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1. Chapter 1 What is Language? Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. Linguistic Knowledge includes:
Knowledge of the Sound System: Knowing what sounds are in that language
and what sounds are not.
Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound units that are related to specific
meanings. Arbitrary relationship between form sounds! and meaning concept! of a word. "nomatopoeic: Words whose pronunciations suggest their meanings.
1any of those rules were based on Latin grammar. Latin was assumed as the
respected scientific language in the '2th 3 '(th #enturies. 4escriptive &rammar:
'562+ -andolph 7uirk, Sidney &reenbaum, &eoffrey Leech, and 8an Svartvik+
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. ,ased on a corpus of actual spoken and written 9nglish.
');<+ -obert #awdrey+ A Table Alphabetical+ *,2;; entries. '(22+ 4r. Samuel 8ohnson+ Dictionar of the English Language+ two volumes. '6*6+ =oah Webster+ An American Dictionar of the English Language + two
volumes+ (;,;;; entries.
#ontent words: =ouns, >erbs, Ad?ectives, and Adverbs. @unction words: #on?unctions, $repositions, Articles, $ronouns, 1orpheme: :he minimal unit of meaning.
@ree morpheme: a single morpheme that constitutes a word and can stand
alone.
4erivational morpheme: deriving creating! a new word with a new meaning. .nflectional morpheme: changing the form of a word because of the rules of syntaA. 9nglish inflectional morphemes: =ouns 3s 3/s >erbs 3s 3ed 3en third person singular present past tense past participle plural possessive
3est superlative
Word #oinage: #ompounds, Acronyms, ,ackCformations, Abbreviations, 9ponyms, and ,lends. #ompounds: :wo or more words ?oined together to a form a new word. %ome E work homework $ick E pocket pickpocket =ote: :he meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. #oconut oil oil made from coconuts. "live oil oil made from olives. ,aby oil ......... cathouse ......... blueCmovies ......... blueCchip ......... Acronyms: Words derived from the initials of several words. =ational Aeronautics and Space Agency ......... SelfCcontained underwater breathing apparatus ......... ......... @0. ......... :&.@ ......... a.k.a ,ackCformations: #reative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis.
9ditor ')<5! edit '(5'! :elevision '5;(! televise '5*(! Abbreviations #lipping!: A word which is clipped. @acsimile faA %amburger burger &asoline ......... Advertisement ......... "mnibus ......... Words from =ames 9ponyms!: Words derived from proper names or things. Sandwich #elsius ,lends: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. 1otor E hotel 1otel ,reakfast E lunch ......... modulator, demodulator .........