Introduction to Virology ~ Dra.

Natividad
DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES 1890 Tobacco Mosaic Disease caused by a filterable agent (Virus) 1910 first human virus isolated Yellow Fever Virus GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES 1. Small infectious units They are measured in NANOMETERS about 20-300 nm in diameter. Electron Microscopy is required Parvovirus smallest animal virus Poxvirus Largest animal virus 2. Obligate Intracellular Parasites They do not grow on Artificial Culture Media (Agar) They Grow on: Cell Culture, Animals, Chick Embryo They cannot produce their own energy They don't have cellular machinery to produce their own energy 3. They contain only one kind of Nuclei Acid DNA or RNA but not BOTH! 4. Not sensitive to Antibiotics Note: Parvovirus can grow inside RBC (reticulocyte stage) VIRAL STRUCTURES 3 General Viral Components 1. A nucleic acid genome (RNA or DNA) 2. A protective protein called Capsid o Capsid are made up of small protein subunits called Capsomeres 3. may or may not have an Envelope made of Lipid Bilayer derived from the Host Cell membrane Antibody may be sufficient for Immunoprotection o Meron pa Ding CMI (Cell Mediated Immunity) pero Antibody alone, pwede na!

B. ENVELOPED CAPSID Component: Membrane, Lipids, Proteins, Glycoproteins PROPERTIES: Environmentally Labile is disrupted by the following: o Acid, o Detergents o Drying o Heat Modifies cell membrane during replication Released by Budding and Cell Lysis o Before Released by Budding of Virus, the Bud formed is coated by Glycoproteins. CONSEQUENCES: Must stay wet Cannot survive the GIT Spreads in large droplets, secretions, organ transplants, and blood transfusions Does not need to kill the cell to Spread May need Antibody and Cell-Mediated Immune Response for Protection and Control Elicits Hypersensitivity and Inflammation to cause Immunopathogenesis Viral Symmetry/Shape Virion Nucleocapsid o Structures: ICOSAHEDRAL- Polyhedron, there are 20 Triangular faces HELICAL COMPLEX (for Poxviridae)described as Brick Shaped

A. NAKED CAPSID (NON ENVELOPED) Component: PROTEIN PROPERTIES: It is environmentally stable to the following: o temperature o Acid o Proteases o Detergents o Drying It is released from cell by Lysis CONSEQUENCES: Can be spread easily (on fomites, from hand to hand, by dust or by small droplets) Can dry out and retain infectivity Can survive the adverse conditions of the gut Can be resistant to detergents and poor sewage treatment

E. R. Gagam Med II-A

Introduction to Virology ~ Dra. Natividad

VIRAL GENOME One type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Single stranded or double stranded Linear or Circular Segmented or Non-Segmented (Majority) May be associated with Virus-Specific Enzyme or Other Proteins Infective or Non-Infective o Infective- when introduced into cell, Viral Progeny is produced o Non- Infective - those that cannot produce viral progeny This enzyme is the target of AntiVIral Agents which is beneficial kasi hindi nila ma-affect yung Human DNA Polymerase. Structural Proteins o Capsid o Envelope etc. o

For Hepadnavirus: DNA Genome

Host Cell Polymerase

mRNA R.T. Protein

DNA

Note: That as a general Rule DNA is double stranded & RNA is single stranded. And GENOME is the cause of being INFECTIOUS! A. Infective DNA Genome Infective DNA genomes are transcribed by Cell Polymerases into mRNA DNA Host Cell Polymerases mRNA Host Proteins Proteins

Note: they use (RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase)

B. Infective RNA Genome: most (+) ss RNA (+) ss RNA Protein

MOST DNA VIRUSES have infective genomes Except: Poxviridae they carry their own polymerase - only DNA viruses that multiply in the cytoplasm; Hepadnaviridae carry reverse transcriptase - Hepa B Virus ito, all other Hepa Viruses have RNA! - they have to carry their own reverse transcriptase because human cells have no R.T. (RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase) Note: if a virus needs to carry their polymerase , they have a Non-Infective Genome, kapag wala silang dinalang polymerase, they wont be able to produce a virion progeny. Note: most DNA viruses produce their Inclusion bodies in the Nucleus, but Poxviridae will produce theirs in Cytoplasm The Polymerase used here is DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase where DNA is the Template and RNA is the Product. Note: Transcription of mRNA happens in the Nucleus, then production of protein happens in the Cytoplasm. So the Final Products are PROTEINS! Proteins formed can be: NON structural Proteins o Enzymes most likely producing Dependent DNA Polymerase replication of DNA.

The basis here is the human mRNA. The Viral RNA can serve as a mRNA as long as they have the same sequence. If they are the same they are known as (+) ssRNA Once this (+) ssRNA enters the cell, it does not undergo Transcription, Translation na agad. They are Infective producing Nonstructural and Structural Protein. Enzymes produced is RNA dependent RNA Polymerase BUT if the Viral RNA is different it is known as (-) ss RNA Its sequence is Complementary to the human mRNA and it still has to be transcribed and then Translated.

Retroviridae Uses Reverse Transcriptase (RT) (+)ssRNA R.T dsDNA

Host Cell Polymerase

mRNA Protein

C. (-) ss RNA Genomes they are NON-infective They must carry own Polymerases for transcription Uses RNA Dependent RNA polymerases All virus with (-) ss RNA have to do this! (-) ssRNA mRNA Protein

DNA for

E. R. Gagam Med II-A

Introduction to Virology ~ Dra. Natividad

D. ds RNA Genome is NON-Infective Reoviridae o Requires transcription using dependent RNA polymerase RNA LEVELS OF TAXONOMY TAXONOMIC LEVEL ORDER FAMILY SUBFAMILY GENUS SPECIES SUFFIX -Virales (a group of related families) -viridae -virinae -virus (an individual virus, based on what disease they produce or derived from where they are found or After a Name) EXAMPLE Mononegavirales Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirinae Morbillivirus Measles virus, West Nile Virus, Coxsackie virus, Norwalk Virus, Epstein-Barr from the Name

(+/-) dsRNA

mRNA

Protein

Rule here! Kahit (+) siya, at dahil Double stranded siya! It needs to be transcribed pa din then translated!

VIRAL CLASSIFICATION (by The International Committee on Viral Taxonomy) Based on 4 Major Properties of Viruses 1. Type of Nucleic Acid 2. Symmetry and Shape of Capsid o All members of the Viral family have the same Shape of capsid! 3. Presence or Absence of Envelope 4. Size of the Virus Particle ICVT emphasized the viral genome as the primary determinant of Taxonomy.

VIRUS

DNA TYPE

Adenoviridae Herpesviridae

dsDNA dsDNA

VIRUSASSOCIATED POLYMERASE No No

DNA VIRUSES ENVELOPE

SHAPE

MULTIPLIES IN

MAJOR VIRUSES

Naked Enveloped

Icosahedral Icosahedral

Nucleus Nucleus

Poxviridae

dsDNA

Yes

Enveloped (MAKES OWN)

Complex (brickshaped)

Cytoplasm

Papovaviridae -Papilloma -Polyoma Hepadnaviridae Parvoviridae Circovirus HeHePox = Enveloped Apapar = Naked

dsDNA

No

Naked

Icosahedral

Nucleus

dsDNA ssDNA ssDNA

Yes No

Enveloped Naked Naked

Icosahedral Icosahedral

Nucleus Nucleus

Adenovirus HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHVT-7 & 8 Variola, Vaccinia, Mollusca Contagiosum etc. Papilloma Polyome (JCV, BKV, SV40) Hepatitis B Virus B-19 TT Virus

E. R. Gagam Med II-A

Introduction to Virology ~ Dra. Natividad

VIRUS

DNA TYPE

Calciviradae Picornaviridae

ssRNA ssRNA

POSITIVE SENSE RNA VIRUSES VIRUSENVELOPE SHAPE ASSOCIATED POLYMERASE No Naked Icosahedral No Naked Icosahedral

MULTIPLIES IN

MAJOR VIRUSES

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Flaviviridae

ssRNA

No

Enveloped

Icosahedral

Cytoplasm

Togaviridae Coronaviridae Retroviridae

ssRNA ssRNA ssRNA diploid

No No RNA dependent RNA Polymerase

Enveloped Enveloped Enveloped

Icosahedral Helical Icosahedral

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus

Norwalk Agent, Hepatitis E Virus Poliovirus, Coxsackie A & B, Echovirus, Enterovirus, Hepatitis A, Rhinovirus Dengue, Yellow Fever, Jap B, Hepatitis C Rubella, EEE, WEE, VEE etc. Corona virus, SARS Virus HIV

Helical (+) RNA! = Call Pico Flavier To Come RightAway Coronaviridae (Helical) All Icosahedral VIRUS DNA TYPE NEGATIVE SENSE RNA VIRUSES VIRUSENVELOPE SHAPE ASSOCIATED POLYMERASE Yes Enveloped Helical MULTIPLIES IN

HTLV

MAJOR VIRUSES Parainfluenza, Mumps, Measles, RSV Influenza A, B C Rabies, VSV Marburg, Ebola California Enceph Virus

Paramyxoviridae

ssRNA

Cytoplasm

Orthomyxoviridae

ssRNA 8 Yes Segments Rhabdoviridae ssRNA Yes Filoviridae ssRNA Yes Bunyaviridae ssRNA 3 Yes Segments (-) RNA! = Pairing Rats Fight Over Bunny = Helical ALL! Arenaviridae Reoviridae ssRNA 2 segments (+/-) dsRNA 11 segments Yes Yes

Enveloped Enveloped Enveloped Enveloped

Helical Helical Helical Helical

Cytoplasm & Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

OTHER RNA VIRUSES Enveloped Naked

Helical Icosahedral

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

LCM, Lassa Virus Rotavirus, Reovirus, Colorado Tick fever

E. R. Gagam Med II-A

Introduction to Virology ~ Dra. Natividad

MULTIPLICATION CYCLE Adsorption (Recognition and Attachment) Adherence, before they can attach they must recognize a host cell first Viruses have Tissue Tropism or Specificity because of the receptor o Like HIV receptor infects CD4+ T Cell having CD4 receptor. Penetration Naked virus: thru endocytosis to facilitate entry to the cell Enveloped virus: via Fusion of viral envelope and host cell membrane because they are both made of lipid bilayer Entry of nucleocapsid ,

Uncoating Obligatory process Capsid Removal Syntethic Phase (Phase where most viruses Differ) Nucleic acid control the cell Host Cellular Synthesis of Macromolecule will Stop Everything will be made for the Virus Assembly Release Naked virus via Lysis Enveloped virus via Budding Most Viruses Multiply inside the Human Cell when they are able to penetrate! Some Don't multiply but, theyre Nucleic Acid becomes incorporated in the Host genome and that will not Cause DEATH but it will transform the cell! (the cell will have uncontrolled cell division resulting in Neoplasms)

E. R. Gagam Med II-A