REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURE I
Design Assumption

Revised : 17-September-2013
1
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
Prepared By : LB3
Design Assumption #1
In order to simplified the calculation and to minimize the different between the
designer several assumption were made.

Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis.

In other words, plane sections normal to the axis of bending are assumed to
remain plane after bending.

Many tests have confirmed that the distribution of strain is essentially linear
across a reinforced concrete cross-section, even near ultimate strength.


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Design Assumption #1
For reinforcement, this assumption has been verified by numerous tests to failure
of eccentrically loaded compression members and members subjected to bending
only.

The assumed strain conditions at ultimate strength of a rectangular and circular
section are illustrated in Fig. 6-3. Both the strain in the reinforcement and in the
concrete are directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.

This assumption is valid over the full range of loadingzero to ultimate. As
shown in Fig. 6-3, this assumption is of primary importance in design for
determining the strain (and the corresponding stress) in the reinforcement.


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Design Assumption #1


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Design Assumption #1


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Design Assumption #2
Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to cu = 0.003.

The maximum concrete compressive strain at crushing of the concrete has been
measured in many tests of both plain and reinforced concrete members.

The test results from a series of reinforced concrete beam and column specimens,
from the test results indicate that the maximum concrete compressive strain
varies from 0.003 to as high as 0.008.

However, the maximum strain for practical cases is 0.003 to 0.004 (see stress-
strain curves in Fig.6-5). Though the maximum strain decreases with increasing
compressive strength of concrete, the 0.003 value allowed for design is
reasonably conservative.

The codes of some countries specify a value of 0.0035 for design, which makes
little difference in the computed strength of a member.

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Design Assumption #2
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Design Assumption #3
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Stress in reinforcement fs below the yield strength fy shall be taken as Es times
the steel strain cs . For strains greater than fy/Es, stress in reinforcement shall be
considered independent of strain and equal to fy.
For deformed reinforcement, it is reasonably accurate to assume that below the
yield stress, the stress in the reinforcement is proportional to strain.
For practical design, the increase in strength due to the effect of strain hardening
of the reinforcement is neglected for strength computations (see actual vs. design
stress-strain relationship of steel in Fig. 6-2).

Design Assumption #4
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Tensile Strength of Concrete shall be neglected in flexural calculation of
reinforced concrete.
Design Assumption #5
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Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete
strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results
of comprehensive tests.
Design Assumption #5
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Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete
strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results
of comprehensive tests.
Design Assumption #6
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Parabolic Stress-Strain distribution in concrete may be considered satisfied by
an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution.
30MPa
58MPa
65 . 0 05 . 0
7
30 '
85 . 0 1 >
|
.
|

\
|

=
c f
|
SNI-03-2847-2002, pasal 12.2.7.3
Design Assumption #6
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Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete
strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results
of comprehensive tests.
Design Assumption #6
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Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete
strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results
of comprehensive tests.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURE
Analysis and Design of Single RC Beam

Revised : 17-September-2013
15
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
Prepared By : LB3
Balanced Strain Condition
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Prepared By : LB3
Condition where the yield of steel reinforcement and the crushing of outer concrete
compressive fiber occur at the same time.
Or condition when ultimate strain of concrete occur the same time as steel yield strain
Balanced Strain Condition
Strain linear relationship :




From force equilibrium :
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Prepared By : LB3
y u
u b
d
c
c c
c
+
=
fy fy
y u
u
+
=
+
=
+ 600
600
200000 / 003 . 0
003 . 0
c c
c
( )
y b b c
y sb b c
b b
bdf c b f
f A ba f
T C
| =
=
=
1
'
'
85 . 0
85 . 0
y y
c
b
b
y
c
b
f f
f
d
c
f
f
+
=
=
600
600 85 . 0
85 . 0
'
1
'
1
|

Balanced Strain Condition

To ensure the structure is under reinforced condition :


Minimum reinforcement for flexural member :
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y y
c
b
f f
f
+
= =
600
600 85 . 0
75 . 0 75 . 0
'
1
max
|

d b
f
d b
f
f
As
w
y
w
y
c
4 . 1
3
'
min
> =
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Design of reinforced concrete beam is used to design the beam dimension with
only known moment forces. Other rules in RC design can also be based on ACI
318-99 or SNI 2847-2002.
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Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Force Equilibrium :




Moment Equilibrium :




A nominal strength coefficient of resistance (Rn) is obtained when both sides of
Eq. above are divided by bd
2
:
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c
y
c
y s
y y s c
f
df
b f
f A
a
bdf f A ba f
T C
' '
'
85 . 0 85 . 0
85 . 0

= =
= =
=
( )
(

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
y
y n
n
f
f
d
d bdf M
a
d T or C M
'
85 . 0
5 . 0
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c
y
y
n
n
f
f
f
bd
M
R
'
2
85 . 0
5 . 0
1

Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam

When b and d are preset (determined), is obtained by solving the quadratic
equation for Rn :





Equation above can be used to determine the steel ratio given Mu or vice-versa
if the section properties b and q are known. Substituting Mn = Mu/| into
Equation above and divided each side by fc :
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Prepared By : LB3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
n
y
c
c
y
f
R
f
f
Rn fy
f
f
'
'
1
2
'
2
85 . 0
2
1 1
85 . 0
0
85 . 0
5 . 0

( ) e e
|

e

|
59 . 0 1
;
85 . 0
5 . 0
1
2
'
' ' '
2
'
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
bd f
M
f
f
f
f
f
f
bd f
M
R
c
u
c
y
c
y
c
y
c
u
n
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Example of design using graphics guide of single RC beam in flexure.
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Prepared By : LB3
Home Work :
1. Create a graphics for single
reinforced concrete beam with
various fc and fy.
2. Use the constraint of fy in one
graphics for example fy : 240
MPa, 300 MPa, 320 MPa, 350
MPa, 400 MPa.
3. Use several fc in one graphics
for example fc : 20 MPa, 25
MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa, 40 MPa,
45 Mpa, 50 MPa.
Thats it for today.

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Example Design [1]
Example Design :
Design the concrete section of the beam, which is simple supported and are
loaded as below : [fc = 35 MPa, fy = 400 MPa].
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Prepared By : LB3
L=6m
Ql=1.5t/m;Qd=1t/m
kNm M M M
kNm tm l q M
kNm tm l q M
l d u
l l
d d
76 . 158 15 . 66 6 . 1 1 . 44 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1
15 . 66 75 . 6 6 5 . 1
8
1
8
1
1 . 44 5 . 4 6 1
8
1
8
1
2 2
2 2
= + = + =
= = = =
= = = =
Example Design [1]
#1 Determine maximum reinforcement ration (max) for material strength fc =
35 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
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Prepared By : LB3
65 . 0 814 . 0 1
65 . 0 05 . 0
7
30 35
85 . 0 1
65 . 0 05 . 0
7
30 '
85 . 0 1
> =
>
|
.
|

\
|

=
>
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
c f
Calculating |1
Calculating max :
0272 . 0
400 600
600
400
35 814 . 0 85 . 0
75 . 0
600
600 85 . 0
75 . 0 75 . 0
max
max
' 1
max
=
(

=
(

+
= =

|

fy fy
f
c
bal
Example Design [1]
#2 Compute bd
2
required :






#3 Determine Size member so that bd
2
> bd
2
required :



Minimum Beam Depth (h) = d + cover + dh + db/2
Minimum Beam Depth (h) = 303.37 + 40 +10 + 8 = 361.37 mm ~ 400 mm
d = h cover dh db/2 = 342 mm
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Prepared By : LB3
3 2
'
2 2
23008696
625 . 8 8 . 0
1000000 76 . 158
625 . 8
35 85 . 0
400 0272 . 0 5 . 0
1 400 0272 . 0
85 . 0
5 . 0
1
mm
R
M
bd
MPa R
f
f
f
bd
M
bd
M
R
n
u
n
c
y
y
u n
n
=

= =
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
|

|
mm d
mm b
37 . 303
250
23008696
250
= =
=
Example Design [1]
#4 Using the 400 mm beam depth (h), compute a revised value of :
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Prepared By : LB3
MPa
bd
M
R
bd
M
R
u
n
u
n
786 . 6
342 250 8 . 0
1000000 76 . 158
2 2
2
=


= =
=
|
|
0035 . 0 0196 . 0 0272 . 0
400
4 . 1 4 . 1
35 85 . 0
786 . 6 2
1 1
400
35 85 . 0
0272 . 0
4 . 1
85 . 0
2
1 1
85 . 0
min max
min max
min
'
'
max
= > = > =
= = >
|
|
.
|

\
|

= > =
= >
|
|
.
|

\
|
= >



fy
fy f
R
f
f
c
n
y
c
Example Design [1]
#5 Compute As Required :
As = x b x d
As = 0.0196 x 250 x 342
As = 1675.80 mm
2
Pakai 6 D19 (As=1701 mm
2
)

#6 CrossCheck The Moment Nominal with Moment Ultimate :
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Prepared By : LB3
kNm M kNm M
kNm
a
d f A M
n u
y s n
26 . 161 76 . 158
26 . 161
2
48 . 91
342 400 1701 8 . 0
2
= s =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
| |
( )
( )
mm
b f
f A
a
c
y s
48 . 91
250 35 85 . 0
400 1701
85 . 0
'
= = =
Example Analysis [2]
Example Analysis :
Analyze the Moment Nominal Capacity (Mn) of the beam below : [fc = 35
MPa, fy = 400 MPa].
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d=350mm h=400mm
b=250mm
Cover+dh+db/2=50mm
3D19
Example Analysis [2]
Example Analysis :
Analyze the Moment Nominal Capacity (Mn) of the beam below : [fc = 35
MPa, fy = 400 MPa].
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T
C
d
a
d-a/2
2 2
850 19 25 . 0 3 mm As = = t
mm
b f
f A
a
c
y s
71 . 45
250 35 85 . 0
400 850
85 . 0
'
=


= =
( ) kNm M
kNm M
M
a
d f A M
n
n
n
y s n
983 . 88 229 . 111 8 . 0
229 . 111
2
71 . 45
350 400 850
2
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
Thank You