CompleteMaxwell2D V14

usersguide Maxwell2D
ElectromagneticandElectromechanicalAnalysis
ANSYS Inc Southpointe 275 Technology Drive Canonsburg, PA 15317
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Canonsburg, PA 15317
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Edition:REV5.0
Date:24March2011
SoftwareVersion:14
Maxwell2DUsersGuide
Contents
Thisdocumentdiscussessomebasicconceptsandterminologyusedthroughout
theANSYSMaxwellapplication.Itprovidesanoverviewofthefollowingtopics:
Overview
1.0- Maxwell2D
Examples EddyCurrent
6.1 JumpingRingsAxisymmetric Model
6.3 InstantaneousForcesonBusbars
Examples Transient
7.1 GappedInductorModel
7.2- SolenoidProblemwithanExternalCircuit
7.4 CoreLoss
Examples BasicExercises
9.1 Electrostatic
9.3 Magnetostatic
9.4 Parametric
9.5 Transient
9.6 TransientwithCircuitEditor
9.8- Optimetrics
9.10 Scripting
9.12 EddyCurrent
9.13 RotationalTransientMotion
9.14 BoundaryConditions
9.15 PermanentMagnetsAssignment
Examples Motors
11.1- ANSYSElectricalMachineDesignReference
11.2- PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine
11.3- Three-PhaseInductionMachine
11.4- PermanentMagnetMotor(Prius IPM)
11.5- OptimetricsAnalysis withRMxprt
ANSYSMaxwellFieldSimulatorv14 TrainingSeminar P1-1
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell 2D is a high-performance interactive software
package that uses finite element analysis (FEA) to solve
electric, magnetostatic, eddy current, and transient
problems.
v14
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell 2D solves the electromagnetic field problems for a given
model with appropriate materials, boundaries and source conditions
applying Maxwell's equations over a finite region of space.
There are two geometrymodes available in Maxwell 2D:
Cartesian(XY) model
Axisymmetric (RZ) model
There are six solvers available in Maxwell 2D:
Electrostatic
AC Conduction Electric Fields
DC Conduction
Magnetostatic
EddyCurrent Magnetic Fields
Transient Magnetic
v14
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
DifferentMethodsofElectromagneticAnalysis
Electromagnetic
Analysis
Analytical
Techniques
Numerical
Techniques
Integral
Equations
Differential
Equations
Boundary
Elements
Finite
Difference
Finite Elements
Scalar
Potentials
Vector
Potentials
Components of
H-Field
Closed
Form
BEM
FDM
FEM
Iterative
3D Magnetostatic
3D Eddy
3D Transient
2D Magnetostatic
2D Eddy
2D Transient
2D Electrostatic
3D Thermal
3D Electrostatic
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
DifferentialFormofMaxwellsEquations
=

+ =
=

=
D
t
D
J H
B
t
y Electricit for Law s Gauss'

Law s Ampere'
Magnetism for Law s Gauss'
Induction of Law s Faraday'
0
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
In order to obtain the set of algebraic
equations to be solved, the geometry
of the problem is discretized
automatically into small elements
(e.g., triangles in 2D).
All the model solids are meshed
automaticallyby the mesher.
The assembly of all triangles is
referred to as the finite element
mesh of the model or simply the
mesh.
Approximate aspect ratio limit in 2D:
X =10,000Y
Start
Field Solution
Generate
Initial Mesh
Compute
Fields
Perform
Error Analysis
Stop
Field Solution
Has
Stopping
Criteria been
met?
Refine
Mesh
Yes
No
FEM and adaptive meshing
Y
X
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FEMApproximationFunctions
Thedesiredfieldineachelementisapproximatedwitha2ndorder
quadraticpolynomial
A
z
(x,y)=a
o
+a
1
x+a
2
y+a
3
x
2
+a
4
xy+a
5
y
2
Fieldquantitiesarecalculatedfor6points(3cornersand3
midpoints)in2D
Fieldquantitiesinsideofthetrianglearecalculatedusinga2
nd
orderquadraticinterpolationscheme
1
6
5
2
4
3
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FEMVariationalPrinciple
Poissonsequation:
isreplacedwithenergyfunctional:
ThisfunctionalisminimizedwithrespecttovalueofAateach
nodeineverytriangle
J A =
2
( ) dV J A
A A
A F
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

=
2
1
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FEMMatrixEquation
Now,overallthetriangles,theresultisalarge,sparsematrixequation
Thiscanbesolvedusingstandardmatrixsolutiontechniquessuchas:
SparseGaussianElimination(directsolver)
IncompleteCholeski ConjugateGradientMethod(ICCGiterative
solver)
| || | | | J A S =
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FEMErrorEvaluation
PuttheapproximatesolutionbackintoPoissonsequation
SinceAisaquadraticfunction,Risaconstantineachtriangle.
ThelocalerrorineachtriangleisproportionaltoR.
R J A
approx
= +
2
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FEMPercentErrorEnergy
Summationoflocalerrorineachtriangledividedbytotalenergy
LocalerrorscanexceedPercentErrorEnergy
( )
% 100
1
=
=
n
i
i
R
Energy Total
local
Energy Error Percent
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
TransientSolver
FullyCoupledDynamicPhysicsSolution
Time-varyingElectricandMagneticFields
A v H V
t
A
J A
c s
+ +
=
Current Source
Density
Permanent Magnet
Magnetic Vector Potential
Electric Scalar
Potential
Velocity
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
TransientSolver- MagneticFieldDiffusion
Magneticfieldsdiffuseintomaterialsatdifferentratesdepending
on:
Materialpropertiesofthecomponent
Physicalsizeofthecomponent
Foracylindricalconductor,diffusiontimeis:
Inducededdycurrentsalwaysoccurinconductingobjectsdueto
time-varyingfields;however,theymaynotalwaysbesignificant
meters in radius a ty conductivi perm u where
a u
= = =
=
, , :
(sec)
4048 . 2
2
2

Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
The complex functionality built into the Maxwell solvers is accessed through
the main user interface (called the desktop).
Problemcan be setup in a fairly arbitrary order.
A newvalidation checkhas been added to insure that all required steps are
completed.
GUI - Desktop
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ACIS solid modeling kernel
The underlying solid modeling technology used by Maxwell products is
provided by ACIS geometric modeler. ACIS version 21 is used in
Maxwell v14.
Users can create directly models using primitives and operations on
primitives.
In addition, users can import models saved in a variety of formats (sm2
.gds .sm3.sat .step.iges .dxf .dwg .sld .geo .stl .prt .asm)
When users import models into Maxwell products, translators are
invokedthat convert the models to anACIS native format (sat format).
Exports directly.sat, .dxf, .sm3, .sm2, .step, .iges
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
v14 Supported platforms
Windows XP 32-bit Service Pack 2
Windows Server 2003 32-bit Service Pack 1
Windows XP 64-bit Service Pack 2
Windows Server 2003 64-bit Service Pack 1
Windows HPC Server 2008
Windows 7 Business Editions (32-bit and 64-bit
versions)
Red Hat (32 and 64 bit) v.4, v.5
SuSE (32 and 64 bit) v10, v11
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
StartingMaxwell
ClicktheMicrosoftStartbutton,selectPrograms,andselecttheAnsoft >
Maxwell12>Maxwell12
OrDoubleclickontheMaxwell12iconontheWindowsDesktop
AddingaDesign
WhenyoufirststartMaxwellanewprojectwillbeautomaticallyaddedtothe
ProjectTree.
ToinsertaMaxwellDesigntotheproject,selectthemenuitemProject>Insert
Maxwell2DDesign
Toolbar:
InsertMaxwell2DDesign
InsertRMxprtDesign
InsertMaxwell3DDesign
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaxwellDesktop
Menu
bar
Property
Window
Message
Manager
Project
Manager
withproject
tree
Status
bar
CoordinateEntryFields
Progress
Window
2DModeler
Window
Toolbars
History
Tree
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaxwellDesktop ProjectManager
MultipleDesignsperProject
MultipleProjectsperDesktop
IntegratedOptimetricsSetup(requireslicenseforanalysis)
Project
ProjectManagerWindow
Design
DesignResults
DesignSetup
DesignAutomation
Parametric
Optimization
Sensitivity
Statistical
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaxwellDesktop 2DModeler
Edge
Vertex
XY
Coordinate
System
Origin
2DModelerWindow
Graphics
area
Model
2DModeler
designtree
(history)
Contextmenu
(rightmouseclick
on2Dmodeler
window)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
GeometryMode
Tosetthegeometrymode:
1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>SolutionType
2. SolutionTypeWindow:
ChooseGeometryMode:CartesianXY
Maxwell GeometryModes
ACartesian(XY) modelrepresentsacross-sectionofa
devicethatextendsinthez-direction.Visualizethe
geometricmodelasextendingperpendiculartotheplane
beingmodeled.
AnAxisymmetric(RZ) modelrepresentsacross-sectionofa
devicethatisrevolved360 aroundanaxisofsymmetry(the
z-axis).Visualizethegeometricmodelasbeingrevolved
aroundthez-axis.
Geometric
Model
Cartesian (XY Plane) Axisymmetric (RZ Plane)
X
Y
Z
Z
R

Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SetSolutionType
Tosetthesolutiontype:selectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>SolutionType
MagneticSolutionTypes
Magnetostatic
ComputesthestaticmagneticfieldthatexistsinastructuregivenadistributionofDCcurrentsandpermanent
magnets.Themagneticfieldmaybecomputedinstructureswithbothnonlinearandlinearmaterials.Aninductance
matrix,force,torque,andfluxlinkagemayalsobecomputedfromtheenergystoredinthemagneticfield.
EddyCurrent
ComputestheoscillatingmagneticfieldthatexistsinastructuregivenadistributionofACcurrents.Alsocomputes
currentdensities,takingintoaccountalleddycurrenteffects(includingskineffects).Animpedancematrix,force,
torque,coreloss,andcurrentflowmayalsobecomputedfromthecomputedfieldsolution.
Transient
Computestransient(TimeDomain)magneticfieldscausedbypermanentmagnets,conductors,andwindings
suppliedbyvoltageand/orcurrentsourceswitharbitraryvariationasfunctionsoftime,positionandspeed.Itcan
alsobecoupledwithexternalcircuits.Rotationalortranslationalmotioneffectscanbeincludedinthesimulation.
Usesatime-steppingsolver.Considerssourceinducedandmotioninductededdyeffects.
ElectricSolutionTypes
Electrostatic
ComputesthestaticelectricfieldthatexistsinastructuregivenadistributionofDCvoltagesandstaticcharges.A
capacitancematrix,force,torque,andfluxlinkagemayalsobecomputedfromtheelectricfield.
ACConduction
ComputestheACvoltagesandcurrentdensitydistributioninamaterialhavingbothconductiveanddielectric
propertiesgivenadistributionofACvoltages.Anadmittancematrixandcurrentflowmayalsobecomputedfrom
thecalculatedfields.
DCConduction
ComputestheDCcurrentsthatflowinalossydielectricgivenadistributionofDCvoltages.Aconductancematrix
andcurrentflowmayalsobecomputedfromthecomputedelectricfieldsolution.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SetModelUnits
Tosettheunits:
1. Selectthemenuitem
Modeler>Units
2. SetModelUnits:
1. SelectUnits:mm
2. ClicktheOK button
SetDefaultMaterial
Tosetthedefaultmaterial:
1. UsingtheModeler
Materialstoolbar,choose
Select
2. SelectDefinitionWindow:
1. Typesteel_1008 in
theSearchbyName
field
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler DrawaRectangle
Point2
Point1
Point1
Point2
TheCoordinateEntryfieldsallowequationstobeenteredforpositionvalues.
Examples:2*5,2+6+8,2*cos(10*(pi/180)).
VariablesarenotallowedintheCoordinateEntryField
Note:Trigfunctionsareinradians
CoordinateEntryFields
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler Importing.dxf and.dwg CADfiles
Defaultoptionsareshownbelow
Tochangethenumberofsegmentsonanimportedcurve:
Changetofaceselectmode:Edit>Select>Facesandclickonface
Modeler>Surface>UncoverFaces
Changetoobjectselectmode:Edit>Select>Objectsandclickonopenpolyline
Modeler>PurgeHistory
Modeler>GenerateHistory
Expandthehistorytreeforthatpolyline andchangenumberofsegmentsasdesired
Selectthepolyline and:Modeler>Surface>CoverLines
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler ObjectProperties
Attributes
(properties
oftheobject)
Commands
(dimensions
andhistory)
Attributes
Commands
InHistoryTree:
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler Attributes
SolveInside ifunchecked
meshesbutnosolutioninside
(liketheoldexcludefeaturein
materialmanager)
Model ifunchecked,theobjectis
totallyignoredoutsideofmodelerwith
nomeshandnosolution
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler- Views
View>ModifyAttributes>
Orientation Predefined/CustomViewAngles
Lighting Controlangle,intensity,andcoloroflight
Projection Controlcameraandperspective
BackgroundColor Controlcolorof3DModeler
background
View>VisualizationSettings displayedresolutionofcurves
View>ActiveViewVisibility - Controlsthedisplayof:3D
ModelerObjects,ColorKeys,Boundaries,Excitations,Field
Plots
View>Options StereoMode,DragOptimization,ColorKey
Defaults,DefaultRotation
View>Render>WireFrame orSmoothShaded (Default)
View>CoordinateSystem>Hide orSmall(Large)
View>GridSetting Controlsthegriddisplay
Toolbar: ToggleGridVisibility
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ChangingtheView
Toolbar
ContextMenu
Shortcuts
Sincechangingtheviewisafrequentlyusedoperation,someusefulshortcutkeysexist.Pressthe
appropriatekeysanddragthemousewiththeleftbuttonpressed:
ALT+Drag Rotate
Inaddition,thereare9pre-definedviewanglesthatcanbeselectedbyholdingtheALTkeyand
doubleclickingonthelocationsshownonthenextpage.
Shift+Drag - Pan
ALT+Shift+Drag DynamicZoom
Pan
RotateAround
ModelCenter
DynamicZoom
ZoomIn/Out
Top
Bottom
Right
PredefinedViewAngles
Left
RotateAround
CurrentAxis
RotateAround
ScreenCenter
FitAll
FitSelected
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaxwellV12KeyboardShortcuts
GeneralShortcuts
F1:Help
Shift+F1:Contexthelp
CTRL+F4:Closeprogram
CTRL+C:Copy
CTRL+N:Newproject
CTRL+O:Open...
CTRL+S:Save
CTRL+P:Print...
CTRL+V:Paste
CTRL+X:Cut
CTRL+Y:Redo
CTRL+Z:Undo
CTRL+0:Cascadewindows
CTRL+1:Tilewindowshorizontally
CTRL+2:Tilewindowsvertically
ModellerShortcuts
B:Selectface/objectbehindcurrentselection
F:Faceselectmode
O:Objectselectmode
CTRL+A:Selectallvisibleobjects
CTRL+SHIFT+A:Deselectallobjects
CTRL+D:Fitview
CTRL+E:Zoomin,screencenter
CTRL+F:Zoomout,screencenter
CTRL+Enter:Shiftsthelocalcoordinatesystem
temporarily
SHIFT+LeftMouseButton:Drag
Alt+LeftMouseButton:Rotatemodel
Alt+SHIFT+LeftMouseButton:Zoomin/out
F3:Switchtopointentrymode(i.e.drawobjects
bymouse)
F4:Switchtodialogueentrymode(i.e.draw
objectsolelybyentryincommandandattributes
box.)
F6:Rendermodelwireframe
F7:Rendermodelsmoothshaded
Alt+DoubleClickLeftMouseButtonatpointsonscreen:Setsmodel
projectiontostandardisometricprojections(seediagrambelow).
ALT+RightMouseButton+DoubleClickLeftMouseButtonatpoints
onscreen:givethenineoppositeprojections.
Top
Bottom
Right
Left
Alt + double left Click
here to restore view in
an RZ model
Alt + double left Click
here to restore view in
an XY model
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SimpleExample
Magneticcorewithcoil
Use2DRZMagnetostaticSolver
Coil(120Conductors,Copper)
Core(Steel_1008)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Setupthegeometrymodeandsolver
ChooseCylindricalaboutZ underMaxwell2D>SolutionType
Choose Magnetostatic
Clickthe OK button
CreateCore
Tocreatethecore:
1. SelectthemenuitemDraw>Rectangle
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthecenterposition
X:0.0,Y:0.0,Z:-3.0, PresstheEnter key
3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheoppositecorneroftherectangle
dX:2.0,dY:0.0,dZ:10.0,PresstheEnter key
ContinuedonNextPage
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
CreateCore(Continued)
ToParameterizetheHeight
1. SelecttheCommand tabfromtheProperties window
2. ZSize:H
3. Pressthe Tabkey
4. AddVariableWindow
1. Value:10mm
Tosetthename:
1. SelecttheAttribute tabfromtheProperties window.
2. FortheValue ofName type:Core
Tosetthematerial:
1. SelecttheAttribute tabfromtheProperties window
2. ClickonthebuttoninMaterialvalue:settosteel_1008
Tosetthecolor:
2. ClicktheEdit button
Tosetthetransparency:
2. ClicktheOKbutton
Tofinisheditingtheobjectproperties
Tofittheview:
1. SelectthemenuitemView>FitAll>ActiveView
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SetDefaultMaterial
Tosetthedefaultmaterial:
1. Usingthe3DModelerMaterialstoolbar,chooseSelect
2. SelectDefinitionWindow:
1. Typecopper intheSearchbyName field
CreateCoil
Tocreatethecoilforthecurrenttoflow:
1. SelectthemenuitemDraw>Rectangle
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthecenterposition
X:2.0,Y:0.0,Z:0.0, PresstheEnter key
3. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheoppositecorneroftherectangle
dX:2.0,dY:0.0,dZ:4.0,PresstheEnter key
Tosetthename:
2. FortheValue ofName type:Coil
Tofittheview:
1. SelectthemenuitemView>FitAll>ActiveView
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
CreateExcitation
AssignExcitation
1. Clickonthecoil.
2. Selectthemenuitem Maxwell2D>Excitations>Assign>Current
3. CurrentExcitation:General
1. Name:Current1
2. Value:120A(Note:thisis120Amp-turns)
3. Ref.Direction:Positive
5. NotethatforRZmodels,positivecurrentflowsintothescreen,
howeverforXYmodels,positivecurrentflowsoutofthescreen.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
DefineaRegion
Beforesolvingaprojectaregionhastobedefined.Aregionisbasicallyanoutermostobjectthatcontainsallother
objects.TheregioncanbedefinedbyaspecialobjectinDraw>Region.Thisspecialregionobjectwillberesized
automaticallyifyourmodelchangessize.
Aratioinpercentshastobeenteredthatspecifieshowmuchdistanceshouldbeleftfromthemodel.
TodefineaRegion:
1. SelectthemenuitemDraw>Region
1. PaddingData: One
2. PaddingPercentage: 200
Note:Sincetherewillbeconsiderablefringing
inthisdevice,apaddingpercentageofatleast
2times,or200%isrecommended
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SetupBoundary
AssignBoundary
1. Changetoedgeselectionmodebychoosing:Edit>Select>Edges
2. Usingthemouse,clickonthetop,rightandbottomedgeswhileholdingdowntheCTRLkey.
3. Selectthemenuitem Maxwell2D>Boundary>Assign>Balloon
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SolutionSetup- CreatinganAnalysisSetup
Tocreateananalysissetup:
1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>AnalysisSetup>AddSolution
Setup
2. SolutionSetupWindow:
1. ClicktheGeneral tab:
MaximumNumberofPasses:10
PercentError:1
AddSolutionSetup
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
SaveProject
Tosavetheproject:
1. InaMaxwellwindow,selectthemenuitemFile>SaveAs.
2. FromtheSaveAswindow,typetheFilename:2D_simple_example
3. ClicktheSave button
ModelValidation
Tovalidatethemodel:
1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell3D>ValidationCheck
2. ClicktheClosebutton
Note: Toviewanyerrorsorwarningmessages,
usetheMessageManager.
Analyze
Tostartthesolutionprocess:
1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>AnalyzeAll
Validate AnalyzeAll
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Viewdetailedinformationabouttheprogress
IntheProjectTreeclickonAnalysis>Setup1 withtherightmousebuttonundselectProfile
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MeshOverlay
Createaplotofthemesh
1. SelectthemenuitemEdit>SelectAll
Tocreateameshplot:
1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Plot
Mesh
2. CreateMeshWindow:
1. ClicktheDonebutton
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FieldOverlays
Tocreateafieldplot:
1. Intheobjecttree,selecttheplaneforplotting:
1. UsingtheModelTree,expandPlanes
2. SelectGlobal:XZ
2. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>B>Mag_B
3. CreateFieldPlotWindow
1. Solution:Setup1:LastAdaptive
2. Quantity:Mag_B
3. InVolume:Allobjects
4. ClicktheDone button
4. Whendone,turnofftheplotusing:
View>ActiveViewVisibility>FiledReporter
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FieldOverlays(cont)
Createanotherfieldplot:
2. SelectGlobal:XZ
2. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>B>B_Vector
2. Quantity:B_Vector
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FieldOverlays(cont)
Createanotherfieldplot:
2. SelectGlobal:XZ
2. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>A>Flux_Lines
2. Quantity:Flux_Lines
Thiscompletesthesimpleexample.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ScreenCapturing
TosavethedrawingWindoworaplottotheclipboardselectthemenuitem:Edit>CopyImage
InanyWindowsapplication,select:Edit>Paste topastetheimage
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FileStructure
Everythingregardingtheprojectisstoredinanascii file
File:<project_name>.mxwl
DoubleclickfromWindowsExplorerwillopenand
launchMaxwell
ResultsandMesharestoredinafoldernamed
<project_name>.mxwlresults
Lockfile:<project_name>.lock.mxwl
Createdwhenaprojectisopened
AutoSaveFile:<project_name>.mxwl.auto
Whenrecovering,softwareonlychecksdate
Ifanerroroccurredwhensavingtheautofile,the
datewillbenewerthentheoriginal
Lookatfilesize(providedinrecoverdialog)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Scripts
DefaultScriptrecordedinMaxwell
VisualBasicScript
RemoteSolve(WindowsOnly)
Tools>Options>GeneralOptions>AnalysisOptions
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
OverallSetupProcess
Design
SolutionType
2.Boundaries
2.Excitations
3.Mesh
Operations
2.AnalysisSetup
SolutionSetup
FrequencySweep
1.ParametricModel
Geometry/Materials
4.Results
2DReports
Fields
Mesh
Refinement
Solve
Update
Converged
Analyze
Finished
2.SolveLoop
NO
YES
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MenuStructure
Draw Primitives
Modeler SettingsandBooleanOperations
Edit Copy/Paste,Arrange,Duplicate
Maxwell2D Boundaries,Excitations,MeshOperations,AnalysisSetup,Results
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler ModelTree
SelectmenuitemModeler>GroupbyMaterial
GroupedbyMaterial ObjectView
Material
Object
ObjectCommandHistory
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler Commands
ParametricTechnology
DynamicEdits- ChangeDimensions
AddVariables
ProjectVariables(Global)orDesignVariables(Local)
AnimateGeometry
IncludeUnits DefaultUnitismeters
SupportsmixedUnits
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler Primitives
2DDrawObjects
Thefollowing2DDrawobjectsareavailable:
Line,Spline,Arc,EquationBasedCurve,
Rectangle,Ellipse,Circle,RegularPolygon,
EquationBasedSurface
3DDrawObjects
Notethat3Dobjectscanbepastedintothe2D
modelwindow,buttheyareignoredbythesolution
Thefollowing3DDrawobjectsareavailable(in
Maxwell3D):
Box,Cylinder,RegularPolyhedron
Cone,Sphere,Torus,Helix,Spiral,BondWire
TrueSurfaces
Circles,Cylinders,Spheres,etcarerepresentedas
truesurfaces.Inversionspriortorelease11these
primitiveswouldberepresentedasfacetedobjects.
Ifyouwishtousethefacetedprimitives,selectthe
RegularPolyhedronorRegularPolygon.
Toolbar: 2DObjects
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler BooleanOperations/Transformations
Modeler>Boolean>
Unite combinemultipleprimitives
Unitedisjointobjects(SeparateBodies toseparate)
Subtract removepartofaprimitivefromanother
Intersect keeponlythepartsofprimitivesthatoverlap
Split breakprimitivesintomultiplepartsalongaplane(XY,YZ,XZ)
SplitCrossingObjects splitsobjectsalongaplane(XY,YZ,XZ)onlywheretheyintersect
SeparateBodies separatesobjectswhichareunitedbutnotphysicallyconnectedintoindividual
objects
Edit>Arrange>
Move Translatesthestructurealongavector
Rotate Rotatestheshapearoundacoordinateaxisbyanangle
Mirror Mirrorstheshapearoundaspecifiedplane
Offset Performsauniformscaleinx,y,andz.
Edit>Duplicate>
AlongLine Createmultiplecopiesofanobjectalongavector
AroundAxis Createmultiplecopiesofanobjectrotatedbyafixedanglearoundthex,y,orzaxis
Mirror- Mirrorstheshapearoundaspecifiedplane andcreatesaduplicate
Edit>Scale Allowsnon-uniformscalinginthex,y,orzdirection
Toolbar: Boolean
Toolbar: Arrange
Toolbar: Duplicate
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler- Selection
SelectionTypes
Object(Default)
Face
Edge
Vertex
SelectionModes
AllObjects
AllVisibleObject
ByName
HighlightSelectionDynamically Bydefault,movingthemousepointeroveranobjectwilldynamically
highlighttheobjectforselection.Toselecttheobjectsimplyclicktheleftmousebutton.
MultipleObjectSelection HoldtheCTRL keydowntographicallyselectmultipleobjects
NextBehind Toselectanobjectlocatedbehindanotherobject,selectthefrontobject,presstheb keytoget
thenextbehind.Note:Themousepointermustbelocatedsuchthatthenextbehindobjectisunderthe
mousepointer.
ToDisable:Selectthemenuitem Tools>Options>ModelerOptions
FromtheDisplayTab,uncheckHighlightselectiondynamically
DynamicallyHighlighted
(Onlyframeofobject)
Selected
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler MovingAround
Modeler>SnapModetosetthesnaps
Tools>Customize
SnapModetoviewSnapModetoolbar
Toolbar: SnapMode
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Modeler CoordinateSystems
CanbeParameterized
WorkingCoordinateSystem
CurrentlyselectedCS.ThiscanbealocalorglobalCS
GlobalCS
Thedefaultfixedcoordinatesystem
Relative CS
Userdefinedlocalcoordinatesystem.
Offset
Rotated
Both
Face CS (settingavailabletoautomaticallyswitchtofacecoordinatesystemintheModelerOptions)
Step1:SelectFace
Step2:SelectOrigin
Step3:SetX-Axis
NewWorkingCS
ConecreatedwithFaceCS
ChangeBoxSizeandConeis
automaticallypositionedwith
thetopfaceofthebox
Toolbar: C oordinateSystem
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
2DMeasure
Modeler>Measure>
Position Location,Distance,andArea
Edge EdgeLength
Face SurfaceArea
Object SurfaceArea,ObjectVolume
PositionPoints
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Options General
Tools>Options>GeneralOptions>ProjectOptions
TempDirectory Locationusedduringsolutionprocess
Makesureithasatleast512MBfreedisk.
Options- Maxwell
Tools>Options>MaxwellOptions>Solver
SetNumberofProcessors=2for1dual-coreprocessor
ortwosingle-coreprocessors.Requiresadditional
license
DefaultProcessPriority setthesimulationpriorityfrom
Critical
(highest)toIdle(lowest)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Options ModelerOptions
Tools>Options>ModelerOptions>DrawingforPointandDialogEntryModes
CanenterinnewdimensionsusingeitherPoint(mouse)orDialogentrymode
AlternativelyuseF3andF4toswitchbetweenPointandDialogentrymodes
Tools>Options>ModelerOptions>Display tabtoenableplayback
Mustcloseandre-openMaxwellaftermakingchangeforthissetting,toactivate
Visualizationisseenbyclickingonprimativesinthehistorytree(undersubtractcommand,forinstance)
Typical Dialog
entry mode
window
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ConvertingOlderMaxwellProjects
FromMaxwellv11andolder,
1. SelectthemenuitemFile>Open
2. Opendialog
1. FilesofType:Ansoft LegacyEMProjects(.cls)
2. Browsetotheexistingprojectandselectthe.cls file
3. ClicktheOpen button
WhatisConverted?
ConvertsEntireModel:Geometry,Materials,Boundaries,
SourcesandSetup
Solutions,Optimetrics projectsandMacrosarenotconverted
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaterialSetup- Libraries
3-Tierlibrarystructure
System(global)level predefinedfromANSYSandshipswithnewupgrades,userscannot
modifythis
UserLibrary tobesharedamongseveralusersatacompany(canbeencrypted)
Personallibraries- tobeusedonlybysingleuser(canbeencrypted)
Addanewmaterial:Tools>EditConfiguredLibraries>Materials
NewInterfaceforMaterialsSettingsharedwithRMxprt
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ClickAddMaterial.TheMaterialisonlyavailableinProject
Toaddamaterialintheuserorpersonallibrary:clickonExportLibraryandsaveitinthedesire
library.
Inthemainprojectwindow,clickonTools>ConfiguredLibraries.Locatethelibrarytohavethe
materialavailableforalltheprojects.
ClickonSaveasdefault toautomaticallyloadlibraryforanynewproject.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaterialsSetup- Editing
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaterialSetup BHcurve
RobustBHcurveentry candeletepointsifyoumakeamistake
Canimportdatafromafile
ToexportBHcurveforuseinfuture,right-mouse-clickoncurveandselectExporttoFile
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaterialSetup- PermanentMagnets
Directionofmagnetizationdeterminedby
materialsobjectsOrientationand Magnetic
CoercivityUnitVectors.
TomodifytheOrientation,opentheAttributefor
theobjectandchangethecoordinatesystem.The
default Orientation forpermanentmagnetsis
GlobalCS.
TomodifytheMagneticCoercivityUnitVectors for
apermanentmagnetmaterial,entertheMaterials
Libraryandeditthematerial.
Thematerialcoordinatesystemtypecanbe
describedinCartesian,Cylindrical,Spherical
Themagneticcoercivityhasunitvectors
correspondingtothechosencoordinatesystem:for
instanceX,Y,Zforcartesian.
Torotateamagnetinaparametricsimulationand
themagnetizationdirection,youmustfirstrotate
theobjectandsecondassigntheFaceCS,as
shownbelowinthehistorytree
1. Rotate
2. Create FaceCS
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MaterialSetup- AnisotropicMaterialProperties

1
,
1
,and
1
aretensorsintheXdirection.

2
,
2
,and
2
aretensorsintheYdirection.

3
,
3
,and3aretensorsintheZdirection.
Note:NonlinearanisotropicpermeabilitynotallowedinMaxwell2D.
| | | | | |
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
,
0 0
0 0
0 0
,
0 0
0 0
0 0
Solver
Anisotropic
Permitivity
Anisotropic
Permeability
Anisotropic
Conductivity
DielectricLoss
Tangent
MagneticLoss
Tangent
Electrostatic yes no no no no
DCConduction no no yes no no
ACConduction yes no yes no no
Magnetostatic no yes no no no
EddyCurrent no yes no no no
Transient no yes no no no
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
BoundaryType E-FieldBehavior Usedtomodel
Default
Boundary
Conditions
(Natural and
Neumann)
Fieldbehavesasfollows:
Natural boundaries ThenormalcomponentofD changesby
theamountofsurfacechargedensity.Nospecialconditionsare
imposed.
Neumann boundaries E istangentialtotheboundary.Flux
cannotcrossaNeumannboundary.
OrdinaryE-fieldbehavioron
boundaries.Objectinterfaces
areinitiallysettonatural
boundaries;outerboundaries
areinitiallysettoNeumann
boundaries.
Symmetry Fieldbehavesasfollows:
EvenSymmetry (FluxTangential) E istangentialtothe
boundary;itsnormalcomponentsarezero.
OddSymmetry (FluxNormal) E isnormaltotheboundary;its
tangentialcomponentsarezero.
Planesofgeometricand
electricalsymmetry.
Balloon Fieldbehavessothatvoltagecanfringe Groundatinfinity
Matching
(Master and
Slave)
TheE-fieldontheslaveboundaryisforcedtomatchthemagnitude
anddirection(orthenegativeofthedirection)oftheE-fieldonthe
masterboundary.
Planesofsymmetryin
periodicstructureswhereE is
obliquetotheboundary.
Resistance
(DCconduction
solveronly)
Aresistanceboundarymodelsaverythinlayerofresistivematerial
(suchasthatcausedbydeposits,coatingsoroxidationona
metallicsurface)onaconductorataknownpotential.
Usethisboundarycondition
whentheresistivelayers
thicknessismuchsmaller
thantheotherdimensionsof
themodel.
ElectricFieldBoundaryConditions(Electrostatic,DCConduction,ACConduction)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
BoundaryType H-FieldBehavior Usedtomodel
DefaultBoundary
Conditions(Natural
andNeumann)
Fieldbehavesasfollows:
Natural boundaries H iscontinuousacrosstheboundary.
Neumann boundaries H istangentialtotheboundary
andfluxcannotcrossit.
Ordinaryfieldbehavior.Initially,
objectinterfacesarenatural
boundaries;outerboundariesand
excludedobjectsareNeumann
boundaries.
MagneticVector
Potential
Setsthemagneticvectorpotentialontheboundary.
Note:IntheMagnetostaticsolver,AisRMSwhileintheEddy
Currentsolver,Aispeak.
Magneticallyisolatedstructures.
Symmetry Fieldbehavesasfollows:
Odd Symmetry(FluxTangential) H istangentialtothe
boundary;itsnormalcomponentsarezero.
Even Symmetry(FluxNormal) H isnormaltothe
boundary;itstangentialcomponentsarezero.
Planesofgeometricandmagnetic
symmetry.
Impedance
(EddyCurrentonly)
Includestheeffectofinducedcurrentsbeyondtheboundary
surface.
Conductorswithverysmallskin
depths.
Balloon Fieldbehavessothatmagneticfluxcanfringe Nofringingatinfinity
Matching(Master
andSlave)
TheH-fieldontheslaveboundaryisforcedtomatchthe
magnitudeanddirection(orthenegativeofthedirection)of
theH-fieldonthemasterboundary.
Planesofsymmetryinperiodic
structureswhereH isobliquetothe
boundary.
MagneticFieldBoundaryConditions(Magnetostatic,EddyCurrent,Transient)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Source TypeofExcitation
Floating
Conductor
Usedtomodelconductorsatunknownpotentials.
Voltage TheDCvoltageonasurfaceorobject.
Charge Thetotalchargeonasurfaceorobject(eitheraconductoror
dielectric).
ChargeDensity Thechargedensityinanobject.
Notes:
IntheElectrostaticsolver,anyconductorwithoutasourceconditionwillbe
assumedtobefloating.
ElectricFieldSources(Electrostatic,DCConduction,ACConduction)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Current Thetotalcurrentinaconductor.
CurrentDensity Thecurrentdensityinaconductor.
Notes:
IntheMagnetostaticsolver,currentisRMSampturns.
PermanentmagnetswillalsoactasasourceintheMagnetostaticsolver.
MagneticFieldSources(Magnetostatic)
MagneticFieldSources(EddyCurrent)
ParallelCurrent Thetotalcurrentinaagroupofparallelconductors.
Notes:
IntheEddyCurrentsolver,currentispeakamp-turns.
Sourcescanbesolid(witheddyeffects)orstranded(withouteddyeffects).
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Coil Currentorvoltageonawinding
representing1ormoreturns
Permanentmagnetswillalsoactasasourceinthe
Transientsolver.
MagneticFieldSources(Transient)
Currentandvoltagesources(solidorstranded)canbeconstantorfunctionsofintrinsic
variables:speed(rpmordeg/sec),position(degrees),ortime(seconds)
Datasetfunctioncanbeusedforpiecewiselinearfunctions:Pwl_periodic(ds1,Time)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D>Excitation>Current
Value:appliescurrentinamps
Type:
Solid
forwindingshavingasingle
conductor/turn
eddyeffectsareconsidered
Stranded
forwindingshavingmany
conductors/turns
eddyeffectsarenot considered
RefDirection:
PositiveorNegative
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D>Excitation>AddWinding
Current appliescurrentinamps
SolidorStranded
Inputcurrentandnumberofparallelbranchesas
seenfromterminal
Voltage appliesvoltage(totalvoltagedropoverthe
lengthofasolidconductorortheentirewinding)
SolidorStranded
Inputinitialcurrent,windingresistance,extra
seriesinductancenotconsideredinFEAmodel,
voltage,andnumberofparallelbranchesasseen
fromterminal
External couplestoMaxwellCircuitEditor
SolidorStranded
Inputinitialcurrentandnumberofparallel
branches
Maxwell2D>Excitation>Assign>Coil
Pickaconductoronthescreenandthenspecify:
Name
NumberofConductors
Polarity:positive,negative,orfunctionalwinding
direction
Note:WindingsintheXYsolverwillusuallyhave2coils:one
positiveandonenegativepolarity.Bothcoilswillbe
addedtotheappropriatewindingbyright-mouseclicking
onCoil intheprojecttreeandchoosingAddtoWinding
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ToCreateanExternalCircuit
1. Select:Maxwell2D>Excitations>ExternalCircuit>EditExternalCircuit>ImportCircuit
2. Aftercircuiteditoropens,addelementstoconstructthecircuit.Notethatthenameofthe
Windinginthecircuit(Winding1)mustmatchthenameoftheWindinginMaxwell(Winding1)
3. Savecircuitas*.amcpfileandthenMaxwellCircuit>ExportNetlist>*.sphfile.
0
LWinding1
5.3ohm
LabelID=R3
-
+
Model
V
switch2
V
S_sw2
D
6
4
Model
d1
Model
I
switch1
I
W_sw1
L
a
b
e
l
I
D
=
V
I
1
Note:
The dot on the
winding symbol is
used as the positive
reference for the
current (positive
current is oriented
from the "dotted"
terminal towards to
"un-dotted" terminal
of the winding as it
passes through the
winding).
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D>Excitation>SetEddyEffects
Needtoenablethecalculationofeddyeffectsinobjects
Maxwell2D>Excitation>SetCoreLoss
Forobjectswithzeroconductivity(suchasalaminatedcore),
youcancalculatethecoreloss
Notethatthecorelosscoefficientsmustbedefinedinthe
materialsetup
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
CoreLossCalculationMethod
Thecorelossforelectricalsteelisbasedon:
where:
Khisthehysteresiscoefficient.
Kcistheclassicaleddycoefficient.
Keistheexcessoranomalouseddycurrentcoefficientduetomagneticdomains.
Bmaxthemaximumamplitudeofthefluxdensity.
fisthefrequency.
Thepowerferritecorelossisbasedon:
where:
Cmisconstantvaluedeterminedbyexperiment.
fxisthefrequency.
Bymaxisthemaximumamplitudeofthefluxdensity
( ) ( )
5 . 1
max
2
max
2
max
f B K f B K f B K p
e c h
+ + =
y x
m
B f C p
max
=
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D>DesignSettings
TheDesignSettingswindowallowsyoutospecifyhowthesimulatorwilldealwithsome
aspectsofthedesign.Tabsvarybysolverused(thepanelbelowisforthetransient
solver)
SettheSymmetryMultiplier(ForTransientXYSolutionsonly).
SettheMaterialThresholdfortreatingmaterialsasconductorsvs.insulators.
SetPreserveTransientSolutionoptions(ForTransientSolutionsOnly).
SettransientcouplingwithSimplorerontheAdvancedProductCouplingtab(For
TransientSolutionsOnly)
SettheModelDepth(Maxwell2DXYTransientDesignsOnly).
SetthedefaultBackgroundmaterial(Maxwell2DDesignsOnly).
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D>Parameters
Allowstheautomaticcalculationofparametersfollowingthefieldsolution
Includes:Force,Torque,Fluxlinkage,Coreloss,andMatrix
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D>Model>MotionSetup>AssignBand
1. Definesthedirectionandtypeofmotion(translationorrotation)
2. Definesthemechanicalparameterssuchasmass,damping,andloadforce
3. Defineslimitsofmotion
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MagnetostaticandElectricSolutionSetup
Startthemenuofsolutionsetupby:Maxwell>AnalysisSetup>AddSolutionSetup
ForMagnetostaticsolveronSolvertab,suggestsettingnonlinearresidual=0.001.OndefaulttabchooseSave
Defaultstosetthisvalueforallfutureprojects.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
EddyCurrentSolutionSetup
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
TransientSolutionSetup
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MeshOperations
ToassignMeshoperationstoObjects,selecttheMenuitem:Maxwell2D>AssignMeshOperations
1. OnSelectionisappliedonthesurfaceoftheobject
2. InsideSelectionisappliedthroughthevolumeoftheobject
3. Surfaceapproximationisappliedtosetfacetingguidelinesfortruesurfaceobjects
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
1. MeshOperationsOnselection
appliedontheperimeteroftheobject
Elementlengthbasedrefinement:LengthBased
SkinDepthbasedrefinement:SkinDepthBased
On selection length
based
On selection skin
depth based (2
layers)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
2. MeshOperationsInsideselection- appliedthroughoutthevolumeoftheobject
Elementlengthbasedrefinement:LengthBased
Inside selection length
based
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
3. MeshOperationsSurfaceApproximation
Fortruesurfaces,performfacetingcontrolona
face-by-facebasis
SelectMeshoperation>Assign>Surface
approximationandspecifyoneormoresettings:
Maximumsurfacedeviation(length)
MaximumSurfaceNormalDeviation
(degrees)
MaximumAspectRatio
ro
ri
ri
ro
o AspectRati
* 2
=
D
r
D =Maximum Surface
Deviation
=Maximum Surface
Normal
Deviation
)) 2 / cos( 1 ( = r D
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Manualmeshcreation
Tocreatetheinitialmesh:ClickMaxwell>AnalysisSetup>ApplyMeshOperations
Torefinethemeshwithoutsolving
1. Definemeshoperationsaspreviouslydiscussed
2. ClickMaxwell>AnalysisSetup>ApplyMeshOperations
3. ClickMaxwell>AnalysisSetup>ReverttoInitialMeshtorestarttotheinitialmesh
Toviewmeshinformation:ClickMaxwell>Results>SolutionDataandclickonthetab MeshStatistics
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
MeshDisplay
1. Selectanobject
2. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>PlotMesh
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
2Dtransientmeshingforrotationalmodels
MovingSurfacemethodused
Band
Air gap
Rotor
Stator
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Stationary
region
Moving part(s)
band
2Dtransientmeshingfortranslationalmodels
MovingBandmethodused
Adaptivemeshingnotused,sousermustmanuallycreatethemeshorlinktoasolvedMSorEddy
design
Thebandareaisre-meshedateachtimestep
Thestationaryregionandmovingpart(s)arenotre-meshed
IfyoulinkthemeshtoasolvedMSorEddydesign:
Theentiremeshfromthelinkeddesignistransferredtothetransientdesign.
Themeshinobjectsinsideandoutsideofthebandneverchangesasmotionoccurs.
IfthestartingtransientpositionisthesameasthelinkedMSorEddydesign,thenthelinked
meshinthebandobjectisreused.
IfthestartingtransientpositionisthedifferentthanthelinkedMSorEddydesign,thenthe
linkedmeshinthebandobjectiscompletelydeleted.Thebandisthenre-meshedbasedonly
onmeshoperationsinthetransientsolver.Anymeshormeshoperationonthebandinthe
linkedMSorEddyDesignisignored.Thekeypointisthatmeshoperationsarealwaysrequired
onthebandobject(useinsideselection)forMaxwell2Dtransientdesigns.
Forsubsequentpositionsastheobject(s)moveintheband,themeshoperationsonthebandin
thetransientdesignarere-appliedateverytimestepandanewmeshiscreated.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
PostProcessing
TwoMethodsofPostProcessingSolutions:
ViewingPlots
ManipulatingFieldQuantitiesinCalculator
FiveTypesofPlots:
1. Contourplots(scalars):equipotentiallines,...
2. Shadeplots(scalars):Bmag,Hmag,Jmag,
3. Arrowplots(vectors):Bvector,Hvector,
4. Lineplots(scalars):magnitudevs.distancealongapredefinedline
5. AnimationPlots
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Contourplot
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Shadeplot(tone)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Shadeplot(fringewithoutline)
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Arrowplot
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Lineplot
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Multiplewindowsandmultipleplots
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
Animationplot
Varioustypesofanimatedplotsare
possible:
Animatewithrespecttophaseangle
(eddysolver)
Animatewithrespecttotime
(transientsolver)
Animatewithrespecttoposition(for
parametricanalysis)
Animatewithrespecttoshape
change(forparametricanalysis)
Exportto.gifor.aviformat
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FieldsCalculator
TobringuptheFieldsCalculatortool
1. SelectthemenuitemMaxwell->Fields->Calculator
Typicalquantitiestoanalyze:
1. Fluxthroughasurface
2. CurrentFlowthroughasurface
3. TangentialComponentofE-fieldalongaline
4. AverageMagnitudeofB-fieldinacore
5. TotalEnergyinanobject
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
FieldsCalculator ExportCommand
Exportsthefieldquantityinthetopregistertoafile,mappingittoagridofpoints.Usethiscommandtosavefield
quantitiesinaformatthatcanbereadbyothermodelingorpost-processingsoftwarepackages.Twooptionsare
available:
1. Gridpointsfromfile:Mapsthefieldquantitytoacustomizedgridofpoints.Beforeusingthiscommand,you
mustcreateafilecontainingthepoints.
2. Calculategridpoints:Mapsthefieldquantitytoathree-dimensionalCartesiangrid.Youspecifythe
dimensionsandspacingofthegridinthex,y,andzdirections.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ExporttoGrid
Vectordata<Ex,Ey,Ez>
Min:[000]
Max:[222]
Spacing:[111]
SpacedelimitedASCIIfilesavedin
projectsubdirectory
Vector data "<Ex,Ey,Ez>"
Grid Output Min: [0 0 0] Max: [2 2 2] Grid Size: [1 1 1
0 0 0 -71.7231 -8.07776 128.093
0 0 1 -71.3982 -1.40917 102.578
0 0 2 -65.76 -0.0539669 77.9481
0 1 0 -259.719 27.5038 117.572
0 1 1 -248.088 16.9825 93.4889
0 1 2 -236.457 6.46131 69.4059
0 2 0 -447.716 159.007 -8.6193
0 2 1 -436.085 -262.567 82.9676
0 2 2 -424.454 -236.811 58.8847
1 0 0 -8.91719 -241.276 120.392
1 0 1 -8.08368 -234.063 94.9798
1 0 2 -7.25016 -226.85 69.5673
1 1 0 -271.099 -160.493 129.203
1 1 1 -235.472 -189.125 109.571
1 1 2 -229.834 -187.77 84.9415
1 2 0 -459.095 -8.55376 2.12527
1 2 1 -447.464 -433.556 94.5987
1 2 2 -435.833 -407.8 70.5158
2 0 0 101.079 -433.897 -18.5698
2 0 1 -327.865 -426.684 95.8133
2 0 2 -290.824 -419.471 70.4008
2 1 0 -72.2234 -422.674 -9.77604
2 1 1 -495.898 -415.461 103.026
2 1 2 -458.857 -408.248 77.6138
2 2 0 -470.474 -176.115 12.8698
2 2 1 -613.582 -347.994 83.2228
2 2 2 -590.326 -339.279 63.86
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
GettingHelp
IfyouhaveanyquestionswhileyouareusingMaxwellyoucanfindanswersinseveralways:
ANSYSMaxwellOnlineHelp providesassistancewhileyouareworking.
Togethelpaboutaspecific,activedialogbox,clicktheHelp buttoninthedialogboxorpresstheF1
key.
Selectthemenuitem Help>Contents toaccesstheonlinehelpsystem.
Tooltipsareavailabletoprovideinformationabouttoolsonthetoolbarsordialogboxes.Whenyou
holdthepointeroveratoolforabrieftime,atooltipappearstodisplaythenameofthetool.
Asyoumovethepointeroveratoolorclickamenuitem,theStatusBar atthebottomoftheMaxwell
windowprovidesabriefdescriptionofthefunctionofthetoolormenuitem.
TheMaxwellGettingStartedguideprovidesdetailedinformationaboutusingMaxwelltocreateand
solve3DEMprojects.
PDFversionofhelpmanualat:../Maxwell/Maxwell14/help/maxwell_onlinehelp.pdf forprinting.
ANSYSTechnicalSupport
TocontactANSYStechnicalsupportstaffinyourgeographicalarea,pleaselogontotheANSYS
customerportal:https://www1.ansys.com/customer/default.asp
VisitingtheANSYSWebSite
IfyourcomputerisconnectedtotheInternet,youcanvisittheANSYSWebsitetolearnmoreabouttheANSYSInc
andproducts.
FromtheDesktop
Selectthemenuitem Help>Ansoft CorporateWebsite toaccesstheOnlineTechnicalSupport(OTS)
system.
FromyourInternetbrowser
Visithttp://www.ansys.com/
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
WebUpdate
ThisfeatureallowsyoutoupdateanyexistingsoftwarefromtheWebUpdate window.Thisfeatureautomatically
scansyoursystemtofindanysoftware,andthenallowsyoutodownloadanyupdatesiftheyareavailable.
Overview
Presentation
1
Maxwell v14
ApplicationSupportforNorthAmerica
Thenamesandnumbersinthislistmaychangewithoutnotice
TechnicalSupport:
9-4EST:
Pittsburgh,PA
(412)261-3200x199
Burlington,MA
(781)229-8900x199
9-4PST:
SanJose,CA
(408)261-9095199
Portland,OR
(503)906-7946x199
Irvine,CA
(714)417-9311x199
ANSYSMaxwell2DFieldSimulatorv14UsersGuide
6.0
Chapter6.0 BasicExercises
6.0
Maxwell v14
Chapter6.0 EddyCurrentExamples
6.1 JumpingRingsAxisymmetric Model
6.3 InstantaneousForcesonBusbars
6.1
EddyCurrent- ApplicationNote
6.1-1
Maxwell v14
Introduction
Thisexampleinvestigatestheclassicaljumpingringsexperimentusinga2D
axisymmetric eddycurrentmodel.Threeringsarestackedontopofeachother
aroundacommonaxis.Thebottomringprovidesa10kHzexcitationthat
induceseddycurrentsandlossesintheothertworings.Theseringsarerepelled
fromring1andcanbesuspendedbythemagneticfieldasthecurrentinring1is
increased.
Themodelconsistsofthreesolidcopperrings.Thebottomring1hasapeak
currentof1A,whilering2andring3havenoexcitationandareopen-circuited.
Theopen-circuitconditionissimulatedbyconstrainingthetotalcurrenttozero.A
physicallayoutoftheactualdeviceisshownin:
Aftertheproblemissolved,youcandothefollowing:
Viewtheimpedancematrix.
Calculatethepowerlossusingtwoindependentmethods,andcompareit
tothelossintheconvergencetable.
Calculatetheinducedvoltage(V2)acrosstheopenendsofring2.
Theanalysisincludesallskinandproximityeffectsinthecalculationofthe
impedancematrix,powerlosses,andvoltage.
6.1
6.1-2
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
1. ClicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft >
Maxwell14.0andselect Maxwell14.0
SettingToolOptions
Tosetthetooloptions:
Note:Inordertofollowthestepsoutlinedinthisexample,verifythatthe
followingtooloptionsareset :
SelectthemenuitemTools>Options>Maxwell2DOptions
MaxwellOptionsWindow:
1. ClicktheGeneral Optionstab
UseWizardsfordatainputwhencreatingnew
boundaries: Checked
Duplicateboundaries/meshoperationswithgeometry:
Checked
SelectthemenuitemTools>Options>ModelerOptions.
ModelerOptionsWindow:
1. ClicktheOperation tab
Automaticallycoverclosedpolylines: Checked
2. ClicktheDisplay tab
Defaulttransparency=0.8
3. ClicktheDrawing tab
Editpropertyofnewprimitives: Checked
6.1
6.1-3
Maxwell v14
OpeningaNewProject
Toopenanewproject:
AfterlaunchingMaxwell,aprojectwillbeautomaticallycreated.Youcan
alsocreateanewprojectusingbelowoptions.
1. InanMaxwellwindow,clickthe OntheStandardtoolbar,or
selectthemenuitemFile>New.
SelectthemenuitemProject>InsertMaxwell2D Design,orclickonthe
icon
SetSolutionType
TosettheSolutionType:
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>SolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
1. GeometryMode:CylindricalaboutZ
2. ChooseMagnetic>EddyCurrent
SetDefaultUnits
ToSetDefaultUnits
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Units
InUnitswindow,
Selectunits:cm(centimeters)
PressOK
6.1
6.1-4
Maxwell v14
DefineSolutionRegion
ToCreateSimulationRegion
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Rectangle
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthepositionofrectangle
X:0,Y:0,Z:-10,PresstheEnter key
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheoppositecorner
dX:20,dY:0,dZ:20,PresstheEnter key
Selecttheresultingsheetandgoto thepropertieswindow
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoRegion
ChecktheoptionDisplayWireframe
CreateModel
Themodelconsistsofthreedonut-shapedrings.Across-sectionofthemodelis
shownbelow.Thisisa2-dimensionalaxisymmetric drawing;anaxisymmetric
modelisrotated360 aroundthez-axis(displayedasthev-axisinthedrawing).
CreateRing1
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Circle
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthecenterofcircle
X:1,Y:0,Z:0,PresstheEnter key
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheradius
dX:0.1,dY:0,dZ:0,PresstheEnter key
Selecttheresultingsheetandgoto thePropertieswindow
ChangethenameofthesheettoRing1 andcolortored
ChangethematerialofthesheettoCopper
6.1
6.1-5
Maxwell v14
CreateRing2
X:1,Y:0,Z:0.5,PresstheEnter key
ChangethenameofthesheettoRing2andcolortoGreen
CreateRing3
ChangethenameofthesheettoRing3andcolortoYellow
AssignExcitations
Acurrentof1AwillbeassignedtotheRing1while0Awillbeassignedtoboth
Ring2andRing3.Thisforcesthetotalcurrentflowaroundtheseringstobezero
inordertomodeltheopen-circuitcondition.
ToAssignExcitationsforRing1
SelectthesheetRing1fromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>Assign>Current
InCurrentExcitationwindow
Name:Current1
Value:1A
Type:Solid
Ref.Direction:Positive
PressOK
6.1
6.1-6
Maxwell v14
Name:Current2
Value:0A
Type:Solid
PressOK
Name:Current3
Value:0A
Type:Solid
PressOK
Note: ChoosingSolidspecifiesthattheeddyeffectsinthecoilwillbeconsidered.
Ontheotherhand,ifStranded hadbeenchosen,onlytheDCresistancewould
havebeencalculatedandnoACeffectsinthecoilwouldhavebeenconsidered.
AssignBoundary
ToAssignBoundarytoRegionEdges
SelecttheobjectRegionfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Select>AllObjectEdges
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Boundaries>Assign>Balloon
InBalloonBoundarywindow,
PressOK
6.1
6.1-7
Maxwell v14
AssignMatrixParameters
Inthisexample,thecompete[3x3]impedancematrixwillbecalculated.Thisis
donebysettingaparameter.
ToCalculateImpedanceMatrix
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Parameters>Assign>Matrix
InMatrixwindow,
ForallcurrentSources
Include: Checked
PressOK
ComputetheSkinDepth
Skindepthisameasureofhowcurrentdensityconcentratesatthesurfaceofa
conductorcarryinganalternatingcurrent.Itisafunctionofthepermeability,
conductivityandfrequency
Skindepthinmetersisdefinedasfollows:
where:
istheangularfrequency,whichisequalto2f.(fisthesourcefrequency
whichinthiscaseis10000Hz).
istheconductorsconductivity;forcopperits5.8e7S/m
r
istheconductorsrelativepermeability;forcopperits1
isthepermeabilityoffreespace,whichisequalto410
-7
A/m.
Forthecoppercoils,theskindepthisapproximately0.066cmwhichlessthan
thediameterof0.200cmfortheconductors.

r o
2
=
6.1
6.1-8
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>AnalysisSetup>AddSolutionSetup
SolutionSetupWindow:
1. GeneralTab
PercentageError:0.01
2. SolverTab
AdaptiveFrequency:10KHz
SpecifyMeshOperations
Inordertoaccuratelycomputethemutualresistancetermsintheimpedance
matrix,auniformmeshisneededinallconductors.
ToAssignMeshOperationforCoils
PressCtrlandselectallcoilsfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>MeshOperations>Assign>Inside
Selection>LengthBased
InElementLengthBasedRefinementwindow,
Name:Coils_Inside
RestrictLengthOfElements: Unchecked
RestrictNumberofElements: Checked
MaximumNumberofElements:1000
PressOK
NotethatbychoosingInsideSelectioninsteadofOnSelection,the
meshoperationisappliedevenlythroughtheareaoftheconductorsas
opposedtobeingappliedonlyontheouterperimeteroftheconductor.
MeshOperation
InsideSelection
MeshOperation
OnSelection
6.1
6.1-9
Maxwell v14
Analyze
SolutionData
ToViewSolutionInformation
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>SolutionData
ToViewConvergence
SelecttheConvergencetab
Notethatthetotallossisaround1.99e-004Watts
ToViewMeshinformation
SelecttheMeshStatisticstab
ToViewImpedancematrix
SelectMatrixtab
Bydefault,theresultsaredisplayedas[R,Z]butcanbealso
shownas[R,L]orascouplingcoefficients.
33 33 32 32 31 31
23 23 22 22 21 21
13 13 12 12 11 11
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
L R L R L R
L R L R L R
L R L R L R
6.1
6.1-10
Maxwell v14
AboutImpedanceMatrix
Thediagonalresistancetermsrepresenttheself-resistanceofeachcoil
duetoDCcomponentandskineffects,aswellastheproximityeffectsinall
otherconductors.Theoff-diagonalresistancetermsresultfromproximity
effectcurrentsinducedinonecoilduetoexcitationintheothercoil.
Thediagonalinductancetermsrepresenttheself-inductanceofeachcoil,
whileoff-diagonaltermsrepresentthemutualinductanceduetocoupling.
Thematrixresultsshouldcloselyresembletheresultsshowninthe
followingmatrix.NegativeresistanceR13meansthatcurrentinRing1
inducesacurrentinRing3,whichactuallyreducesACresistanceofRing3:
ThediagonaltermR11ismadeupofthefollowingresistivecomponents
duetoRing1,Ring2,and Ring3.(Thering1DCresistanceisobtainedby
runningaseparatesimulationa0.1Hz.TheR11termaswellasring2and
ring3proximitytermsaretakenfromthematrixabove.Finally,Thering1
skineffecttermiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweenofallofthese
terms.)
ring1DCresistance =3.441e-004
ring1skineffect =4.446e-005
ring2proximityeffectfromI1 =1.728e-005
ring3proximityeffectfromI1 =6.953e-006
R11 =3.988e-004ohms
Inthisexample,witha1Apeakcurrentinring1,andwithbothring2 and
ring3open-circuited,thetotalpowerlosscanbecalculatedbyhandfrom
theimpedancematrixusingthefollowingformula:
P= * Ipeak
2
*R11= *1
2
*3.9922e-004=1.9961e-004
ThisvaluealsocorrespondstotheTotalPowerLoss intheconvergence
table.
6.1
6.1-11
Maxwell v14
PlotMesh
ToPlotMesh
SelectthemenuitemEdit>SelectAll
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>PlotMesh
InCreateMeshPlotwindow,
PressDone
ViewtheResults
CalculateTotalPowerLossinCoils
PressCtrlandselectallRings
SelectthemenuitemModeler>List>Create>ObjectList
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Calculator
InFieldsCalculatorwindow,
SelectInput>Quantity>OhmicLoss
SelectInput>Geometry
SelecttheradiobuttonVolume
SelectObjectlist1fromthelist
PressOK
SelectScalar>Integral>RZ
SelectOutput>Eval
TheevaluatedlossintheCoils shouldbeabout:1.996e-004(W). This
valueisequaltothepowercalculatedbyhandfromR11intheimpedance
matrix.
PressDone
6.1
6.1-12
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>A>Flux_Lines
InCreateFieldPlotwindow
PressDone
CalculateTotalCurrentflowingaroundeachoftheRings
SelectInput>Quantity>J
SelectVector>Scal?>ScalarPhi
SelectGeneral>Complex>Real
SelecttheradiobuttonSurface
SelectRing1fromthelist
PressOK
SelectScalar>Integral>XY(NotethisisasurfaceintegralofJdot
dA)
SelectOutput>Eval
Notethatthecurrentinring1iscloseto1A.Repeatingthesestepsfor
Ring2andRing3yieldsanetcurrent~0A,whichrepresentsanopen-
circuitedring.
Click Done.
6.1
6.1-13
Maxwell v14
CalculateRotatingCurrentinopenrings
Althoughthenetcurrentflowinring2andring3iszero,thereisasmall
rotatingcurrentflowingdownonesideandbackontheoppositeofeach
openring.TakingtheabsolutevalueofJwillreturntwotimesthecurrent
flowingintheopenrings.
SelectInput>Quantity>J
SelectGeneral>Complex>Real
SelectGeneral>Abs
SelecttheradiobuttonSurface
SelectRing2fromthelist
PressOK
SelectScalar>Integral>XY
SelectOutput>Eval
ThemagnitudeofthetotalcurrentinRing2isdisplayed.Notethatthe
currentinRing2iscloseto0.087A.RepeatthetestforRing3.Evaluated
valueshouldbecloseto0.048A.
ThecurrentflowingalongeachsideofRing2isarotationaleddycurrent
equalto*0.087=0.044A.ForRing3,thecurrentflowingalongeachside
ofis*0.048=0.024A.Thiscurrentflowsinoppositedirectionsoneither
sideofRing2andRing3unlikethecurrentflowinRing1,whichisonlyin
onedirection.
Click Done.
6.1
6.1-14
Maxwell v14
PlotCurrentDensityMagnitude
PlotCurrentDensity
SelectthesheetRegionfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemView>HideSelection>ActiveView
SelectthemenuitemEdit>SelectAllVisible
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>J>JAtPhase
PressDone
ModifyPlotAttributes
Doubleclickonthelegendtomodifyitsattributes
Inthewindow,selectScaletab
SelectUserLimits
Min:-53000
Max:53000
PressApplyandClose
Note: OnRing1,theskin
effectcauseshigher
currentdensityonthe
surface.Currentdensity
ishighertowardstheaxis
ofsymmetryduetothe
DCspirality effect.
Note: OnRing2and
Ring3,therotational
eddycurrentscause
positiveandnegative
currentdensity.
6.1
6.1-15
Maxwell v14
PlotCurrentDensityVectors
ToPlotCurrentDensityVectors
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>J>J_Vector
PressDone
ModifyPlot
Doubleclickonthelegendtomodifyplotattributes
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
ChangelimitstoAuto
Marker/Arrowtab
Changearrowsizeasdesired
Plotstab
Plot:SelectJ_Vector
Spacing:
Min:0.02
Max:0.02
PressApplyandClose
6.1
6.1-16
Maxwell v14
AnimateVectorPlot
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewFieldOverlays>Jplots
RightclickontheplotJ_Vector 1andselectAnimate
InSetupAnimationwindow,pressOK toacceptdefaultsettings
SelectExportbuttoninAnimationwindowtoexportanimationinGIFformat
CalculateOpenCircuitVoltageonRing2andRing3
ToCalculateOpenCircuitVoltageforRing2
Calculatethevoltage(V2)inducedacrosstheopen-circuitpointinRing2.
Thisvoltageisthenegativeofthevoltagethatisrequiredtoensurethatthe
totalcurrentflowaroundRing2iszero.Itcanbecalculatedbyhandfrom
theimpedancematrixusingthefollowingformula:
AlternativeMethodtocalculateOpenCircuitvoltage
Theopencircuitvoltage(V2)canalsobecalculatedbyintegratingthe
averageelectricfieldinRing2arounditscircumferenceusingthefollowing
formula,whereE= jA, =2pi(10000),andarea=3.1257e-6:
peak) (V 88.5 6.844e
j6.842e .728e 1
) 1.089e * 10000 * 2 j (1.728e * 1
) 1.089e j (1.728e *
*
4 -
4 - 5 -
8 - 5 -
8 - 5 -
1
12 1
'
2
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
I
Z I V
) ( 85 . 6
1257 . 3
10000 * * 2
1
1
4
6
'
2
Vpeak e
V d A j
e
V d A j
area
V d E
area
L d E V
RZ
RZ
RZ
=
=
=
=
=
6.1
6.1-17
Maxwell v14
CalculateComplexMagnitudeofVoltage
Tocalculatethecomplexmagnitudeofthevoltage
SelectInput>Quantity>A
SelectGeneral>Complex>CmplxMag
SinceA_vector isacomplexnumber,theCmplxMag includes
bothrealandimaginarycomponents.Notethatthecomplex
magnitudeisequalto:
Tomultiplybyw;select:
SelectInput>Number
Type:Scalar
Value:2
PressOK
SelectInput>Function
SelectScalar
SelectFreqfromlist
PressOK
SelectInput>Constant>Pi
SelectGeneral>*
SelectGeneral>*
SelectGeneral>*
Todividebyarea;select:
SelectInput>Number
Type:Scalar
Value:1
PressOK
SelectSurface
SelectRing2
PressOK
2
_
2
_ imag real CmplxMag
A A A

+ =
6.1
6.1-18
Maxwell v14
SelectScalar>Integral>XY
SelectGeneral>/
Finally,doanRZintegration
SelectVolume
SelectRing2
PressOK
SelectOutput>Eval
Theopencircuitvoltageinducedacrosstheopenpointinring2is6.86e-
004V.ThisequalsthevoltagecalculatedbyhandfromZ12inthe
impedancematrix,aswellasthatcalculatedbyintegratingtheaverage
electricfield.Thisisthecomplexmagnitudeofthevoltage.Therealand
imaginarycomponentscanbeindividuallydeterminedbysubstituting
Complex/Imag andComplex/Realinthestepsabove.Thesevoltagesare:
V2'(real)=-1.80e-005andV2'(imaginary)=-6.85e-004whicharenearly
thesameasthevoltagecalculatedbyhandonthepreviouspage.
Reference:PredictionandUseofImpedanceMatricesforEddy-Current
Problems,IEEETransactionsonMagnetics,KentR.DaveyandDalianZheng,
vol.33pp.2478-2485,1997.
Maxwell v14

Eddy Current Application Note

6.3 - 1
6.3
ANSYSMaxwellFieldSimulatorv14UsersGuide
Instantaneous Forces on Busbars in Maxwell 2D and 3D

This example analyzes the forces acting on a busbar model in Maxwell 2D and 3D. Specifically, it provides
a method for determining the instantaneous force on objects having sinusoidal AC excitation in the Eddy
Current Solver. Force vectors in AC problems are a combination of a time-averaged DC component and
an alternating AC component. The alternating component fluctuates at a frequency twice the excitation
frequency. Both of these components can be calculated using the formulas below so that the instantaneous
force can be determined. Three different force methods are used in this example: Virtual, Lorentz, and the
Maxwell Stress Tensor.

Description

This example will be solved in two parts using the 2D Eddy Current and 3D Eddy Current solvers. The
model consists of two 4mm parallel copper busbars separated by a center-center spacing of 16mm. The
excitation frequency is 100kHz.

AC DC INST
AC
DC
F F F
degrees t phase at evaluated dV B J F
dV B J F
+ =
= =
=

) (
2
1
Re
2
1
3D Model
2D Model
Maxwell v14


6.3 - 2
6.3
PART 1 - The 2D Eddy Project

A 2D model of the busbars will be simulated first. Access the Maxwell Project Manager and create a new
2D project called 2dbars. Open the project and change to the Eddy Current solver with an XY drawing
plane.

Setup the Design

1. Click on the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design
2. Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type ...
o Set Geometry Mode: Cartesian, XY
o Select the radio button Magnetic: Eddy Current
Draw the Solution Region
o Click on Draw > Rectangle (Enter the following points using the tab key).
X: -150, Y: -150, Z: 0
dX: 300, dY: 300, dZ: 0
o Change its properties:
Name: Region
Transparency: 0.9
o Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
o Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame.

Create the Model

Now the model can be created. This model also consists of a left and right busbar that have a 4mm square
cross-section, however a length of 1 meter is assumed so that the results must be scaled to compare to 3D.

Create the Left Busbar

Click on Draw > Rectangle
o X: -12, Y: -2, Z: 0
o dX: 4, dY: 4, dZ: 0
Change its properties:
o Name: left
o Material: Copper
o Color: Red

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 3
6.3
Create the Right Busbar

Click on Draw > Rectangle
o X: 8, Y: -2, Z: 0
o dX: 4, dY: 4, dZ: 0
o Name: right
o Material: Copper
o Color: Red

Assign the Boundaries and Sources

The current is assumed to be 1A at 0 degrees in the left busbar and -1A at 60 degrees in the right busbar. A
no-fringing vector potential boundary will be assigned to the outside of the 2D problem region which is
also the default boundary for all 3D projects. This forces all flux to stay in the solution region.

1. The boundary must be set on the solution region.
o Choose Edit > Select > Edges to change the selection mode from object to edge.
o While holding down the CTRL key, choose the four outer edges of the region.
o Click on Maxwell 2D > Boundaries> Assign > Vector Potential
Value: 0
Phase: 0
OK
o When done, choose Edit > Select > Object to object selection mode.

1. Select left from the history tree
o Click on Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
Name: Current1
Value: 1A
Phase: 0
Type: Solid
Reference Direction: Positive

2. Select right from the history tree.
o Click on Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
Name: Current2
Value: 1A
Phase: 60
Type: Solid
Reference Direction: Negative

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 4
6.3
Turn on the Eddy Effects in the winding

In order to consider the skin effects in the busbars, you must manually turn on the eddy effect.

1. Choose Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Set Eddy Effects ...
2. Verify that the eddy effect is checked for both the left and right conductors.

Assign the Parameters

In order to automatically calculate force on an object, it must be selected in the Parameters panel. In 2D,
only the virtual force can be automatically calculated. Later, the Lorentz force will be calculated manually
in the Post Processor after solving the project.

1. Select the left busbar by clicking on it.
2. Click on Maxwell 2D > Parameters > Assign > Force
3. Click OK to enable the force calculation.

Add an Analysis Setup

1. Click Right on the Analysis folder in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup
2. On the General tab, re-set the Number of passes to 15.
3. Percent Error to 0.01
4. On the Solver tab, re-set the Adaptive Frequency to 100kHz.

Solve the Problem

1. Save the project by clicking on menu item File > Save As
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Validation Check to verify problem setup
3. Click on Maxwell 2D > Analyze All.

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 5
6.3
View the Results

1. Select Maxwell 2D > Results > Solution Data and click on the Force tab. The force results are
reported for a 1 meter depth of the model. The DC forces are shown below.

2. Now select Type:AC<Mag,Phase> This shows the magnitude of the force F(x)Mag is
approximately 5e-6 (N) and the phase F(x)Phase is -2.0 radians or -120 degrees.

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 6
6.3
Create a Plot of Force vs. Time

The average, AC, and instantaneous components of the Lorentz force can be plotted vs. phase by creating
named expressions in the calculator using the formulas at the beginning of the application note.

1. Determine the time-averaged component of Lorentz force:
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Calculator and then perform the following:
Quantity > J
Quantity > B > Complex > Conj > Cross
Scalar X > Complex > Real
Number > Scalar > 0.5 > OK
Multiply
Geometry > Volume > left > OK
Integrate
Add Name: Force_DC
Click OK

2. Determine the AC component of Lorentz force:
Quantity > J
Quantity > B > Cross
Scalar X
Function > Phase > OK
Complex > AtPhase
Multiply
Integrate
Add Name: Force_AC
Click OK

3. Determine the instantaneous (DC + AC) component of Lorentz force. In the Named Expressions
panel:
In the Named Expressions window, select Force_DC and Copy to stack
Select Force_AC and Copy to stack
Add
Add Name: Force_inst
Click OK and Done to close the calculator window.
Maxwell v14


6.3 - 7
6.3
4. Create a plot of Force vs. Phase. Now that the force quantities have been created, a plot of these
named expressions can been created.

Select Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Fields Report > Rectangular Plot
Change the Primary Sweep: from the default Freq to Phase.
Category: Calculator Expressions
Quantity: Force_DC, Force_AC, Force_inst (hold down shift key to select all three at
once)
New Report > Close
Right mouse click on the legend and select: Trace Characteristics > Add
Category: Math
Function: max
Add > Done
Double left mouse click on the legend and change from the Attribute to the General tab.
Check Use Scientific Notation and click on OK.

Note: The "max" values match the results from Solution Data > Force. I can also be observed that
the forces fluctuate at 2 times the excitation frequency since there are two complete cycles over 360
degrees as shown below.

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Phase [deg]
-0.000008
-0.000006
-0.000004
-0.000002
0.000000
0.000002
0.000004
0.000006
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation Maxwell2DDesign1
XY Plot 1
Curve Inf o max
Force_DC
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='100kHz'
-2.5666E-006
Force_AC
Freq='100kHz'
5.0213E-006
Force_inst
Freq='100kHz'
2.4547E-006
Maxwell v14


6.3 - 8
6.3
6. Finally, the instantaneous force on the left busbar can be calculated using an alternate method, the
Maxwell Stress Tensor method. This method is different than both the Lorentz force and virtual
force methods. The Maxwell Stress Tensor method is extremely sensitive to mesh. The force on an
object can be determined by the following equation:

Determine the instantaneous component of force at time wt=0 using the Maxwell Stress Tensor
method in the calculator:

Quantity > B Loads the B vector
Function > Phase > OK Loads the function Phase
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the B vector at phase = wt
Geometry > Line > left > OK This enters the edge of the left busbar
Unit Vector > Normal To determine the unit normal vector for left busbar
Dot To take B-dot-Unit Normal
Quantity > H Loads the H vector
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the H vector at phase = wt
Multiply This multiplies B and H

Quantity > B Loads the B vector
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the B vector at phase = wt
Quantity > H Loads the H vector
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the H vector at phase = wt
Dot Computes B-dot-H
Multiply Multiplies the quantity by 0.5

Geometry > Line > left > OK Enters the edge of the left busbar
Unit Vector > Normal To determine the unit normal vector for left busbar
Multiply This multiplies the quantity times unit normal vector
Neg This takes the negative
Add
Scal? > ScalarX To extract the x-component of the quantity
Geometry > Line > left > OK Enters the edge of the left busbar
Integrate To integrate the force density and obtain the force in newtons
Add Name: Force_MST

( ) ) ( ) ( 5 . 0 degrees t phase at evaluated dV n H B H n B F
MST
= =
Maxwell v14


6.3 - 9
6.3
7. Create a plot of the Maxwell Stress Tensor Force vs. Phase.

Quantity: Force_inst, Force_MST

Note: The slight difference in these curves is due to mesh error in the stress tensor calculation.

This completes PART 1 of the exercise.

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Phase [deg]
-0.000008
-0.000006
-0.000004
-0.000002
0.000000
0.000002
0.000004
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation Maxwell2DDesign1
XY Plot 2
Curve Inf o
Force_inst
Freq='100kHz'
Force_MST
Freq='100kHz'
Maxwell v14


6.3 - 10
6.3
PART 2 - The 3D Eddy Project

Now the identical model will be simulated in Maxwell 3D.

Setup the Design

1. Click on the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 3D Design
2. Click on the menu item Maxwell 3D > Solution Type ...
Select the radio button Magnetic: Eddy Current
3. Draw the Solution Region
o Click on Draw > Box (Enter the following points using the tab key).
X: 0, Y: -150, Z: -150
dX: 10, dY: 300, dZ: 300
o Change its properties:
Name: Region
Transparency: 0.9
o Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
o Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame.

Create the Model

Now the model can be created. This model also consists of a left and right busbar that have a 4mm square
cross-section and a length of 10mm.

Create the Left Busbar

Click on Draw > Box
X: 0 Y: -12, Z: -2
dX: 10, dY: 4, dZ: 4
Name: left
Material: Copper
Color: Red

Create the Right Busbar

Click on Draw > Box
X: 0 Y: 8, Z: -2
dX: 10, dY: 4, dZ: 4
Name: left
Material: Copper
Color: Red
Maxwell v14


6.3 - 11
6.3

Assign the Boundaries and Sources

The current is assumed to be 1A at 0 degrees in the left busbar and -1A at 60 degrees in the right busbar.
The default boundary in Maxwell 3D in no-fringing. So a boundary does not need to be explicitly
assigned.

1. To assign the source current, the four (4) end faces of the conductors must be selected. Choose Edit
> Select > Faces to change the selection mode from object to face.
2. Zoom in to the busbars using:View > Zoom In
3. Click on the front face of the left busbar.
Click on Maxwell > Excitations > Assign > Current
o Name: Current1
o Value: 1A
o Phase: 0
o Type: Solid
3. Select View > Rotate > Model Center to spin the bubars around to see the other face of the left
busbar. Select it and then:
o Name: Current2
o Value: 1A
o Phase: 0
o Type: Solid
o Click on Swap Direction to be sure that the red directional arrow is pointing out
of the conductor
5. Click on the front face of the right busbar.
o Name: Current3
o Value: 1A
o Phase: 60
o Type: Solid
6. Select View > Rotate > Model Center to spin the bubars around to see the other face of the left
busbar. Select it and then:
o Name: Current4
o Value: 1A
o Phase: 60
o Type: Solid
o Click on Swap Direction to be sure that the red directional arrow is pointing out
of the conductor

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 12
6.3
Turn on the Eddy Effects in the winding

In order to consider the skin effects in the busbars, the eddy effect must be turned on.

1. Choose Maxwell 3D > Excitations > Set Eddy Effects ...
2. Verify that the eddy effect for left and right is checked.
3. Un-check the displacement current calculation.

Assign the Parameters

In order to automatically calculate force on an object, it must be selected in the Parameters panel. In
Maxwell 3D, you can calculate both virtual and Lorentz force. Note however that Lorentz force is only
valid on objects with a permeability = 1.

1. Select the left busbar by clicking on it in the history tree or on the screen.
2. Click on Maxwell > Parameters > Assign > Force
3. Name: Force_Virtual
4. Type: Virtual
5. Click OK to enable the virtual force calculation.
6. Click on Maxwell > Parameters > Assign > Force
7. Name: Force_Lorentz
8. Type: Lorentz
9. Click OK to enable the lorentz force calculation.

Add an Analysis Setup

1. Click Right on the Analysis folder in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup
2. On the General tab, re-set the Number of passes to 15.
3. Percent Error to 0.01
4. On the Solver tab, re-set the Adaptive Frequency to 100kHz.
5. Click OK to save the setup.

Solve the Problem

1. Save the project by clicking on menu item File > Save
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Validation Check to verify problem setup
3. Click on Maxwell 3D > Analyze All.

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 13
6.3
View the Results

3. Select Maxwell 3D > Results > Solution Data and click on the Force tab. Notice that the 3D
results are reported for a 10mm depth while the 2D results were for 1meter depth. The DC forces
are shown below.

4. Now select Type:AC<Mag,Phase> This shows the magnitude of the force F(x)Mag is
approximately 5e-6 (N) and the phase F(x)Phase is -2.0 radians or -120 degrees.

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 14
6.3
Create a Plot of Force vs. Time

The time-averaged, AC, and instantaneous components Lorentz force can be plotted vs. time by creating
named expressions in the calculator using the formulas at the beginning of the application note.

1. Determine the time-averaged component of Lorentz force:
Click on Maxwell 3D > Fields > Calculator and then perform the following:
Quantity > J
Quantity > B > Complex > Conj > Cross
Scalar Y > Complex > Real
Multiply
Integrate
Add Name: Force_DC
OK

2. Determine the AC component of Lorentz force:
Quantity > J
Quantity > B > Cross
Scalar Y
Function > Phase > OK
Complex > AtPhase
Multiply
Integrate
Add Name: Force_AC
OK

3. Determine the instantaneous (DC + AC) component of Lorentz force. In the Named Expressions
panel:
In the Named Expressions window, select Force_DC and Copy to stack
Select Force_AC and Copy to stack
Add
Add Name: Force_inst
Click on OK and Done to close the calculator window.

Maxwell v14


6.3 - 15
6.3
4. Create a plot of Force vs. Phase. Now that the force quantities have been created, a plot of these
named expressions can been created.
Quantity: Force_DC, Force_AC, Force_inst (hold down shift key to select all three at
once)
New Report > Close
Right mouse click on the legend and select: Trace Characteristics > Add
Category: Math
Function: Max
Add > Done
Double left mouse click on the legend and change from the Attribute to the General tab.
Check Use Scientific Notation and click on OK. Note that these values match the results
on the Solution Data > Force. Also, since forces fluctuate at 2 times the excitation
frequency, there are two complete cycles in 360 degrees shown below.

This completes PART 2 of the exercise.

Reference:

MSC Paper #118 "Post Processing of Vector Quantities, Lorentz Forces, and Moments
in AC Analysis for Electromagnetic Devices" MSC European Users Conference,
September 1993, by Peter Henninger, Research Laboratories of Siemens AG, Erlangen
7.0
7.0
Maxwell v14
Chapter7.0 TransientExamples
7.1 GappedInductorModel
7.2 SolenoidProblemwithanExternalCircuit
7.4- CoreLoss
7.1
Transient GappedInductorinXYPlane
7.1-1
Maxwell v14
Introduction
TheMaxwell2DFieldSimulatorsXYtransientsolvercanbeusedto
demonstratethedifferencebetweensinusoidalandnon-sinusoidalexcitationina
gappedinductor.Inaddition,thefringingfluxeffectonAClossescanbe
consideredinthisdevice.
Theinductorconsistsofaferritecorewithagapinthecenterleg.Thewinding
has15copperturnswhichareconnectedinseries.Theinductorisexcitedbya
120A-60Hzsinusoidalcurrentanda20A-1kHztriangularcurrentsuperimposed
onit.
Althoughnomotionoccursinthisproblem,thetransienttime-steppingsolveris
neededbecauseofthecomplexwaveformofthecurrent.
Aftertheproblemissolved,theusercandothefollowing:
Viewthefluxlinesandpowerlossdensityinthewinding.
Plottheinstantaneouspowerlossinthewindingvs.time.
Calculatetheaveragepowerlossovertime.
Asecondsimulationwillbedoneusingonlyasinusoidalexcitationinorderto
comparethelosses.
7.1
7.1-2
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
ClicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft >
SettingToolOptions
boundaries: Checked
Checked
7.1
7.1-3
Maxwell v14
OpeningaNewProject
Toopenanewproject:
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
1. GeometryMode:Cartesian,XY
2. ChooseMagnetic>Transient
SetDefaultUnits
ToSetDefaultUnits
InUnitswindow,
1. Selectunits:in(inches)
2. PressOK
7.1
7.1-4
Maxwell v14
SetModelDepth
ForalltransientXYmodels,thedepthmustbespecified.Thenalllossesand
forceresultsreportedareforthatparticulardepth.
ToSetModelDepth
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>DesignSettings
InDesignSettingswindow,
1. ModelDepthtab
SetModelDepthto1in
2. PressOK
CreateModel
Themodelconsistsofacoreandawinding.Notethateachturnofthewindingis
exactlymodeledandissolidinordertoaccuratelydeterminetheAClosses.
CreateCore
DrawCore
X:-2.5,Y:-3,Z:0,PresstheEnter key
1. ChangethenameoftheobjecttoCoreandcolortoRed
2. Changethematerialoftheobjecttoferrite
DrawCorewindows
X:-1.5,Y:-2,Z:0,PresstheEnter key
1. Changethenameoftheobjecttowindow
7.1
7.1-5
Maxwell v14
DuplicateCorewindow
Selectthesheetwindowfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Duplicate>AlongLine
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterfirstpointofduplicatevector
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthesecondpoint
3. TotalNumber:2
4. Attachtooriginal: Checked
5. PressOK
SubtractSheets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoreandwindow
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Boolean>Subtract
InSubtractwindow,
1. BlankPart:Core
2. ToolPart:window
3. PressOK
CreateCoreGap
X:-0.5,Y:-0.2,Z:0,PresstheEnter key
dX:1,dY:0.4,dZ:0,PresstheEnter key
1. Changethenameoftheobjecttogap
SubtractSheets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoreandgap
InSubtractwindow,
1. BlankPart:Core
2. ToolPart:gap
3. PressOK
7.1
7.1-6
Maxwell v14
CreateWindings
DrawCoil
X:-1.4,Y:-1.825,Z:0,PresstheEnter key
dX:0.8,dY:0.125,dZ:0,PresstheEnter key
1. ChangethenameoftheobjecttoCoilandcolortoGreen
2. Changethematerialoftheobjecttocopper
CreateReturnCoil
Selectthesheetcoilfromhistorytree
3. TotalNumber:2
4. Attachtooriginal: Unchecked
5. PressOK
1. ChangethenameoftheobjecttoCoil_return
DuplicateCoils
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoilandCoil_return
dX:0,dY:0.25,dZ:0,PresstheEnter key
3. TotalNumber:15
4. Attachtooriginal: Unchecked
5. PressOK
7.1
7.1-7
Maxwell v14
CreateRegion
CreateSimulationRegion
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Region
InRegionwindow,
1. Padalldirectionssimilarly: Checked
2. PaddingType:PercentageOffset
3. Value:100
4. PressOK
AssignBoundary
1. PressOK
7.1
7.1-8
Maxwell v14
AssignExcitation
A120A60Hzsinusoidalcurrentwillbeassignedtothe15seriesturnsinthe
inductor.Inaddition,a20A1kHztriangularcurrentsourcewillbeaddedontopof
thesinusoidalcurrent.Thewindingconsistsofagoandareturnfortheleftand
rightsidesofthewinding.Asimplesinusoidalfunctionwithbeusedtocreatethe
60Hzcomponentwhileadatasetds1 willbeusedtocreatethetriangular
componentofcurrent.
ToAssignExcitationstoCoil
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoil,Coil1,Coil2,..,Coil14
InCurrentExcitationwindow,
1. BaseName:Left
2. Value:120*sin(2*pi*60*time)+pwl_periodic(ds1,Time)
3. Type:Solid
5. PressOK
AddDatasetwindowwillpopup
Inthewindow,
1. SpecifyX-YCoordinatesasgiveinbelowtable
2. PressOK
X Y
1 0 0
2 0.00025 20
3 0.00050 0
4 0.00075 -20
5 0.001 0
7.1
7.1-9
Maxwell v14
ToAssignExcitationstoCoil_return
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoil_return,Coil_return1,..,Coil_return14
1. BaseName:Right
2. Value:120*sin(2*pi*60*time)+pwl_periodic(ds1,Time)
3. Type:Solid
4. Ref.Direction:Negative
5. PressOK
SetEddyEffects
ToSetEddyEffects
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>SetEddyEffects
InSetEddyEffectswindow,
1. SelectthebuttonSelectByName
2. InSelectByNamewindow,
TypeCoil*
PressOK
AllCoilswillbeselected
3. Whileallcoilsareselected,ChecktheEddyEffectsboxinanyofthe
coils.
4. PressOK
7.1
7.1-10
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
ToCreateAnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
1. Generaltab
StopTime:0.05sec
TimeStep:0.00025sec
2. SaveFieldstab
Type:Linear
Start: 0sec
Stop:0.05sec
StepSize:0.01sec
SelectthebuttonAddtoList
3. PressOK
7.1
7.1-11
Maxwell v14
AssignMeshOperation
Inthetransientsolvers,themeshisnotautomaticallycreated.Itmusteitherbe
linkedtoamagnetostatic oreddycurrentdesign,oryoucanmanuallycreateit.
Inthisexample,themeshwillbemanuallycreated.
ToAssignMeshOperationtoCoils
PressCtrlandselectallcoils(total30)fromhistorytree
1. Name:Coils_Inside
2. RestrictLengthofElements: Uncheck
3. RestricttheNumberofElements: Checked
4. MaximumNumberofElements:500
5. PressOK
NotethatbychoosingInsideSelectioninsteadofOnSelection,the
meshoperationisappliedevenlythroughtheareaoftheconductorsas
opposedtobeingappliedonlyontheouterperimeteroftheconductor.
ToAssignMeshOperationtoCore
SelectthesheetCore fromhistorytree
1. Name:Coils_Inside
2. RestrictLengthofElements: Uncheck
5. PressOK
7.1
7.1-12
Maxwell v14
CalculateCurrentforeachTimeStep
SetCalculatorExpressionforCurrent
InFieldCalculatorwindow,
1. SelectInput>Quantity>J
2. SelectVector>Scal?>ScalarZ
3. SelectInput>Geometry
SelectSurface
SelectthesheetCoilfromthelist
PressOK
4. SelectScalar>Integrate
5. SelectthebuttonAdd
SpecifythenameasCurrent_in
PressOK
6. PressDonetocloseCalculatorwindow
AddCalculatorExpressiontoCache
ExpandtheProjectManagertoviewAnalysis
DoubleclickonSetup1tomodifyitsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
1. ExpressionCachetab,selectAdd
2. InAddtoExpressionwindow,
ReportType:Fields
Category:CalculatorExpression
Quantity:Current_in
SelectAddCalculationandDone
3. ChangeTitletoI_in
4. EvaluationTimeStep
Constant:0.00025s
5. PressOK
7.1
7.1-13
Maxwell v14
Analyze
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>AnalyzeAll
SetSolutionContext
ToSetSolutionContext
SelectthemenuitemView>SetSolutionContext
InSetViewContextwindow,
1. SetTimeto0.02s
2. PressOK
PlotMesh
ToPlotMesh
1. PressDone
7.1
7.1-14
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
ToPlotFluxLines
InCreateFieldPlotwindow,
1. PressDone
7.1
7.1-15
Maxwell v14
PlotCurrentDensity
Thecurrentdensityinthecoilswillbegreaterneartothegapinthecorebecause
fringingfluxcausedinducedproximitylossesinthecopper.
ToPlotCurrentDensityonCoils
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>J>Jz
1. PressDone
7.1
7.1-16
Maxwell v14
PlotInputCurrent
ToPlotCurrent
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateTransientReport>
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
1. Category:ExpressionCache
2. Quantity:ExprCache(I_in)
3. SelectNewReport
7.1
7.1-17
Maxwell v14
PlotLossesinWindings
ToPlotLosses
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
1. Category:Loss
2. Quantity:SolidLoss
3. SelectNewReport
CalculateAverageLosses
RightclickontheplotandselectTraceCharacteristics>Add
InAddTraceCharacteristicswindow,
1. Category:Math
2. Function:avg
3. SelectAddandDone
Reportedlossesarearound4.35watts
7.1
7.1-18
Maxwell v14
SolvewithSinusoidalExcitation
CopyDesign
ToCreateaCopyoftheDesign
SelectthedesignMaxwell2DDesign1fromProjectManagertree,right
clickandselectCopy
RightclickontheProjectnameinProjectManagertreeandselectPaste
ModifyExcitations
DeleteExistingExcitations
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>DeleteAll
ToAssignExcitationstoCoil
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoil,Coil1,Coil2,..,Coil14
1. BaseName:Left
2. Value:120*sin(2*pi*60*time)
3. Type:Solid
5. PressOK
ToAssignExcitationstoCoil_return
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoil_return,Coil_return1,..,Coil_return14
1. BaseName:Right
2. Value:120*sin(2*pi*60*time)
3. Type:Solid
5. PressOK
Analyze
7.1
7.1-19
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
InputCurrentPlot
SolidLossesinwindings
Theaveragepowerloss(approx.3.41W)issmallerthantheprevious
simulation(approx.4.35W)whichincludedthetriangularcurrent
component.Also,youcanseethatthepowerlossissinusoidalattwicethe
excitationfrequency.
7.2
Transient SolenoidwithExternalCircuit
7.2-1
Maxwell v14
ASolenoidProblemwithanExternalCircuit
ThisexamplemodelsanACsolenoidusingMaxwell2D.Afullwavebridge
rectifyingdrivecircuitwillbesetuptodrivethesolenoid.
Description
AmodelofanACsolenoidusinganexternalcircuitwillbesimulatedusingthe
2DRZtransientsolver.Thesourceisa170V60Hzsinusoidalvoltagewhichis
rectifiedusingafull-wavebridge.Themechanicalforceforaspringandgravity
aremodeledusinganequation.Theforce,loss,position,speedandwinding
current,flux,andvoltagewillbedetermined.
2D RZ Model
7.2
7.2-2
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
SettingToolOptions
boundaries: Checked
Checked
7.2
7.2-3
Maxwell v14
OpeningaNewProject
Toopenanewproject:
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
SetDefaultUnits
ToSetDefaultUnits
InUnitswindow,
1. Selectunits:in(inches)
2. PressOK
ImportGeometry
ToImportGeometryfile
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Import
LocatethefileEx_7_02_Solenoid.sm3andOpenit.
7.2
7.2-4
Maxwell v14
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
1. Padindividualdirections: Checked
3. Value
+R=300
+/- Z=100
Note:RegionwillnotbecreatedinNegativeXdirectionduetoRZ-
symmetryabouttheZ-axis.
AssignMaterials
ToAssignMaterialCopper
PressCtrlandselectthesheetscoilandshadering
RightclickontheobjectsandselectAssignMaterial
InSelectDefinitionwindow,
1. TypeCopperinsearchbynamefield
2. Ensurethatmaterialcopperisselected
3. PressOK
ToAssignMaterialVacuum
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsBand
Assignthematerialvacuum
ToAssignMaterialSteel
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsendstop,flange,housing,plungerand
top_nut
Assignthematerialsteel_1008
7.2
7.2-5
Maxwell v14
AssignBoundaries
Ano-fringingvectorpotentialboundarywillbeassignedtooutsideofthe2D
problemregion.Thisforcesallfluxtostayinthesolutionregion.
ToAssignBoundary
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Boundaries>Assign>VectorPotential
InVectorPotentialwindow,
1. Value:0weber/m
2. PressOK
Notethatevenifwehaveassignvectorpotentialboundarytoalledgesof
theregion,theedgethatcoincideswithZaxiswillnotbeconsideredwhile
simulationsinceaxisymmetric geometryisdefined.
AssignExcitationsforshadering
BecausethesolenoidisaconvertedACsolenoid,itcontainsacoppershading
ringwhichmayhaveeddycurrentsinducedinit.Azerovoltagesourcemustbe
setontheshaderinginordertoproperlyrepresentashortedsingleturnwinding
andtoseeiftheeddycurrentsaresignificantornot.
AssignCoiltoshadering
Selectthesheetshadering fromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>Assign>Coil
InCoilExcitationwindow,
1. Name:shadering
2. NumberofConductors:1
3. Polarity:Positive(intothescreen)
4. PressOK
7.2
7.2-6
Maxwell v14
CreateWindingforshadering
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>AddWinding
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:Winding1
2. Type:Voltage
3. SelectSolid
4. InitialCurrent:0A
5. Resistance: 0ohm(forsolidwindings,resistancecalculatedbythe
solver)
6. Inductance:0mH (coilinductancealwayscalculatedbythesolver)
7. Voltage:0V(zerovoltagerepresentsashortedturn,withnosource)
8. Numberofparallelbranches:1
9. PressOK
AddCoiltoWinding
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewExcitations
RightclickonthetabWinding1andselectAddCoils
InAddTerminalswindow,
1. Selecttheterminalshadering
2. PressOK
AssignExcitationtoCoil
AssignCoilterminal
Selectthesheetcoilfromhistorytree
1. Name:coil
3. Polarity:Positive(intothescreen)
4. PressOK
7.2
7.2-7
Maxwell v14
AddWindingforCoil
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:Winding2
2. Type:External
3. SelectStarnded
5. Numberofparallelbranches:1
6. PressOK
AddCoiltoWinding
RightclickonthetabWinding2andselectAddCoils
1. Selecttheterminalcoil
2. PressOK
CreateExternalCircuit
ToLaunchMaxwellCircuitEditor
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>ExternalCircuit>Edit
ExternalCircuit
InEditExternalCircuitwindow,
1. SelectEditCircuit
MaxwellCircuitEditorwilllaunchinseparatewindow
7.2
7.2-8
Maxwell v14
ToCreateMaxwellCircuitEditorProject
SelectthemenuitemFile>New
ToAddComponentstotheCircuit
InMaxwellCircuitEditor,selectthetabComponentsinProjectManager
windowtogetaccesstocomponents
AddDiodes
1. SelectthetabMaxwellCircuitElements>PassiveElements>
Diode fromthetree,draganddropitontheProjectPage
2. PressEsctoexitthecomponentinsertion
3. Doubleclickontheaddedcomponenttoedititsproperties
4. ChangePropertiesasbelow
Name:1
MOD:rectify
PressOK
5. Copytheaddeddiodeandpasteittocreatethreemorediodes
namedD2,D3andD4
AddDiodeModel
1. SelectthetabMaxwellCircuitElements>PassiveElements>
Diode_Model fromthetree,draganddropitontheProjectPage
2. Doubleclickontheaddedcomponenttoedititsproperties
3. ChangePropertiesasbelow
Name:rectify
PressOK
7.2
7.2-9
Maxwell v14
Similarlyaddbelowcomponents
1. AddwindingfromDedicatedElements>Winding
Name:Winding_A
Note:Thisnamehastobeexactly thesamenameas
usedintheWindingdefinitiondescribedpreviouslyin
Maxwell3D>Excitations>AddWinding
2. AddResistorfromPassiveElements>Resistor
Name:coil
R=25ohm
3. AddVoltageSourcefromSources>VSin
Name:source
Va =170V
VFreq =60Hz
AddGroundfrommenuitemDraw>Ground
BuildtheCircuit
Positiontheaddedcomponentsandconnectthemusingwirestobuilda
circuitasshownbelow
7.2
7.2-10
Maxwell v14
SaveFile
SelectthemenuitemFile>Save
SavethefilewiththenameEx_7_02_Solenoid
ExportCircuittoMaxwell
SelectthemenuitemMaxwellCircuit>ExportNetlist
SavethefilewiththenameEx_7_02_Solenoid.sph
ImportExternalCircuit
InMaxwell2D,selectthetabImportCircuitfromEditExternalCircuit
window
SelectthefileEx_7_02_Solenoid.sphthatwaswritteninlaststepand
selectOpen
EditExternalcircuitwindowwilllookasbelow
SetEddyEffects
ToSetEddyCalculations
1. Fortheobjectshadering
EddyEffects: Checked
2. PressOK
7.2
7.2-11
Maxwell v14
AssignMeshOperations
Thetransientsolverdoesnotusetheautomaticadaptivemeshingprocess,soa
manualmeshneedstobecreated.
AssignMeshOperationsforBand
SelectthesheetBandfromhistorytree
1. Name:Band_Inside
2. RestrictLengthofElements: Unchecked
5. PressOK
AssignMeshOperationsforshadering
Selectthesheetshadering fromhistorytree
1. Name:Shadering_Inside
2. RestrictLengthofElements: Unchecked
5. PressOK
AssignMeshOperationsfortheRest
PressCtrlandselectthesheetscoil,endstop,flange,housing,plunger,
andtop_nut
1. Name:Others_Inside
2. RestrictLengthofElements: Checked
3. MaximumLengthofElements:0.05in (Notethatunitsareininches)
4. RestricttheNumberofElements: Unchecked
5. PressOK
7.2
7.2-12
Maxwell v14
AssignMotion
Theplungeristhemovingobjectandissurroundedbytheband.(Note:moving
objectsareneverallowedtotouchtheband.Theminimumairgapis0.002
incheswhenthesolenoidis"fully"closed.)Positivemotionisdefinedasupwards
orinthepositiveZdirection.Thestartingpositionis-0.100inch(oropen)sothe
plungerwillmoveupwards(andclose)whenthesolenoidisenergized..Theload
forceactsdownwardagainstthedirectionofmotionandconsistsof:gravity(-
0.04N),aspringpreloadforce(-50N),andavariablecompressionspringforce(-
5530*position)whichiszeroatthestartingpositionandincreasesasthe
plungercloses.Theunitsfortheintrinsicvariable"position"aremeters.
ToSetupMotion
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Model>MotionSetup>AssignBand
InMotionSetupwindow,
1. Typetab
MotionType:Translational(forRZModelMotionsisalways
translational)
MovingVector:Global:Z
SelectPositive
2. Datatab
InitialPosition:-0.1in
TranslateLimit
Negative:-0.1in
Positive:0in
7.2
7.2-13
Maxwell v14
3. Mechanicaltab
ConsiderMechanicalTransient: Checked
InitialVelocity:0m_per_sec
Mass:0.004kg
Damping:1e-5N-sec/m
LoadForce:-5530*(.00254+position)-0.04-50(unitsare
inNewtons)
PressOK
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
1. Generaltab
StopTime:0.05s
TimeStep:0.0002s
2. SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0s
Stop:0.05s
StepSize:0.005s
SelectAddtoList>>
3. PressOK
7.2
7.2-14
Maxwell v14
Analyze
PlotResults
ToPlotResultsVsTime
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateQuickReport
InQuickReportwindow,
1. PressCtrlandselectthequantitiesForce,Loss,Position,Speed
andWinding
ForceVsTime
Note: When magnetic
force exceeds load
force (at Time =
4.2msec) armature
starts to close
7.2
7.2-15
Maxwell v14
PositionVsTime
SpeedVsTime
7.2
7.2-16
Maxwell v14
WindingVsTime
LossVsTime
Notes:
1. In order to scale the plot and view the solid loss,
delete the stranded and core loss traces.
2. The solid losses in the shading ring are very
small, since the current is a rectified to be nearly
DC. If the full wave bridge rectifier is eliminated
so the solenoid uses AC voltage, the shading ring
will have a more significant effect on both the
losses and force.
7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient) CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v14
TransformerCoreLossCalculationinMaxwell2Dand3D
Thisexampleanalyzescoreslossesfora3phpowertransformerhavinga
laminatedsteelcoreusingMaxwell2Dand3D.Thetransformerisrated115-
13.8kV,60Hzand30MVA.Thetestedpowerlossesare23,710W.Itisimportant
torealizethatafiniteelementmodelcannotconsiderallofthephysicaland
manufacturingcorelosseffectsinalaminatedcore.Theseeffectsinclude:
mechanicalstressonlaminations,edgeburrlosses,stepgapfringingflux,
circulatingcurrents,variationsinsheetlossvalues,tonamejustafew.
Becauseofthisthesimulatedcorelossescanbesignificantlydifferentthanthe
testedcorelosses.
Thisexamplewillgothroughallstepstocreatethe2Dand3Dmodelsbasedon
acustomersuppliedbasemodel.Forcorelosses,onlyasinglemagnetizing
windingneedstobeconsidered.Corematerialwillbecharacterizedfornonlinear
BHandcorelosscharacteristics.Anexponentiallyincreasingvoltagesourcewill
beappliedinordertoeliminateinrushcurrentsandtheneedforanunreasonably
longsimulationtime(ofdaysorweeks).Finally,thecorelosswillbeaveraged
overtimeandthecorefluxdensitywillbeviewedinananimatedplot.
Thisexamplewillbesolvedintwopartsusingthe2DTransientand3DTransient
solvers.Themodelconsistsofamagneticcoreandlowvoltagewindingoneach
coreleg.
3DModel 2DModel
7.4
7.4-2
Maxwell v14
7.4
7.4-3
Maxwell v14
LaunchMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell
ClicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft and
thenMaxwell14.
OpeningaNewProject
ToOpenaNewProject
1. InanMaxwellwindow,clicktheOntheStandardtoolbar,orselect
themenuitemFile>New.
SelectthemenuitemProject>InsertMaxwell3DDesign,orclickonthe
icon
SetSolutionType
ToSetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
7.4
7.4-4
Maxwell v14
PrepareGeometry
ToImportGeometry
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Import
Locatetheparasolid filetransformer.x_tandOpenit.
Thegeometryisofatransformerwithcoresimplifiedinordertoreducethe
complexity.Userscanbringthegeometriesdirectlyanddosimplification
insideMaxwell.
ChangeAttributes
PressCtrlandselecttheobjectsLV_A,LV_BandLV_Candgoto their
propertieswindow,
1. ChangethecoloroftheobjectstoOrange
2. Changethetransparencyoftheobjectsto0
SelecttheobjectCorefromthehistorytreeandgoto Propertieswindow,
1. Changethetransparencyoftheobjectto0
SpecifyExcitations
ToCreateCoilTerminals
PressCtrlandselecttheobjectsLV_A,LV_BandLV_C
SelectthemenuitemModeler>SurfaceSection
InSectionwindow,
1. SectionPlane:SelectXZ
2. PressOK
RenametheresultingsectionstoSectionA,SectionB andSectionC
respectively
SelectthesheetsSectionA,SectionB andSectionC fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Boolean>SeparateBodies
DeletethesheetsSectionA_Separate1,SectionB_Separate1and
SectionC_Separate1
7.4
7.4-5
Maxwell v14
AssignExcitations
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsSectionA,SectionB andSectionC fromthe
historytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell3D>Excitations>Assign>CoilTerminal
InCoilTerminalExcitationwindow,
1. BaseName:term_A
3. PressOK
Thiswillcreatethreeexcitationscorrespondingtoeachsection.Change
theirnamesasbelow:
1. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionA asterm_A
2. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionB asterm_B
3. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionC asterm_C
CreateWindings
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:WindingA
2. Type:Voltage
3. Stranded: Checked
5. Resistance:1mOhm
6. Inductance:0mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)
7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time)
8. PressOK
InAddVariablewindow,
1. UnitType:Voltage
2. Unit:V
3. Value:138002/3= 11268
4. PressOK
Note: Thisisanexponentiallyincreasing(inseveralcycles)sinusoidal60Hz
waveformwithpeakmagnitudeof11,268V..
7.4
7.4-6
Maxwell v14
InSimilarwayaddtwomorewindings
WindingB
1. Name:WindingB
2. Type:Voltage
5. Resistance:1mOhm
7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time+(2/3*pi))
WindingC
1. Name:WindingC
2. Type:Voltage
5. Resistance:1mOhm
AddTerminalstoWindings
RightclickonWindingA andselectAddTerminals
Selectterm_A
PressOK
InSimilarwayaddterm_B toWindingB
Addterm_C toWindingC
7.4
7.4-7
Maxwell v14
AssignMaterials
ToAssignMaterialstoCoils
PressCtrlandselecttheobjectsLV_A,LV_BandLV_C,rightclickand
selectAssignMaterial
1. TypecopperinSearchbyNamefield
2. PressOKtoassignmaterial
ToAssignMaterialtoCore
SelecttheobjectCorefromthehistorytree,rightclickandselectAssign
Material
InSelectDefinitionwindow,selectthebuttonAddMaterial
InView/EditMaterialwindow,
MaterialName:M125_027
RelativePermeability:
SetthetypetoNonlinear
SelectthebuttonBHCurve fromvaluefield
InBHCurvewindow,
SelectthebuttonImportDataset
SettheFileTypeto*.Tab
LocatethefileEx_7_4_core_loss_B_H.tabandOpenit
PressOKtocloseBHCurvewindow
7.4
7.4-8
Maxwell v14
ReturntoView/EditMaterialwindow,
CoreLossType:SettoElectricalSteel
SetthetabatthebottomofwindowCalculatePropertiesfortoCore
LossatoneFrequency
InBPCurvewindow,
SelectthebuttonImportDataset
SettheFileTypeto*.Tab
LocatethefileEx_7_4_core_loss_B_loss.tabandOpenit
CoreLossUnit:w/kg
MassDensity:7650kg/m^3
Frequency:60Hz
Thickness:0.27mm
Conductivity:5000000S/m
PressOKtocloseBPCurvewindow
7.4
7.4-9
Maxwell v14
Notethatthecorelosscoefficientsarecalculatedautomatically.
PressOKtocreatethenewmaterial
PressOKtocloseSelectDefinitionwindow
Inthetransientsolvers,thereisnoautomaticadaptivemeshing.Therefore,the
usermusteitherlinkthemeshfromanidenticalmodelsolvedusingthe
magnetostatic andeddycurrentsolvers,oralternativelyamanualmeshmustbe
created.Inthisexample,ameshiscreatedmanuallyusinginsideselectionto
createelementsthroughoutthevolumeoftheobjects.
ToAssignMeshOperationsforCore
SelecttheobjectCorefromthehistorytree
Name:Length_Core
RestrictLengthofElements: Unchecked
RestricttheNumberofElements: Checked
PressOK
7.4
7.4-10
Maxwell v14
ToAssignMeshOperationsforCoils
PressCtrlandselecttheobjectsLV_A,LV_BandLV_Cfromthehistory
tree
Name:Length_Coils
PressOK
SetCoreLossCalculations
ToSetCoreLosscalculationsforCore
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell3D>Excitations>SetCoreLoss
InSetCoreLosswindow,
Core:
CoreLossSettings: Checked
ForallotherObjects
CoreLossSettings: Unchecked
PressOK
Note:OncecorelosssettingsareturnedONforcore,atickmarkwill
appearinthecolumnDefinedinMaterialindicatingcorelosscoefficients
arealreadyspecified
7.4
7.4-11
Maxwell v14
SetEddyEffects
Sincewindingissingleobjectrepresentingmanystrandsandcoreissingle
objectrepresentingmanylaminations,eddyeffectmustbeturnedoffthem.
ToTurnoffEddyEffectsinObjects
EnsureEddyEffectsareUnchecked forallobjects
PressOK
ToCreateRegion
InRegionwindow,
PaddingData:Padindividualdirections
+/- X=30
+/- Y=200
+/- Z=30
Note:Thissmallpadding%isacceptableasfieldsarecompletely
concentratedinsidethemagneticcoreandthereislittleornofringing
7.4
7.4-12
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupWindow,
Generaltab
Stoptime:0.1s
Timestep:0.0005s
SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0.08s
Stop:0.1s
StepSize:0.0005s
SelectthebuttonAddtoList>>
Solvertab
NonlinearResiduals:1e-6(ToProvideaccurateconvergence
forBHCurve
PressOK
Save
ToSaveFile
SavethefilewiththenameEx_7_4_core_loss.mxwl
Analyze
ToRunSolution
7.4
7.4-13
Maxwell v14
MeshInformation
ToPlotMeshonCoreandCoils
SelecttheobjectRegionfromthehistorytree
PressDone
ToViewMeshInformation
InSolutionswindow,
SelectthetabMeshStatistics toviewmeshinformation
7.4
7.4-14
Maxwell v14
CreateReports
PlotWindingCurrentsVsTime
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrlandselectCurrent(WindingA),
Current(WindingB)andCurrent(WindingC)
SelectNewReport
Note:DonotcloseReportwindowaswewillcreatemoreplotsusingsame
window
7.4
7.4-15
Maxwell v14
PlotInputVoltagesVsTime
InReportwindow,
Quantity
DeselecttheCurrentquantitiesalreadyselected
PressCtrlandselectInputVoltage(WindingA),
InputVoltage(WindingB)andInputVoltage(WindingC)
SelectNewReport
PlotCoresLossvs Time
InReportwindow,
Category:ChangetoLoss
Quantity:SelectCoreLoss
SelectNewReport
PressClosetoclosereportwindow
7.4
7.4-16
Maxwell v14
CalculateAvg LossesoveraTimeRange
InXYPlotCorrespondingtoCoreLoss,rightclickontheLegendandselect
TraceCharacteristics>Add
Category:Math
Function:Avg
ChangetheRangefromFulltoSpecified
StartofRange:80ms
EndofRange:100ms
SelectAddandDone
7.4
7.4-17
Maxwell v14
CreateFluxDensityPlot
ToPlotFluxDensityonCore
DoubleclickonMaxwell3DDesign1inProjectManagerwindowtoexitPlot
view
SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell3D>Fields>Fields>B>Mag_B
PlotonsurfaceOnly: Checked
PressDone
7.4
7.4-18
Maxwell v14
ToAnimatethePlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell3D>Fields>Animate
InSetupAnimationwindow,
SweepVariable:Time
Selectvalues:Selectthetimerangefrom0.0805sto0.087s
PressOK
AnAnimationwindowwillpopupwhichwillenabletostart,stop,pausethe
animation.Animationspeedcanalsobevariedusingsamewindow.The
animationcanbealsoexportedinGIForAVIformatusingExportbutton
7.4
7.4-19
Maxwell v14
Part2:2DEddyProject
Createa2DDesignAutomatically
ToCreatea2DDesignfrom3D
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell3D>Create2DDesign
InCreate2DDesignwindow,
CoordinateSystem:Global
SectionPlane:ZX
2DGeometryMode:XY
PressOK
SetSolutionType
ToSetSolutionType
InSolutionTypewindow,
VerifythatGeometryModeissettoCartesian,XY
SelecttheradiobuttontoMagnetic>Transient
PressOK
SetModelDepth
Setthedepthofthe2DXYmodeltogivethesameareaasinMaxwell3D=
264704mm
2
.Sincethewidthofthecoreleg=580mm,setthedepth=456mm.
ToSetModelDepth
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Model>SetModelDepth
SetModelDepthto456mm
PressOK
7.4
7.4-20
Maxwell v14
Modify2DGeometry
ModifyRegion
ExpandthehistorytreecorrespondingtothesheetRegion
DoubleclickonthecommandCreateRegion fromthehistorytree
InPropertieswindow,
Change+XPaddingDatato100
ChangeXPaddingDatato100
PressOK
DeleteUnnecessarySheets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsSectionA,SectionB andSectionC
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Delete
SeparateCoilSections
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsLV_A,LV_BandLV_C
7.4
7.4-21
Maxwell v14
SpecifyExcitations
AssignCoil:Out
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsLV_A,LV_BandLV_Cfromhistorytree
BaseName:out
NumberofConductors:76
Polarity:Positive
RenametheexcitationscreatedtoA_out,B_out andC_out
AssignCoil:In
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsLV_A_Separate1,LV_B_Separate1and
LV_C_Separate1fromhistorytree
BaseName:in
Polarity:Negative
RenametheexcitationscreatedtoA_in,B_in andC_in
AddWindings
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:WindingA
2. Type:Voltage
5. Resistance:1mOhm
7. Voltage: Vpeak*(1-exp(-50*time))*cos(2*pi*60*time)
8. PressOK
1. UnitType:Voltage
2. Unit:V
3. Value:138002/3= 11268
4. PressOK
7.4
7.4-22
Maxwell v14
InSimilarwayaddtwomorewindings
WindingB
1. Name:WindingB
2. Type:Voltage
5. Resistance:1mOhm
WindingC
1. Name:WindingC
2. Type:Voltage
5. Resistance:1mOhm
AddCoilstotheWinding
RightclickonWindingA andselectAddCoils
PressCtrlandselectA_in andA_out
PressOK
InSimilarwayaddB_in andB_out toWindingB
AddC_in andC_out toWindingC
7.4
7.4-23
Maxwell v14
AssignBoundary
Thecurrentisassumedtobe1Aat0degreesintheleftbusbar and-1Aat60
degreesintherightbusbar.Ano-fringingvectorpotentialboundarywillbe
assignedtotheoutsideofthe2Dproblemregionwhichisalsothedefault
boundaryforall3Dprojects.Thisforcesallfluxtostayinthesolutionregion.
ToAssignBoundary
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Select>Edges
SelectallexternaledgesoftheRegion
InVectorPotentialBoundarywindow,
Value:Setto0
PressOK
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Select>Objects tochangeselectionfilter
Asinthe3Dtransientsolver,thereisnoadaptivemeshinginthe2Dtransient
solver.Amanualmeshiscreatedmanuallyusinginsideselectiontocreate
elementsthroughoutthevolumeoftheobjects.
ToAssignMeshOperation
PressCtrlandselectthecoreandallsixsheetscorrespondingtocoils
RestrictLengthofElements: Checked
MaximumLengthofElements:100mm
RestricttheNumberofElements: Unchecked
PressOK
SetEddyEffects
ToTurnoffEddyEffectsinObjects
EnsureEddyEffectsareUnchecked forallobjects
PressOK
7.4
7.4-24
Maxwell v14
SetCoreLossCalculations
ToSetCoreLosscalculationsforCore
Core:
ForallotherObjects
CoreLossSettings: Unchecked
PressOK
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupWindow,
Generaltab
Stoptime:0.1s
Timestep:0.0005s
SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0.08s
Stop:0.1s
StepSize:0.0005s
SelectthebuttonAddtoList>>
Solvertab
NonlinearResiduals:1e-6
PressOK
Save
ToSaveFile
Analyze
ToRunSolution
7.4
7.4-25
Maxwell v14
MeshInformation
ToPlotMeshonCoreandCoils
PressDone
ToViewMeshInformation
InSolutionswindow,
SelectthetabMeshStatistics toviewmeshinformation
7.4
7.4-26
Maxwell v14
CreateReports
PlotWindingCurrentsVsTime
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrlandselectCurrent(WindingA),
Current(WindingB)andCurrent(WindingC)
SelectNewReport
Note:DonotcloseReportwindowaswewillcreatemoreplotsusingsame
window
7.4
7.4-27
Maxwell v14
PlotInputVoltagesVsTime
InReportwindow,
Quantity
DeselecttheCurrentquantitiesalreadyselected
PressCtrlandselectInputVoltage(WindingA),
InputVoltage(WindingB)andInputVoltage(WindingC)
SelectNewReport
PlotCoresLossvs Time
InReportwindow,
Category:ChangetoLoss
Quantity:SelectCoreLoss
SelectNewReport
PressClosetoclosereportwindow
7.4
7.4-28
Maxwell v14
CalculateAvg LossesoveraTimeRange
InXYPlotCorrespondingtoCoreLoss,rightclickontheLegendandselect
TraceCharacteristics>Add
Category:Math
Function:Avg
ChangetheRangefromFulltoSpecified
StartofRange:80ms
EndofRange:100ms
SelectAddandDone
7.4
7.4-29
Maxwell v14
CreateFluxDensityPlot
ToPlotFluxDensityonCore
DoubleclickonMaxwell2DDesign1inProjectManagerwindowtoexitPlot
view
SelectthesheetCore fromthehistorytree
PressDone
7.4
7.4-30
Maxwell v14
ToAnimatethePlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Animate
SweepVariable:Time
Selectvalues:Selectthetimerangefrom0.0805sto0.087s
PressOK
AnAnimationwindowwillpopupwhichwillenabletostart,stop,pausethe
animation.Animationspeedcanalsobevariedusingsamewindow.The
animationcanbealsoexportedinGIForAVIformatusingExportbutton
9.0
9.0
Maxwell v14
9.1 Electrostatic
9.3 Magnetostatic
9.4 Parametric
9.5 Transient
9.6 TransientwithCircuitEditor
9.8 Optimetrics
9.10 Scripting
9.12 EddyCurrent
9.13 RotationalTransientMotion
9.14 BoundaryConditions
9.15 PermanentMagnetsAssignment
9.1
BasicExercises ElectrostaticSolver
9.1-1
Maxwell v14
IntroductionontheElectrostaticSolver
ThisnoteintroducestheElectroStaticsolverbasedonsomesimpleexamples.
Thissolverismeanttosolvethestaticelectricfieldwithoutcurrentflowingin
conductors(conductorsareinelectrostaticequilibrium).Theconductorsare
consideredperfectsuchthatthereisnoelectricfieldinsideconductors.
CapacitanceofaCylindricalCapacitorinRZ
Supposewehavealongcoaxialline.Wewanttoknowwhatistheelectricfield
distributionbasedonthepotential(orthecharges)thatareappliedoneach
conductor.Wealsowanttodeterminethecapacitance.WeuseanR-Z
representation.WewillthensolvethesameproblemusinganXYrepresentation.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
2. ChooseElectric>Electrostatic
9.1
9.1-2
Maxwell v14
CreateModel
CreateobjectInner
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoInnerandcolortoLightRed
CreateAirGap
X:0.6,Y:0,Z:-4,PresstheEnter key
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoAirandcolortoLightBlue
ChangethematerialofthesheettoAir
Createobjectouter
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoOuterandcolortoLightGreen
9.1
9.1-3
Maxwell v14
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
1. Padindividualdirections: Checked
+R=300
Specifyrestto0
3. PressOK
AssignExcitations
Basedontheassumptionsthattheconductorsareinelectrostaticequilibrium,we
assignvoltagepotentialontheobjectitself.Inotherwords,wedonotsolve
insideconductors,weassumethatalltheconductorpartsareatthesame
potential.
ToAssignExcitationtoobjectInner
SelectthesheetInnerfromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>Assign>Voltage
InVoltageExcitationwindow,
Name:Voltage_Inner
Value:-1kV
PressOK
ToAssignExcitationtoobjectOuter
SelectthesheetOuterfromthehistorytree
Name:Voltage_Outer
Value:1kV
PressOK
9.1
9.1-4
Maxwell v14
AssignExecutiveParameters
Inadditiontothefields,weareinterestedbytheCapacitancevalueaswellasthe
forceappliedtotheinnerarmature.
ToAssignCapacitanceComputation
InMatrixwindow
1. Voltage_Inner andVoltage_Outer
SignalLine: Checked
2. PressOK
ToAssignForceComputation
SelectthesheetInnerfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Parameters>Assign>Force
InForceSetupwindow,pressOK
AnalysisSetup
1. GeneralTab
PercentageError:0.5%
2. ConvergenceTab
RefinementPerPass:50%
Analyze
9.1
9.1-5
Maxwell v14
PlotElectricFieldVectors
ToPlotElectricFieldVectors
SelectthePlaneGlobal:XZ fromhistorytreee
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>E>E_Vector
PressDone
Toadjustspacingandsizeofarrows,doubleclickonthelegend andthen
gotoMarker/Arrow andPlots tabs
9.1
9.1-6
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
ToViewResults
InSolutionswindow
SelectMatrixtab
Inourproblem,weonlyhavetwoconductors,thereforethe
capacitancevaluesaresymmetrical.
SelectForcetab
Note:Theforceisessentiallyzerosincethemodelis
magneticallybalanced.
Theanalyticalvalueofthecapacitancepermeterforaninfinitelongcoaxial
wireisgivenbythefollowingformula:
C=2
0
/ ln(b/a) (aandbbeingtheinsideandoutsidediameters)
Theanalyticalvaluewouldistherefore1.089e-10F/m (a=0.6mm,b=1mm)
Inourproject,thenlengthoftheconductoris25mm,thereforethetotal
capacitanceis. 2.723pF. Weobtainagoodagreementwiththeobtained
result. 2.723pF.
Note:intheConvergencetab,youhaveaccesstothetotalenergyofthe
system.Wefind5.4491e-6 J.Itisexactly2000timesthecapacitance
(2000Vbeingthedifferenceofpotential).
9.1
9.1-7
Maxwell v14
CapacitanceofaCylindricalCapacitorinXY
ThesameproblemisnowsolvedusinganXYrepresentation
CreateNewDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
CreateModel
CreateObjectInner
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoInnerandcolortoLightRed
9.1
9.1-8
Maxwell v14
CreateObjectOuter
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoOuterandcolortoLightGreen
CreateAirGap
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoAirandcolortoLightBlue
AssignExcitations
Basedontheassumptionsthattheconductorsareinelectrostaticequilibrium,we
assignvoltagepotentialontheobjectitself.Inotherwords,wedonotsolve
insideconductors,weassumethatalltheconductorpartsareatthesame
potential.
ToAssignExcitationtoobjectInner
SelectthesheetInnerfromthehistorytree
Name:Voltage_Inner
Value:-1kV
PressOK
9.1
9.1-9
Maxwell v14
ToAssignExcitationtoobjectOuter
SelectthesheetOuterfromthehistorytree
Name:Voltage_Outer
Value:1kV
PressOK
Inadditiontothefields,weareinterestedbytheCapacitancevalue
InMatrixwindow
1. Voltage_Inner
SignalLine: Checked
2. Voltage_Outer
Ground: Checked
3. PressOK
WegroundVoltage_Outer.Wewillobtainjusta1by1matrix.
AnalysisSetup
1. GeneralTab
2. ConvergenceTab
Analyze
9.1
9.1-10
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
ToViewCapacitance
InSolutionswindow
SelectMatrixtab
Theanalyticalvalueofthecapacitancepermeterforaninfinitelongcoaxial
wireisgivenbythefollowingformula:
C=2
0
/ ln(b/a) (aandbbeingtheinsideandoutsidediameters)
Theanalyticalvaluewouldistherefore1.089e-10F/m (a=0.6mm,b=1mm)
Thismatchestheobtainedvalue.
9.1
9.1-11
Maxwell v14
CapacitanceofaPlanarCapacitor
Inthisexampleweillustratehowtosimulateasimpleplanarcapacitormadeof
twoparallelplates.Thebottomplateismodeledandthetopplateisconsidered
byusingonlytheedgeofthedielectric(air).
CreateNewDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
CreateModel
CreateObjectDownPlate
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoDownPlate andcolortoYellow
9.1
9.1-12
Maxwell v14
CreateObjectRegion
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoRegionandcolortoGreen
AssignExcitations
ToAssignExcitationtoobjectDownPlate
SelectthesheetDownPlate fromthehistorytree
Value: 0V
PressOK
ToAssignExcitationtoRegion
SelectthetopedgeoftheRegionasshowninbelowimage
Value: 1V
PressOK
9.1
9.1-13
Maxwell v14
Inadditiontothefields,weareinterestedbytheCapacitancevalueaswellasthe
forceappliedtotheinnerarmature.
InMatrixwindow
1. Voltage1
SignalLine: Checked
2. Voltage2
Ground: Checked
3. PressOK
AnalysisSetup
1. GeneralTab
PercentageError:1%
2. ConvergenceTab
Analyze
9.1
9.1-14
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
ToViewCapacitance
InSolutionswindow
SelectMatrixtab
Theanalyticalvalueofthecapacitancefortwoparallelplatesisgivenby:
C=A/d*
0
(Aistheareaoftheplateanddisthethicknessofthedi
electrics)
Ifweconsidertheplatetobe25mmby25mm,usingtheaboveformula,
weobtain5.53pF(thedielectricis1mmthick).
Weobtain221.49pF.Thisvalueshouldbeconsideredasthecapacitance
ofthetwoparallelplateswitha1meterdepth.Ifwerescalethisvalueby
multiplyingby0.025m(25mm)wefind5.53pF aswell.
9.3
BasicExercises Magnetostatic ForceCalculation
9.3-1
Maxwell v14
ForcecalculationinMagnetostatic Solver
Thisexercisewilldiscusshowtosetupaforcecalculationinthe2D
Magnetostatic Solver.
ProblemDescription
Asshowninthefollowingpicture,acoilandslugaredrawninaplaneusingRZ
symmetry.Thecoilscarryacurrentthatexertaverticalforceonthe
ferromagneticslug.
Actual3DCoilandSlug 2DSymmetricCoiland
Slugaboutz-axis
9.3
9.3-2
Maxwell v14
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
2. ChooseMagnetic>Magnetostatic
CreateModel
CreateSlug
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoSlugandcolortoGray
ChangethematerialofthesheettoSteel1008
CreateCoil
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoCoilandcolortoBrown
9.3
9.3-3
Maxwell v14
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:100
4. PressOK
YoushouldseeamessageindicatingthattheXdirectionissettozero
duetoRZ-symmetryabouttheZ-axis.
SelecttheobjectRegionfromthehistorytree.
AssignExcitations
ToAssignExcitations
SelectthesheetCoilfromhistorytree
Name:Current1
Value:1000
Ref.Direction:Negative(currentwillbeinthenegativeYdirection)
9.3
9.3-4
Maxwell v14
AssignBoundary
PressOK
AssignForceCalculation
ToAssignForceParameter
SelecttheobjectCoilfromhistorytree
InForceSetupwindow,
PressOK
AnalysisSetup
1. GeneralTab
2. ConvergenceTab
Analyze
9.3
9.3-5
Maxwell v14
SolutionData
ToViewConvergence
SelecttheConvergencetab
ToViewCalculatedForceValue
SelecttheForcetab
9.3
9.3-6
Maxwell v14
PlotMagneticFluxDensity
ToPlotMagneticFluxDensity
ExpandthehistorytreeforPlanes
SelecttheplaneGlobal:XZ
PressDone
9.4
BasicExercises ParametricSolver
9.4-1
Maxwell v14
2DParametricstudyusingacoilandironslug.
AnRZMagnetostatic problemwillbeusedtodemonstratethesetupofa
parametricsolutionusingOptimetrics inMaxwell2D.Thecoilcurrentandthe
dimensionallengthofanironslugwillbevariedandtheforceontheslugwillbe
observed.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
2DFluxLinesandFluxDensity 3DGeometry:CoilandIronSlug
CoilOR=1.25mm
CoilIR=1mm
CoilHeight=0.8mm
Slugwidth=1mm
Slugdepth=1mm
SlugHeight=1mm
9.4
9.4-2
Maxwell v14
CreateModel
CreateCoil
dX:0.25,dY:0,dZ:0.8,PresstheEnter key
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoCoilandcolortoOrange
CreateSlug
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoSlugandcolortoBlue
ChangethematerialofthesheettoSteel_1008
ParameterizeSlug
ExpandthehistorytreefortheobjectSlug
DoubleClickonthecommandCreateRectangle toopenProperties
window,
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeXsize tosqrt(1/pi)
ChangeZsize toSlugHeight
PressEnter
9.4
9.4-3
Maxwell v14
UnitType:Length
Unit:mm
Value:1
PressOK
Note: Bydefiningavariablename(SlugHeight)itbecomesadesign
variable.Similarly,ifanobjectismoved,itsmovedistancecanbe
assignedavariable.TheDesignVariablesareaccessibleintheProperty
windowbyclickingontheDesignnameintheProjectManager.
Ortheycanbeviewedbyclicking:Maxwell2D>DesignProperties...
Note: TheparameterforXsize isdefinedusingthepredefinedconstant,pi,
andanequationthatcalculatestheequivalent2Dcross-sectionofa1mm
2
slugwhichwasusedinthe3DExercise.Otherpredefinedconstantscan
befoundbyselectingfromthemenu,Project>ProjectVariables,and
selectingConstants tab.
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:500
4. PressOK
9.4
9.4-4
Maxwell v14
AssignBoundary
InBalloonBoundarywindow,PressOK
AssignExcitations
ToAssignExcitations
Name:Current1
Value:AmpTurns
PressOK
Value:100
PressOK
SelecttheobjectSlugfromhistorytree
InForceSetupwindow,
Name:SlugForce
PressOK
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
PressOK
Note:WehavecreatedAnalysisSetuptoenableExpressionCachetab.
Parameterswillbeeditedinnextstep
9.4
9.4-5
Maxwell v14
ModifyAnalysisSetup
ToModifyAnalysisSetup
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewAnalysis
DoubleclickonSetup1toedititsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
ExpressionCachetab
SelectAdd
InAddtoExpressionCachewindow,
Category:Force
Quantity:SlugForce.Force_z
SelectAddtoCalculationandDone
ChangeTitletoSlugForce
SelectthetabinConvergencecolumn
InAdaptiveConvergencewindow,
Usethisexpressionforconvergence: Checked
MaximumPercentageDelta:1%
PressOK
PressOKtocloseSolveSetupwindow
9.4
9.4-6
Maxwell v14
Analyze
SolutionData
ToViewConvergence
SelectConvergencetab
ToViewForceValues
SelecttheForcetab
PlotFluxResults
ToPlotFlux
PressDone
PressDone
9.4
9.4-7
Maxwell v14
CreateParametricSetup
ToCreateParametricSetup
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Optimetrics Analysis>AddParametric
InSetupSweepAnalysiswindow,selectAdd
InAdd/EditSweepwindow,
Variable:SlugHeight
SelectLinearStep
Start:1mm
Stop:2mm
Step:0.2mm
SelectAdd
ChangeVariabletoAmpTurns
SelectLinearStep
Start:100A
Stop:200A
Step:50A
SelectAddandOK
InSetupSweepAnalysiswindow,
SelectTabletab
Thereshouldbe18solutionssincewedefined6variationsof
SlugHeight and3variationsofAmpTurns.
SelectCalculationstab
SelectSetupCalculations
InAdd/EditCalculationswindow,
Category:ExpressionCache
Quantity:ExprCache(SlugForce)
9.4
9.4-8
Maxwell v14
SelectOptionstab
SaveFieldsAndMesh: Checked
Copygeometricallyequivalentmeshes: Checked
SelectOKtocloseSetupSweepAnalysiswindow
SolveParametricProblem
ToSolveParametricAnalysis
ExpandtheProjectManagertreeforOptimetrics
RightclickonthetabParametricSetup1andselectAnalyze
Note: thesolvingcriteriaistakenfromthenominalproblem,Setup1 .Each
parametricsolutionwillre-meshifthegeometryhaschangedortheenergy
errorcriteriaisnotmetasdefinedinSetup1.
9.4
9.4-9
Maxwell v14
ViewSolutionProgress
ToViewSolutionProgress
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Optimetrics Analysis>Optimetrics
Results
InPostAnalysisDisplaywindow,
SettheradiobuttontoTabletoviewalltheresultsintablatureform
PlotForceVsAmpTurns VsTime
ToCreateaPlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateMagnetostatic Report
>RectangularPlot
InReportswindow,
PrimarySweep:SlugHeight
X:Default
Category:ExpressionCache
Quantity:ExprCache(SlugForce)
SelectDone
9.4
9.4-10
Maxwell v14
SelecttheFamilies tab:
EnsurethatthatAmpTurns isselectedastheSweepsvariable.
ClickonNewReport,ClickonClose.
ToExportresults,rightclickontheplotandselectExport
Create3DPlot
ToCreatea3Dplots
>3DRectangularPlot
InReportswindow,
PressNewReportandDone
9.5
BasicExercises 2DTransient
9.5-1
Maxwell v14
Inductorusingtransientsource
Thisexercisewilldiscusshowtousetransientsourcesastheexcitationforan
inductorcoil.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
CreateModel
CreateCore
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoCoreandcolortogreen
ChangethematerialofthesheettoFerrite
CreateCoil
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoCoilandcolortoYellow
9.5
9.5-2
Maxwell v14
SubtractSheets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoreandCoil
BlankPart:Coil
ToolPart:Core
Clonetoolobjectsbeforesubtracting: checked
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:500
4. PressOK
AssignExcitations
ToCreateCoil
Name:Coil
Polarity:Positive (intothescreen)
9.5
9.5-3
Maxwell v14
ToAddWinding
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitation>AddWinding
InWindingwindow,
Name:Winding_A
Type:Voltage
Stranded: Checked
InitialCurrent:0A
Resistance:25ohm
Inductance:0H
Voltage:0V
Note:Thiswillbechangedlater
Numberofparallelbranches:1
ToAddCoiltoWinding
RightclickonthetabWinding_A andselectAddCoil
SelectCoil
PressOK
SpecifyExcitation
Theexcitationforthisproblemwillbeavoltagesourcewitha1KHztriangular
wavesuperimposedona50Hzsinewavethathasa50voltDCoffset.
ToAddaDataset
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>DesignDatasets
InDatasetswindow,selectAdd
InAddDatasetwindow,
Name:DSet_A
Coordinates:
X1=0 Y1=0
X2=250e-6 Y2=1
X3=750e-6 Y3=-1
X4=1e-3 Y4=0
ClickOK andDone.
9.5
9.5-4
Maxwell v14
EditWindingParameters
DoubleclickonWinding_A tabtoeditit
InWindingwindow,
ChangeVoltagetoV_DC+Vp*sin(2*PI*50*Time)+5*pwl_periodic
(DSet_A,Time)
Note:ThefirsttermistheDCoffsetandthe2
nd
ispeakvoltageof
thesinewave
PressOK
InAddVariablewindowforV_DC
Value:50V
PressOK
InAddVariablewindowforVp
Value:25V
PressOK
AssignBoundary
ToAssignBalloonBoundary
PressOK
9.5
9.5-5
Maxwell v14
ToAssignMeshOperationforCore
SelecttheobjectCorefromhistorytree
Name:Core_Inside
RestrictLengthOfElements:Unchecked
RestrictNumberofElements:Checked
PressOK
ToAssignMeshOperationforCoil
Name:Coil_Inside
PressOK
9.5
9.5-6
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:20ms
TimeStep:100us
SaveFieldsTab
Type:LinearCount
Start:0sec
Stop:20ms
StepSize:2ms
Clickon:AddtoList
PressOK
Analyze
9.5
9.5-7
Maxwell v14
PlottheVoltageandCurrent
ToCreateaPlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateTransientReport >
Rectangularplot:
InReportswindow,
SelectCategory:Winding
SelectQuantity:InputVoltage(Winding_A)
Clickon:New Report
SelectQuantity:Current(Winding_A)
Clickon:Add Trace
Clickon:Close
9.5
9.5-8
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
ToPlotFluxLines
Besurethatthe2DModelerwindowisintheactiveviewwindow.
InSetviewContextwindow,
Time:Setto0.01sec
PressOK
SelectthemenuEdit>SelectAll
InCreateFieldPlotswindow,
PressDone
ModifyPlot
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
Num.Divisions:56
PressApplyandClose
9.6
BasicExercises 2DTransientwithCircuits
9.6-1
Maxwell v14
Inductorusingtransientsource
Thisexercisewilldiscusshowtousetransientsourcesastheexcitationforan
inductorcoil.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
CreateModel
CreateCore
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoCoreandcolortogreen
ChangethematerialofthesheettoFerrite
CreateCoil
9.6
9.6-2
Maxwell v14
SubtractSheets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsCoreandCoil
BlankPart:Coil
ToolPart:Core
Clonetoolobjectsbeforesubtracting: checked
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:500
4. PressOK
AssignExcitations
ToCreateCoil
Name:Coil
Polarity:Positive (intothescreen)
9.6
9.6-3
Maxwell v14
ToAddWinding
InWindingwindow,
Name:Winding_A
Type:External
Stranded: Checked
InitialCurrent:0A
Numberofparallelbranches:1
PressOK
ToAddCoiltoWinding
RightclickonthetabWinding_A andselectAddCoil
SelectCoil
PressOK
CreateExternalCircuit
ToLaunchMaxwellCircuitEditor
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>ExternalCircuit>Edit
ExternalCircuit
InEditExternalCircuitwindow,
SelectEditCircuit
MaxwellCircuitEditorwilllaunchinseparatewindow
ToCreateMaxwellCircuitEditorProject
SelectthemenuitemFile>New
9.6
9.6-4
Maxwell v14
ToAddComponentstotheCircuit
InMaxwellCircuitEditor,selectthetabComponentsinProjectManager
windowtogetaccesstocomponents
AddWinding
SelectthetabMaxwellCircuitElements>DedicatedElements>
Windingfromthetree,draganddropitontheProjectPage
PressEsctoexitthecomponentinsertion
Doubleclickontheaddedcomponenttoedititsproperties
ChangePropertiesasbelow
Name:Winding_A
Note:Thisnamehastobeexactly thesamenameas
usedintheWindingdefinitiondescribedpreviouslyin
Maxwell3D>Excitations>AddWinding
PressOK
Similarlyaddbelowcomponents
AddVoltageSourcefromSources>VSin
Va =100V
VFreq =50Hz
AnotherVoltageSourcefromSources>VSin
Va =10V
VFreq =1000Hz
AddResistorfromPassiveElements>Resistor
R=25ohm
AddaVoltmeterfromProbes>Voltmeter
AddGroundfrommenuitemDraw>Ground
9.6
9.6-5
Maxwell v14
BuildtheCircuit
Positiontheaddedcomponentsandconnectthemusingwirestobuilda
circuitasshownbelow
SaveFile
SavethefilewiththenameEx_9_06_BasicTransient2D_Circuit
ExportCircuittoMaxwell
SelectthemenuitemMaxwellCircuit>ExportNetlist
SavethefilewiththenameEx_9_06_BasicTransient2D_Circuit.sph
ImportExternalCircuit
InMaxwell2D,selectthetabImportCircuitfromEditExternalCircuit
window
SelectthefileEx_9_06_BasicTransient2D_Circuit.sphthatwaswrittenin
laststepandselectOpen
EditExternalcircuitwindowwilllookasbelow
9.6
9.6-6
Maxwell v14
AssignBoundary
ToAssignBalloonBoundary
PressOK
ToAssignMeshOperationforCore
SelecttheobjectCorefromhistorytree
Name:Core_Inside
PressOK
ToAssignMeshOperationforCoil
Name:Coil_Inside
PressOK
9.6
9.6-7
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:20ms
TimeStep:100us
SaveFieldsTab
Type:LinearCount
Start:0sec
Stop:20ms
StepSize:2ms
Clickon:AddtoList
PressOK
Analyze
9.6
9.6-8
Maxwell v14
PlottheVoltageandCurrent
ToCreateaPlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateTransientReport >
Rectangularplot:
InReportswindow,
SelectCategory:NodeVoltage
SelectQuantity:NodeVoltage(IVoltmeter)
Clickon:New Report
SelectCategory:Winding
SelectQuantity:Current(Winding_A)
Clickon:Add Trace
Clickon:Close
ToViewResultsbetter,doubleclickonYAxiscorrespondingto
NodeVoltage andchangeitsrangeto-150to 150V
9.6
9.6-9
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
ToPlotFluxLines
Besurethatthe2DModelerwindowisintheactiveviewwindow.
Time:Setto0.01sec
PressOK
SelectthemenuEdit>SelectAll
InCreateFieldPlotswindow,
PressDone
ModifyPlot
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
Num.Divisions:56
PressApplyandClose
9.8
BasicExercises Optimetrics
9.8-1
Maxwell v14
PuckMagnetAttractor
Thisexampledescribeshowtocreateandoptimizeapuckmagnetproducingan
optimalforceonasteelplateusingthe2DRZMagnetostatic solverand
Optimetrics intheANSYSMaxwell2DDesignEnvironment.
Theoptimizationobtainsthedesiredforce=0.25Nbyvaryingtheairgap
betweentheplateandthepuckusingalocalvariable.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
Magnet
SteelPlate
9.8
9.8-2
Maxwell v14
CreateModel
CreatePlate
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoPlateandcolortoBlue
ChangethematerialofthesheettoSteel1008
CreateMagnet
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoMagnetandcolortoRed
ChangethematerialofthesheettoNdFe30
ParameterizeMagnet
SelecttheobjectMagnetfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Arrange>Move
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthereferencepoint
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthetargetpoint
ExpandthehistorytreefortheobjectMagnet
DoubleclickonthecommandMovefromthetree
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeMoveVectorto0,0,Move
9.8
9.8-3
Maxwell v14
ModifyMagnetizationDirectionforPuck
ThedefaultmagnetizationdirectionforNdFe30isintheX-direction.Since
magnetizationintheZ-directionisdesiredforthisexample,materialproperties
willbechangedaccordingly
ToModifyMagnetizationDirection
RightclickonthematerialNdFe30fromhistorytreeandselectProperties
EnsurethatmaterialNdFe30isselected
SelectthebuttonView/EditMaterial
ChangeXComponentto0
ChangeZComponentto1
SelectValidateMaterialandPressOK
SelectOKtocloseSelectDefinitionwindow
9.8
9.8-4
Maxwell v14
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:300
4. PressOK
AssignBoundary
SelecttheobjectPlatefromhistorytree
InForceSetupwindow,
Name:Force1
PressOK
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
PressOK
Note:WehavecreatedAnalysisSetuptoenableExpressionCachetab.
Parameterswillbeeditedinnextstep
9.8
9.8-5
Maxwell v14
ModifyAnalysisSetup
DoubleclickonSetup1toedititsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
ExpressionCachetab
SelectAdd
InAddtoExpressionCachewindow,
Category:Force
Quantity:Force1.Force_z
SelectAddtoCalculationandDone
ChangeTitletoFz
SelectthetabinConvergencecolumn
InAdaptiveConvergencewindow,
Usethisexpressionforconvergence: Checked
MaximumPercentageDelta:0.1%
PressOK
PressOKtocloseSolveSetupwindow
9.8
9.8-6
Maxwell v14
Analyze
SolutionData
ToViewConvergence
ToViewForceValues
SelecttheForcetab
9.8
9.8-7
Maxwell v14
Optimetrics SetupandSolution
Itispossibletooptimizepositioninordertoobtainthespecifiedforce.Forthis
optimization,thepositionwillbevariedtoobtainadesiredforceof0.25N.
SpecifytheOptimizationVariables
Beforestartingtheoptimizationsetup,theappropriatevariablesmustbeincluded
intheoptimization.
ToSpecifyOptimizationVariables
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>DesignProperties
InPropertieswindow,
SelectOptimization
SelectthecheckboxtoIncludetheparameterMove
Min:0mm
Max:1mm
PressOK
SetupOptimizationAnalysis
ToDefineOptimizationAnalysis
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Optimetrics Analysis>Add
Optimization
InSetupOptimizationwindow,
Optimizer:SequentialNonlinearProgramming
Max.No.ofIterations:10
9.8
9.8-8
Maxwell v14
SelectthebuttonSetupCalculations
InAdd/EditCalculationswindow,selectOutputVariables
InOutputVariableswindow,
Name:target
Expression:0.25
SelectAdd
Name:cost1
Expression:(target- ExprCache(Fz))^2
SelectAdd
SelectDonetocloseOutputvariableswindow
InAdd/EditCalculationswindow
Category:OutputVariables
Quantity:cost1
SelectAddCalculation
PressDone
9.8
9.8-9
Maxwell v14
Condition:Minimize
PressOK
SolvetheOptimizationAnalysis
ToRunOptimizationAnalysis
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewOptimetrics
RightclickonthetabOptimizationSetup1andselectAnalyze
ViewOptimizationResults
ToViewOptimizationResults
Results
SetPlottoLogScale
9.8
9.8-10
Maxwell v14
ChangeViewTypetoTabletodisplayresultsintabularform
CreateFieldPlots
ToPlotMoveVsForce
>RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Force
Quantity:Force1.Force_z
SelectNewReport
9.8
9.8-11
Maxwell v14
ToPlotMoveVsCost
>RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:OutputVariables
Quantity:Cost1
SelectNewReport
DoubleclickonYAxistomodifyitsproperties
InPropertieswindow,
Scalingtab
AxisScaling:Log
PressOK
9.10
BasicExercises Scripting
9.10-1
Maxwell v14
ScriptingtheCreationofaModelObject
Thisexercisewilldiscusshowtorecord,modifyandrunascriptforautomating
generationofacircle.Thefollowingtaskswillbeperformed:
Recordascriptinwhichacircleiscreated.
Modifythescripttochangethecirclesradiusandheight.
Runthemodifiedscript.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SaveProject
ToSaveProject
SavethefilewiththenameEx_9_10_BasicScripting2D.mxwl
9.10
9.10-2
Maxwell v14
RecordScript
ToStartScriptRecording
SelectthemenuitemTools>RecordScriptToFile
SavethescriptfilewiththenameEx_9_10_BasicScripting2D.vbs
DrawCircle
ToDrawaCircle
StopScriptRecording
ToStoptheScriptRecording
SelectthemenuitemTools>StopScriptRecording
DeleteCircle
ToDeletetheCircle
SelectthesheetCircle1fromhistorytree
RuntheScript
ToRunRecordedScript
SelectthemenuitemTools>RunScript
BrowsetothelocationofthescriptfileandOpenit
Ifsuccessful,theoriginalcircle,Circle1,shouldbeback.
Wecannowexplorethecontentsofthescriptfile.
9.10
9.10-3
Maxwell v14
ScriptContent
ToopentheScriptinEditor
LocatethefileontheHardDiskandopenitwithTextEditor(sayTextpad)
Definitionofenvironmentvariables
Dimisthegenericvisualbasicvariabletype.
'----------------------------------------------
'ScriptRecordedbyAnsoft MaxwellVersion14.0.1
'8:29:24PMMar16,2011
'----------------------------------------------
DimoAnsoftApp
DimoDesktop
DimoProject
DimoDesign
DimoEditor
DimoModule
Referencedefinedenvironmentvariables
DefinedusingSet.
SetoAnsoftApp =CreateObject("AnsoftMaxwell.MaxwellScriptInterface")
SetoDesktop =oAnsoftApp.GetAppDesktop()
oDesktop.RestoreWindow
SetoProject =oDesktop.SetActiveProject("Ex_9_10_BasicScripting2D")
SetoDesign =oProject.SetActiveDesign("Maxwell2DDesign1")
SetoEditor =oDesign.SetActiveEditor("3DModeler")
9.10
9.10-4
Maxwell v14
CircleCreation
Alloftheparametersneededtocreatethecirclearedefinedinthislineof
code.HerewewillmodifytheRadius ofthecirclebychangingthe
appropriatetext.
oEditor.CreateCircle Array("NAME:CircleParameters","IsCovered:=",true,
"XCenter:=",_"0mm","YCenter:=","0mm","ZCenter:=","0mm",
"Radius:=","1mm","WhichAxis:=",_"Z","NumSegments:=","0"),
Array("NAME:Attributes","Name:=","Circle1","Flags:=",_"","Color:=",
"(132132193)","Transparency:=",0.800000011920929,
"PartCoordinateSystem:=",_"Global","UDMId:=","","MaterialValue:=",""
&Chr(34)&"vacuum"&Chr(34)&"","SolveInside:=",_true)
ModifyScript
LocatethelinecontainingtheRadius andchangethenumericalvaluesto
5mm:
"Radius:=","1mm","WhichAxis:=",_"Z",
"Radius:=",5mm","WhichAxis:=",_"Z",
SavethefileandreturntoMaxwell.
DeleteCircle
ToDeletetheCircle
SelectthesheetCircle1fromhistorytree
9.10
9.10-5
Maxwell v14
RuntheScript
ToRunRecordedScript
SelectthemenuitemTools>RunScript
BrowsetothelocationofthescriptfileandOpenit
Ifsuccessful,theoriginalcircle,Circle1,shouldbeback.
GeneralizethescripttoruninanyProjectandDesign
Torunthescriptinordertocreateyourcircleinadifferentproject.Changethe
followinglinesinthescript.
SetoProject =oDesktop.SetActiveProject("scripting_example")
SetoDesign =oProject.SetActiveDesign("MaxwellDesign1")
SetoProject =oDesktop.GetActiveProject()
SetoDesign =oProject.GetActiveDesign()
9.12
BasicExercises EddyCurrentSolver
9.12-1
Maxwell v14
IntroductiontotheEddyCurrentSolver
ThisexampleintroducestheEddyCurrentsolverbasedonasimpleexample
withadiskaboveacoil.Thissolvercalculatesthemagneticfieldsataspecified
sinusoidalfrequency.Bothlinearandnonlinear(forsaturationeffects)magnetic
materialscanbeused.Also,eddy,skinandproximityeffectsareconsidered.
2DGeometry:IronDiskaboveaSpiralCoil
Asinusoidal500Hzcurrentwillbeassignedtoaneightturnspiralcoil
underneathofacastirondisk.Thecoilinduceseddycurrentsandlossesinplate.
The2Dmodelwillbesetupasshownbelowusingthe2DRZaxisymmetric
solver.
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
2. ChooseMagnetic>EddyCurrent
Actual 3D model Simulated 2D model
CastIronDisk
SpiralCoil
9.12
9.12-2
Maxwell v14
SetDefaultUnits
ToSetUnits
Setunitstocm(centimeters)andpressOK
DrawSolutionRegion
ToCreateSolutionRegion
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoRegion
CreateModel
CreateCoil
ChangethematerialoftheobjecttoCopper
DuplicateCoil
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,enterthefirstpointofduplicate
vector
TotalNumber:8
PressOK
9.12
9.12-3
Maxwell v14
ToCreatePlate
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoPlateandcolortoOrange
Changethematerialoftheobjecttocast_iron
AssignExcitations
Acurrentof125Awillbeassignedtoeachcoil.Thiswillresultinatotalof1000
A-turnsbeingassignedtothecompletewinding.
ToAssignExcitation
PressCtrlandselectallCoilsfromhistorytree
BaseName:Current
Value:125A
Type:Solid
PressOK
Note:ChoosingSolidspecifiesthattheeddyeffectsinthecoilwillbe
considered.Ontheotherhand,ifStranded hadbeenchosen,onlytheDC
resistancewouldhavebeencalculatedandnoACeffectsinthecoilwould
havebeenconsidered.Stranded isappropriatewhentheskindepthis
muchlargerthanthestrandedconductorthickness,forexamplewhen
usingLitz wire.Notethattheinducededdyeffectsintheplatewillbe
calculatedineithercase.
9.12
9.12-4
Maxwell v14
AssignBoundary
PressOK
AssignMatrixParameters
Inthisexample,thecompete[8x8]impedancematrixwillbecalculated.Thisis
donebysettingaparameter.
ToCalculateImpedanceMatrix
InMatrixwindow,
ForallcurrentSources
Include: Checked
PressOK
ComputetheSkinDepth
Skindepthisameasureofhowcurrentdensityconcentratesatthesurfaceofa
conductorcarryinganalternatingcurrent.Itisafunctionofthepermeability,
conductivityandfrequency
Skindepthinmetersisdefinedasfollows:
where:
istheangularfrequency,whichisequalto2f.(fisthesourcefrequencywhichinthis
caseis500Hz).
istheconductorsconductivity;forcastironits1.5e6S/m
r
istheconductorsrelativepermeability;forcastironits60
isthepermeabilityoffreespace,whichisequalto410
-7
A/m.
Forcastirontheplatetheskindepthisapproximately0.24cm.
Afterthreeskindepths,theinducedcurrentwillbecomealmostnegligible.The
automaticadaptivemeshinginMaxwell2Ddoesanexcellentjobofrefiningthe
meshintheskindepth,sothatmeshoperationsarenotneeded.

r o
2
=
9.12
9.12-5
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
1. GeneralTab
2. SolverTab
AdaptiveFrequency:500Hz
ValidationCheck
ToValidatetheCase
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>ValidationCheck
YouwillgetawarningaboutBoundariesandExcitations.Toclearthis
warning,simplyreturntotheeddyeffectscreenbychoosing:Maxwell2D>
Excitations>SetEddyEffects>OK.Thistellsthesolverthatyouhave
checkedtheeddysetupandthatyouhavecorrectlysettheeddyeffecton
theappropriateobjects.
Analyze
9.12
9.12-6
Maxwell v14
SolutionData
ToviewConvergence
SelecttheConvergence tab
ToViewImpedancematrix
SelectMatrixtab
Bydefault,theresultsaredisplayedas[R,Z]butcanbealso
shownas[R,L]orascouplingcoefficients.
9.12
9.12-7
Maxwell v14
PlotMesh
ToPlotMesh
InCreateMeshPlotwindow,pressDone
ComputeTotalPowerLossinthePlate
ToComputethePowerLoss
SelectInput>Quantity>OhmicLoss
SelectVolume
SelectPlate
PressOK
SelectOutput>Eval
Note:TheevaluatedlossinthePlate shouldbeabout260W.
9.12
9.12-8
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
ToPlotFluxLines
InCreateFieldPlotwindow,PressDone
Notethatthefluxlinesareattractedtotheplatesinceitismagnetic.Also,
skineffectsarepresentintheplatesincethereareeddycurrentsflowingin
it.Thiscanbeseenbestifyouzoomintotheplate
PlotCurrentDensityScalar
ToPlotCurrentDensityScalaronPlate
HidepreviousplotsbyselectingView>ActiveViewVisibility>Fields
Reporter andunchecking theprevious plots.
SelectthesheetPlatefromhistorytree
9.12
9.12-9
Maxwell v14
ToPlotCurrentDensityScalaronPlate
PlotOhmic LossDistribution
ToPlotOhmic Losses
HidepreviousplotsbyselectingView>ActiveViewVisibility>Fields
Reporter andunchecking theprevious plots.
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>Other>Ohmic_Loss
ToModifyPlotAttributes
DoubleclickontheLegendtomodifyplot
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
SelectLog
PressApplyandClose
9.12
9.12-10
Maxwell v14
PlotCurrentDensityVectors
ToPlotCurrentDensityvectors
SelectthesheetPlatefromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>J>J_Vector
ToModifyPlotAttributes
DoubleclickontheLegendtomodifyplot
Inthewindow,
Plotstab
Plot:SelectJ_Vector1
ChangeVectorplotspacing
Min:0.5
Max:0.5
PressApplyandClose
Rotategeometrytoviewvectorplot
ToAnimatePlot
SelecttheVectorplotfromProjectManagertree,rightclickandselect
Animate
PressOKwithdefaultsettings
Awindowwillappeartostart,stop,pauseorsavetheanimation
9.12
9.12-11
Maxwell v14
SolveaDCProblem
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwell2DDesignfromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
ChangeAnalysisSetup
ToChangeAnalysisSetup
ExpandtheprojectManagertreefornewlycreateddesign
DoubleclickonSetup1underAnalysisinthetree
InSolveSetupwindow,
Solvertab
AdaptiveFrequency:Changeto0.001Hz
Analyze
ViewResults
ToViewCurrentDensityPlots
Plotsarealreadycopiedfrompreviousdesign
DoubleclickonthecorrespondingplotfromProjectmanagertreetoview
Notethatthereisnosignificantcurrentinducedintheplateat0.001Hz.
9.12
9.12-12
Maxwell v14
ViewFluxLines
Notethatthefluxlinespenetrateinandthroughtheplate.Whilesaturation
isconsideredatDC,noACskineffectsorshieldingoccurs.
9.13
BasicExercises Transient LargeMotion- Rotational
9.13-1
Maxwell v14
LargeMotion itsQuickImplementationUsingtheMaxwell2D
TransientSolver
MaxwellTransientisabletoconsiderinteractions betweentransient
electromagneticfields andmechanicalmotion ofobjects.
MaxwellTransient(withmotion)includesdB/dt arisingfrommechanicallymoving
magneticfieldsinspace,i.e.movingobjects.Thus,effectscomingfromso-called
motioninducedcurrentscanbeconsidered.
InMaxwellrotationalmotioncanoccuraroundonesinglemotionaxis.
Thispaperrepresentsaquickstarttousingrotational motion.Itwillexercise
rotationalmotioninMaxwell2Dusingarotationalactuator(experimentalmotor)
example.
Subsequentpaperswilldemonstraterotationalmotion inmoredepth,non-
cylindricalrotationalmotion usingarelaysexample,aswellastranslational
motion whichasolenoidapplicationwillserveasanexamplefor.
Thegoalofthesepapersissolelytoshowandpracticeworkingwithlargemotion
inMaxwell.Itisneitherthegoaltosimulatereal-worldapplications,nortomatch
accuratelymeasuredresults,norwillthesepapersshowindetailhowtosetup
andworkwithotherMaxwellfunctionality.Pleaserefertothecorresponding
topics.
Quickstart RotationalMotionUsingaRotationalActuator
Example
MaxwellTransientwithlargemotionisasetofadvancedtopics.Usersshould
havethoroughknowledgeonMaxwellfundamentalsaswellasMaxwellTransient
(withoutmotion)priortoapproachinglargemotion.Ifnecessary,pleaseconsult
thepropertrainingpapers,helpfiles,manuals,andapplicationnotes.
Wewillexercisethefollowinginthisdocument:
Createaneworreadinanexistingrotationalactuatormodel toserveas
anexperimentaltestbenchforlargemotion
Prepareandadaptthisexistingactuatormodeltoourneeds
Applylargemotiontotherotationalactuator
Createtheband object
Setuprotationalmotion
Mesh
9.13
9.13-2
Maxwell v14
Performbasiclargemotiontests
LargeRotationalStandstilltest
LargeRotationalConstantSpeedtest
LargeRotationalTransientMotiontest
Computemagneticrigidityandmechanicalnaturalfrequency
Estimatetimestepfortransientsolver
Makeafieldanimation withlargemotion
OpentheRotationalActuatorModel
ToOpentheInputFile
SelectthemenuitemFile>Open
Browsetothelocationofthefile
Ex_09_13_BasicTransient_MotionRotational_M2dTrs120.mxwlandOpen
it
ActivateDesign
Doubleclickonthedesign00_Templatetoactivateitandstartworking
fromthere.
Youcancopy/paste00_Template intoyourownworkingproject.Theother
designsshowthefullysetupmodelswewillbeworkingon.
Themodelshouldlooklikethis:
9.13
9.13-3
Maxwell v14
VerifytheSetup
Priortoemployinglargemotion,theelectromagneticpartofthemodelshould
workcorrectly.Usersarewelladvisednottosetupacomplexmodelcompletely
atonceandthentrytosimulate,butratherworkinsteps.Especiallyincases
eddycurrenteffects,externalcircuits,andlargemotionareincluded,the
correctnessofthesetupforeachindividualpropertyshouldbeverified.Afterthat,
allpropertiescanbeconsideredtogether.
Forthisquickstart,pleasestudythewindingsetupandbackground.
Weusestrandedwindingswithconstantcurrent(togenerateafixedstatorflux
vectoraroundwhichRotor1willoscillatelater).Also,eddyeffectswillbe
excluded.
VerifySymmetryMultiplier
SelectSymmetryMultipliertab
Verifythatthevalueissetto1
VerifyModelDepth
SelectModelDepthtab
Verifythatthevalueissetto25.4mm
Performatestsimulationontheelectromagneticpartalone.Ifdesired,playwith
variousexcitations,switcheddyeffectsinStator1andRotor1onandoff,vary
materialproperties,etc.Foreachtestchecktheelectromagneticfieldsfor
correctness.
Refertothecorrespondingtopicsonmaterials,boundaries,excitations,meshing,
transientsimulationswithoutmotion,andpostprocessing.
Iftheelectromagneticpartwithoutmotioneffectsyieldedcorrectresults,make
suretore-applythesamemodelsetupaselaboratedatthepreviouspage
(00_Template).
9.13
9.13-4
Maxwell v14
RotationalLargeMotion TheMaxwellApproach
Maxwellseparatesmovingfromnon-movingobjects.
Allmovingobjectsmustbeenclosedbyoneso-calledband object.
Forrotationalmotion,theband objectmustbecylindricali.e.aregularcylinder.
Maxwellconsidersallmovingobjects(insidetheband)toformonesinglemoving
objectgroup.
ConstantSpeed mode:
Ifthemodelissetuptooperateinconstantspeedmode(seebelow),
Maxwellwillnotcomputemechanicaltransients.
However,changingmagneticfieldsowingtospeed
m
,i.e.dB/dt effects
areincludedinthefieldsolution.
MechanicalTransient mode:
Incaseinertiawasspecified,Maxwellwillcomputethemotionequationin
eachtimestep.
SeeAppendixAforavariableexplanation.
Bandobjectseparatingrotorfromstator
J
m
d
2
m
(t)/dt
2
+k
D
(t)d
m
(t) /dt =T
(t) +T
m
(t)
9.13
9.13-5
Maxwell v14
CreateBandObject
AnalyzeGeometry
First,letsexaminethemovingpartstocomplywithMaxwellsconventions:
Allmovingobjectscanbeseparatedfromthestationaryobjectsand
canbecombinedtoonesinglerotatinggroup.Allmovingobjectsbe
consideredtoperformthesamecylindricalmotion.
Wewantaregularpolyhedronthatenclosesallmovingobjects.
Theband objectshouldpreferablycutthroughthemiddleoftheairgap,
leavingaboutthesamespacetoRotor1andStator1.However,thisisnota
must.
DetermineSizeofBandObject
SelectthemenuitemView>ActiveViewVisibility
InActiveViewVisibilitywindow,
UnchecktheVisibilityforallpartsapartfromStator1andRotor1
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Measure>Position
MovethemousecursertotheendvertexoftheRotor1andjustplaceonit
(Donotclick)
ReadtheDistance valuefromtheMeasuraDatawindow(51.05
mm).
MovethemousecursertotheinnervertexoftheStator1andjustplaceon
it(Donotclick)
ReadtheDistance value(53.75mm).
PressEsctoexitmeasure
Thus,band shouldhavearadiusof52.4mm.Here,52.5mmwasused.
9.13
9.13-6
Maxwell v14
DrawBandObject
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoBand1
Changethetransparencyofthesheetto0.9
SelectthemenuitemView>ShowAll>ActiveView
PerformLargeRotationalStandstillTest
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign00_TemplatefromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto11_GeoFull_MagI_MchStandstill
Assignmotion
ToSetupmotion
SelecttheobjectBand1fromhistorytree
Typetab
Motiontype:Rotational
RotationAxis:Global::Z
SelectPositive
9.13
9.13-7
Maxwell v14
Datatab
Initialposition:0deg
Motionwillstartatt =0withtherotorpositionbeingas
drawn.Applying
m0
0wouldstartwithRotor1
rotatedby
m0
fromthedrawnposition.
LeaveRotateLimitunchecked(allowingtherotortospin
continuously)
Mechanicaltab
AngularVelocity:0rpm
StandstiillCondition
Now,wehavesetuplargerotationalstandstill.Positivemagnetictorqueis
generatedaroundthepositivez-axis.
ExpandtheProjectManagertreeforModel.UnderMotionSetp1,atabwill
becreatedasMoving1.Selectingthistabwillhighlightallobjectswhich
areconsideredtoundermotion.
9.13
9.13-8
Maxwell v14
SpecifyMeshParameters
Meshingisaverycriticalissuewithrespecttosimulationspeedandaccuracy.
Forhere,wewillapplyarathercoarsemeshonly,bywhichthesolverwilljust
yieldsatisfactoryresults.
AssignMeshOperationforBand
Fortorquecomputation,themostcriticalareasaretheairgapandits
immediateproximity.Thus,theband meshiscrucialforaccurateresults.
SelectthesheetBandfromthehistorytree
Name:Band_Length
PressOK
AssignMeshOperationforStatorandRotor
SimilarlyAssignMeshoperationsforotherobjectsasmentionedbelow
ForthesheetRotor1
Name:Rotor_Length
ForthesheetStator1
Name:Stator_Length
ForBackground1
Name:Background_Length
PressCtrlandselectallcoils
Name:Coils_Length
SimultaneouslyselectingCoilA,CoilA_Neg,CoilB,andCoilB_Neg
willtrytoassign100trianglestothegroup,i.e.about25trianglein
eachcoilwillresult
9.13
9.13-9
Maxwell v14
DefineAnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:20ms
TimeStep:5ms
PressOK
Analyze
ToRunSolution
PlotMesh
ToplotMesh
ChangeTimeto0.01s
PressOK
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>PlotMesh
9.13
9.13-10
Maxwell v14
PerformLargeRotationalConstantSpeedTest
Wewillnowoperatetherotationalactuatorataveryslowconstantspeed.
Remember,thereisonlyonemagneticexcitationpresentinthemodel
namelyconstantcoilcurrentwithstrandedwindings.Alternatively,Rotor1
couldhavebeenassignedpermanentmagnetproperties.Eddyeffectsare
switchedoffforallobjects.
WecannowuseTransientwithLargeMotiontomonitorcoggingtorque
effects.
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign11_GeoFull_MagI_MchStandstillfromProjectManager
tree,rightclickandselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto12_GeoFull_MagI_MchSpeedslow
ModifyMotionSetup
ToModifyMotionSetup
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewModel,doubleclickonthetab
MotionSetup1
Datatab
InitialPosition:-61deg
Mechanicaltab
AngularVelocity:1deg_per_sec
Rotor1asdrawnhasa-29 offset.Thisistakentobethe
zeropositionforthetransientsolver.Bygivinganextra-61,
positiverotationof1/sstartsat:-61-29=-90.
PressOK
9.13
9.13-11
Maxwell v14
ModifyAnalysisSetup
ExpandtheProjectmanagertreetoviewAnalysis.Doubleclickonthetab
Setup1tomodifyitsproperties
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:180sec
TimeStep:5sec
Byrotatingataspeedof1/s180slong,Rotor1willmove
180,i.e.from-90 to+90,at5/step.
PressOK
Analyze
ToRunSolution
PlotTorqueVsTime
ToCreateaPlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateTransientReports>
RectangularPlot
InReportswindow,
Category:Torque
Quantity:Moving1.Torque
SelectNewReport
9.13
9.13-12
Maxwell v14
PerformLargeRotationalTransientMotionTest
Wewillnowoperatetheactuatorasaone-bodyoscillator.
Inertiawillbespecifiedaswellassomedamping.
WecanexpectRotor1tooscillatearoundthestatorfluxaxis(y-axis)at
somenaturalfrequencyf
0
,whichcanbeapproximatedas:
J inkgm
2
isthetotalmomentofinertiaactingonRotor1.
c
inNm/radisthemagneticrigidity.Asananalogyitcanbeunderstoodas
amechanicalspringspannedbetweenRotor1andStator1,whoseforce
comingfromthemagneticfield.
Wecanroughlycalculaterigidityc fromthecoggingtorquefunction(stable
limb):
AssuminginertiaJ=0.0024kgm
2
,anapproximatedf
0
=5Hzresults.
Thisissufficientforestimatingthenecessarytimestepasfaras
mechanicaloscillationsareregarded.
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign12_GeoFull_MagI_MchSpeedslowfromProject
Managertree,rightclickandselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto13_GeoFull_MagI_MchTransient
J
c
f

2
1
0
=
Nm/rad 3 . 2
) rad(10
mNm 400
=
=
m
T
c
9.13
9.13-13
Maxwell v14
ModifyMotionSetup
ToModifyMotionSetup
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewModel,doubleclickonthetab
MotionSetup1
Datatab
InitialPosition:0deg
Mechanicaltab
ConsiderMechanicalTransient: Checked
InitialAngularVelocity:0deg_per_sec
MomentofInertia:0.0024kgm
2
,
Damping:0.015Nms/rad
PressOK
Thiscauses15mNmresistivetorqueat1rad/sspeed.
Wethusexpectoscillationbetween-29 and+29 (w.r.t.statorfluxaxis)
atf
0
<5Hzwithdampedamplitudes.
ModifyAnalysisSetup
ExpandtheProjectmanagertreetoviewAnalysis.Doubleclickonthetab
Setup1tomodifyitsproperties
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:0.5sec
TimeStep:0.01sec
Fromf
0
,wecanexpecta>200mscycle.At10mstimestep
wewillsampleonecycle>20times.
PressOK
9.13
9.13-14
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToRunSolution
Results
TorqueVsTimePlot
Plotalreadyexistinthedesignsinceitiscopiedfromperviousdesign
Doubleclickonittoviewresults
PlotMechanicalSpeedVsTime
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateTransientReports>
RectangularPlot
InReportswindow,
Category:Speed
Quantity:Moving1.Speed
SelectNewReport
9.13
9.13-15
Maxwell v14
PlotMechanicalPositionVsTime
InReportswindow,
Category:Position
Quantity:Moving1.Position
SelectNewReport
FromResults,itcanbeseenthat
T
looksasexpectedfromprevioussimulations.
m
correspondstoT
sfirstderivativeandiscorrect.
m
oscillatesaround+29,whichisthestatorfluxaxis(y)withrespectto
theinitialposition.
9.13
9.13-16
Maxwell v14
AppendixA:VariableExplanation:
m
(t) Mechanicalangularpositioninrad(anglescanalsobegivenin
degrees).
m0
Initial
m
inrad.Notethatthedrawnrotorposition isconsideredas
m0
=0.
d
m
(t)/dt,
m
(t) Mechanicalangularspeedinrad/s.
m0
Initial
m
inrad/s.
d
2
m
(t)/dt
2
Mechanicalangularaccelerationinrad/s
2
.
J
m
Momentofinertiainkgm
2
.Thisisthetotalinertiaactingonthemoving
objectgroup.Ifextrainertianeedstobeincluded(i.e.inertianot
geometricallymodeled),justaddthistoJ
m
.
k
D
(t) DampingkoefficientinNms/rad.Fork
D
=1Nms/rad,resistivetorque
of1Nmwouldbegeneratedifthemovingpartsturnat1rad/s.k
D
can
beafunctionoft,
m
,or
m
.
T
MagneticallygeneratedtorqueinNm.
T
m
MechanicalextratorqueinNm,thiscanbeaconstantorafunctionof
t,
m
,or
m
.Note,thatapositiveT
m
valuewillaccelerateratherthan
brake.
t Thecurrentsimulationtimeins.
9.14
BasicExercises 2DBoundaryConditions
9.14-1
Maxwell v14
AssigningBoundaryConditions
BoundaryConditions
Boundaryconditionsenableyoutocontrolthecharacteristicsofplanes,faces,or
interfacesbetweenobjects.Boundaryconditionsareimportanttounderstand
andarefundamentaltosolutionofMaxwellsequations.
PurposeoftheExercise
ThisexerciseintroducesvariousboundaryconditionsusedinMaxwell2D based
onasimpleexamplewithcoilsandsteelcore.Theuserwilllearnhowtouse
VectorPotential,Balloon,SymmetryandMatchingBoundary(MasterandSlave).
9.14
9.14-2
Maxwell v14
ANSYSMaxwellDesignEnvironment
ThefollowingfeaturesoftheANSYSMaxwellDesignEnvironmentareusedto
createthemodelscoveredinthistopic
2DSheetModeling
UserDefinedPrimitives(UDPs):SRMCore
BooleanOperations:SeparateBodies
Boundaries/Excitations
Current: Stranded
Boundaries:VectorPotential,Balloon,Symmetry,Master/Slave,
Analysis
Magnetostatic
FieldOverlays:
HVector
9.14
9.14-3
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
SettingToolOptions
boundaries: Checked
Checked
9.14
9.14-4
Maxwell v14
OpeningaNewProject
Toopenanewproject:
icon
ChangeDesignname
ToChangeDesignName:
Right-clickMaxwell2DDesign1 attheprojectmanagerwindowandselect
Rename.
ChangetheDesignNameto1_VectorPotential
SaveProject
Tosavetheproject:
InanAnsoft Maxwellwindow,selectthemenuitemFile>SaveAs.
FromtheSaveAswindow,typetheFilename:
Ex_9_14_BasicBoundaryCondictions
ClicktheSave button
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
9.14
9.14-5
Maxwell v14
CreateModel
CreateStatorandCoils
SelectthemenuitemDraw>UserDefinedPrimitive>Syslib >Rmxprt >
SRMCore
InUserDefinedPrimitiveOperationwindow,
DiaGap:80
DiaYoke:150
Length:0
Poles:4
LenRegion:0
InfoCore:1
PressOK
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofresultingsheettoStatorandcolortoBlue
ChangethematerialofresultingsheettoNickel
9.14
9.14-6
Maxwell v14
SeparateCoilsfromStator
SelectthesheetStatorfromhistorytree
ChangeAttributes
Changethenameandcoloroftheresultingsheetsasshowninbelow
image
ChangethematerialofallcoilstoCopper
Stator
Coil1
Coil3
Coil4
Coil5
Coil6
Coil7
Coil8
Coil2
9.14
9.14-7
Maxwell v14
AssignExcitation
ToAssignCurrentExcitationstoCoils
PressCtrlandselectallthecoilssequentiallystartingwithcoil1tocoil6
fromhistorytree
Note: Excitationnumberingmightalterifcoilsarenotselected
sequentially
BaseName:Current
Value:100A
PressOK
Excitationsarecreatedforeachofthecoilseparately
AtPresentdirectionofexcitationforallcoilsispointingoutoftheplane
(PositiveZdirection)
9.14
9.14-8
Maxwell v14
AlterDirectionofExcitationforCoils
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>List
InDesignListwindow,
Excitationstab
PressCtrlandselectCurrent_2,Current_4,Current_6and
Current_8
SelectthebuttonProperties
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeDirectiontoNegative
PressOKandDonetoexitdefinition
Nowthedirectionofexcitationisasshownbelow
9.14
9.14-9
Maxwell v14
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:20
4. PressOK
AssignBoundary
ToAssignBoundary
SelecttheouteredgesofthesheetStator
LeavetheValueto0
PressOK
9.14
9.14-10
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
PressOK
SaveFile
ToSaveFile
ValidationCheck
ToChecktheValidityoftheSetup
Theproblemwontsolveunlesseachitemhasacheckmark.
Analyze
9.14
9.14-11
Maxwell v14
SolutionData
InSolutionswindow,
ToViewProfileofthesolution
SelectProfiletab
ToViewSolutionConvergence
Note:ThedefaultviewforconvergenceisTable.Clickonthe
Plot radiobuttontoviewagraphicalrepresentationsofthe
convergencedata.
Note:Youdonthavetowaitforthesolutiontobedonetodothis.Youcan
dothiswhilethesimulationisrunning,allinformationwillupdate
automaticallyaftereachpassisdone.
9.14
9.14-12
Maxwell v14
PostProcess
ToPlotMesh
PressDone
PlotFluxLines
PressDone
9.14
9.14-13
Maxwell v14
PlotHVector
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Fields>Fields>H>H_Vector
PressDone
Doubleclickonthelegendtomodifyattributes
Changethesettingsasshowninbelowimages
9.14
9.14-14
Maxwell v14
Example2:BalloonBoundary
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign1_VectorPotentialfromProjectManagertree,rightclick
andselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto2_Balloon
ModifyBoundaryConditions
SpecifyBalloonBoundary
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Boundaries>DeleteAlltoremove
existingboundaryspecifications
Analyze
ExamineHVectorPlot
VectorPotentialBoundaryon
outeredgesofStator
BalloonBoundaryonalledges
oftheRegion
9.14
9.14-15
Maxwell v14
Example3:BalloonBoundarywithChangedExcitations
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign2_BalloonfromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation
ChangeDirectionofExcitations
ToChangeExcitationdirections
DoubleclickontheexcitationCurrent_3
ChangethedirectionofexcitationtoNegative
SimilarlyChangethedirectionofexcitationforCurrent_7toNegative
ChangethedirectionofexcitationforCurrent_4andCurrent_8toPositive
Theideaistoachievetheconfigurationshowninbelowimage
Current_2
Current_1
Current_8
Current_7
Current_3
Current_4
Current_5
Current_6
Current_1 Positive
Current_2 Negative
Current_3 Negative
Current_4 Positive
Current_5 Positive
Current_6 Negative
Current_7 Negative
Current_8 Positive
9.14
9.14-16
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ExamineHVectorPlot
Design2:2_Balloon Design3:3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation
9.14
9.14-17
Maxwell v14
Example4:SymmetryBoundary- Odd
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign2_BalloonfromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto4_Symmetry_Odd
SplitModel
ToCreateHalfModel
SelectthemenuitemModeler>Boolean>Split
InSplitwindow,
SetSplitPlanetoXZ
PressOK
ModifyRegion
ToModifyRegion
InPropertieswindow,
ChangePaddingDataforYto0
PressOK
9.14
9.14-18
Maxwell v14
DefineSymmetryBoundary
ToAssignSymmetry
SelectthebottomedgeoftheRegionthatcoincideswithXaxis
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Boundaries>Assign>Symmetry
InSymmetryBoundarywindow,
SetSymmetrytoOdd(FluxTangential)
PressOK
Thissymmetrydefinitionwillbeequivalenttofullmodelwithexcitationsas
showninbelowimage
RedefineBalloonBoundary
ToSpecifyBalloon
SelectalledgesoftheregionexcepttheonetowhichSymmetryisdefined
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewBoundaries
RightclickonthetabBalloon1andselectReassign
ThiswillassignselectededgestotheBalloonboundaryandsymmetry
edgewillnotbespecifiedasballoon
Symmetry:Odd(FluxTangential)
9.14
9.14-19
Maxwell v14
Analyze
Results
HVector
FieldLines
9.14
9.14-20
Maxwell v14
Example5:SymmetryBoundary- Even
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign4_Symmetry_OddfromProjectManagertree,right
clickandselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto5_Symmetry_Even
ModifySymmetry
ToModifySymmetry
DoubleclickonthetabSymmetry1
InSymmetryBoundarywindow,
ChangeSymmetrytoEven(FluxNormal)
PressOK
Thissymmetrydefinitionwillbeequivalenttofullmodelwithexcitationsas
showninbelowimage
9.14
9.14-21
Maxwell v14
Analyze
Results
HVector
FieldLines
9.14
9.14-22
Maxwell v14
Example6:NoSymmetry
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign4_Symmetry_OddfromProjectManagertree,rightclick
andselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto6_NoSymmetry
DeleteSymmetry
ToDeleteSymmetry
DoubleclickonthetabSymmetry1
PressDeletebuttonfromkeyboard
TheresultshouldlookthesameasDesign4:4_Symmetry_EvenbecauseEven
symmetryorfluxnormalisthedefaultboundarycondition.
NoSymmetry:bydefaultanEven(Flux
Normalboundaryisassigned)
9.14
9.14-23
Maxwell v14
MatchingBoundaries(Master/Slave).
Slave=Master
Master
Design2:2_Balloon Design3:3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation
Slave= Master
Master
Design7:7_Matching_Positive Design8:8_Matching_Negative
9.14
9.14-24
Maxwell v14
Example7:MatchingBoundaries(Master=Slave)
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign6_NoSymmetryfromProjectManagertree,rightclick
andselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto7_Matching_Positive
SplitModel
ToCreateHalfModel
InSplitwindow,
SetSplitPlanetoYZ
PressOK
ModifyRegion
ToModifyRegion
InPropertieswindow,
ChangePaddingDataforXto0
PressOK
9.14
9.14-25
Maxwell v14
DefineMaster/Salve
ToDefineMasterBoundary
SelecttheedgeoftheRegionthatcoincideswithXaxis
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Boundaries>Assign>Master
InMasterBoundarywindow,
EnsureUVectorispointinginpositiveXdirection.
IfnotuseReverseDirection
PressOK
ToDefineSlaveBoundary
SelecttheedgeoftheRegionthatcoincideswithYaxis
SpecifyMasterBoundaryasMaster1
SetRelationtoBs=Bm
EnsureUVectorispointinginpositiveYdirection.
IfnotuseReverseDirection
PressOK
RedefineBalloonBoundary
ToSpecifyBalloon
SelectalledgesoftheregionexcepttheonestowhichMasterorSalve
boundaryisdefined
RightclickonthetabBalloon1andselectReassign
ThiswillassignselectededgestotheBalloonboundaryandsymmetry
edgewillnotbespecifiedasballoon
9.14
9.14-26
Maxwell v14
Slave=Master
Master
Analyze
Results
9.14
9.14-27
Maxwell v14
Example8:MatchingBoundaries(Master=- Slave)
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign7_Matching_PositivefromProjectManagertree,right
clickandselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto8_Matching_Negative
ModifySlaveBoundary
ToModifySlaveBoundary
DoubleclickonthetabSlave1
InSlaveBoundarywindow,
ChangetherelationtoBs=-Bm
PressOK
Analyze
9.14
9.14-28
Maxwell v14
Results
Slave=-Master
Master
9.15
BasicExercises PermanentMagnetAssignment
9.15-1
Maxwell v14
PermanentMagnetsAssignment
Thisexercisewilldiscusshowtosetupapermanentmagnet(PM)materialtoan
object.ThisprocedureisapplicableforMagnetostatic andTransientSolvers.
Problemdefinition
WeareinterestedtosolvethemagneticfieldofaCircularPMplacedinvacuum.
ThematerialofPMisNdFeB35andthemagnetismagnetizedinthedirection30
degreesrelativetotheGlobalXdirection.
Thiscanbeachievedbytwomethods
Bydefiningcomponentsformaterial
ByDefiningcoordinatesysteminrequireddirection
CreateDesign
ToCreateDesign
icon
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
9.15
9.15-2
Maxwell v14
CreateModel
ToCreateModel
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfields,entertheradiusofcircle
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameoftheresultingsheettoMagnet
ObjectOrientation
EachobjectinMaxwellisassociatedwithcertaincoordinatesystem.Thisis
calledOrientation anditisspecifiedunderattributesforeachobject.
ToChecktheOrientationoftheSheet
DoubleclickonthesheetMagnetfromhistorytreetoopenProperties
window
InPropertieswindow,
OrientationisspecifiedasGlobal
Thismeansthatourobjectmagnet iscurrentlyassociatedwiththe
Globalcoordinatesystem.GlobalCoordinatesystemexistsby
defaultinanewlyinsertedMaxwellDesign.Left-clickingonGlobal
allowschangingtheOrientation toothercoordinatesystem,
provided,ofcourse,thatsomeothercoordinatesystemexists.
PressOKtoclosethewindow
9.15
9.15-3
Maxwell v14
Orientationcanalsobeviewedgraphically.First,makesurethatthisfeatureis
enabled:
ToviewOrientationGraphically
SelectthemenuitemTools>Options>ModelerOptions
Inthewindow,
Displaytab
EnabletheoptionShoworientationofselectedobject
AftertheobjectisselectedfromGraphicwindow,orientationcoordinate
systemcanbeseeninsmallassociatedwitheachobject.
CreateRelativeCS
AllthemagneticmaterialsinMateriallibraryofMaxwellaremagnetizedinX
direction.Henceonceamagneticmaterialisappliedtoanyobject,itis
magnetizedinXdirectionofitsorientationcoordinatesystem
Alternately,magneticmaterialcanbeeditedtochangeitsdirectionof
magnetization.
ToCreateRelativeCS
SelectthemenuitemModeler>CoordinateSystem>Create>Relative
CS>Rotated
ChangetheCoordinateEntryFieldfromCartesiantoCylindrical
UsingCoordinateEntryField,Enterthepositionofnewcoordinate
system
R:1,Phi:30,Z:0,PressEnterkey
ThenewlycreatedCSautomaticallybecomesaworkingCS(smallw sign
isdisplayednexttotheiconofaWorkingCS).
SelectthemenuitemModeler>CoordinateSystem>SetWorkCS
SelectGlobal
9.15
9.15-4
Maxwell v14
AssignMaterial
ToAssignMagneticMaterialtotheSheet
SelectsheetMagnetfromhistorytree,rightclickandselectAssignMaterial
SelectmaterialNdFe35fromthelistandselectView/EditMaterial
APermanentMagnet(PM)withlinearcharacteristicisuniquely
definedbyspecifyingtwoofthefollowing:CoerciveField,Remanent
FluxDensity,RelativePermeability.CoerciveFieldandRelative
Permeabilityarechosenbydefaulttobespecified.Ifanyother
combinationofquantitiesisknowinstead,selectCalculate
PropertiesforPM andspecifythetwoknownquantities.The
remainingquantitywillbedeterminedautomatically.
Directionofmagnetizationisspecifiedbytheunitvectorrelativeto
theobjectorientation.IftheobjectisorientedwithrespecttoGlobal
coordinatesystem,unitvectorisspecifiedrelativetoGlobal.
AsXcomponentofunitVectoris1,andY,Zcomponentsare
0,unitvectorisinXdirectionoforientationcoordinatesystem
HencetheobjectMagnetisnoworientedinXdirectionof
Globalcoordinatesystem.Wewillchangetheorientationof
theMagnetonthenextpagetoalterthedirection.
MaterialCoordinateSystemdefinesifMagnetizationisinCartesian
orcylindricalcoordinatesystem
IfCylindricalCoordinatesystemisused,unitvectorswill
changetoR,PhiandZ
SelectOKtoassignmaterial
9.15
9.15-5
Maxwell v14
MagnetizationDirectionswithvariousOptions
EffectofOrientationCoordinateSystem
Orientation:Global,MaterialCoordinateSystem:Cartesian,
UnitVectors(X,Y,Z):1,0,0
9.15
9.15-6
Maxwell v14
Orientation:RelativeCS1,MaterialCoordinateSystem:Cartesian,
UnitVectors(X,Y,Z):1,0,0
EffectofMaterialCoordinateSystem
Orientation:Global,MaterialCoordinateSystem:Cylindrical,
UnitVectors(R,Phi,Z):1,0,0
9.15
9.15-7
Maxwell v14
Orientation:Global,MaterialCoordinateSystem:Cylindrical,
UnitVectors(R,Phi,Z):-1,0,0
ChangeMagnetOrientation
ToChangetheOrientationoftheMagnet
DoubleclickonthesheetMagnetfromhistorytreetoopenProperties
window
LeftclickintheValuecolumnforOrientationandselectRelativeCS1
NowMagnetisorientedwithrespecttoRelativeCS1.Oncethemagnetic
materialisappliedtothesheet,theobjectwillbeMagnetizedinXdirection
ofRelativeCS1
9.15
9.15-8
Maxwell v14
DefineRegion
InRegionwindow,
3. Value:500
4. PressOK
AssignBoundary
LeavetheValueto0
PressOK
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
PressOK
Analyze
9.15
9.15-9
Maxwell v14
PlotResults
ToPlotFluxLines
PressDone
ModifyAttributes
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
ChangeNum.Divisionto50
PressOK
ANSYSMaxwellFieldSimulatorv14 ElectricalMachineDesignReference 11.1-1
ANSYSElectricalMachineDesignReference
11.1
Maxwell v14
ElectricalMachineDesignReference
11.1
Maxwell v14
Content
GeneralTips
RMxprt Maxwell
GeometryCreation
MaterialAssignment
ExcitationSetup
BoundaryConditions
MeshOperations
SolutionSetup
Force/TorqueCalculation
InductanceCalculation
LossCalculation
ViewResults
ParameterSweepandOptimization
IncreasingSimulationSpeed
- 3
- 8
- 11
- 14
- 20
- 24
- 27
- 31
- 35
- 36
- 39
- 41
- 44
- 47
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeneralTips
1. ProjectInterface
Project
Manager
window
Properties
window
Massage
window
Progress
window
Graphic
window
History
Tree
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeneralTips
2. ExecutingCommandsfromMenuBar
Edit
View Draw
Modeler
Maxwell2D/3D
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeneralTips
3. ExecutingCommandsfromToolbarIcons
DisplayingorHidingIndividualToolbars
RightClickonMaxwellwindowframe
AlistofallToolbarsisdisplayed
Thetoolbarswithacheckmarkbesidesthemarevisiblewhile
othersareinvisible
ClicktheToolbarnametoturnitsdisplayOnorOff
Toolbar:Lines
andCurves
Toolbar:2D
Objects
Toolbar:3D
Objects
Pan
RotateAround
ModelCenter
RotateAround
CurrentAxis
RotateAround
ScreenCenter
Dynamic
Zoom
ZoomIn/Out
FitAll
FitSelected
ModelerToolbar
GeometryManipulationToolbar
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeneralTips
4. ExecutingCommandsByRightMouseClick
IfDontKnowwheretofindacommand
TryaRightmouseclick
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeneralTips
5. ExecutingCommandsusingKeyboardShortcuts
GeneralShortcuts
Help:F1
Contexthelp:Shift+F1
Closeprogram:CTRL+F4
Copy:CTRL+C
Newproject:CTRL+N
Open:CTRL+O
Save:CTRL+S
Print:CTRL+P
Paste:CTRL+V
Cut:CTRL+X
Redo:CTRL+Y
Undo:CTRL+Z
Cascadewindows:CTRL+
0
Tilewindowshorizontally:
CTRL+1
Tilewindowsvertically:
CTRL+2
ModelerShortcuts
Selectface/objectbehindcurrentselection:
B
Faceselectmode:F
Objectselectmode:O
Selectallvisibleobjects:CTRL+A
Deselectallobjects:CTRL+SHIFT+A
Fitview:CTRL+D
Zoomin,screencenter:CTRL+E
Zoomout,screencenter:CTRL+F
Shiftsthelocalcoordinatesystem
temporarily:CTRL+Enter
Drag:SHIFT+LeftMouseButton
Rotatemodel:Alt+LeftMouseButton
Zoomin/out:Alt+SHIFT+LeftMouse
Button
Switchtopointentrymode(i.e.draw
objectsbymouse):F3
Switchtodialogueentrymode(i.e.draw
objectsolelybyentryincommandand
attributesbox.):F4
Rendermodelwireframe:F6
Rendermodelsmoothshaded:F7
Setmodelprojectionto
standardisometricprojections:
Alt+DoubleClickLeftMouse
Buttonatpointsonscreen
ALT+RightMouseButton+
DoubleClickLeftMouse
Buttonatpointsonscreen:
givethenineopposite
projections
11.1
Maxwell v14
RMxprt Maxwell
FullIntegrationofRMxprt andMaxwell
RMxprt andMaxwellarenowFullyIntegrated
AllRMxprt dataisexportedtoMaxwell2Dor3D
ThisincludesGeometry,Materials,Boundaries,Excitations,MotionSetup,MeshOperations,
SolutionSetups,Results,Plotsetc.
WithMaxwellV14,evenMaxwell3DProjectimportsRMxprt Boundaries,Excitations,Mesh
Operations,SolutionSetup,Results,Plotsetc
11.1
Maxwell v14
RMxprt Maxwell
FullIntegrationofRMxprt andMaxwell2D
MotionSetup
Boundaries
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
SolveSetup
ResultPlots
Materials
Geometry
Ready to Solve : Select the menu item
Maxwell 2D > Analyze All
11.1
Maxwell v14
RMxprt Maxwell
FullIntegrationofRMxprt andMaxwell2D
MotionSetup
Boundaries
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
SolveSetup
ResultPlots
Materials
Geometry
Ready to Solve : Select the menu item
Maxwell 3D > Analyze All
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeometryCreation
1. UseRMxprt
CreateModelinRMxprt andexporttoMaxwell
2. UseUserDefinedPrimitives
CreateModelinMaxwellusingUDPs
ChangeLengthto0tomake2Dsheet
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeometryCreation
3. UseMaxwellGeometryUtilities
CreateModelMaxwelldirectlyusingMaxwellGeometrycreationutilities
Toolbar:Lines
andCurves
Toolbar:2D
Objects
Toolbar:3D
Objects
11.1
Maxwell v14
GeometryCreation
4. ImportGeometry
GeometrycanalsobeimportedinMaxwellfromExternalsource
Maxwellcanimportgeometryfilesfromvarioussources
WithMaxwellV14,externalCADfilescanalsobeimportedinMaxwelldirectly
11.1
Maxwell v14
MaterialAssignment
1. HowtoAssignMaterial
11.1
Maxwell v14
MaterialAssignment
2. ObjectscanbeGroupedbyMaterial
3. MaterialCoordinateSystems
MaterialscanbedefinedinCartesian,CylindricalorSphericalCoordinateSystems
11.1
Maxwell v14
MaterialAssignment
4. Linear,NonlinearandAnisotropicMaterials
5. ImportOldMaterialLibraries(fromOlderVersionsofMaxwell)
FromthemenuitemMaxwell2D>TranslateMaterialDatabase
11.1
Maxwell v14
MaterialAssignment
6. OptionstocalculatePermanentmagnetorCoreLossProperties
11.1
Maxwell v14
MaterialAssignment
7. MaterialLibraryManagement
3- TierLibraryStructure
System(Global)Level:PredefinedwithMaxwellandshipswithnewupgrades,userscannotmodify
this
UserLibrary:Tobesharedamongtheseveralusersatacompany(canbeencrypted)
PersonalLibraries:Tobeusedbysingleuser(canbeencrypted)
AddNewmaterials:Tools>EditConfiguredLibraries>Materials
NewInterfaceforMaterialsettingsharedwithRMxprt
ClickAddMaterial.Materialisonlyavailableincurrentproject.
ToAddMaterialstoUserorPersonalLibrary
ClickonExportLibraryandsaveitinthedesiredlibrary
11.1
Maxwell v14
MaterialAssignment
8. MagnetizationandDemagnetization
3
rd
QuadrantDemagnetization
1
st
QuadrantMagnetization
B
H
0
Load line without other
sources
Demagnetization point
Hc after
demagnetization
Load line with other
sources
Initial Br
Br after
demag
B
H
0
Br
Line b
Line a
p
11.1
Maxwell v14
ExcitationSetup
Magnetostatic Solver
ToAssignExcitationsinMagnetostatic Solver,selectcoils,rightclickandselectAssign
Excitations
Amp Turns!
11.1
Maxwell v14
ExcitationSetup
TransientSolver
ToAssignExcitationsinMagnetostatic Solver
Selectcoils,rightclickandselectAssignExcitations
AddWindingandchooseexcitationtype:Current,VoltageorExternal
11.1
Maxwell v14
ExcitationSetup
TransientSolver
WindingTypes
CurrentExcitation VoltageExcitation
ExternalCircuit
EndInductance
PhaseResistance
11.1
Maxwell v14
ExcitationSetup
TransientSolver
ExcitationsforElectricalMachines
EndConnection
ForInductionMachineSquirrelCageend-rings
ZeroCurrent
ForPermanentMagnets/SolidRotorwhencalculatingeddycurrentlosses
11.1
Maxwell v14
BoundaryConditions
1. ToAssignBoundaryConditions
Selecttheedgestobeassignedtheboundarycondition
RightclickandselectAssignBoundary
2. SymmetryBoundary:Even&Odd
Symmetry:Even(FluxNormal)
Symmetry:Odd(FluxTangential)
11.1
Maxwell v14
BoundaryConditions
3. VectorPotential=0andBalloon
BalloononallEdgesofRegion ZeroVectorPotentialonouterEdgesofStator
FluxCanExitandRe-enter
theBoundary
FluxCanNOTEscapethe
Boundary
11.1
Maxwell v14
BoundaryConditions
4. Master/Slave(MatchingBoundary,PeriodicBoundary)
Bs=Bm
Bs=-Bm
11.1
Maxwell v14
MeshOperation
1. AutomaticandAdaptiveMeshing
11.1
Maxwell v14
MeshOperation
2. ToAssignMeshOperations
Selectthegeometrytobeassignedthemeshoperation
RightclickandselectAssignMeshoperation
OnSelection
InsideSelection
11.1
Maxwell v14
MeshOperation
3. SkinDepthBasedMesh
11.1
Maxwell v14
MeshOperation
3. SurfaceApproximationMesh
MaximumSurfaceDeviation
Maximumdeviationthattrianglesurfacesmayhavefrom
truecurvedgeometrysurface
MaximumSurfaceNormalDeviation
Maximumangulardifference,indegrees,thatatriangle
facesnormalcanhavefromthesurfacenormalforthetrue
geometrywhichitismeanttorepresent
MaximumAspectRatio:
MaximumallowedAspectRatioofallthefaces
11.1
Maxwell v14
SolutionSetup
1. Magnetostatic Solver
SolutionSetupcanbeaddedfromthemenuitemMaxwell2D>AnalysisSetup>Add
SolutionSetup
11.1
Maxwell v14
SolutionSetup
2. TransientSolver
SolutionSetupcanbeaddedfromthemenuitemMaxwell2D>AnalysisSetup>Add
SolutionSetup
11.1
Maxwell v14
SolutionSetup
3. TransientSolver
MotionSetup
Selecttheband,rightclickandselectAssignBand
11.1
Maxwell v14
SolutionSetup
4. TransientSolver
TwoBands
Fortransientmotionsolver,twobandswithtwoindependentlymovingobjectscanbe
specified
Bothrotationalandtranslationalsolverscanbespecifiedwithtwobands
Rotor I
Rotor II
Stator
11.1
Maxwell v14
Torque/ForceCalculation
1. ForMagnetostatic Solver
Selecttheobjecttobeassignthecalculation
RightclickandselectAssignParameter
ABandobjectisrecommendedinMagnetostatic
simulations,butnotrequired.
Thebandisadummyair/vacuumobjectbetween
movingandstationaryparts.
ForMagnetostatic Solver,Userhavetomanually
specifytheForce/TorqueCalculations
2. ForTransientSolver
ABandobjectisrequiredforTransientsimulationswith
motion.
InaTransientsimulation,movingtorqueisassignedby
thesolverautomatically.
ThemovingtorquecalculatedinaTransientsimulation
isthetorqueonallobjectsINSIDEtheband(not
includingtheband).
11.1
Maxwell v14
1. InductanceCalculationswithTransientSolver
100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 1000.00
Time [us]
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
L
(
P
h
a
s
e
A
,P
h
a
s
e
A
)
[m
H
]
3ph_ind_tr6 XY Plot 3 ANSOFT
Curve Inf o
L(PhaseA,PhaseA)
Setup1 : Transient
11.1
Maxwell v14
2. IncrementalInductanceComputation
11.1
Maxwell v14
3. ApparentInductanceandIncrementalInductance
ApparentInductance
IncrementalInductance
k
j
a
jk
i
L

=
k
j
d
jk
i
L
=

11.1
Maxwell v14
LossCalculations
1. ToEnableLossCalculations
RightclickonExcitationstabfromProjectManagerwindow
2. EddyLossCalculation
IfEddyLossistobecalculated,itisrecommendedtocalculatetheskindepthfirst,thenhave
atleasttwolayersoftheelementsfrothefirstskindepth
11.1
Maxwell v14
LossCalculations
3. CoreLossCalculations
CoreLosspropertiesneedstobesettothematerialforwhichlossesaretobecalculated
11.1
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
1. Create2DPlots
RightmouseclickonthetabResultsinProjectManagerwindow
2. CreateQuickReports
AvailablewithTransientSolver
Mostkeyplotsareincluded:Torque,PhaseCurrents,BackEMF,Lossesetc.
11.1
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
3. ToViewMesh/FieldPlots
RightmouseclickonthetabFieldOverlaysinProjectManagerwindow
11.1
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
4. ToViewMesh/FieldPlotsforTransientSolver
ToViewMeshorFieldplotsatvarioustimeintervalsofTransientsolver
SelectthemenuitemView>SetSolutionContext ordoubleclickonTimeindicationat
thebottomofGraphicwindow
5. ToViewMesh/FieldPlotsinMagnetostatic Solver
ToViewMeshorFieldplotsatdifferentvariationsinMagnetostatic Solver,fieldsofthose
variationsmustbesaved
11.1
Maxwell v14
ParametricSweepandOptimization
1. Optimetrics Module
Parametrics:
Defineoneormorevariablesweepdefinitions,eachspecifyingaseriesofvariable
valueswithinarange.Easilyviewandcomparetheresultsusingplotortableto
determinehoweachdesignvariationaffectstheperformanceofthedesign.
Optimization:
Identifythecostfunctionandtheoptimizationgoal.Optimetrics automaticallychanges
thedesignparameter(s)tomeetthegoal.Thecostfunctioncanbebasedonany
solutionquantitythatcanbecomputed,suchasfieldvalues,R,L,Cforce,torque,
volumeorweight.
Sensitivity:
Determinethesensitivityofthedesigntosmallchangesinvariablesinthevicinityofa
designpoint.Outputsinclude:Regressionvalueatthecurrentvariablevalue,first
derivativeoftheregression,secondderivativeoftheregression.
Tuning:
Variablevaluesarechangedinteractivelyandtheperformanceofthedesignis
monitored.UsefulafterperforminganoptimizationinOptimetrics tofinetunethe
optimalvariablevalueandseehowthedesignresultsareaffected.
Statistical:
Showsthedistribution(Histogram)ofadesignoutputlikeforce,torqueorlosscaused
byastatisticalvariation(MonteCarlo)ofinputvariables.
11.1
Maxwell v14
2. ParametersforOptimetrics
Everyitemthathasavaluecanbesetasavariableandcanbe
sweptoroptimized
3. SetupParametricSweep
Geometry
Excitation
Materials
Frequency
Speed
Torque/Force
Inductance
11.1
Maxwell v14
4. SetupOptimization
11.1
Maxwell v14
1. ToEnableMulti-processoroption
Maxwellwillsplitalargematrixintosmalleronesandsolvesimultaneouslyondifferent
processors
Eachadditionalprocessorwillcontributetosolutionspeedimprovements
Speedincreasewillvarybasedondesignandsizeofthemodel
Thebenefitofmultiprocessoroptioncanbebestseeninlarge3Ddesigns
11.1
Maxwell v14
2. ToEnableDistributedAnalysistoallParametricDesigns
SelectthemenuitemTools>Options>GeneralOptions
11.1
Maxwell v14
3. SubstantialSpeedIncrease
Parametricvariations:1296
Solvetime,oneprocessor:13hr,15min
Solvetime,distributed,8CPUs:2hr,30min
Speedimprovement:5.3X
11.2
Motors PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine
11.2-1
Maxwell v14
PermanentMagnetSynchronous
Machine
11.2
11.2-2
Maxwell v14
Content
RMxprt (pg3-14)
BasicTheory
ReviewExample
AddUniqueWindingArrangement
SetupParametricProblem
ExportDesigntoMaxwell2D
Maxwell:CoggingTorque(pg15-35)
ReviewMaxwellSetup
ApplyMeshOperations
SolveNominalProblem
CreateVariables
SetupOptimizationProblem
Reviewpre-solvedOptimizationResults
Maxwell:OpenCircuitBackEMF(pg36-42)
DefineMaterialCoreLossCharacteristics
ConsiderPowerLossinMagnets
SolveProblemandReviewResults
Maxwell:RatedCondition(pg43-53)
FunctionalVoltageSource
ModifyRotorGeometryusingUDPs
WindingSetupDefinitionsandVariableDefinition
ChoosingOptimalTimeStep
SolveProblemandReviewpre-solvedResults
Simplorer:DriveDesign(pg54-57)
CreateaMachineModel
UsetheModelinCircuitSimulation
Notes:
RMxprt/MaxwellV14orhigherisrequired
Basicknowledgeofelectricmachineisrequired
BasicunderstandingofFiniteElementAnalysisisrequired
11.2
11.2-3
Maxwell v14
1.RMxprt
ASSM:Adjustable-SpeedSynchronousMachine
Rotorspeediscontrolledbyadjustingthefrequencyoftheinputvoltage
UnlikebrushlessPMDCmotors,ASSMdoesnotutilizethepositionsensors.
Rotorcanbeeitherinneroroutertype
Canoperateasageneratororasamotor
MotorMode:
SinusoidalACsource
DCsourceviaaDCtoACinverter
Generator Mode:
SuppliesanACsourceforelectricloads
Background
InputvoltageUisthereferencephasor,
lettheangleIlagsUbe,thepower
factorangle
LettheangleI lagsE0 be.Thed- and
theq-axiscurrentscanbeobtained
respectivelyasfollows
OM canbeusedtodeterminethedirectionofE0
= I I
cos
sin
I
I
I
q
d
I
q
d 1
I
I
= tan
) j j (
aq 1 1
X X R OM + + = I U
11.2
11.2-4
Maxwell v14
LettheangleE0 lags U be,whichiscalled
thetorqueangleforthemotor,thentheangle
is
Foragiventorqueangle :
SolvingforId andIq yields:
Thepowerfactorangle is
TheInputelectricpoweris
TheOutputmechanicalpoweris
Pf
w
:FrictionalandWindLoss
P
Cua:
ArmatureCopperLoss
P
Fe
:Iron-coreLoss
Torque:
Efficiency:
=
sin
cos
U
E U
I
I
X R
R X
0
q
d
q 1
1 d

+
+
=

sin ) cos (
sin ) cos (
U X E U R
U R E U X
X X R
1
I
I
d 0 1
1 0 q
q d
2
1
q
d
+ =
cos 3
1
UI P =
) (
1 2 Fe Cua fw
P P P P P + + =
2
2
P
T =
% 100
P
P
1
2
=
11.2
11.2-5
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
SettingToolOptions
boundaries: Checked
Checked
11.2
11.2-6
Maxwell v14
OpenInputFile
ToOpenFile
LocatethefileEx_11_PM_SyncMotor.mxwlandOpenit
AnalyzeDefaultSetup
ToAnalyzeDefaultSetup
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >AnalyzeAll
Results
ToViewResults
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >Results>SolutionData
InSolutionswindow,
Performancetab
SetDatatoNo-loadOperation toviewcorrespondingresults
11.2
11.2-7
Maxwell v14
Curvestab
SelectthePerformancecurvethatneedstobeanalyzed
AddNewWindingArrangement
ToSetUserDefinedWinding
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewStator
DoubleclickonthetabWinding tomodifyitsparameters
InPropertieswindow,
SelectthetabWhole-Coiledtomodifyitsparameters
InWindingwindow,
SelectthetabEditor
PressOKtoclosewindingwindow
11.2
11.2-8
Maxwell v14
ToModifyWindingArrangement
RightclickontheWindingEditorpageandselectEditLayout
InWindingEditorwindow,
ConstantPitch: Unchecked
ChangeOuterSlotfor
Coil_2:5B
Coil_4:7B
Coil_6:9B
PressOK
ToViewNewwindingArrangement
PlacethemouseonanyoftheAPhaseCoils,rightclickandselect
Connectone-phasecoils
11.2
11.2-9
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToAnalyzeSetup
Results
ToViewResults
InSolutionswindow,
Performancetab
SetDatatoFull-LoadOperation toviewcorresponding
results
11.2
11.2-10
Maxwell v14
SetupParametricAnalysis
AddvariableforNo.ofConductors
DoubleclickonthetabWindingtomodifyitsProperties
InWindingwindow,
ConductorsPerSlot:CPS
PressTabkey
Value:8
PressOK
PressOKtoclosePropertieswindow
SetDepthParameterforStator
DoubleclickonthetabStatorfromProjectManagertree
InPropertieswindow,
Length:Depth
PressTabkey
Value:84
PressOK
11.2
11.2-11
Maxwell v14
SetDepthParameterforRotor
DoubleclickonthetabRotorfromProjectManagertree
InPropertieswindow,
Length:Depth
PressOK
AddParametricSetup
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >Optimetrics Analysis>AddParametric
Variable:CPS
SelectLinearstep
Start:4
Stop:20
Step:1
SelectAdd>>
ChangeVariabletoDepth
SelectLinearstep
Start:80
Stop:90
Step:1
SelectAdd>>
PressOK
11.2
11.2-12
Maxwell v14
InSetSweepAnalysiswindow,CalculationstabselectSetupCalculations
Category:Current
Quantity:RMSLineCurrentParameter
ChangeCategorytoPower
Quantity:OutputPowerParameter
ChangeCategorytoMisc.
Quantity:EfficiencyParameter
SelectDone
PressOKtocloseSetupSweepAnalysiswindow
AnalyzeParametricSetup
ToRunParametricAnalysis
RightClickonthetabParametricSetup1andselectAnalyze
11.2
11.2-13
Maxwell v14
ViewResults
ToViewResults
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >Optimetrics Analysis>Optimetrics Results
SetviewtoTable
ItcanbeseenthatEfficiencyincreasesfrom98.1to98.3
CreateMaxwellDesign
ToCreateMaxwellDesign
RightclickonthetabSetup1andselectCreateMaxwellDesign
InCreateMaxwellDesignwindow,
Selectthebuttonforthevariations
InSetDesignVariationswindow,
UseNominalDesign: Unchecked
SelectthevariationwithCPS16andDepthof86mm
PressOK
PressOKtocreateMaxwelldesign
11.2
11.2-14
Maxwell v14
Maxwell2D:BaseDesign
Motion
Boundaries
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
Analysis
Setup
Results
Objects
Materials
ProjectManagerTree HistoryTree
GraphicsWindow
11.2
11.2-15
Maxwell v14
2.MaxwellCoggingTorque
ChangeDesignName
ToChangetheNameofDesign
RightclickontheMaxwell2DDesignfromProjectManagertreeandselect
Rename
ChangethenameofthedesigntoPMSM_CT
ModifyExcitations
ToModifyExcitations
DoubleclickonthetabPhaseA tomodifyitsparameters
InWindingwindow,
ChangeTypetoCurrent
PressOK
RepeatthesameforPhaseB andPhaseC
ModifyMeshParameters
ToModifyMeshOperationforMagnets
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewMeshOperations
DoubleclickonthetabLength_Mag tomodifyitsparameters
MaximumLengthofElements:Changeto3.75/2mm
PressOK
11.2
11.2-16
Maxwell v14
ModifyMeshoperationLength_Main
DoubleclickonmeshoperationLength_Main
MaximumLengthofElements:Changeto10.96/4mm
PressOK
ModifySurfaceApproximationforMagnet
DoubleclickonmeshoperationSurfApprox_Mag
Setmaximumsurfacedeviation(length):190nm
PressOK
Thisyieldsanangularsegmentationof =0.25deg.
ristheinsideradiusofthestatorwhichis81mm
)) 2 / cos( 1 ( = r D
11.2
11.2-17
Maxwell v14
ModifySurfaceApproximationforMain
DoubleclickonmeshoperationSurfApprox_Main
Setmaximumsurfacedeviation(length):190nm
PressOK
ModifyBand
ToModifyBandObjects
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetBand
DoubleclickonthecommandCreateUserDefinedPart
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeSegAngle to0.25deg
PressOK
NOTE:Thissmallvalueforangularsegmentation,0.25deg,isneededonly
forverysensitivecalculationssuchasCoggingTorque
11.2
11.2-18
Maxwell v14
ModifyMotionSetup
ToModifyMotion
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewModel
DoubleclickonthetabMotionSetup1
Mechanicaltab
PressOK
ModifyAnalysisSetup
DoubleClickonthetabSetup1tomodifyitsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:15s
TimeStep:0.25s
SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0s
Stop:15s
Step:1s
SelectthebuttonAddtoList
PressOK
11.2
11.2-19
Maxwell v14
CreateOutputParameters
CreateGeometryforOutputParameters
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Arc>CenterPoint
ChangetheCoordinateEntryFieldfromCartesiantoCylindrical
UsingCoordinateEntryField,entertheaxisofthearc
R:0,Phi:0,Z:0,PresstheEnterkey
UsingCoordinateEntryField,enterthefirstradialpoint
R:80.8,Phi:0,Z:0,PresstheEnterkey
UsingCoordinateEntryField,enterthesweeparclength
R:80.8,Phi:45,Z:0,PresstheEnterkey
PressEnteragaintoexitdrawing
Changethenameoftheresultingpolyline toAG_Arc
CreateCalculatorParameterBrad
InCalculatorwindow,
SelectInput>Quantity>B
SelectVector>Scal?>ScalarX
SelectthequantityPHI
PressOK
SelectScalar>Trig>Cos
SelectGeneral>*
SelectVector>Scal?>ScalarY
SelectthequantityPHI
PressOK
SelectScalar>Trig>Sin
SelectGeneral>*
SelectGeneral>+
SelectthebuttonAdd
Name:BradandPressOK
11.2
11.2-20
Maxwell v14
CreateCalculatorParameterBrad_Avg
Incalculatorwindow,
SelectBradfromNamedExpressionslistandSelectCopytostack
SettheradiobuttontoLine
SelecttheentityAG_Arc
PressOK
SelectScalar>Integrate
SelectInput>Number
Value:1
PressOK
SettheradiobuttontoLine
SelecttheentityAG_Arc
PressOK
SelectGeneral>/
SelectAdd
Name:Brad_Avg andPressOK
CreateParameterMag_Area
SelectInput>Number
Value:1
PressOK
SettheradiobuttontoSurface
SelecttheentityMag_0
PressOK
SelectInput>Number
Value:1e6.(ToConvertm
2
tomm
2
)
PressOK
SelectGeneral>*
SelectAdd
Name:Mag_Area andPressOK
11.2
11.2-21
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
Results
ViewTorqueVsTime
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewResults
DoubleclickonXYPlotTorque>Moving1.Torquetoviewtorqueresults
RightclickontheplotandselectExport
Savetheplotwhichwewilluselater
Sincethespeedisheldconstantat1.0deg/sec,theX-Axisrepresentsboth
timeandposition,i.e.10sec=10deg
SetSolutionContext
SettheTimeto0s
PressOK
11.2
11.2-22
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
PressDone
DoubleclickontheLegendtomodifyitsattributes
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
Num.Division:50
PressApplyandClose
SelectcreateFieldPlotfromProjectmanagertree,rightclickandselect
Animate
InSetupAnimationwindow,pressOK
11.2
11.2-23
Maxwell v14
PlotBradinAirgap
ToPlotBrad
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateFieldReport>
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Tracetab
Geometry:AG_Arc
X:
Default:Unchecked
SetXtonormalize(Distance)
Y:
Category:CalculatorExpressions
Quantity:Brad
Familiestab
Time:Setto0ns
SelectNewReport
11.2
11.2-24
Maxwell v14
AddVariables
ToAddvariablestoMagnet
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetMag_0
DoubleclickonthecommandCreateUserDefinedPart tomodifyits
Properties
InPropertieswindow,
Embrace:SettoPoleEmbrace ,PressTabkey
Value:0.85
PressOK
ThickMag:SettoMagnetThickness,PressTabKey
Value:7.5mm
PressOK
Offset:PoleOffset ,PressTabKey
Value:0mm
PressOK
11.2
11.2-25
Maxwell v14
AddVariablestoInnerRegion
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetInnerRegion
Properties
InPropertieswindow,
Embrace:PoleEmbrace
ThickMag:MagnetThickness
Offset:PoleOffset
AddVariablestoRotor
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetRotor
Properties
InPropertieswindow,
Embrace:PoleEmbrace
ThickMag:MagnetThickness
Offset:PoleOffset
11.2
11.2-26
Maxwell v14
ModifyVariableValues
InPropertieswindow,
SettheradiobuttontoOptimization
FortheParameter PoleEmbrace
Include: Checked
Min:0.6
Max:0.9
FortheParameter MagnetThickness
Include: Checked
Min:6.5mm
Max:9.5mm
FortheParameter PoleOffset
Include: Checked
Min:0mm
Max:30mm
PoleEmbrace
MagnetThickness
PoleOffset
11.2
11.2-27
Maxwell v14
AboutOptimizationRequirements
CoggingTorque
PeakvalueofCoggingTorqueforNominalSetup=2.2N-m
Theabovevaluewascalculatedwith
PoleEmbrace =0.85,MagnetThickness =7.5mm,PoleOffset
=0mm
MaximumCoggingTorque=5.5N-m
Theabovevalueisconsideredforparametervaluesof
PoleEmbrace =0.9,MagnetThickness =9.5mm,PoleOffset =
0mm
Themaximumvalueofcoggingtorquemaylayoutsidethese
parametervalues,i.e somewhereelseinthesolutiondomain.
Thesevaluesareusedjusttodefinearangefortheobjective.
OptimizationGoalistoachieveCoggingTorqueof0.2N-m
SubjectivelychosentoreduceCoggingTorquebymorethan10X
NormalizeSolutionRange:1to10
G1=1+(max(abs(Torque)) 0.2)*(9/5.3)
Objective:G1=1.0
B
avg
NominalvalueofB
avg
=0.76Tesla
Range:0.50<B
avg
<0.81Tesla
NormalizeRange:1to10
G2=1+(Brad_Avg 0.5)*9/0.31
Objective:G2=8.55
MagnetArea
Range:220<Mag_area <510mm
2
NormalizeRange:1to10
G3=1+(Mag_area 220)*9/290
Objective:G3=1.0
Note:
TheRangeforB
avg
andMagnetAreawascalculatedbysimulationthe
minimumandmaximumvalues:
MagnetThickness :6.5mmand9.5mm,PoleEmbrace:0.6and0.9,
PoleOffset :0mmand30mm
11.2
11.2-28
Maxwell v14
SetupOptimization
ToSetupOptimizationAnalysis
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Optimetrics Analysis>Add
Optimization
Optimizer:GeneticAlgorithm
SelectthebuttonSetupadjacenttoOptimizeroption
MaximumNumberofGenerations:20
Parents
NumberofIndividuals:20
MatingPool
Children
NextGeneration
RouletteSelection: Unchecked
PressOK
11.2
11.2-29
Maxwell v14
InSetupOptimizationwindow,SelectSetupCalculations
Category:Torque
Function:abs
ChangeCalculationExpressionto:1+(max(abs(Moving1.Torque))-
0.2)*9/5.3
ChangeReportTypetoFields
Quantity:Brad_Avg
ChangeCalculatorExpressionto:1+(Brad_Avg - 0.5)*9/0.31
ChangeQuantitytoMag_Area
ChangeCalculatorExpressionto:1+(Mag_Area - 220)*9/290
PressClosetoreturntoSetupOptimizationwindow
11.2
11.2-30
Maxwell v14
ChangeCalculationrangefortheexpressionswithBrad_Avg and
Mag_Area to0ns
SettheGoalandWeightvaluesasshowninbelowimage
WeightvaluesforCoggingTorqueandAirGapFluxDensity
aresettosamevaluewhichistwicetheMagnetAreaweight
Note:
Cost1=(G1 1)
2
*W1
whereG1=1+(max(abs(Torque)) 0.2)*9/5.3
Cost2=(G2 8.55)
2
*W2
whereG2=1+(Brad_Avg 0.5)*9/0.31
Cost3=(G3 1)
2
*W3
whereG3=1+(Mag_area 220)*9/290
Cost=Cost1+Cost2+Cost3
11.2
11.2-31
Maxwell v14
InSetupOptimizationwindow,selectVariablestab
ChangeStartingvaluesforallparametersasshowninbelowimage
PressOKtocloseSetupoptimizationwindow
ModifyAnalysisSettings
DoubleclickonthetabSetup1 tomodifyitsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
ChangeStopTimeto3.75s
PressOK
RunOptimization
Note:
Solutiontaketoolongtocompleteintheclass.Youcanopenthe
alreadysolvedfilePM_SyncMotor_Opt.zipandcontinuefromthere
11.2
11.2-32
Maxwell v14
OptimizationResults
ToViewOptimizationresults
RightclickonthetabOptimizationSetup1andselectViewAnalysisResults
SelecttheTableoptiontoviewresultsintabularform
11.2
11.2-33
Maxwell v14
VerifyOptimizedResults
Sincethefieldsolutionwasnotsavedforeachvariationintheoptimization
solution,createasecondMaxwell2Ddesignandsolvetheproblemwiththe
optimizeddesignvariablevalues.
CopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwell2DDesignPMSM_CTfromProjectManagertree,
rightclickandselectCopy
RightclickonProjectnameinProjectManagertreeandselectPaste
RenamethenewlycreateddesigntoPMSM_CT_Verify
ModifyDesignVariables
InPropertieswindow,
ChangethevalueforPoleEmbrace to0.88
ChangethevalueofMagnetThickness to6.54mm
ChangethevalueofPoleOffset to19.6mm
PressOK
DoubleclickonthetabSetup1 tomodifyitsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
ChangeStopTimeto7.5s
PressOK
11.2
11.2-34
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
RightclickonthetabSetup1 andselectAnalyze
Results
CoggingTorque
DoubleclickontheTorquePlottoviewCoggingTorqueResults
RightclickoncreatedplotandselectImport
SelecttheTorqueplotthatweexportedpreviouslyandopenit
DoubleclickontheYAxisoftheplottomodifyitsattributes
ChangeMinto-3andMaxto3
PressOK
RightclickontheplotandselectMarker>AddXMarker
MovetheaddXmarkeralongXaxisandchecktheYvaluesa
correspondinglocations
NominalDesign
PoleEmbrace=0.88
MagnetThickness =6.54mm
PoleOffset =19.6mm
OptimizedDesign
PoleEmbrace=0.85
MagnetThickness =7.5mm
PoleOffset =0mm
11.2
11.2-35
Maxwell v14
AirGapFluxDensity
DoubleclickontheXYplotcorrespondingtoBradthatalreadyexists
FromtheProjectmanagertree,selecttheXYplotforFluxDensityfrom
NominaldesignPMSM_CT,rightclickandselectCopydata
Goto thenewdesignPMSM_CT_Verify,SelecttheXYPlotcorresponding
toFluxDensity,rightclickandselectPaste
CalculateAverageAirgap FluxDensityandMagnetArea
SelectBrad_Avg fromNamedExpressionslist
SelecttheButtonCopytostack
SelectOutput>Eval
Resultvalueis0.73Teslawhichclosetotargetedvalue(0.76
Tesla)
SimilarlyaddtheexpressionMag_Area
SelectOutput>Eval
Resultvalueis321mm
2
whichclosetotargetedvalue(383
mm
2
)
11.2
11.2-36
Maxwell v14
3.OpenCircuitBackEMF
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwell2DDesignPMSM_CT_VerifyfromProjectManager
RenamethenewlycreateddesigntoPMSM_OC_EMF
ModifyMotion
ToModifyMotionParameters
DoubleclickonthetabMotionSetup1tomodifyitsparameters
Mechanicaltab
ChangeAngularVelocityto3600rpm
PressOK
CalculateCoreLossCoefficientsfromMultipleCoreLossCurves
11.2
11.2-37
Maxwell v14
ToSetCoreLossParameters
SelectthematerialM19_26G_2DSF0.950fromHistorytree,rightclickand
selectProperties
InSelectDefinitionwindow,selectthebuttonView/EditMaterials
InView/EditMaterialswindow,
Selecttheoptionatthebottomofthewindow:CalculateProperties
forCoreLossversusFrequency
InCoreLossVersusFrequencywindow,
InEditfield,setvalueto60Hz
SelectAdd
TheFrequencyvaluegetsaddedtothelist
SelectthebuttonEditDatasetadjacenttoaddedfrequency
InEditDatasetwindow,
SelectImportDataset
LocatethefileM470-65A-60Hz.tabandOpenit
PressOK
11.2
11.2-38
Maxwell v14
InEditfield,setfrequencyto100Hz
SelectAdd
SelectthebuttonEditDatasetadjacenttoaddedfrequency
SelectImportDataset
LocatethefileM470-65A-100Hz.tabandOpenit
PressOK
InSimilarwaycontinueaddingdatasetsformorefrequencies
usingfilesmentionedbelow
200Hz
M470-65A-200Hz.tab
400Hz
M470-65A-400Hz.tab
600Hz
M470-65A-600Hz.tab
700Hz
M470-65A-700Hz.tab
1kHz
M470-65A-1kHz.tab
SelectOKtocloseCoreLossVersusFrequencywindow
SelectOKtocloseView/Editmaterialswindow
11.2
11.2-39
Maxwell v14
ModifyMagnetMaterial
ToModifyMagnetProperties
SelectthematerialNdFe30_2DSF1.000_Nfromhistorytree,rightclickand
selectProperties
InSelectDefinitionwindow,selectthebuttonView/EditMaterials
ChangeBulkConductivityto625000s/m
PressOK
Note:Materialpropertiesareglobalquantities,theaffectalldesigns.Thuswhen
modifyingmaterialsthatarecommontovariousdesigns,thesolutionstothe
designsbecomeinvalid.
11.2
11.2-40
Maxwell v14
AssignExcitation
SetExcitationforMagnet
SelectthesheetMag_0fromhistorytree
InCurrentExcitationswindow,
Name:I_Mag
Value: 0A
PressOK
Note:Byassigningzerocurrenttothemagnetitisassuredthattotal
currentintoandoutofthismagnetiszero.Ifthereweremorethanone
magnet,eachoneshouldhaveaseparateexcitationofzeroamps.
SetEddyEffects
InSetEddyEffectwindow
FortheobjectMag_0
Include: Checked
PressOK
SetCoreLossCalculation
FortheobjectsStatorandRotor
PressOK
11.2
11.2-41
Maxwell v14
ToModifyAnalysisSettings
DoubleclickonthetabSetup1tomodifyitsparameters
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:10ms
TimeStep:46.3us
SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0s
Stop:10ms
Step:1ms
SelectReplaceList>>
PressOK
Note:Thetimestepisdeterminedby:
Thefrequencyis240Hz,whichgivesaperiodof4.2msec.Thus10msec
is~2.5cycles
Analyze
ToRunthecalculations
RightclickonthetabSetup1andselectAnalyze
sec 3 . 46
deg 1
sec
deg 21600
sec 60
min 1
*
deg 360
*
min
3600
u rev
rev
= =
11.2
11.2-42
Maxwell v14
Results
PlotInducedVoltagesvs Time
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrlandselectInducedVoltage(PhaseA),
InducedVoltage(PhaseB)andInducedVoltage(PhaseC)
SelectNewReport
PlotCoreLossVsTime
InReportwindow,
ChangeCategorytoLoss
ChangeQuantitytoCoreLoss
SelectNewReport
11.2
11.2-43
Maxwell v14
4.RatedCondition
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwell2DDesignPMSM_OC_EMFfromProjectManager
RenamethenewlycreateddesigntoPMSM_Rated
ModifyGeometry
DeleteObjects
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsInnerRegion,Mag_0andRotorfrom
historytree
CreateNewRotor
SelectthemenuitemDraw>UserDefinedPrimitive>SysLib >RMxprt >
IPMCore
InUserDefinedPrimitiveOperationwindow,
ChangeParametersasshowninbelowimage
PressOK
11.2
11.2-44
Maxwell v14
ChangeAttributes
Selectthenewlycreatedsheetandgoto thePropertieswindow
ChangethenameofthesheettoRotor
ChangetheMaterialofthesheettoM19_26G_2DSF0.950
ArrangeRotor
SelectthesheetRotorfromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Arrange>Rotate
Axis:Z
Angle:22.5deg
PressOK
SplitRotor
Splitplane:XZ
Keepfragments:Positiveside
PressOK
RotatethesheetRotor
Axis:Z
Angle:-45deg
PressOK
SplitRotor
Splitplane:XZ
Keepfragments:Negativeside
PressOK
RotatethesheetRotor
Axis:Z
Angle:45deg
PressOK
11.2
11.2-45
Maxwell v14
CreateMagnets
SelectthesheetRotorfromHistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Copy orpressCtrl+C fromkeyboard
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Paste orpressCtrl+V fromkeyboard
NewSheetnamedRotor1iscreated
ExpandthehistorytreeforRotor1
parameters
Inthewindow,
ChangeInforCore to1
PressOK
SeparateMagnets
SelectthesheetRotor1fromhistorytree
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofsheetstoMag_0andMag_1
ChangethecolorofthesheetstoYellow
11.2
11.2-46
Maxwell v14
CreateDuct
SelectthesheetRotorfromHistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Copy orpressCtrl+C fromkeyboard
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Paste orpressCtrl+V fromkeyboard
NewSheetnamedRotor1iscreated
ExpandthehistorytreeforRotor1
parameters
Inthewindow,
ChangeInforCore to2
PressOK
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameoftheRotor1toDuct
ChangethecolorofthesheettoLightBlue
ChangethematerialtoVacuum
11.2
11.2-47
Maxwell v14
AssignMaterialtoMagnets
ToAssignmagneticMaterial
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsMag_0andMag_1,rightclickandselect
AssignMaterial
TypeNdFe30inSearchbyNamefield
SelectthebuttonCloneMaterial
Name:NdFe30_NV
EnsurethatXcomponentissetto1
EnsureYandZcomponentsaresetto0
PressOK
PressOKtocloseSelectDefinitionwindow
11.2
11.2-48
Maxwell v14
SetMagnetizationDirectionforMagnets
AsMaterialdefinedhasmagnetizationXdirectionoftheOrientationcoordinate
system,weneedtocreaterelativeCSwithXaxisindirectionofrequired
magnetizationdirection.
CreateRelativeCSforMag_0
SelectthemenuitemModeler>CoordinateSystem>Create>Relative
CS>Both
UsingGraphicwindow,selecttheoriginnewcoordinatesystemasshown
infirstimagebelow
UsingGraphicwindow,selectthevertextodefineXaxisasshownin
secondimagebelow
CreateRelativeCSforMag_1
UsingSimilarstepsasabove,createRelativeCSforMag_1
Origin
XAxis CreatedCoordinateSystem
Origin XAxis CreatedCoordinateSystem
11.2
11.2-49
Maxwell v14
AssignRelativeCSforMagnets
DoubleclickonthesheetMag_0fromhistorytreetoopenProperties
window
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeOrientationtoRelativeCS1
PressOK
SimilarlychangetheorientationofthesheetMag_1toRelativeCS2
AssignMeshOperationtoMagnets
ToAssignMeshoperation
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsMag_0andMag_1
Name:Length_Magnet
RestrictLengthofElements: Checked
MaximumLengthofElements:1mm
PressOK
11.2
11.2-50
Maxwell v14
Modifymotion
AddNewObjectstoMotion
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsRotor,Mag_0,Mag_1andDuct
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewModel>MotionSetup1
RightclickonthetabMoving1andselectAddSelectedobjects
ModifyMotionParameters
DoubleclickonthetabMotionSetup1tomodifyparameters
Datatab
ChangeInitialPositionto-18deg
Mechanicaltab
ChangeAngularVelocityto3600rpm
PressOK
11.2
11.2-51
Maxwell v14
ModifyExcitations
ToModifyExcitationsforPhaseA
InWindingwindow,
ChangeTypetoVoltage
Resistance:7.2mOhm
Inductance:5.75uH
Voltage:163.299*sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180)
PressOK
ModifyExcitationsforPhaseB andPhaseC
SimilarlychangeparametersforPhaseB andPhaseC asbelow
Voltages
PhaseB:163.299*sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180-2*pi/3)
PhaseC:163.299*sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180-4*pi/3)
11.2
11.2-52
Maxwell v14
SetYConnection
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>SetYConnection
InSetYConnectionwindow,
PressCtrlandselectallthreewindings
SelectthebuttonGroup->
PressOK
ModifyAnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
ChangeStopTimeto100ms
ChangeTimeStepto46.3us
PressOK
SetCoreLoss
ToSetCoreLossforRotor
InCoreLosswindow,
FortheobjectRotor
PressOK
Analyze
ToRunthecalculations
Note:Problemtakeslongtimetosolveduringtheclass.Youcanopenthesolved
filedirectlyandcontinuefromthere
11.2
11.2-53
Maxwell v14
Results
TorqueVsTime
WindingCurrentsVsTime
CoreLossVsTime
11.2
11.2-54
Maxwell v14
5.Simplorer DriveDesign
SaveMaxwellProject
ToSaveMaxwellProject
Savethefilewithappropriatenameatdesiredlocation
LaunchSimplorer
ToLaunchSimplorer
Simplorer 9.0andselect Simplorer 9.0
AddRMxprt Component
ToAddRMxprt Component
SelectthemenuitemSimplorer Circuit>SubCircuit >AddRMxprt
DynamicComponent
InRMxprt DynamicCouplingwindow,
SourceProject:BrowsetotheMaxwellProjectfilewhichwassaved
inlaststepandselectit
RMxprt Designwillbeautomaticallyselected
PressOK
PlacetheRMxprt componentonProjectPage.
PressEsctoleavecomponentaddition
11.2
11.2-55
Maxwell v14
AddComponents
AddLineCommutedConverter
SelectthebuttonComponentsatthebottomofProjectManagerwindow
SelectthecomponentfromSimplorer Elements>Multiphysics >Power
System>PowerDistribution>PowerConversion>Converter>
B6U:Uncontrolled6-pulseBridgeConnectionwithstaticModelsforDiodes
DraganddropitontheProjectpage
PressEsctoexitcomponentaddition
Doubleclickonaddedcomponenttomodifyitsparameters
Settheparametersasshowninbelowimage
PressOK
AddOtherComponents
Followthesamestepsasaboveandaddrestofcomponents
Resistor
FromSimplorer Elements>BasicElements>Circuit>Passive
Elements>R:Resistor
Parameters
Resistance:1kOhm
Capacitor
FromSimplorer Elements>BasicElements>Circuit>Passive
Elements>C:Capacitor
Parameters
Capacitance:1uF
11.2
11.2-56
Maxwell v14
Voltmeter
FromSimplorer Elements>BasicElements>Measurement>
Electrical>VM:Voltmeter
AngularVelocitySource
FromSimplorer Elements>BasicElements>PhysicalDomain>
Mechanical>Velocity-Force-Representation>Rotational_V >
V_Rot:AngularVelocitySource
Parameters
OMEGA1:(1000*(1+(Time>0.02)))*0.10471975511966
PressOK
BuildCircuit
ToBuildtheCircuit
Positionallcomponentsasshowninbelowimage
ConnectthecomponentsbyWires
AddGroundfromDraw>Ground
Buildthecircuitasshowninbelowimage
11.2
11.2-57
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
SelectthemenuitemSimplorer Circuit>Analyze
Results
DCLinkVoltage
BackEMF
InputSpeedfromShaft
11.3
Motors ThreePhaseInductionMachine
11.3-1
Maxwell v14
Content
I. RMxprt
BasicTheory
MainFeatures
OpenandRunanExampleandViewResults
ModifytheDesignandViewNewResults
CreateaVariable-VoltageVariable-FrequencyDesign
II. RMxprt ->Maxwell2D
CreateanMaxwell2DDesignfromRMxprt
ReviewMaxwell2DTransientSetup
III. NominalMaxwell2DDesign
CreateanMaxwell2DDesignfromRMxprt
ChangeSimulationTimeStep
SetupSaveSolutionFields
SetEddyEffectsforAllBars
RunSimulationandReviewQuickReport
MeasurePositionChangeofEachTimeStep
CreateMesh/FieldPlotsandAnimation
IV. ModifyingMaxwell2DDesign
SetupVariableSimulationTimeStep
ChangeAngularVelocity
CreateoutputVariablesforStatorTeethandStatorYokeFluxDensities
SetupForceCalculation
Multi-frequencyCoreLoss
RunSimulationandViewNewResults
11.3
11.3-2
Maxwell v14
Content(Contd..)
V. LockedRotorSimulation
ChangeInitialPositionandAngularVelocity
RunSimulationandViewResults
VI. DesignSweep
AddDesignVariablesandChangeVariableValues
SetupParametricSweep
RunDesignSweepandViewResults
VII. DriveDesign
CreateInductionMachineModel
DriveSimulation
Note:
1. RMxprt/MaxwellV14orhigherisrequired
2. Basicknowledgeofelectricmachineisrequired
3. BasicunderstandingofFiniteElementisrequired
11.3
11.3-3
Maxwell v14
1- RMxprt
BasicTheory
MainFeatures
OptimizationofWindingandCoilArrangement
WindingEditorSupportingAnySingle- andDouble-LayerWindings
Morethan20SlotShapesforSingleandDoubleSquirrel-CageRotor
Peartypewithroundshoulder
Peartypewithtaperedshoulder
Trapezoidtypewithtaperedshoulder
Trapezoidtypewithroundshoulder
NonlinearandDistributedParametersatAnyOperationCondition
R
1
X
1
X
2
R
Fe
X
m
R
2
/s U
1
I
1
I
2
R
1
X
1
X
20
R
Fe
X
m
R
20
/s
U
1
I
1
I
2
X
sTop
X
sBot
R
sTop
/s
R
sBot
/s
s
R
I 3 P
2 2
2 m
=
m
m
P
T =
fw m 2
T T T =
2 2 2
T P =
s 1 Cu Fe 2 Cu fw 2 1
P P P P P P P + + + + + =
1 1
1
I mU
P
= cos
% 100
P
P
1
2
=
11.3
11.3-4
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
SettingToolOptions
boundaries: Checked
Checked
11.3
11.3-5
Maxwell v14
OpenFile
ToOpenFile
Browsetothedirectory~installationdirectory/Ansoft /Maxwell14.0/
Examples/RMxprt /indm3/
Locatethefileyzd132-4.mxwlandOpenit.
Changethenameofthedesignto1_Original
SaveFile
ToSaveFile
SavethefilewiththenameEx_11_IM3_Class.mxwl
RunSolution
ToRunSolution
ViewResults
ToViewResults
11.3
11.3-6
Maxwell v14
ModifyDesign
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign1_OriginalfromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Changethenameofthedesignto2_RectWire
ModifySlotType
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewMachine
DoubleclickonthetabStatortoedititsparameters
InPropertieswindow,
ClickinValuefieldforSlotType
InSelectSlotTypewindow,
ChangeTypeto6
PressOK
11.3
11.3-7
Maxwell v14
ModifySlotParameters
DoubleclickonthetabSlottomodifyitsparameters
InPropertieswindow,
Change Bs1to5.5
ChangeBs2to4.5
PressOK
ModifyWinding
DoubleclickonthetabWinding
InPropertieswindow,
SelectthebuttoninthevaluefieldforWireSize
InWireSizewindow,
SetWireWidthto5
SetWireThicknessto3.75
PressOK
RunSolutionandViewResults
11.3
11.3-8
Maxwell v14
CreateaVariable-VoltageVariable-FrequencyDesign
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign2_RectWirefromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Changethenameofthedesignto3_FreqSweep
AddDesignVariables
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >DesignProperties
InPropertieswindow,
SelectAdd
InAddPropertywindow,
Name:ScaleFactor
Value:1
PressOK
Similarlyaddtwomoreparameters
Frequency
Name:FreqSweep
Value:50Hz*ScaleFactor
Voltage
Name:VoltSweep
Value:380V*ScaleFactor
PressOK
11.3
11.3-9
Maxwell v14
AssignSweepParameters
InPropertieswindow,
Generaltab
ChangeRatedVoltagetoVoltSweep
IndM3tab
ChangeFrequencytoFreqSweep
PressOK
CreateParametricSweep
Variable:ScaleFactor
SelectLinearStep
Start:1
Stop:10
Step:0.5
SelectAdd>>
PressOK
SelectTabletab
ToviewSweepVariations
PressOK
11.3
11.3-10
Maxwell v14
RunParametricSweep
PlotTorqueVsSpeed
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >Results>CreateRMxprt Report>
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Tracetab
PrimarySweep:RSpeed
Category:Torque
Quantity:OutputTorque
Familiestab
ForthevariableScaleFactor,selectthebuttonineditcolumn
CheckthebuttonUseAllValues
SelectNewReport
11.3
11.3-11
Maxwell v14
PlotEfficiencyVsSpeed
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Tracetab
PrimarySweep:RSpeed
Category:Percentage
Quantity:Efficiency
Familiestab
ForthevariableScaleFactor,selectthebuttonineditcolumn
CheckthebuttonUseAllValues
SelectNewReport
11.3
11.3-12
Maxwell v14
2.RMxprt Maxwell2D
CreateMaxwellDesign
ToCreateMaxwellDesign
SelectthemenuitemRMXprt >AnalysisSetup>CreateMaxwellDesign
AutoSetup: Checked
SelectthebuttoninVariationfiled
InDesignVariationwindow,
Usenominaldesign: Unchecked
SelectthevariationofFreqSweep 100Hz
PressOK
PressOK
Changethenameofthedesignto4_Nominal
11.3
11.3-13
Maxwell v14
ReviewMaxwell2DTransientSetup
Analyze
Designisreadytosolve
Selectthemenuitem Maxwell2D>AnalyzeAll
MotionSetup
Boundaries
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
SolveSetup
ResultPlots
ProjectManagerTree
HistoryTree
UserDefined
PartsfromRMxprt
Materials
Geometry
11.3
11.3-14
Maxwell v14
3.NominalMaxwell2DDesign
CreateMaxwell2DDesign
ToCreatea2DDesign
ExpandtheProjectmanagertreeforthedesign1_OriginaltoviewAnalysis
RightclickonthetabSetup1andselectCreateMaxwellDesign
PressOK
ChangethenameoftheresultingMaxwelldesignto5_Nominal2
ModifySolutionSetup
ToModifySolutionSetup
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
TimeStep:0.001s
SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0s
Stop:0.2s
Step:0.01s
SelectAddtoList>>
PressOK
11.3
11.3-15
Maxwell v14
SetEddyEffects
ToSetEddyEffectsforallBars
InSetEddyEffectwindow,
SelectthebuttonSelectByName
TypethenameBar*(Searchiscasesensitive)
PressOK
AllobjectswithnamestartingwithBarwillbeselected
ChecktheBoxinEddyEffects columnforanyoftheselected
objects
Allotherobjectswillbeautomaticallyselected
PressOK
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
11.3
11.3-16
Maxwell v14
Results
TorqueVsTime
PhaseCurrentsVsTime
11.3
11.3-17
Maxwell v14
PlotPositionVsTime
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateQuickReport
InQuickReportwindow,
SelectthequantityPosition
PressOK
Doubleclickonthetracetomodifyitsproperties
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeTraceTypetoDiscrete
PressOK
CalculatePositionChangePerTimeStep
RightclickonPositionplotandselectMarker>AddDeltaMarker
Selectthetwoadjacentpointsfromthetrace
PressEscafterdone
Reportedvalueisaround8.71deg
11.3
11.3-18
Maxwell v14
SetSolutionContext
SettheTimeto0.15s
PressOK
PlotMesh
PressDone
11.3
11.3-19
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLines
PressDone
Doubleclickonthelegendandmodifyitsattributesasneeded
PlotBField
SimilarlyPlotBfield
11.3
11.3-20
Maxwell v14
AnimateBPlot
RightclickontheMag_B1plotandselectAnimate
PressOK
AnimationwindowwillappearwhichcanbeusedtoStart/Stop/Pause
animation
SelectExportbuttoninAnimationwindowtowriteanimationinAVI
orGIFfile
11.3
11.3-21
Maxwell v14
4.ModifyingMaxwell2DDesign
SetupVariableSimulationTimeStep
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign5_Nominal2fromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Changethenameofthedesignto6_Modified
SpecifyVariableTimeStep
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
TimeStep:specifyaspwlx(Time_Step,time)
PressOK
InAddDatasetwindow,
SpecifyXandYCoordinatesasshowninbelowimage
PressOK
11.3
11.3-22
Maxwell v14
ChangeAngularVelocity
ToChangeAngularVelocity
DoubleclickonthetabMotionSetup1tomodifymotion
Mechanicaltab
PressOK
SetForceCalculation
ToSetForceParameter
SelectthesheetBarfromhistorytree
InForceSetupwindow,
Name:Force_Bar
PressOK
ThereisnoneedtoassignTorquecalculation,movingtorqueisassigned
automaticallyinTransientSolverwithrotationalmotion
YoucanassignasmanyForcecalculationsasyoumayneed.
11.3
11.3-23
Maxwell v14
CreateOutputVariablesforFluxDensities
CreateLine
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Line
Selectthepointfromthegraphicwindowtocreatealineasshowninbelow
image
RightclickandselectDonetocompletedrawing
ChangethenameofthelinetoStator_Tooth
ModifyGridSettings
ToEnabledrawingsecondlinerefinedrawinggrid
SelectthemenuitemView>GridSettings
InGridSpacingwindow,
Autoadjustdensityto10pixels
PressOK
CreatesecondLine
Selectthepointfromthegraphicwindowtocreatealineasshowninbelow
image
RightclickandselectDonetocompletedrawing
ChangethenameofthelinetoStator_Yoke
11.3
11.3-24
Maxwell v14
CreateCalculatorParameters
SelectVector>Mag
SelecttheradiobuttontoLine
SelectthelineStator_Tooth fromthelist
PressOK
SelectInput>Number
Type:Scalar
Value:0.25(statorstacklengthinmeters)
PressOK
SelectGeneral>*
SelectthebuttonAdd
SpecifythenameasStator_Tooth_Flux
PressOK
SimilarlycreatefluxparameterusingthelineStator_Yoke andnamethe
expressionasStator_Yoke_Flux
11.3
11.3-25
Maxwell v14
SetCoreLossParameters
ToSetCoreLossParameters
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsStatorandRotor,rightclickandselect
AssignMaterial
EnsurethatthematerialM19_24G_2DSF0.920isselected
SelectthebuttonCloneMaterial
Name:M19_24G_CoreLoss
SelecttheoptionatthebottomCalculatePropertiesforCore
LossversusFrequency
11.3
11.3-26
Maxwell v14
InCoreLossversusFrequencywindow,
SetCoreLossunitstow/lb
InEditfieldsetfrequencyto50HzandselectthebuttonAdd
Specifiedfrequencygetsaddedtothelist.Selectthebutton
AddDatasettoadddatapoints
Adddatapoints asshowninbelowimage
PressOK
Similarlyaddthreemoredatasetsforfrequenciesasshownbelow
1
2
3
4
50Hz 100Hz 200Hz 400Hz
11.3
11.3-27
Maxwell v14
Corelosscoeffecients areautomaticallycalculated
PressOK
InView/EditMaterialwindow,pressOK
PressOKtocloseSelectDefinitionwindow.
ActivateCoreLoss
ChecktheCoreLossSettingsforStatorandRotor
PressOK
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
11.3
11.3-28
Maxwell v14
Results
ViewExistingPlots
torque,current,positionvs.time,comparewithresultsfromDesign5
11.3
11.3-29
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxDensityVsTime
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateFieldReport>
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Quantity:Stator_Tooth_Flux
SelectNewReport
ChangeQuantitytoStator_Yoke_Flux
SelectAddTrace
PressClose
11.3
11.3-30
Maxwell v14
5.LockedRotorSimulation
ModifyMotionSetup
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign6_ModifiedfromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Changethenameofthedesignto7_LockedRotor
ToModifyMotion
DoubleclickonthetabMotionSetup1tomodifymotion
Datatab
Mechanicaltab
PressOK
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
11.3
11.3-31
Maxwell v14
Results
TorqueVsTime
CurrentVsTime
11.3
11.3-32
Maxwell v14
6.DesignSweep
AddDesignVariables
CopyDesign
Selectthedesign6_ModifiedfromProjectManagertree,rightclickand
selectCopy
Changethenameofthedesignto8_DesignSweep
AddDesignVariables
InPropertieswindow,selectAdd
Name:LengthFactor
Value:1.2
PressOK
Assignvariable
ModelDepthtab
ModelDepth:250mm*LengthFactor
PressOK
11.3
11.3-33
Maxwell v14
AddVariabletoExcitation
InWindingwindow,
Changeresistanceto0.483154*LengthFactor
SetpeakvoltagetoVolt_Mag (Volt_Mag *sin(2*pi*50*time))
PressOK
Setvalueto315V
PressOK
SimilarlychangeResistanceandvoltageforPhaseB andPhaseC
AssignGeometricalparameters
ExpandtheHistorytreeforStator
DoubleclickonthecommandCraeteUserDefinedPart toedititsproperties
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeDiaGap toStator_ID
PressOK
Setvalueto150mm
PressOK
11.3
11.3-34
Maxwell v14
SetParametricSweep
ToSetParametricSweep
Variable:LengthFactor
SelectSingleValue
Setvalueto1
SelectAdd>>
ChangeValueto1.2
SelectAdd>>
ChangeVariabletoVolt_Mag
Setvalueto300V
SelectAdd>>
ChangeValueto315V
SelectAdd>>
ChangeVariabletoStator_ID
Setvalueto148mm
SelectAdd>>
ChangeValueto150mm
SelectAdd>>
SelectOK
InSetupSweepAnalysiswindow,selectTabletabtoviewallvariations
PressOK
11.3
11.3-35
Maxwell v14
RunParametricAnalysis
ToRunParametricSetup
RightclickonParametricSetup1andselectAnalyze
Results
PlotTorqueVsTimeforallVariations
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Torque
SelectNewReport
Bydefault,allvariationswillbeplottedonthesamePlot
SaveFile
Savethefileatappropriatelocation.
11.3
11.3-36
Maxwell v14
7.DriveDesign
Note:Simplorer V9orhigherisneededtoperformthissection
LaunchSimplorer
ToLaunchSimplorer V9
Simplorer 9.0andselect Simplorer 9.0
ChangeDesignName
Changethenameofthedesignto1_Link_with_RMxprt
SaveFile
SavethefilewiththenameIM3_Drive_withLoad.asmp
AddComponents
AddRMxprt Component
SelectthemenuitemSimplorer Circuit>SubCircuit >AddRMxprt
DynamicComponent
InRMxprt DynamicCouplingwindow,
SourceFile:BrowsetotheMaxwellProjectFilethatwassavedin
laststep
Design:Select1_Original
PressOK
PlacetheRMxprt componentonProjectPage
11.3
11.3-37
Maxwell v14
AddThreePhaseSource
SelectthetabComponentsatthebottomofProjectManagerwindow
ExpandthetreetoviewSimplorer Elements>Multiphysics >Power
System>PowerSource
Draganddrop THREE_PHASE:IdealThreePhasePowerSupplyonthe
projectpage
Doubleclickonaddedcomponenttoedititsparameters
InParameterswindow,
Amplitude:380*sqrt (2/3)
PressOK
AddOtherComponents
Similarlyaddmorecomponentsasgivebelow
AddAmmeterfrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>Measurement>Electrical>
Ammeter
AddVoltmeterfrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>Measurement>Electrical>
Voltmeter
AddTorqueMeterfrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>Measurement>Mechanical
>Velocity-ForceRepresentation>Rotational_V >FM_ROT:Torque
Meter
AddStepFunctionfrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>Blocks>SourcesBlocks>
STEP:StepFunction
DoubleclickonthecomponenttoedititsProperties
StepTime:0.5s
Finalvalue:49
PressOK
11.3
11.3-38
Maxwell v14
AddRotationalMassfrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>PhysicalDomains>
Mechanical>Velocity-ForceRepresentation>Rotational_V >
MASS_ROT:Mass
J:0.2kgm
2
PressOK
AddTorqueSourcefrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>PhysicalDomains>
Mechanical>Velocity-ForceRepresentation>Rotational_V >
F_ROT:TorqueSource
UsePin: Checked
PressOK
AddSimulatorParameterDisplayfrom
Simplorer Elements>BasicElements>Tools>Simulator
Parameters>SIMPARAM:DisplayofSimulatorParameters
11.3
11.3-39
Maxwell v14
BuildCircuit
ToBuildCircuit
Positionthecomponentsandjointhemusingwires
AddGround fromDraw>Ground
AnalysisSetup
ToDefineAnalysisSetup
SelectthetabProjectatthebottomofProjectManagerwindow
DoubleclickonthetabTRtomodifyanalysissettings
InTransientAnalysisSetupwindow,
Tend:1s
Hmin :10us
Hmax:1ms
PressOK
Analyze
ToStartAnalysis
SelectthemenuitemSimplorer Circuit>Analyze
11.3
11.3-40
Maxwell v14
Results
PlotAM1.IVsTime
SelectthemenuitemSimplorer Circuit>CreateStandardReport>
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:All
Quantity:AM1.I
SelectNewReport
RightclickonthePlotandselectTraceCharacteristics>Add
Category:Math
Function:rms
Range:Specified
StartofRange:0.8s
EndofRange:1s
SelectAddandDone
11.3
11.3-41
Maxwell v14
SimilarlycreateotherplotslikeVM1.V,FM_ROT1.TORQUE,STEP1.VAL,
MASS_ROT1.OMEGA(inrad/sec)andSIMPARAM1.Iterations.
ThiscompletestheonedaytrainingcourseonThree-phase
InductionMachineusingANSYSRMxprt,Maxwell2Dand
Simplorer
11.4
Motors- PermanentMagnetMotor(Prius IPM)
11.4-1
Maxwell v14
StudyofaPermanentMagnetMotorwith
MAXWELL2D:
Exampleofthe2004Prius IPMMotor
11.4
11.4-2
Maxwell v14
pg.2
Studyofanelectricalmachine
TheElectroMechanicalsoftwarepackageprovidedbyAnsoft enablesextensive
electricalmalchinesimulation.Thisapplicationnotedetailsthesimulaton ofan
electricalmachinewithMaxwel2D.Wewillcoverstaticandtransient
simulations.
Thisapplicationnotewillusethe2004ToyotaPrius motorasbasis.Itisa8-
polepermanentmagnetmotorwithembeddedmagnets.Thesinglelayer
windingsaremadeof3phases.Thestatorhas48slots.Thismotorispublic,
wethereforehavethefullsetofparameters.WewillalsouseOakRidge
NationalLaboratorytestingresultsinthisnote.
Note:ThisapplicationhasnotbeendonewiththecollaborationofToyota
References:
ReportonToyota/Prius MotorTorqueCapability,TorqueProperty,No-LoadBackEMF,
andMechanicalLosses,
J.S.Hsu,Ph.D.,C.W.Ayers,C.L.Coomer,R.H.Wiles
OakRidgeNationalLaboratory
ReportonToyota/Prius MotorDesignandmanufacturingAssessment
J.S.Hsu,C.W.Ayers,C.L.Coomer
Evaluationof2004ToyotaPrius HybridElectricDriveSystemInterimReport
C.W.Ayers,J.S.Hsu,L.D.Marlino,C.W.Miller,G.W.Ott,Jr.,C.B.Oland
11.4
11.4-3
Maxwell v14
pg.3
OverviewoftheStudy:
GETTINGSTARTED
Creatingthe3DModel
Reducingthesizeofthe3DModel
Materialpropertiesofthemachine
ApplyingMaster/SlaveBoundaryCondition
STATICANALYSIS
DYNAMICANALYSIS
COGGINGTORQUE
11.4
11.4-4
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
SettingToolOptions
boundaries: Checked
Checked
11.4
11.4-5
Maxwell v14
OpeningaNewProject
Toopenanewproject:
icon
RenameDesign
RightclickonthedesignMaxwell2DDesign1andselectRename
Changethenameofthedesignto1_Whole_Motor
SetSolutionType
SolutionTypeWindow:
SetDefaultUnits
ToSetDefaultUnits
InUnitswindow,
Selectunits:mm
PressOK
11.4
11.4-6
Maxwell v14
Creatingthe2DModel
MaxwellhasnumberofUserDefinedPrimitivesformotorparts.Theseprimitives
candescribeallthemainpartsofmotors.
CreatetheStator:
AUserDefinedPrimitivewillbeusedtocreatethestator
Selectthemenuitem Draw>UserDefinedPrimitive>Syslib >Rmxprt >
SlotCore
Usethevaluesgiveninthepanelbelowtocreatethestator
11.4
11.4-7
Maxwell v14
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofthesheettoStator
ChangethecolorofthesheettoGray
CreatetheRotor
AUserDefinedPrimitivewillbeusedtocreatetherotor
IPMCore
Usethevaluesgiveninthebelowtocreatetherotor
11.4
11.4-8
Maxwell v14
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofthesheettoRotor
ChangethecolorofthesheettoGreen
CreatetheMagnets
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Copy
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Paste
NewsheetnamedRotor1iscreated
ExpandthehistorytreeforRoto1
DoubleclickonthecommandCreateUserDefinedPart toeditproperties
InPropertieswindow,
ChangethevalueforInfoCore to1(magnets)
PressOK
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofthesheettoMagnet
ChangethecolorofthesheettoLightRed
11.4
11.4-9
Maxwell v14
CreateWindings
AUserDefinedPrimitivewillbeusedtocreatethewindings.
LapCoil
Usethevaluesgiveninthepanelbelowtocreatethecoil
ChangeAttributes
ChangethecolorofthesheettoYellow
11.4
11.4-10
Maxwell v14
RotateCoil
SelectthesheetLapCoil1fromthehistorytree
InRotatewindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angle:7.5deg
3. PressOK
DuplicateCoil
SelectthesheetLapCoil1fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Duplicate>AroundAxis
InDuplicateAroundAxiswindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angle:15deg
3. TotalNumber:3
4. PressOK
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofthesheetsLapCoil1,LapCoil1_1andLapCoil1_2to
PhaseA,PhaseC,andPhaseB respectively
ChangethecolorofthesheetsPhaseB andPhaseCtoBlueandRed
11.4
11.4-11
Maxwell v14
DuplicateCoils
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsPhaseA,PhaseB andPhaseC fromthe
historytree
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Duplicate>AroundAxis
InDuplicateAroundAxiswindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angle:45deg
3. TotalNumber:8
4. PressOK
Motorgeometryiscomplete
11.4
11.4-12
Maxwell v14
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwelldesign1_Whole_MotorfromtheProjectManagertree,
rightclickandselectCopy
SelecttheprojectnamefromtheProjectmanagertree,rightclickand
selectPaste
Changethenameofthedesignto2_Partial_Motor
ReduceModelSize
Wecantakeadvantageofthetopologyofthemotortoreducethesizeofthe
problem.Thismotorhas8pairofpoles.Wecanonlyuseoneheightofthe
motor.Thisisvalidbecausethestatorhas:
48slots(8isadividerof48).
The3-phasewindinghasalsoaperiodicityof45degrees.
Fromnowon,theMaxwelldesign 2_Partial_Motorwillbeused.Wehavesaved
acopyofthewholegeometryasitwillbeusedlaterforotherstudies.
SplitModelbyXZ
InSplitwindow,
1. SplitPlane:XZ
2. Keepfragments:PositiveSide
3. SplitObjects:SplitentireSelection
4. PressOK
RotateModel
Wehaveachievedhalfmodelnow
InRotatewindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angle:-45deg
3. PressOK
11.4
11.4-13
Maxwell v14
SplitModelbyXZ
InSplitwindow,
1. SplitPlane:XZ
2. Keepfragments:NegativeSide
3. SplitObjects:SplitentireSelection
4. PressOK
RotateModel
InRotatewindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angle:45deg
3. PressOK
ReducedModel
The3Dmodelnowlookslikebelow
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameofthesheetsPhaseA andPhaseA_7toPhaseA1and
PhaseA2
ChangethenameofthesheetsPhaseB andPhaseB_7toPhaseB1and
PhaseB2
ChangethenameoftheobjectPhaseC andPhaseC_7toPhaseC1and
PhaseC2
11.4
11.4-14
Maxwell v14
CreateRegion
CreateRectangle
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthefirstvertex
X:0.0,Y:0.0,Z:0.0,PresstheEnter key
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesecondvertex
3. PressEnterasecondtimetofinishthedrawing
SweepLine
SelectthelinePolyline1fromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Sweep>AroundAxis
InSweepAroundAxiswindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angleofsweep:45
3. Numberofsegments:5
4. PressOK
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameoftheresultingsheettoRegion
SelectDisplayWireframe: Checked
11.4
11.4-15
Maxwell v14
MaterialPropertiesfortheMotor
PermanentMagnetCharacterization
ThePrius PermanentMagnets(PMs)arehigh-strengthmagnets.
InordertodefinePMsmagnetizationorientation,weneedtocreateseparate
objectsforeachmagnet.
SeparateObjects
SelecttheobjectMagnetsfromthehistorytree
ChangeAttributes
ChangethenameoftheobjectMagnetstoPM1
ChangethenameoftheobjectMagnets_Separate1toPM2
Sincethemagnetswillrotate,theorientationcannotbegiventhroughfixed
coordinatesystems(CS).TheuseoffaceCSisrequired.FaceCSareCSthat
areattachedtothefaceofanobject.Whentheobjectmoves,theFaceCSalso
movesalongwiththeobject.
ThePriuss PMsareorientedasshownbelow.Therefore,wewillcreateaface
CSforeachmagnet.
11.4
11.4-16
Maxwell v14
HideAllotherObjects
SelectthemenuitemView>ActiveViewVisibility
Inthewindow,
1. DisablethevisibilityforallobjectsexceptRotor,PM1andPM2
2. PressDone
ToCreateFaceCoordinateSystem
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Select>Faces orpressffromkeyboard
SelectthefaceofthesheetPM1asshowninbelowimage
SelectthemenuitemModeler>CoordinateSystem>Create>FaceCS
SelectthevertexonthefaceofPM1todefineorigin
SelectthevertexofthemagnetasshowninbelowimagetodefineXaxis
AFacecoordinatesystemwillbecreatedasshowninbelowimage
RenametheFaceCS1toPM1_CS
11.4
11.4-17
Maxwell v14
SimilarlyCreateaFacecoordinatesystemforPM2andnameitas
PM2_CS.
MakesuretohavetheXaxislookingtowardtheairgap
SelectthemenuitemModeler>CoordinateSystem>SetWorkCS
1. SelectGlobal
SetMagnetOrientations
SelectthesheetPM1andgoto thePropertieswindow,
ChangetheorientationcoordinatesystemfromGlobaltoPM1_CS
SimilarlychangetheorientationcoordinatesystemforPM2toPM2_CS
SelectthemenuitemView>ShowAll>ActiveView
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Select>Objects orpressofromkeyboard
11.4
11.4-18
Maxwell v14
CreateMaterialforPM1
SelectthesheetPM1fromthehistorytree,rightclickandselectAssign
Material
InSelectdefinitionwindow,pressthebuttonAddMaterialtoaddnew
material
Aseparatemenuisavailableatthebottomofwindowtoassign
MagnetProperties
SettheoptionatthebottomCalculatePropertiesforPermanent
Magnet
InPropertiesforPermanentMagnetwindow,
1. Mu:1.03
2. Hc:-920000A_per_meter
3. PressOK
11.4
11.4-19
Maxwell v14
1. MaterialName:N36Z_20
IfthecoordinatesystemPM1_CS issuchthattheXaxis goesin
theoppositedirectionoftheairgapaccordinglytotheimagebelow,
leavetheXorientationto1and0fortheYandZcomponents.Ifthe
Xaxiswasintheoppositedirection,youwouldneedtoenter-1for
theXcomponent.
2. SelectValidateMaterial
3. PressOK
MaterialforPM2
IfthedefinitionofPM2_CS isoppositewithPM1_CS(Xaxisinthe
directionoftheairgap),youcanusethesamematerialforN36Z_20for
PM2.Ifitisnotthecase,youcanclonethematerialN36Z_20 andchange
theorientationtobeconsistentwiththePM2_CS axis.
SincewecreatedPM2_CSinoppositetoPM1_CS,wewillusesame
material
RightclickontheobjectPM2andselectAssignMaterial
TypeN36Z_20 inSearchbyNamefield
PressOK
11.4
11.4-20
Maxwell v14
MaterialforStatorandRotor
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsStatorandRotor,rightclickandselect
AssignMaterial
InSelectDefinitionwindow,selectAddMaterial
1. MaterialName:M19_29G
2. RelativePermeability
Type:Nonlinear
PressthebuttonBHCurvethatappearsinValuefield
InBHCurvewindow,enterthatvaluesforBandHasgivenin
belowtable
PressOK
H B
0 0
22.28 0.05
25.46 0.1
31.83 0.15
47.74 0.36
63.66 0.54
79.57 0.65
159.15 0.99
318.3 1.2
477.46 1.28
636.61 1.33
795.77 1.36
1591.5 1.44
3183 1.52
4774.6 1.58
6366.1 1.63
7957.7 1.67
15915 1.8
31830 1.9
111407 2
190984 2.1
350138 2.3
509252 2.5
560177.2 2.563994494
1527756 3.779889874
11.4
11.4-21
Maxwell v14
MaterialPropertiesforCoreLosscalculations
Thissectionisonlynecessaryifyouwishtocomputethecorelossofthe
motor.
IntheTransientsolver,weareabletocomputecoreloss(orhystereris
loss),strandedlossandeddycurrentloss(orproximityloss).Wewillonly
considercorelossinthisdocument.
SetCoreLossTypetoElectricalSteel
SettheoptionatthebottomCalculatePropertiesforCoreLoss
versusFrequency
SetCoreLossunitstoW/kg
SetMassDensityto7872kg/m
3
InEditwindow,set50HzandselectthebuttonAdd
SelectthebuttonEditDatasettoopendatasetwindow
11.4
11.4-22
Maxwell v14
Enterthevaluesasshowninbelowtable
PressOK
Similarlyaddmoredatasetsforfrequenciesof100,200,400and1000Hz
50Hz
B P
0 0
0.1 0.03
0.2 0.07
0.3 0.13
0.4 0.22
0.5 0.31
0.6 0.43
0.7 0.54
0.8 0.68
0.9 0.83
1 1.01
1.1 1.2
1.2 1.42
1.3 1.7
1.4 2.12
1.5 2.47
1.6 2.8
1.7 3.05
1.8 3.25
100Hz 200Hz 400Hz 1000Hz
B P B P B P B P
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.04 0.1 0.09 0.1 0.21 0.1 0.99
0.2 0.16 0.2 0.37 0.2 0.92 0.2 3.67
0.3 0.34 0.3 0.79 0.3 1.99 0.3 7.63
0.4 0.55 0.4 1.31 0.4 3.33 0.4 12.7
0.5 0.8 0.5 1.91 0.5 4.94 0.5 18.9
0.6 1.08 0.6 2.61 0.6 6.84 0.6 26.4
0.7 1.38 0.7 3.39 0.7 9 0.7 35.4
0.8 1.73 0.8 4.26 0.8 11.4 0.8 46
0.9 2.1 0.9 5.23 0.9 14.2 0.9 58.4
1 2.51 1 6.3 1 17.3 1 73
1.1 2.98 1.1 7.51 1.1 20.9 1.1 90.1
1.2 3.51 1.2 8.88 1.2 24.9
1.3 4.15 1.3 10.5 1.3 29.5
1.4 4.97 1.4 12.5 1.4 35.4
1.5 5.92 1.5 14.9 1.5 41.8
11.4
11.4-23
Maxwell v14
Thecorelosscoefficientareautomaticallycalculated
PressOKtoacceptthesetings
PressOKtoassignmaterial
11.4
11.4-24
Maxwell v14
ApplyingMaster/SlaveBoundary
TheMasterandSlaveboundaryconditiontakesadvantageoftheperiodicityof
themotor.Twoplanesaretobedefined:themasterandslaveplanes.TheH-
fieldateverypointontheslavesurfacematchesthe(plusorminus)H-fieldat
everypointonthemastersurface.
ToAssignMasterBoundary
SelecttheedgeoftheregionthatcoincideswithGlobalXaxis
1. CheckthedirectionofUVectorshowninGraphicwindow
2. Ifthedirectionispointingawayfromtheorigin,useReverse
Direction
3. PressOKtoacceptthesettings
11.4
11.4-25
Maxwell v14
ToDefineSlaveBoundary
Selectoppositeedgeoftheregionasshowninbelowimage
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Boundaries>Assign>Slave
InSlaveBoundarywindow,
1. MasterBoundary:Master1
2. Relation:selectHs=-Hm
3. UseReverseDirectionifUvectordirectionisnotconsistentwith
Master
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-26
Maxwell v14
AssignVectorPotentialBoundary
ToAssignVectorPotentialBoundarytoregion
SelecttheedgesoftheRegionasshowninbelowimage
Name:Zero_Flux
Setthevalueto0weber/m
SelectOK
11.4
11.4-27
Maxwell v14
StaticAnalysis
Wewillstudythedifferentstaticparametersofthemotor.
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwellDesign2_Partial_MotorfromtheProjectManager
RightclickonProjectNameandselectPaste
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto3_Partial_Motor_MS
SetStaticAnalysis
ToSetStaticAnalysis
ChangesolutiontypetoMagnetic>Magnetostatic
PressOK
NoLoadStudy
Thefirstanalysisthatwillbeperformedconsistsincomputingthefieldsdueto
thepermanentmagnets.
TheCoilsarenotneededinthemodelsincenocurrentisdefined.
ToDeactivateCoils
Goto thePropertieswindowforselectedsheets
UnchecktheboxModelfromPropertieswindowtoneglectthecoilsfor
simulation
KeepallthecoilsselectedandselectthemenuitemView>HideSelection
>ActiveView
11.4
11.4-28
Maxwell v14
ApplyMeshOperations
Theadaptivemeshingisveryeffective,soitisnotnecessarytoenterdedicated
meshoperations.However,itisalwaysagoodideatostartwithadecentinitial
meshinordertoreducetimecomputationsinceweknowwherethemeshneeds
toberefinedforamotor.Thenonlinearresolutionwillbefasterwithasmall
aspectratiosfortheelementsinthesteel.
ToApplyMeshOperationsforRotor
1. Name:Rotor
2. RestrictlengthofElements: Checked
3. MaximumLengthofElements:5mm
4. PressOK
ToApplyMeshOperationsforMagnets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsPM1andPM2
1. Name:Magnets
2. RestrictlengthofElements: Checked
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-29
Maxwell v14
ToApplyMeshOperationforStator
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>MeshOperations>Assign>Surface
Approximation
InSurfaceApproximationwindow,
Name:SA_Stator
Setmaximumnormaldeviation(angle):30deg
Setaspectratio:5
PressOK
SetTorqueParameter
ToSetTorqueCalculation
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsPM1,PM2andRotor
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Parameters>Assign>Torque
InTorquewindow,
PressOKtoacceptdefaultsettings
11.4
11.4-30
Maxwell v14
AnalysisSetup
InSolveSetupWindow,
1. GeneralTab
PercentageError:0.1
2. Convergencetab
RefinementPerpass:15%
3. SolverTab
Non-linearResiduals:0.0001
4. PressOK
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
11.4
11.4-31
Maxwell v14
PostProcessing
SolutionData
ToViewConvergence
1. SelectConvergence tab
ToViewTorqueValues
1. SelecttheTorquetab
Thetorqueforthefullmotorneedstobemultipliedby8
(symmetryfactor),thenby0.082(toaccountforthemotor
length).Thisgives1.67mN.m,whichsoundsreasonable:the
valueisverysmallinregardstothefullloadoperation.
Differentanglesbetweentherotorandthestatorwouldgive
differentvalues.
11.4
11.4-32
Maxwell v14
FieldPlots
PlotMagneticFluxDensity
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsPM1,PM2,StatorandRotor
1. PressDone
Thesteelishighlysaturatedclosetothemagnetsasexpected.This
saturationsappearsjustbecauseofthemagnetsstrengths.
11.4
11.4-33
Maxwell v14
VectorPlotinAirgap
CreateanArcforVectorPlot
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Arc>CenterPoint
AmassageboxappearsaskingifGeometryneedstobecreatedasaNon-
modelobject.PressYestoit
1. UsingCoordinateentryfield,enterthecenterofarc
X:0,Y:0,Z:0,PresstheEnterKey
2. UsingCoordinateentryfield,enterthefirstpointofarc
X:80.575,Y:0,Z:0,PresstheEnterKey
3. UsingCoordinateentryfield,enterthefirstpointofarc
X:56.70996,Y: 56.70996,Z:0,PresstheEnterKey
4. Tofinishthearc,movethemouseonthedrawingarea,rightmouse
click,andselectthemenuentryDone
RenamethecreatedPolyline toairgap_arc
PlotH_Vector onArc
Selectthelineairgap_arc fromthehistorytree
1. PressDone
11.4
11.4-34
Maxwell v14
DoubleclickontheplotLegendtomodifyitsattributes
Inthewindow,
1. ScaleTab
Num.Division:50
2. Marker/ArrowTab
Size:OneandhalfSpacesfromLeft
3. PressApplyandClose
11.4
11.4-35
Maxwell v14
FullLoadStudy
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwellDesign3_Partial_Motor_MSfromtheProject
Managertree,rightclickandselectCopy
Renamethenewlycreateddesignto4_Partial_Motor_MS2
Inthisdesign,weapplycurrentinthecoils
ActivateCoils
ToActivateCoils
Goto thePropertieswindowforselectedobject
CheckthebuttonModeltoactivateallcoils
ApplyExcitations
Thecoilsarepartiallyrepresentedinthemodel.Weneedtoenterthecurrentthat
flowsinandoutinsideeachcoil.Theexcitationisrealizedthroughabalanced
threephasesystem.Forinstance,inourexample,weapply:
1500AtoPhaseA
-750AtoPhaseB
-750AtoPhaseC.
IntheMagnetosatic solver,thesourcesaregivenintermsofcurrents.Wedonot
needtomodeleachturnatthisstage;thereforeweonlyenterthetotalcurrentin
eachphase.Thenumberofturnsandtheelectricaltopologyareonlytakeninto
accountfortheinductancescalculation.
11.4
11.4-36
Maxwell v14
AssignExcitationsforPhaseA
SelectthesheetPhaseA1fromhistorytree
1. Name:PhaseA1
2. Value:1500A
4. PressOK
SimilarlyselectthesheetPhaseA 2fromhistorytree
1. Name:PhaseA2
2. Value:1500A
4. PressOK
AssignExcitationsforPhaseC
SelectthesheetPhaseC1fromhistorytree
1. Name:PhaseC1
2. Value:-750A
4. PressOK
SimilarlyselectthesheetPhaseC2fromhistorytree
1. Name:PhaseC2
2. Value:-750A
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-37
Maxwell v14
AssignExcitationsforPhaseB
SelectthesheetPhaseB1fromhistorytree
1. Name:PhaseB1
2. Value:-750A
4. PressOK
SimilarlyselectthesheetPhaseC2fromhistorytree
1. Name:PhaseB2
2. Value:-750A
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-38
Maxwell v14
SetParameters
Weareinterestedbytheinductancescomputation.Thesourcesetupis
independentfromthewindingarrangement:wehaveonlyenteredthe
correspondingamp-turnsforeachterminal.Whenlookingattheinductances,we
obviouslyneedtoenterthenumberofturnsforthecoilsandalsohowthecoils
areelectricallyorganized.
ToSectInductanceCalculations
InMatrixwindow,
1. SetupTab
Forallsources:
1. Include: Checked
2. PostProcessingTab
SetTurnsforallphasesto9
PressCtrlandselectthesourcesPhaseA1andPhaseA2
SelectthebuttonGroup
RenamethegroupasPhaseA
SimilarlycreatethegroupsPhaseB (usingPhaseB1and
PhaseB2)andPhaseC (usingPhaseC1andPhaseC2)
11.4
11.4-39
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
PostProcessing
SolutionData
ToViewConvergence
1. SelectConvergence tab
ToViewInductanceValues
1. SelecttheMatrixtab
11.4
11.4-40
Maxwell v14
TheValuesshownarePerTurnValues
ToViewTotalinductance,checkthebuttonPostProcessed
Note:itispossibletoexporttheinductancematrixtoSimplorer
usingtheExportCircuit button
ToViewTorqueValues
1. SelecttheTorquetab
2. Thetorqueforthefullmotorneedstobemultipliedby8(symmetry
factor),thenmultipliedby0.083(lengthofthemotor).Thisgives
around47N.m.Inthiscase,wehavenotsynchronizedtheposition
oftherotorpoleswiththewindingcurrents,sowearefarfromthe
optimizedexcitationvaluetoobtainamaximumtorque.Different
anglesbetweentherotorandthestatorwouldgivedifferentvalues.
11.4
11.4-41
Maxwell v14
HVectorPlot
PlotH_Vector onXYPlane
SelectthePlaneGlobal:XY fromhistorytree
PressDone
Inthewindow,
1. ScaleTab
SelectUserLimits
Min:1
Max:1e6
SelectLog
2. Marker/ArrowTab
MapSize: Unchecked
ArrowTail: Unchecked
11.4
11.4-42
Maxwell v14
1. PlotsTab
Plot:H_Vector2
Spacing:FourSpacesfromLeft
Min:1
Max:5
2. PressApplyandClose
Plotshouldlookasbelow
11.4
11.4-43
Maxwell v14
DynamicAnalysis
Wewillstudythetransientcharacteristicofthemotor.
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwellDesign2_Partial_MotorfromtheProjectManager
Changethenameofthedesignto5_Partial_Motor_TR
AboutTransientSolver
ThetransientsolveractsdifferentlyfromtheMagnetostatic solvermainly
because:
Thereisnotadaptivemeshing.Sincetherelativepositionofobjects
changesateverytimestep,Maxwelldoesnotre-meshadaptivelyfor
obvioustimesaving.Intransientanalysis,wewillbuildagoodmeshvalid
foralltherotorpositions.
Thesourcesdefinitionisdifferent.InMagnetostatic,wewereonly
interestedinthetotalcurrentflowingintoconductor.InTransient,weuse
strandedconductors(theexactnumberofconductorsisrequiredforeach
winding)asthecurrentorvoltagecanbeanarbitrarytimefunction.We
needtocreatededicatedcurrentterminalsandwindings.
CreateCoils
ToCreateCoils
BaseName:Leavedefaultnameasobjectnameswillbeused
automatically
Polarity:Positive
PressOK
11.4
11.4-44
Maxwell v14
ModifyExcitationDirection
DirectionofexcitationforPhaseC needstobereverses
DoubleclickonthetabPhaseC1tomodifyit
ChangePolaritytoNegative
SimilarlychangethepolarityofPhaseC2toNegative
Motorexcitation
TheIPMmotorissuchthattherotorisinsynchronismwiththephaseexcitation.
Theexcitationissuchthatthefluxduetothepermanentmagnetismaximizedin
synchronizationwiththerotormovement.
Theexcitationisa3phasebalancedcurrent.ThephasesequenceisA+C-B+
Att=0,theA-phasehastobeintheoppositeaxistothed-axis.Thereforewe
havetomovetheinitialpositionoftherotorby30degsuchthatthepolebe
alignedatthemiddleofA+A-
A+
A+
A-
A-
B+
B+
B- B-
C+
C+
A-
A-
C-
C-
B+
C+
C+
d-axis
q-axis
B-
37.5
Maxwellmodel
parts
11.4
11.4-45
Maxwell v14
CreateParametersforexcitations
ToCreateParameters
InPropertieswindow,selectAdd
Name:Poles (numberofpolesofthemotor)
Value:8
PressOK
Similarlyaddmorepropertiesasbelow
1. Name:PolePairs (numberofpairofpoles)
Value:Poles/2
2. Name:Speed_rpm(speedofthemotorinrpm)
Value:3000
3. Name:Omega(pulsationoftheexcitationindegrees/s)
Value:360*Speed_rpm*PolePairs/60
4. Name:Omega_rad (pulsationinrad/s)
Value:Omega*pi/180
5. Name:Thet_deg (loadangleofthemotor)
Value:20
6. Name:Thet (loadangleinradian)
Value:Thet_deg *pi/180
Note:Donotspecifyunittoanyoftheaboveparameters
7. Name:Imax(peakwindingcurrentofthemotor)
Value:250
Unit:A
11.4
11.4-46
Maxwell v14
CreateWindings
Theterminalsaremeanttodefinetheexcitationpathsinandoutofthemodel.
Theactualexcitationisdefinedthroughthedefinitionofwindings.Awinding
needstobedefinedforeachparallelelectricalexcitationofthemotor.
Themotorisexcitedwithabalancedthreephaseconnection.Asinusoidal
excitationisapplied.Ateachtimestep,thephaseshavea120degreeshift.The
loadangleisalsoadded.
ToCreateWindingforPhaseA
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:Phase_A
2. Type:Current
3. CheckStranded
4. Current:Imax*sin(Omega_rad*Time+Thet)
Time isinternallyreservedvariableforthecurrenttime.
5. PressOK
ToAddTerminaltoWinding
RightclickonwindingPhase_A andselectAddCoils
PressCtrlandselecttheterminalsPhaseA1andPhaseA2
PressOK
11.4
11.4-47
Maxwell v14
AddWindingforPhaseBandPhaseC
SimilarlyaddWindingsforPhaseBandPhaseC
PhaseB
1. Name:Phase_B
2. Type:Current
3. CheckStranded
4. Current:Imax*sin(Omega_rad*Time-2*pi/3+Thet)
Itisshiftby-120degreesfromPhaseA.
5. PressOK
6. AddterminalsPhaseB1andPhaseB2tothiswinding
PhaseC
1. Name:Phase_C
2. Type:Current
3. CheckStranded
4. Current:Imax*sin(Omega_rad*Time+2*pi/3+Thet)
Itisshiftby+120degreesfromPhaseA.
5. PressOK
6. AddterminalsPhaseC1andPhaseC2tothiswinding
11.4
11.4-48
Maxwell v14
CreateBandObject
Themovingparts(rotorandpermanentmagnets)needtobeenclosedinanair
object,theband.Thiswillseparatedthemovingpartfromthefixedpartofthe
project.Somerulesapplyforthedefinitionofthebandobjectformotor
applications:
Thebandobjectmustbesomewhatlargerthantherotatingpartsinall
directions(exceptattheboundaries)
Thebandobjectshouldbeafacettedtypecylinderofwedge
Itisveryadvisabletohaveanairobjectthatenclosesallthemovingobject
insidethebandobject.Thiswillfacilitatethemeshhandlingaroundtheair
gap
TocreatetheBandobject,wewillclonetheregionandadapttheparameters
ToDuplicateRegion
ChangethenameofthesheetRegion1toBand
Therotorradiusis80.2mm.Theinnerdiameterofthestator80.95mm.Wepick
themiddleforBandobject.
ToEditBandObject
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetBand
DoubleclickonthecommandCreateLine toopenitsproperties
InPropertieswindow,
ChangePoint2positionto80.575,0,0
Press OK
11.4
11.4-49
Maxwell v14
DoubleclickonthecommandSweepAroundAxis toopenitsproperties
InPropertieswindow,
ChangeNumberofSegmentsto0
PressOK
CreateInnerBand
WenowcreateanobjectthatenclosedthemovingobjectsinsidetheBand.
CopyBand
ChangethenameofthesheettoBand_in
ToEditBand_in Object
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetBand_in
InPropertieswindow,
PressOK
11.4
11.4-50
Maxwell v14
MeshOperations
Thetransientsolverdoesnotuseadaptivemeshingbecausethiswouldrequire
torefinethemeshateverytimesteps,leadingtoveryhighcomputationtime.
UsingMeshoperations,wewilldefineadecentmeshforthefulltransient
simulation.
MeshOperationforRotor
TheRotorisdesignedtobehighlysaturatedaroundthepermanentmagnets,
closetotheairgap.Itisrequiredtohaveagoodmeshdensityaroundthisarea.
Toachievethisrequirement,wecreateacoupleofobjectsinsidetherotor;then
meshoperationswillbeappliedtotheseobjectsinordertohaveanicemesh
aroundtheducts.
CreateLine
1. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthefirstvertex
2. Usingthecoordinateentryfield,enterthesecondvertex
PressEnteragaintoenddrawing
ChangethenameoftheresultinglinetoRotor2
Highlysaturatedzones
11.4
11.4-51
Maxwell v14
ToSweepLine
SelectthelineRotor2fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemDraw>Sweep>AroundAxis
InSweepAroundAxiswindow,
1. Axis:Z
2. Angleofsweep:45
3. Numberofsegments:0
4. PressOK
ChangethematerialpropertyofRotor2 toM19_29G.Also,assignthe
samecolorandtransparencyastheobjectRotor.
CreateRotor3
UsingsameprocessasforRotor2,createRotor3
Uselinecoordinatesasmentionedbelowtocreateline
X:78.72,Y:0.0,Z:0.0
X:79.46,Y:0.0,Z:0.0
ChangethematerialpropertyofRotor3 toM19_29G.Also,assignthe
samecolorandtransparencyastheobjectRotor.
11.4
11.4-52
Maxwell v14
MeshOperationsforRest
AssignMeshOperationforCoils
PressCtrlandselectallCoilsfromhistorytree
SelectthemeshitemMaxwell2D>MeshOperations>Assign>Inside
InElementLengthbasedRefinementwindow,
1. Name:Coils
2. RestricttheLengthofElements: Checked
5. PressOK
MeshOperationforMagnets
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsPM1andPM2fromhistorytree
1. Name:Magnets
5. PressOK
11.4
11.4-53
Maxwell v14
MeshOperationforRotor
1. Name:Rotor
5. PressOK
MeshOperationforStator
1. Name:Stator
5. PressOK
11.4
11.4-54
Maxwell v14
SetCoreLoss
Thecoreloss arenotactivatedbydefault.
CoreLossparametersmustbedefinedtoallobjectsinwhichcorelossistobe
calculated
Sincewehavealreadydefinedcorelossparametersinmaterialdefinition,we
cansetcorelosscalculationforallthoseobjects
ToSetCoreLossCalculations
EnableCoreLossSettingsforStator,Rotor,Rotor2andRotor3
PressOK
11.4
11.4-55
Maxwell v14
AssignMotion
ToAssignMotion
1. TypeTab
MotionType:Rotation
RotationAxis:Global:Z
SelectPositive
2. DataTab
Theinitialpositionofthissynchronousmotorissuchthatthe
Aphaseisoppositetothed-axis.
3. MechanicalTab
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-56
Maxwell v14
SetSymmetryMultiplierandModelDepth
ToSetSymmetryMultiplier
1. SymmetryMultipliertab
SymmetryMultiplier:8
Sincewemodel1/8
th
ofthemotor(ourmodelspanson45),
Theforce,torquewillberescaledtotakeintoaccountthefull
model.
ToSetModelDepth
2. SelectModelDepthtab
ModelDepth:83.82mm
PressOK
11.4
11.4-57
Maxwell v14
SolutionSetup
ToCreateSolutionSetup
At3000rpm,arevolutiontakes20ms(3000rpmmeans50revolutionsper
secondor1/50sforonerevolution).Toachievereasonableaccuracy,we
wanttohaveatimestepevery1or2degrees.Inthisstudy,tohavefaster
results,weuseatimestepof250us(thusevery4.5degrees).
InSolveSetupwindow,
1. Generaltab
StopTime:15ms
TimeStep:250us
2. SaveFieldstab
Type:LinearStep
Start:0s
Stop:15ms
StepSize:250us
SelectAddtoList
3. Solvertab
Non-linearResiduals:1e-6
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-58
Maxwell v14
ValidationCheck
ToChecktheValidityoftheSetup
Maxwellchecksthegeometry,excitationdefinitions,meshoperationsand
soone.ThemodelisvalidatedbutsomeWarningsaredisplayedinthe
messagebox:
1. Eddyeffectarenottakenintoaccountinourdesignwhichiswhat
wedecided
Solve
ToRunSolution
11.4
11.4-59
Maxwell v14
Postprocessing
Solveinformationappearintheprofileofsimulation
ToViewSolutionData
Performancecurvescanbedisplayedduringthesimulation.Theyareupdatedat
theendofeachtimesteps.
ToCreateTorqueVsTimePlot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Results>CreateQuickReports
InQuickreportwindow,
1. SelectTorque
2. PressOK
TheLoadTorque (inred)iszeroasweareinmotormode.
WecanseethattherearealotofripplesintheTorque.Theratiobetweenthe
torqueandthetorqueripplesisalmost10percent.Thisisduetotheunique
structureoftheIPMmotor(InternalPermanentMagnets).Tolimittheripple,
somemanufacturersmodifyslightlytherotorshapearoundthemagnetsoradda
secondlayerofinternalmagnets.Alsothecontrolstrategyplaysabigroleinto
preventingtheripples.
Thetorquevalueisaround240N.m.Thisvalueiscompatiblewithmeasurement.
11.4
11.4-60
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxLinkagesVsTime
RectangularPlot
Inreportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrlandselectFluxLinkage(Phase_A),
FluxLinkage(Phase_B)andFluxLinkage(Phase_C)
SelectNewReport
11.4
11.4-61
Maxwell v14
PlotInducedVoltagesVsTime
RectangularPlot
Inreportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrlandselectInducedVoltage(Phase_A),
InducedVoltage(Phase_B)andInducedVoltage (Phase_C)
SelectNewReport
Thecurvesarenotreallysmooth.Thereasonisthatthetimestepistoo
high.Astheinducedvoltageisaderivedquantity,Maxwellneedstoderive
thetotalflux;thetimestepsiswaytohightohaveaccurateInduced
Voltage.Ifyourerunthesimulationwithatimestepsof50us(insteadof
250us),theInducedVoltagewillhaveamorerealisticshape:
11.4
11.4-62
Maxwell v14
PlotMesh
1. SetTimeto0.01s
2. SelectOK
PressDone
11.4
11.4-63
Maxwell v14
PlotFluxDensity
PressCtrlandselecttheobjectsRotor,Rotor1,Rotor2,PM1,PM2and
Stator
PressDone
Inthewindow,
Scaletab
SelectUserLimits
Min:0
Max:2.2
PressApplyandClose
11.4
11.4-64
Maxwell v14
ParametricStudy
Thesetupthathasbeensolvedwaswithaloadangleof20deg.Iftheloadangle
ismodified,thesimulationhastoberestarted.
Aparametricsweepwillthereforetakeaverylongtime.Wecanproposetwo
approaches:
RealizeaEquivalentCircuitExtractionofthemotor.Thismethodrequires
thecombinationofparametricsweepsinmagneto-staticandthecircuit
simulatorSimplorer.Wewillnotdiscussthismethodinthiswrite-up.
Realizeaparametrictransientsimulation.Tocutthesimulationtime,the
useoftheDistributiveSolveisnecessary.Thisisthechosenmethod.
ToCreateaParametricAnalysis
InAdd/Editwindow,
1. Variable:Thet_deg
2. SelectLinearStep
3. Start:0
4. Stop:60
5. Step:15
6. SelectAdd
InSetupSweepAnalysiswindow,GeneralTab
Thispanelenablestheusertochangeadesignvariable.For
instance,ifyouwishtoruntheparametricsweepwithapeak
windingcurrentof400A,selecttheOverride button,andchangethe
currentvalue.
11.4
11.4-65
Maxwell v14
Calculationtab,SelectSetupcalculation
InAdd/EditCalculationwindow,
Category:Torque
SelectthebuttonRangeFunction
InSetRangeFunctionwindow,
Category:Math
Function:avgabs
PressOK
PressDone
InSetup
SweepAnalysiswindow,selectOptionstab
SaveFieldsAndMesh: Checked
PressOK
11.4
11.4-66
Maxwell v14
RunParametricSolution
TheCalculationProcesswillbedoneforallvariations
ViewResults
Results
Theresultscanalsobemonitoredwhilesolutionisrunning
Alltheplotsarenowavailableforanyvariation
11.4
11.4-67
Maxwell v14
CoggingTorque
TheCoggingTorquecorrespondstothetorqueduetotheshapeoftheteethand
thepermanentmagnets,whenallthecoilsexcitationsare0.Thetorqueisavery
smallvalueinregardtothefullloadtorque.Itscomputationisverysensitiveto
themesh,asitsvalueisinthesameorderofmagnitudeofthemeshnoise.
TocomputeaccuratelythecoggingTorque,onecouldsolveaparametricsweep
inMagnetostatic (theinputparameterbeingtheanglebetweenrotorandstator).
Thismethodwillnotleadtoexcellentresultsastheerrorduetothemeshwillbe
differentforeachposition(themeshwillchangeforeveryrow).
Thepreferredmethodistheuseofthetransientsolverwithmotion:
Wewillmovetherotoratthespeedof1deg/s
ThemeshwillremainunchangedforallthepositionsthankstotheBand
object:themeshinsidetheBandobjectwillrotatewiththerotor
Eachtimestepwillbeindependentoftheother
Theadaptivemeshwillnotbeusedthereforethesimulationtimewillbe
shorter
CopyDesign
ToCopyDesign
SelecttheMaxwellDesign5_Partial_Motor_TRfromtheProjectManager
Changethenameofthedesignto6_Partial_Motor_CT
CreateOuterBand
WederivethesetupforthecoggingtorquecalculationfromtheFullloadsetup.
Wewillchangethespeed,theexcitationsandsomemeshingoperations.
Sincethemeshhastobewelldefinedintheairgap,wewilladdanobjectsothat
wehaveenoughlayersofelement:
CopyBand
ChangethenameofthesheettoBand_out
11.4
11.4-68
Maxwell v14
ToEditBand_out Object
ExpandthehistorytreeforthesheetBand_out
InPropertieswindow,
PressOK
Rotor
Rotor2 Rotor3
Band_in
Band Band_out
Stator
11.4
11.4-69
Maxwell v14
ModifyMotionSetup
DeleteExistingMotionSetup
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Model>MotionSetup>DeleteAll
AssignMotion
1. TypeTab
MotionType:Rotation
RotationAxis:Global:Z
SelectPositive
2. DataTab
Leaveitunchanged
3. MechanicalTab
4. PressOK
11.4
11.4-70
Maxwell v14
EditMeshOperations
Wealsoneedtochangethemeshingoperations.Themeshdensitythatwas
goodenoughtocomputethefullloadtorquewontbeaccurateenoughforthe
coggingtorque
ToEditMeshOperations
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewMeshOperations
DoubleclickonthemeshoperationStatortochangeitsparameters
ChangeMaximumLengthofElementsto3mm
SimilarlychangeMaximumLengthofElementsforoperationRotorto3mm
AddNewMeshOperation
PressCtrlandselectthesheetsStator,Rotor,Rotor2andRotor3from
historytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>MeshOperations>Assign>Surface
Approximation
InSurfaceApproximationwindow,
Name:SA_Stator_Rotor
SetMaximumNormalDeviation(angle):1deg
PressOK
11.4
11.4-71
Maxwell v14
RemoveCoils
Wecandeletethecoilsastheyarenotneededinthecoggingtorquesimulation
ToDeleteCoils
SelectthemenuitemEdit>Delete orpressDeletebuttonfromkeyboard
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell2D>Excitations>DeleteAll
ModifyAnalysisSetup
Onepolepairtakes7.5mechdegrees.Wewillsolveover15s inordertohave
twoperiods(remember:thespeedis1deg/s)
Wesetthetimestepto0.125s tohaveaverysmoothcurve.Anhighertimestep
isstillvalidifyouwantafasterresult.
InSolveSetupwindow,
Generaltab
StopTime:15s
TimeStep:0.125s
SaveFieldstab
SelectthebuttonClearAll
Solvertab
NonlinearResiduals:1e-4
PressOK
Solve
ToRunSolution
11.4
11.4-72
Maxwell v14
PostProcess
PlotTorqueVsTime
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Torque
SelectNewReport
TheTorquetraceappears.Asexpected,thecoggingtorqueis
periodical.Thepeakvalueisabout1.75N.m.
11.5
Optimetrics inRMxprt
11.5-1
Maxwell v14
BrushlessPermanentMagnetDCMotor
11.5
11.5-2
Maxwell v14
LaunchingMaxwell
ToaccessMaxwell:
OpenInputFile
ToOpenFile
LocatethefileEx_11_BLDC_opt_v12_pres.mxwlandOpenit
TheinputfileisaBrushlessPermanentMagnetDCMotor
VariablesforOptimetrics
PoleEmbrace
PoleEmbraceindicateshowmuchofapoleiscoveredbyamagnet
WewillstudytheeffectofvariationinPoleEmbraceonCoggingTorque
ThevalueofPoleEmbrace issetto0.55ininputfile
ThiscanbecheckedbyexpandingProjectManagertreetoviewMachine>
Rotor>Pole
DoubleclickonthetabPoletoviewPoleEmbracevalue
Changethevalueto0.75toseetheeffect.
Setthevalueto0.65
PressOK
Magnet
Shaft
Rotor
PoleEmbrace:0.55
PoleEmbrace:0.75
11.5
11.5-3
Maxwell v14
Analyze
ToRuntheSolution
Results
PlotTorqueVsTime
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Category:Torque
Quantity:Coggingtorque
SelectNewReport
MaximumvalueofCoggingTorqueisaround0.5Nm
11.5
11.5-4
Maxwell v14
ParametricAnalysis
SetParameterforPoleEmbrace
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewMachine>Rotor>Pole
DoubleclickonthetabPoletomodifyitsparameter
InPropertieswindow,
SetEmbracevaluetoPoleEmbrace
InAddvariablewindow,
Value:0.55
PressOK
PressOK
SetParametricSweep
Variable:PoleEmbrace
SelectLinearStep
Start:0.55
Stop:0.75
Step:0.05
SelectAdd>>
PressOK
11.5
11.5-5
Maxwell v14
InSetupSweepAnalysiswindow,selectTabletabtoviewallvariationsfor
parametricanalysis
SelecttheCalculationstabandselectthebuttonSetupcalculations
Category:Torque
Quantity:CoggingTorqueParameter
PressDone
PressOKtocloseSetupSweepAnalysiswindow
11.5
11.5-6
Maxwell v14
RunParametricAnalysis
ToRunParametricSetup
ViewParametricResults
ToViewResults
RectangularPlot
InReportwindow,
Domain:Parameter
Category:Torque
SelectNewReport
Note:Plotisshowingthevalueisminimumat0.65. Butsincenoother
variationhasbeensolvedbetween0.6and0.7,minimumlocationcannot
bepredictedexactly
11.5
11.5-7
Maxwell v14
SetupTuningAnalysis
TuningAnalysisallowstofinetunethepoleembracevaluebetween0.6and0.7
totherealminimumvalueofcoggingtorque
ToSetParametersforTuningAnalysis
InPropertieswindow,
SelecttheradiobuttontoTuning
ChecktheIncludefieldfortheparameterPoleEmbrace
Min:0.6
Max:0.7
Step:0.01
PressOK
ToSetTuningAnalysis
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >Optimetrics Analysis>Tune
InTunewindow,
RealTime: Checked
BrowseAvailableVariations: Unchecked
Thevalueofthevariableisadjustedbyslidingthesliderbar
11.5
11.5-8
Maxwell v14
Thechangesofthecurvecanbeobservedinrealtimeimmediately
asthevariableisbeingchanged
Theanalysisrevealsthattherealminimumoccursforthevalueof
0.67
PressSaveandClose
CompareTorquePlots
ToComparePreviousandTunedTorquePlot
RightclickontheTorqueplotcreatedpreviouslyandselectModifyReport
Inreportwindow,selectFamiliestab
SetthevalueforPoleEmbrace to0.67
SelectAddTrace
11.5
11.5-9
Maxwell v14
OptimizationAnalysisinRMxprt
Parametricanalysisinvolvesallpossiblevariationsoftheinputvariable(s)
Forarefinedanalysisandfortheanalysisinvolvingmanyvariables,thenumber
ofneededvariationscangrowrapidlyandmaybecomecomputationally
demanding
Analternativeapproachistouseoptimizationanalysis,whereadefined
algorithmsearchesfortheoptimumvalueautomaticallywithoutaneedofgoing
throughallpossiblevariations
ThefollowingexampleshowstheapplicationofSequentialNonlinear
Programmingoptimizationalgorithmfortheminimizationofthecoggingtorque
ToSetVariablesforOptimization
InPropertieswindow,
ChangethevalueofPoleEmbrace to0.65
SettheradiobuttontoOptimization
Include: Checked
Min:0.55
Max:0.75
SetupOptimization
SelectthemenuitemRMxprt >Optimetrics Analysis>AddOptimization
Optimizer:SequentialNonlinearProgramming
Max.No.ofIterations:20
SelectSetupCalculations
11.5
11.5-10
Maxwell v14
Category:Torque
SettheConditiontoMinimize
PressOK
RunOptimization
11.5
11.5-11
Maxwell v14
ViewOptimizationResults
ToViewResults
RightClickonthetabOptimizationSetup1andselectViewAnalysis
Results
DefaultviewissettoPlot
ChangetheviewtoTable
ItcanbeseenthatCostisminimumfor0.666
CompareTorquePlots
CompareOriginalvaluesofCoggingTorquewithOptimizedvalue

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