Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Vadim Backman
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
Received June 6, 2003; revised manuscript received August 20, 2003; accepted August 20, 2003
We introduce the concept of the equiphase sphere for light scattering by nonspherical dielectric particles.
This concept facilitates the derivation of a simple analytical expression for the total scattering cross section of
such particles. We tested this concept for spheroidal particles and obtained a bound on the minor-to-major
axis ratio for the valid application of this technique. We show that this technique yields results that agree
well with the rigorous numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations obtained with the finite-difference time-
domain method. The new technique has the potential to be extended to the study of light scattering by arbi-
trarily shaped convex dielectric particles. © 2004 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: 290.5850, 290.0290.
scattering cross section of a dielectric spheroid with peri- where the integration is performed over the path L of the
odicity of an equiphase sphere. light ray inside the particle.
Now we consider a prolate spheroid (a ⬎ b ⫽ c) with a
major axis of length a and minor axes of length b. Refer-
2. BASELINE PROBLEM: THE ring to Fig. 1, we define three electromagnetic wave
HOMOGENEOUS DIELECTRIC SPHEROID modes for different combinations of plane-wave incidence
and polarization with respect to the major axis of the
Now we conduct an approximate analysis of how the ec-
spheroid: (a) TM mode (the magnetic field vector H per-
centricity of a dielectric spheroid affects the wavelength
pendicular to the major axis and the electric field vector E
dependence of its total scattering cross section. A similar
parallel to the major axis), (b) TE mode (E perpendicular
procedure has been used successfully to analyze the total
to the major axis and H parallel to the major axis), and (c)
scattering cross section of a randomly inhomogeneous di-
TEM mode (both E and H perpendicular to the major
electric sphere.4 The total scattering cross section of a
axis). For the TE and TM modes, the path L of the light
particle much larger than the incident wavelength can be
ray inside the particle is
estimated with the WKB technique when (n ⫺ 1)kd
Ⰷ 1 and (n ⫺ 1) ⬍ 1,8,9 where k is the incident wave L ⬇ b 兵 1 ⫺ ⑀ 2 关 兩 r兩 /R 共 r兲兴 2 其 1/2 cos关 ␥ ⬘ 共 r兲 ⫺ ␥ 共 r兲 ⫹ 共 r兲兴 ,
number, d is the characteristic size of the particle, and n (6)
is the refractive index of the particle. In this approxima-
tion the electric field inside the particle is approximated where the eccentricity factor ⑀ 2 ⫽ 1 ⫺ 关 b/R(r) 兴 2 , R(r) is
by a field that propagates inside the particle with the the radius of the particle measured in plane S along di-
wave number of the medium of the particle. However, rection r (such that b ⭐ 2R ⭐ a), and ␥ and ␥ ⬘ are the
this approximation neglects the scattering contribution angles of incidence and refraction, respectively, at the
that is due to surface effects. To improve accuracy, the particle surface. ␥, ␥ ⬘ , and satisfy tan ␥ ⫽ (兩r兩 b/a 2 ) 兵 1
total scattering cross section can be represented as the ⫺ 关 兩 r兩 /R(r) 兴 2 其 ⫺1/2, sin ␥⬘ ⫽ sin ␥/n, and tan ⫽ (兩r兩 /b) 兵 1
sum of two terms: ⫺ 关 兩 r兩 /R(r) 兴 2 其 ⫺1/2. As a result, (r) can be expressed as
共 r兲 ⬇ kb 共 n ⫺ 1 兲 兵 1 ⫺ 1/n 2
s ⫽ 共sv 兲 ⫹ 共ss 兲 , (1)
⫹ 关 兩 r兩 /R 共 r兲兴 2 /n 2 其 1/2关 1 ⫹ ␦ L 共 r兲兴 , (7)
where (sv ) represents the contribution that is due to the
where
volume of the scattering particle and (ss ) is the ‘‘edge
term,’’ 10,11 which accounts for the contribution that is due ␦ L ⫽ 关 L 共 r兲 ⫺ b 共 r兲兴 / 关 b 共 r兲兴 ,
to the sharp discontinuity of the refractive index at the
particle surface. For a particle with characteristic size d 共 r兲 ⫽ 兵 1 ⫺ 1/n 2 ⫹ 关 兩 r兩 /R 共 r兲兴 2 /n 2 其 1/2.
and refractive index n, (ss ) can be approximated on the
basis of the work of Nussenzveig and Wiscombe12 as
共sv 兲 ⫽ 2 Re 冠 冕冕S
冡
兵 1 ⫺ exp关 i 共 r兲兴 其 d2 r , (4)
If kb(n ⫺ 1) ␦ L ⬍ /2, we can expand the integrand in of the spheroid’s minor axis b (for the TE and TM modes)
Eq. (4) to perform the integration analytically. This or equal to the length of the spheroid’s major axis a (for
yields the TEM mode). The amplitude of the oscillations de-
pends on S. If a ⫽ b (i.e., the particle is spherical), Eq.
s ⫽ 共ss 兲 ⫹ 2S 关 1 ⫺ 2n sin / ⫹ 4n sin2 共 /2兲 / 2 兴 , (11) matches the analogous expression for a spherical
(8) particle.4 When n → 1 and a ⫽ b, Eq. (11) matches Eq.
where ⫽ kb(n ⫺ 1) is the maximum phase shift of a (12).
light ray propagating through the spheroid along a The oscillatory behavior of the total scattering cross
straight path. Thus, by substituting relation (3) into Eq. section of a spheroid follows that of its equiphase sphere
(8), we obtain for the TE and TM modes in phase provided that (n ⫺ 1)kd Ⰷ 1, (n ⫺ 1) ⬍ 1, and
␦ L(r) ⬍ /2, where ␦ L(r) accounts for the deviation of
s ⫽ 共 ab/2兲关 k 共 ab 2 兲 1/3/2兴 ⫺2/3 L(r) from its counterpart inside the corresponding
equiphase sphere. For the TE and TM modes, ␦ L(r)
⫹ 共 ab/2兲关 1 ⫺ 2n sin / ⫹ 4n sin2 共 /2兲 / 2 兴 .
⬍ /2 is equivalent to
(9)
 ⬅ 4 共 n ⫺ 1 兲 b ␦ L/
Similarly, for the TEM mode, we obtain
⬇ 共 16/ 2 兲共 b/ 兲
⫺2/3
s ⫽ 共 ab/2兲关 k 共 ab 兲 2 1/3
/2兴
⫻ 关共 n ⫺ 1 兲 2 /n 兴共 1 ⫺ b/a 兲共 1 ⫹ a 2 /b 2 兲 ⫺1 ⬍ 1.
⫹ 共 b /2兲关 1 ⫺ 2n sin a / a ⫹ 4n sin2 共 a /2兲 / a2 兴 ,
2
(13)
(10) For the TEM mode, ␦ L(r) ⬍ /2 is equivalent to
where a ⫽ ka(n ⫺ 1). Equations (9) and (10) can be
 ⬅ 4 共 n ⫺ 1 兲 a ␦ L/
combined into one general equation:
⬇ 共 16/ 2 兲共 a/ 兲
s ⫽ 共sv 兲 ⫹ 共ss 兲 ⫽ 共 ab/2兲关 k 共 ab 2 兲 1/3/2兴 ⫺2/3
⫻ 关共 n ⫺ 1 兲 2 /n 兴共 1 ⫺ a/b 兲共 1 ⫹ b 2 /a 2 兲 ⫺1 ⬍ 1,
⫹ 2S 关 1 ⫺ 2n sin / ⫹ 4n sin2 共 /2兲 / 2 兴 . (11)
(14)
Here, for the TM and TE modes, 2S ⫽ ab/2 and
where is the wavelength of the incident wave. Along
⫽ kb(n ⫺ 1); and for the TEM mode, 2S ⫽ b 2 /2 and
with (n ⫺ 1)kd Ⰷ 1 and (n ⫺ 1) ⬍ 1, relations (13) and
⫽ ka(n ⫺ 1).
(14) define the regime of validity of Eq. (11) for the TE and
TM modes and the TEM mode, respectively. As expected,
3. CONCEPT OF THE EQUIPHASE SPHERE  ⫽ 0 if a ⫽ b or n ⫽ 1. ␦ L(r) quantifies the effect of
light refraction inside a spheroid compared with that in-
In Eq. (11), represents the maximum phase lag of a light side a sphere. ␦ L becomes smaller as the interior light
ray propagating through the spheroid along a straight propagates in a direction closer to that of the incident
path. For the three electromagnetic wave modes defined light. Thus ␦ L decreases as the spheroid’s refractive in-
above, the total scattering cross section exhibits an oscil- dex or curvature decreases. For the TE and TM modes,
latory behavior as a function of wavelength. The period- the curvature of a spheroid appears to be smaller than
icity of this oscillatory behavior is determined by the that of its corresponding equiphase sphere. Here, as
maximum phase shift and is thus proportional to the shown in Fig. 2(a) for n ⫽ 1.5 and ⫽ 500 nm,  in-
maximum path length of a light ray propagating inside creases as b/a increases, reaches a maximum at b/a
the spheroid, which equals b for the TE and TM modes or ⫽ 0.7, and then decreases to zero at b/a ⫽ 1, which cor-
a for the TEM mode. The -dependent terms in Eq. (11), responds to a sphere. From Fig. 2(a) we see that  ⬍ 1
which determine the periodicity of the oscillatory behav- for all b ⬍ a, which means that Eq. (11) is valid for any
ior of the total scattering cross section, are similar to eccentricity, and the total scattering cross-section oscilla-
those in the equation obtained by van de Hulst for a ho- tory pattern of a spheroid follows that of its corresponding
mogeneous spherical particle with low refractive index13: equiphase sphere in phase provided that (n ⫺ 1)kd Ⰷ 1
and (n ⫺ 1) ⬍ 1. On the other hand, for the TEM mode,
s ⫽ 2S 关 1 ⫺ 2 sin / ⫹ 4 sin2 共 /2兲 / 2 兴 . (12) the curvature of a spheroid appears to be larger than that
of its corresponding equiphase sphere. The larger curva-
Here S ⫽ (d/2) 2 and ⫽ kd(n ⫺ 1), where d is the di- ture results in a higher ␦ L. In this case, as shown in
ameter of the spherical particle; represents the maxi- Figs. 2(b) and 2(c) for n ⫽ 1.5 and ⫽ 500 nm,  in-
mum phase lag of a light ray propagating through the creases monotonically as b/a decreases from 1 to 0.
spherical particle along a straight path. Thus, by com- When  approaches unity, the periodicity of the total scat-
paring Eq. (11) with Eq. (12), we are able to define the tering cross-section oscillatory pattern is altered, and the
equiphase sphere as the sphere that gives rise to the total scattering cross section of an equiphase sphere pro-
same maximum phase shift of the penetrating light as the vides a poor approximation to that of a spheroid. There-
spheroid or the nonspherical particles of interest. For fore for the TEM mode the total scattering cross section is
the homogeneous spheroid that we discuss, the corre- analogous to that of its corresponding equiphase sphere
sponding equiphase sphere has the same refractive index only within a limited range of eccentricities. We note
as the spheroid and has a diameter d equal to the length from relation (14) that the range of validity of this ap-
Chen et al. Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2004 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 91
Fig. 3. (a) Total scattering cross section of (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 4.5 m) spheroid versus wavelength. The FDTD results for the spheroid are
represented by solid dots (TE mode) and open circles (TM mode) and the Mie results for the corresponding equiphase sphere by a solid
curve. (b) Corresponding results for the TEM mode.
the total scattering cross section of the spheroid as a func- the TE and TM modes for b/a ⫽ 0.9 (a ⫽ 5 m, b⫽ 4.5
tion of wavelength has an oscillatory pattern closely re- m) and b/a ⫽ 0.5 (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 2.5 m). We can
sembling that of its phase-equivalent Mie counterpart in see that the Eq. (11)-calculated total scattering cross sec-
phase. We can see also that the magnitude of the total tion is quite close to the FDTD-calculated total scattering
scattering cross section is shifted downward by an ap- cross section. Moreover, the FDTD-calculated total scat-
proximately constant factor that approximately corre- tering cross section illustrates that the total scattering
sponds to the difference between the spheroid’s geometri- cross section of the TE mode is similar to that of the TM
cal cross section transverse to the direction of wave mode.
propagation and the geometrical cross section of the Figure 5 compares the FDTD-calculated and the Eq.
equiphase sphere. (11)-calculated spheroid total scattering cross section for
Figure 4 compares the FDTD-calculated and the Eq. the TE and TM modes for b/a ⫽ 0.2 (a ⫽ 5 m, b
(11)-calculated spheroid total scattering cross sections for ⫽ 1 m) and b/a ⫽ 0.1 (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 0.5 m). Here
Chen et al. Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2004 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 93
we see that the Eq. (11)-calculated total scattering cross by relation (14) for the TEM mode. The condition param-
section predicts the trend of the FDTD-calculated total eter , which must be less than unity to ensure validity of
scattering cross section, although it begins to deviate the approximation, is plotted in Fig. 2 as a function of the
from FDTD-calculated values. This deviation is expected b/a ratios of spheroids for ⫽ 500 nm. For the TE and
since the WKB condition 关 (n ⫺ 1)kd Ⰷ 1 and (n ⫺ 1) TM modes, we studied three b/a ratios (0.2, 0.7, and 0.9),
⬍ 1] is hardly satisfied in these two cases. For both designated by circles in Fig. 2(a). We have shown in Sub-
cases the FDTD-calculated total scattering cross section section 4.A that the total scattering cross section of the
of the TE mode is still similar to that of the TM mode, TE mode is similar to that of the TM mode. Therefore
while their magnitudes differ slightly. here we show only the total scattering cross section of the
TM mode. For the TEM mode, we studied three b/a ra-
B. Range of Validity of the Approximation tios (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9), designated by circles in Figs. 2(b)
Next we investigated the validity range of our analytical and 2(c). In each case we calculated the total scattering
approximation. The validity range of the approximation cross section for an incident wavelength range of 500–
is described by relation (13) for the TE and TM modes and 1000 nm.
Fig. 4. (a) Total scattering cross section of (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 4.5 m) spheroid versus wavelength for TE and TM modes. The FDTD
results are represented by solid dots (TE mode) and open circles (TM mode) and the results of the approximate analysis by a solid curve.
(b) Corresponding results for (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 2.5 m) spheroid.
94 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2004 Chen et al.
Fig. 5. (a) Total scattering cross section of (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 1 m) spheroid versus wavelength for TE and TM modes. The FDTD
results are represented by solid dots (TE mode) and open circles (TM mode) and the results of the approximate analysis by a solid curve.
(b) Corresponding results for (a ⫽ 5 m, b ⫽ 0.5 m) spheroid.
Figure 6 graphs the FDTD-calculated and the Eq. (11)- resembling those of the corresponding equiphase spheres
calculated spheroid total scattering cross sections for the in phase. The primary difference is that the magnitude
TM mode versus wavelength for b/a ⫽ 0.2, 0.7 and 0.9, of the spheroid’s total scattering cross section is shifted
corresponding to the three b/a ratios designated by upward by an approximately constant factor. This factor
circles in Fig. 2(a). For comparison, the solid curve approximately corresponds to the difference between the
shows the corresponding Mie data for corresponding spheroid’s geometrical cross section transverse to the di-
equiphase spheres of the same refractive index n ⫽ 1.5 rection of wave propagation and the geometrical cross sec-
and a diameter equal to the length of the spheroid’s minor tion of the equiphase sphere. In this case (TM mode), 
axis, which gives rise to the same maximum phase shift of is well below 1 for any b/a ratios, as shown in Fig. 2(a), so
the penetrating light as the spheroid. From Fig. 6 we see it is expected that the Eq. (11)-calculated total scattering
that the Eq. (11)-calculated total scattering cross section cross section will have good agreement with the FDTD-
is quite close to the FDTD-calculated total scattering calculated total scattering cross section.
cross section. Further, both the FDTD-calculated and Figure 7 graphs the FDTD-calculated and Eq. (11)-
the Eq. (11)-calculated total scattering cross sections as a calculated spheroid total scattering cross sections for the
function of wavelength have oscillatory patterns closely TEM mode versus wavelength for b/a ⫽ 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9,
Chen et al. Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2004 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 95
Fig. 6. Total scattering cross section of spheroids for the TM mode versus wavelength for b/a ⫽ 0.2, 0.7, and 0.9, corresponding to the
three b/a ratios designated by circles in Fig. 2(a). (a) b/a ⫽ 0.9, (b) b/a ⫽ 0.7, (c) b/a ⫽ 0.2.
96 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2004 Chen et al.
Fig. 7. Total scattering cross section of spheroids for the TEM mode versus wavelength for b/a ⫽ 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, corresponding to the
three b/a ratios designated by circles in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c). (a) b/a ⫽ 0.9, (b) b/a ⫽ 0.7, (c) b/a ⫽ 0.5.
Chen et al. Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2004 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 97
corresponding to the three b/a ratios designated by the spherical particles in a manner similar to the van de
open circles in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c). For comparison, the Hulst approximation. In our future work we shall apply
solid curve shows the corresponding Mie data for corre- this technique to the study of light scattering by arbi-
sponding equiphase spheres of the same refractive index trarily shaped convex particles. Our final goal is to per-
n ⫽ 1.5 and a diameter equal to the length of the spher- mit relatively simple modeling of light scattering by arbi-
oid’s major axis, which gives rise to the same maximum trarily shaped convex particles. This would find broad
phase shift of the penetrating light as the spheroid. applications, including optical diagnostics of pathologies
From Fig. 7 we see that the Eq. (11)-calculated total scat- in living tissues.16
tering cross section is quite close to the FDTD-calculated
total scattering cross section for b/a ⫽ 0.9; it deviates
slightly from the FDTD-calculated total scattering cross ACKNOWLEDGMENT
section for b/a ⫽ 0.7 and deviates significantly from the
This work was supported in part by National Science
FDTD-calculated total scattering cross section for b/a
Foundation grant BES-0238903.
⫽ 0.5. This is in accordance with the behavior of  as a
function of b/a. As shown in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c),  is far Corresponding author Z. Chen may be reached by
less than 1 for b/a ⫽ 0.9, close to but still less than 1 for e-mail at z-chen@northwestern.edu.
b/a ⫽ 0.7, and far greater than 1 for b/a ⫽ 0.5. For 
⬎ 1 the validity condition for Eq. (11) is no longer satis-
fied, and hence we cannot use Eq. (11) to calculate the to- REFERENCES
tal scattering cross section of a spheroid for the TEM
1. M. I. Mishchenko, J. W. Hovenier, and L. D. Travis, Light
mode. Nevertheless, for  ⬍ 1 the Eq. (11)-calculated re- Scattering by Nonspherical Particles: Theory, Measure-
sults for total scattering cross section as a function of ments and Applications (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 2000).
wavelength have good agreement with the results for 2. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Do-
FDTD-calculated total scattering cross section and have ver, New York, 1981).
oscillatory patterns closely resembling those of the corre- 3. M. Kerker, The Scattering of Light and Other Electromag-
netic Radiation (Academic, New York, 1969).
sponding equiphase spheres in phase. 4. Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, ‘‘Equivalent volume-
averaged light scattering behavior of randomly inhomoge-
neous dielectric spheres in the resonant range,’’ Opt. Lett.
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 28, 765–767 (2003).
5. S. Asano and G. Yamamoto, ‘‘Light scattering by a spheroi-
In this paper we have identified the concept of the dal particle,’’ Appl. Opt. 14, 29–49 (1975).
equiphase sphere for modeling the total scattering cross 6. N. V. Voshchinnikov and V. G. Farafonov, ‘‘Optical proper-
section of homogeneous, isotropic nonspherical dielectric ties of spheroidal particles,’’ Astrophys. Space Sci. 204,
particles. This concept leads to a simple analytical ex- 19–86 (1993).
pression for the total scattering cross section of such par- 7. N. V. Voshchinnikov and V. G. Farafonov, ‘‘Light scattering
by an elongated particle: spheroid versus infinite cylin-
ticles that agrees well with FDTD simulations when ap- der,’’ Meas. Sci. Technol. 13, 249–255 (2002).
plied to spheroids. 8. A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random
The single-scattering characteristic examined in this Media (Academic, New York, 1978).
paper, the total scattering cross section of a particle, is 9. J. D. Klett and R. A. Sutherland, ‘‘Approximate methods for
modeling the scattering properties of non-spherical par-
one of the most widely used observables in light scatter- ticles: evaluation of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin
ing transport and light scattering by random media. It method,’’ Appl. Opt. 31, 373–386 (1992).
plays a fundamental role in the theory of light propaga- 10. S. A. Ackerman and G. L. Stephens, ‘‘The absorption of so-
tion and diffusion in inhomogeneous media such as bio- lar radiation by cloud droplets: an application of anoma-
logical tissues and the turbulent atmosphere. We have lous diffraction theory,’’ J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 1574–1588
(1987).
focused on spheroids, which are attractive for modeling 11. A. A. Kokhanovsy and A. Macke, ‘‘Integral light scattering
light scattering by nonspherical particles because the and absorption characteristics of large nonspherical par-
spheroidal shape can be changed from mildly aspherical ticles,’’ Appl. Opt. 36, 8785–8790 (1997).
to needle-like (prolate) or disk-like (oblate) by varying 12. H. Nussenzveig and W. Wiscombe, ‘‘Efficiency factors in Mie
scattering,’’ Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1490–1494 (1980).
just the ratio of the major to the minor axis, i.e., the as- 13. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Do-
pect ratio. Our approach provides a more accurate alter- ver, New York, 1981), p. 176.
native to the present nearly ubiquitous use of the Mie 14. A. Taflove and S. Hagness, Computational Electrodynam-
theory in the regime where it loses validity. Our ap- ics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (Artech,
proach may also be used by researchers to check the va- Boston, Mass., 2000).
15. J.-P. Berenger, ‘‘A perfectly matched layer for the absorp-
lidity of their use of the Mie theory to model light scatter- tion of electromagnetic waves,’’ J. Comput. Phys. 114, 185–
ing by nonspherical particles. 200 (1994).
Although we have limited our test cases to spheroidal 16. V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G.
particles, our approximation technique is extendable Muller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, T. McGillican, T. Val-
dez, J. Van Dam, M. Wallace, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Craw-
without further difficulty to the study of light scattering ford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R.
by an ellipsoidal particle. It can also be extended to cal- R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, and M. S. Feld, ‘‘Detection of preinva-
culate the differential scattering cross section of non- sive cancer cells in situ,’’ Nature 406, 35–36 (2000).