Table of Contents

Course Guide TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO SQL 1.1 Background of SQL 1.2 History of SQL 1.3 Basic Structure of SQL Statements 1.4 Four Queries for SQL Development 1.4.1 What is the Required Output? 1.4.2 What Have You Learnt? 1.4.3 What are the Tables Involved? 1.4.4 How are Tables Linked? Summary DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE 2.1 Data Relationship Structure 2.2 Data Definition in SQL 2.2.1 SQL Data Types and Identifiers 2.3 Definition a Database Schema 2.4 Creating a Tables 2.5 Removing a Tables Summary DATA MANAGEMENT 3.1 Insert Command 3.2 Update Command 3.3 Delete Command Summary QUERY DATA 4.1 Solution Strategy 4.2 Simple Query 4.2.1 To Retrieve all Rows and Tuples 4.2.2 To Retrieve Specific Rows and Tuples 4.2.3 DISTINCT Application ix - xi 1 2 3 4 7 7 8 8 8 9 11 12 14 14 16 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 27 28 28 29

TOPIC 2

TOPIC 3

TOPIC 4

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

To Select Rows 4.3.1 To Retrieve Tuples and Select Rows 4.3.2 Rename Tuples 4.3.3 Comparison between Ranges 4.3.4 Rules with Multiple Comparisons 4.3.5 Comparing Sequence 4.3.6 Design Correspondence 4.3.7 NULL Search (IS NULL/IS NOT NULL) 4.4 Sorting the Result 4.4.1 Sorting One Attribute 4.4.2 Sorting More than One Attribute 4.5 Aggregate Function 4.5.1 COUNT (*) Application 4.5.2 COUNT and DISTINCT Application 4.5.3 COUNT and SUM Application 4.5.4 MIN, MAX and AVG Application 4.6 Gathering Results 4.6.1 GROUP BY Clause 4.6.2 HAVING Clause 4.7 Sub-Queries 4.7.1 Using a Sub-query with Equality 4.7.2 Using a sub-query with an Aggregate Function 4.7.3 Nested Sub-queries (Use of IN) 4.7.4 NOT IN Clause 4.8 Set Comparison Using ANY, SOME and ALL 4.8.1 ANY and SOME Clause 4.8.2 ALL Clause 4.9 Multiple Table Statement 4.9.1 Simple Union 4.9.2 Structuring Union 4.10 EXIST and NON EXIST Clause 4.10.1 EXIST Clause 4.11 Combining Table 4.11.1 UNION Clause 4.11.2 INTERSECT Clause 4.11.3 EXCEPT Clause Summary

4.3

31 31 32 33 33 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 45 46 46 47 48 50 51 51 52 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 61

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC 5

DATABASE DEVELOPMENT I 5.1 Introduction to Access 5.2 Creating an Access Database 5.3 Creating Tables 5.3.1 Field 5.3.2. Primary Key 5.3.3 Field Element 5.4 Relationship 5.4.1 Define Relations and Referential Integrity 5.5 Creating Queries 5.5.1 Query by Example 5.5.2 Developing Query by Example 5.5.2.1 Create a Query Field 5.5.3 SQL Query 5.5.4 SQL Query Creation 5.5.5 The Usage at Multiple Criteria Summary DATABASE DEVELOPMENT II 6.1 Form 6.1.1 Creating a Form 6.1.2 Creating a Sub-form 6.1.2.1 To Create Main Form and Sub-form 6.1.3 The Guideline of Form Design 6.2 Producing a Report 6.2.1 The Guideline of Report Design 6.3 Switchboard 6.3.1 Creating a Switchboard Summary TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT 7.1 Transaction Support 7.1.1 Properties of Transaction 7.2 Concurrency Control 7.2.1 The Requirement 7.2.2 Concurrency Control Techniques 7.2.3 Deadlock 7.2.4 Time Stamping 7.2.5 Optimistic Technique Summary

62 62 64 67 67 68 68 71 71 74 74 74 80 83 83 85 88 89 89 90 92 92 96 96 99 100 100 103 104 105 106 109 110 113 117 117 118 119

TOPIC 6

TOPIC 7

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC 8

DATABASES AND WEB TECHNOLOGY 8.1 An Introduction to the Internet and Web 8.1.1 The Web 8.1.2 HTTP 8.1.3 HTML 8.1.4 URL 8.1.5 Static and Dynamic Web Pages 8.2 The Web as a Database Application Platform 8.2.1 Requirements for Web-DBMS Integration 8.2.2 Web-DBMS Architecture 8.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Web-DBMS Approach 8.2.4 Approaches to Integrating the Web and DBMS Summary

120 121 122 123 123 124 124 126 126 127 129 132 133 135 141

Tutorial References