utilizando novos critrios baseados na excelncia. Nas ltimas dcadas, a poltica de investigao portuguesa tem sido de natureza horizontal e abrangido um amplo espetro. Apesar da implementao de uma srie de iniciativas recentes com objetivos mais orientados e uma maior interao entre as empresas e as universidades, mantm-se a situao em que parte da investigao realizada no ensino superior e nos setores pblico e privado sem fins lucrativos continua a ser essencialmente organizada em funo de critrios acadmicos e responde a incentivos acadmicos. H, todavia, sinais de que o financiamento orientado e temtico tem vindo a aumentar nos ltimos anos. So exemplos as parcerias internacionais que incidem em reas bem definidas como a energia, computao avanada, segurana e sade, a criao do Laboratrio Ibrico de Nanotecnologias e a Iniciativa Compromisso com a Cincia, que identificou algumas reas especficas que a investigao deveria abordar. Algumas iniciativas so indicativas das futuras polticas de I&I de Portugal, como, por exemplo, a maior nfase na concorrncia no financiamento para alm dos fundos estratgicos portugueses, ou a renovao do Programa Carnegie Mellon-Portugal numa segunda fase, cuja principal incidncia passar do ensino e formao para o empreendedorismo e a inovao. O novo Programa Estratgico para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovao (E+I+) inclui diversas medidas que visam melhorar as ligaes entre as duas reas: inovao e investigao. Entre estas contam-se: 1) a promoo da experimentao no ensino bsico e secundrio; 2) o ensino em
6

empreendedorismo; 3) a promoo da passagem dos doutorados para carreiras no acadmicas; 4) a melhoria da articulao das unidades de transferncia de tecnologias; 5) o incentivo explorao econmica dos conhecimentos cientficos; 6) o lanamento de programas cientficos temticos/prioritrios; 7) o apoio ao registo de patentes e concesso de licenas e 8) uma srie de iniciativas para incentivar o empreendedorismo. O programa do novo governo especifica como objetivo o incentivo integrao do sistema cientfico de Portugal no Espao Europeu da Investigao. Para tal ser necessria uma maior participao das empresas e organismos de investigao portugueses nos Programas-Quadro da UE e o apoio investigao industrial atravs da colaborao entre os setores pblico e privado. O Programa Estratgico para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovao (E+I+) tambm inclui uma medida destinada a apoiar a participao das empresas portuguesas em programas internacionais de I&D. Impacto econmico da inovao O ndice infra apresenta um resumo do impacto econmico da inovao constitudo por cinco dos indicadores do Painel de Avaliao da Unio da Inovao1.
Portugal - Index of economic impact of innovation (1)
0.700 0.612 0.600 0.508 0.500 0.387

0.400

0.300

0.200

0.100

0.000 Portugal EU Reference Group (EE+ES+PT)

Source: DG Res earch and Innovation - Econom ic Analys is Unit (2013) Data: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013, Euros tat Note: (1) Bas ed on underlying data for 2009, 2010 and 2011.

O ndice de impacto econmico da inovao mostra que Portugal est a ficar ligeiramente atrasado em termos de orientao da sua economia para setores inovadores e com uma utilizao intensiva de conhecimentos. Como evidente, tal deve-se em parte grave crise econmica. No entanto, a escala do atraso aponta tambm para problemas mais estruturais. O desempenho geral de Portugal em matria de inovao moderado, tambm segundo o relatrio IUS. Embora exista uma percentagem elevada de PME que lanam inovaes, as exportaes e o emprego nos setores de alta tecnologia e dos servios com utilizao intensiva de conhecimentos so particularmente fracos, o que demonstra a dificuldade que as empresas inovadoras tm em posicionarse em mercados com um elevado potencial de crescimento. Esta deficincia reconhecida, pelo que foi criado no final de 2011 um programa estratgico para promover o empreendedorismo e a inovao, E+I+, levando criao do Conselho Nacional para o Empreendedorismo e a Inovao e publicao de concursos para projetos no domnio da inovao e da I&D a executar por microempresas e PME em cooperao com universidades e institutos de investigao. Esto a ser desenvolvidas normas sobre a gesto da inovao e orientaes para a valorizao e proteo dos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Foram adotadas diversas medidas para reduzir as restries nas condies de crdito e promover a internacionalizao e as exportaes das PME. A Agenda Digital

Ver nota metodolgica relativa composio deste ndice.

2015 est a avanar bem, fazendo com que Portugal disponha de uma das redes de banda larga mais avanadas da UE. Se a anlise no se limitar a empresas inovadoras, mas abranger todas as empresas de crescimento rpido, revela que, em Portugal, a quota-parte de empresas de elevado crescimento2 (em termos de emprego) no total das empresas ativas foi de 2,70% para as microempresas e de 3,26% para as empresas um pouco maiores (10 ou mais trabalhadores) em 2009. Estes valores so inferiores aos valores de 2008, encontrando-se a um nvel similar ao de Espanha, mas inferior ao da Estnia e da Repblica Checa. Se as empresas de crescimento rpido forem aferidas em termos de volume de negcios, os valores para Portugal em 2009 so mais elevados (4,45% e 6,38%, respetivamente), o que parece indicar que uma dimenso crtica (em termos de emprego e/ou de volume de negcios), j para no falar de outros fatores importantes, um fator importante para o crescimento das empresas. A percentagem de empresas de crescimento rpido por setor muito superior quando aferida em termos de volume de negcios e no em termos de emprego. Em 2009, as quotas-partes de empresas de elevado crescimento no setor da construo, em termos de volume de negcios, foram de 8,27% (5 a 9 trabalhadores) e 11,95% (10 ou mais trabalhadores), ao passo que em termos de emprego, as quotas-partes correspondentes foram muito mais modestas, 2,90% e 3,35%, respetivamente. Modernizao da indstria transformadora atravs da investigao e das tecnologias O grfico infra ilustra a atualizao de conhecimentos em diferentes indstrias transformadoras. A posio no eixo horizontal representa a evoluo do peso de cada setor da indstria no valor acrescentado ao longo de todo o perodo. A tendncia geral de passar para o lado esquerdo reflete a diminuio da quota da indstria transformadora na economia geral. Os setores acima do eixo X so setores cuja intensidade de investigao tem aumentado ao longo do tempo. A dimenso do crculo representa a quota-parte do setor (em valor acrescentado) na indstria transformadora (para todos os setores apresentados no grfico). Os setores a vermelho so setores de alta tecnologia ou de mdia-alta tecnologia.

Empresas com uma mdia de crescimento anualizado superior a 20% por ano num perodo de trs anos.

Portugal - Share of value added versus BERD intensity - average annual growth, 19952006
80

Wearing apparel & fur

BERD intensity - average annual growth (%), 1995-2006 (2)

Construction

60
Wood & cork (except furniture) Basic m etals Other m anufacturing

40
Other non-metallic m ineral products Radio, TV & com munication equipment Chem icals & chemical products Office, accounting & com puting machinery Publishing & printing Motor vehicles Leather products Electricity, gas & w ater

20
Textiles

0
Pulp, paper & paper products Fabricated metal products Electrical m achinery & apparatus Food products, beverages & tobacco

Recycling

Medical, precision & optical instruments Other transport equipment Machinery & equipment

-20

-10

-5

10

15

Share of value added in total value added - average annual growth (%), 1995-2006 (2)

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis unit Data: OECD Notes: (1) High-Tech and Medium-High-Tech sectors are shown in red. 'Other transport equipment' includes High-Tech, Medium-High-Tech and Medium-Low-Tech. (2) 'Food products, beverages and tobacco': 1995-2005; 'Wearing apparel and fur': 1996-2006.

Para um pas pequeno como Portugal, a via do crescimento conduz a um mercado alargado que ultrapassa as fronteiras nacionais e em que h concorrncia com intervenientes de alta qualidade em setores que geram maior valor acrescentado. Para tal, necessrio reforar a capacidade das empresas para entrarem em mais setores de alta tecnologia e mdia-alta tecnologia. Portugal tem margem de manobra para melhorar a intensidade de conhecimentos em novas reas da indstria e em setores tradicionais mediante a integrao de mais I&D com a criatividade, o design, etc. O grfico supra apresenta uma imagem geral dos setores da indstria transformadora durante o perodo pr-crise de 1995 a 2006, revelando quotas-partes reduzidas de valor acrescentado, mas maior intensidade de despesas das empresas com a I&D (BERD) na maior parte dos setores. Em especial, os txteis, os produtos em couro e outros produtos minerais no metlicos perderam posies importantes. O setor dos artigos de vesturio e peles, no obstante um aumento da intensidade de I&D durante o perodo, perdeu uma quota-parte importante do valor acrescentado, que pode ser explicada por fatores como o agravamento da perda de competitividade dos preos. O setor da construo (um setor no exposto) continua a desempenhar um papel importante no valor acrescentado da indstria transformadora com uma taxa de crescimento da intensidade de I&D muito elevada. animador o aumento da quota-parte de valor acrescentado nos setores dos veculos a motor e de instrumentos mdicos, de preciso e ticos. Em 2011, o Painel de Avaliao da I&D industrial da EU, que classifica as 1 000 empresas que mais investem em I&D, mostra que as empresas portuguesas mais bem classificadas se encontram nos setores das telecomunicaes, da banca e da eletricidade. Apenas um ano antes, os setores dos produtos farmacuticos e da construo encontravam-se tambm entre os setores melhor classificados.

Competitividade na procura mundial e nos mercados O investimento nos conhecimentos, em agregados com utilizao intensiva de tecnologias, em inovao e na modernizao da indstria transformadora so fatores determinantes da competitividade de um pas nos mercados de exportao mundiais. Uma contribuio positiva dos produtos de alta tecnologia e de mdia tecnologia para o saldo da balana comercial uma indicao da especializao e da competitividade desses produtos.
Evolution of the contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to the trade balance for Portugal between 2000 and 2011
Change in the contriburion to trade balance (in % points)

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis unit Data: COMTRADE Notes: "Textile fibres & their wastes" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 266 and 267. "Organic chemicals" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 512 and 513. "Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 553 and 554. "Chemical materials & products" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 591, 593, 597 and 598. "Iron & steel" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 671, 672 and 679. "Metalworking machinery" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 731, 733 and 737.

Ao longo da ltima dcada, Portugal tem tido grandes dfices na balana de transaes correntes e na balana comercial, o que reflete a fraca competitividade geral da maioria das empresas. O grfico supra ilustra a evoluo, entre 2000 e 2011, dos contributos das vrias indstrias para o saldo da balana comercial nacional. A maior variao positiva ocorreu no setor da maquinaria especializada para determinadas indstrias. A segunda maior variao positiva verificou-se no setor dos veculos rodovirios (incluindo veculos sobre almofada de ar), que passou de uma contribuio negativa em 2000 para uma contribuio positiva em 2011. A variao positiva seguinte verifica-se no setor das matrias plsticas sob forma no primria (esta indstria tem um saldo comercial positivo desde 2007). No que diz respeito s variaes negativas, a maior verificou-se no setor da maquinaria, aparelhos e dispositivos eltricos e peas eltricas. Os setores dos medicamentos e produtos farmacuticos e outros equipamentos de transporte tambm apresentaram variaes negativas. As indstrias que contriburam positivamente para a balana comercial ao longo de toda a dcada so as seguintes: aparelhos e artefactos fixos para usos sanitrios, canalizaes e aquecimento e matrias txteis, tecidas, com txteis sintticos. A produtividade total dos fatores inferior de h uma dcada (ver quadro infra) e a percentagem de emprego em atividades com utilizao intensiva de conhecimentos tambm relativamente baixa. A produtividade do trabalho aumentou durante o mesmo perodo, mas apenas ligeiramente. As empresas tm de integrar melhor as novas tecnologias e esforar-se por desenvolver novos produtos, processos e servios que possam gerar maior valor acrescentado para as suas atividades.
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No que diz respeito aos outros objetivos da Estratgia 2020 da UE, Portugal est a progredir bem, em especial no que se refere ao aumento da quota de energias renovveis no consumo total de energia e percentagem da populao que completa o ensino superior.

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Indicadores-chave para Portugal

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average PORTUGAL annual growth (1) (%) EU Rank

average (2) within EU

ENABLERS
Investment in knowledge
New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand population aged 25-34 Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD + HERD) as % of GDP Venture Capital (4) as % of GDP 1.62 1.79 1.88 2.30 2.43 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.10 2.53 0.30 0.39 0.14 21.5 9.2 331 : 3.25 3.68 0.46 0.60 2.99 0.75
(3)

2.72 1.85

: : : : : : : :

1.3 11.8 3.0 6.3 4.2 6.1 14.7 13.9

1.69 1.26 0.74 0,35 (5) 47.9 10.9 300 53

9 17 10 6 (5) 18 14 15 19

0.78 0.73 0.69 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.14 0.12 : : 26.5 : 0.21 : : 678 17

0.43 0.46 0,63 0.05 0.12 : 8.9 : 9.3

0.23 : 10.0 498 11

S&T excellence and cooperation

Composite indicator of research excellence : : : : : Scientific publications within the 10% most cited scientific publications worldwide as % of total scientific 6.2 7.3 7.3 7.2 8.0 publications of the country International scientific co-publications per million 150 148 176 250 299 population Public-private scientific co-publications per million : : : : : population

402 423 : 10

532 600 12 14

FIRM ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT

Innovation contributing to international competitiveness
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current PPS 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 : : License and patent revenues from abroad as % of GDP : : : : 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.03 Sales of new to market and new to firm innovations as 13.3 15.6 : : : : 10.0 : : : 14.3 : % of turnover Knowledge-intensive services exports as % total : : : : 21.1 22.8 26.5 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.0 : service exports Contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to the trade balance as % of total exports plus imports of -3.61 -3.12 -2.74 -2.28 -2.28 -2.36 -1.47 -1.66 -1.30 -2.98 -3.50 -1.20 products Growth of total factor productivity (total economy) 100 99 98 97 98 98 98 100 99 97 99 99 2000 = 100 : : : : : 99 13.3 8.2 6.1 5.4 -1 (7) 3.9 0.58 14.4 45.1 4,20 (6) 103 19 23 11 14 20 24

Factors for structural change and addressing societal challenges

30.0 Composite indicator of structural change : : : : Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as % of total : : : : : employment aged 15-64 SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % : : : : 38.6 of SMEs Environment-related technologies - patent applications 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 to the EPO per billion GDP in current PPS Health-related technologies - patent applications to the 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04 EPO per billion GDP in current PPS Employment rate of the population aged 20-64 (%) R&D Intensity (GERD as % of GDP) Greenhouse gas emissions - 1990 = 100 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption (%) Share of population aged 30-34 who have successfully completed tertiary education (%) Share of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) 73.5 73.9 73.6 72.9 72.6 0.73 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.74 137 139 146 137 141 : : : : 19.2 35.4 : : 0.06 0.09 : : 38.7 : : : : 8.8 47.7 0.05 0.10 : 8.8 : : : 41.0 8.6 45.6 : : : 9,1 : : :
(8)

: : : : :

3.2 -1.5 2.8 10.0 8.2

48.7 13.6 38.4 0.39 0.52

17 23 6 20 19

0.05 0.05 0.08 0.09

EUROPE 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES

72.3 0.78 144 19.6 17.7 26.1 72.7 72.6 73.1 71.2 70.5 69,1 (9) 0.99 1.17 1,50 (3) 1.64 1.59 1.50 136 132 130 124 118 : 20.8 22.0 18.4 19.8 25.0 25.0 23.0 21.6 26.0 24.6 24.6 21.1 23.5 24.9 25.3 : 26.1 25.3 : : : : : : -0.4 -0.2 -19 (10) 4.2 7.9 -1.4 68.6 2.03 85 12.5 34.6 23.4 13 14 24 (11) 5 21 17 (11)

11.3 11.7 13.0 14.9 16.5 : : : : 27.5

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit Data: Eurostat, DG JRC - ISPRA, DG ECFIN, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard Notes: (1) Average annual growth refers to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which compatible data are available over the period 2000-2012. (2) EU average for the latest available year. (3) Break in series between 2008 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2011. (4) Venture Capital includes early-stage, expansion and replacement for the period 2000-2006 and includes seed, start-up, later-stage, growth, replacement, rescue/turnaround and buyout for the period 2007-2011. (5) Venture Capital: EU does not include EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, SI, SK, These Member States were not included in the EU ranking. (6) EU is the weighted average of the values for the Member States. (7) The value is the difference between 2012 and 2000. (8) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2008-2010. (9) Break in series between 2011 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2000-2010. (10) The value is the difference between 2010 and 2000. A negative value means lower emissions. (11) The values for this indicator were ranked from lowest to highest. (12) Values in italics are estimated or provisional.

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HoW to oBtain eu puBlications

Free publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); at the European Commission's representations or delegations. You can obtain  their contact details on the internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 292942758. Priced publications: via eu bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Ocial Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union) : v  ia one of the sales agents of the Publications Oce of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm).

European Commission Research and Innovation performance in Portugal - Country profile Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2013 24 pp. 21 29.7 cm ISBN 978-92-79-30864-2 doi:10.2777/26011

KI-31-13-820-2V-N

Research and Innovation policy

doi:10.2777/26011