BONE • OSTEOBLASTS

• Is a specialized, mineralized connective tissue o Uninucleated cell that sytnthesize both TYPE
composed of intercellular substances and osteocytes I & IV collagen
with its processes in lacunae and canaliculi
o CYTOKINES
• Controlled by HORMONAL FACTORS, systematically
 Autocrine or paracrine factors like
• Controlled by MECHANICAL FORCES, locally growth factors

• MECHANICAL FORCES  Help regulate cell metabolism

o GROWHT FACTORS o Responsible for mineralization

o CYTOKINES o Thought to derive from MULTIPOTENT

MESENCHYMAL CELL or PERIVASCULAR
o PIEZOELECTRIC CONDITIONS (TOOTH CELL
MOVEMENT)
o Differentiate through PREOSTEOBLAST
• Extension of maxilla and mandible
(precursor cell)

• Resist compressive force best

o LINING CELLS

• Resist tensile force least

 When bone is inactive and is no
longer forming
COMPOSITION OF BONE

 Retains gap junction with osteocyte

• 67% INORGANIC
to create SYNCTITIUM in order to
control hemostasis for bone vitality
o HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS
o KEY FACTORS IN RATE OF BONE CELL
• 33% ORGANIC
DEVELOPMENT

o 25%
 BMP SUPER FAMILY

 COLLAGEN
• BMP2
o 5%
• BMP7

 OSTEOCALCIN
 TGF – BETA

 SIALOPROTEIN
 IGF – I & IGF – II

 PHOSPHOPROTEIN
 PDGF – AH

 OSTEONECTIN
 FGF – BETA

 BONE SPECIFIC PROTEIN

o Hormones most important in bone
metabolism
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
o PARATHYROID HORMONE & vit. D
• Support, protection, locomotion and attachment of
muscles
 Enhance bone resorption at high
pharmacologic concentrations
• Reservoir of minerals

 Supports bone formation at low

• HEMOPOEISIS
physiologic concentrations
o RBC formation
o CALCITONIN & ESTROGEN

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 Exhibits resorption
I. BONE CELLS
o GLUCOCORTICOIDS

1
  Primarily exhibits formation
 Exhibits resorption
• OSTEOCYTES
o Osteoblasts that become entrapped in
lacunae
 Number varies depending on
rapidity of bone formation
o OSTEOCYTIC LACUNAE
 Osteocytes may slowly resorb the
immediate surrounding matrix
creating a space
o CANALICULI
 Narrow extensions of lacunae that
forms enclosed channels
 Houses radiating osteocytic
processes
o OSTEOLYSIS
 Limited resorption of bone
materials at the walls of the
osteocytic lacunae and canals
o OSTEOPLASIA
 Secondary rebuilding of perilacunar
bone mineral
o Most important function of
OSTEOBLAST-OSTEOCYTE COMPLEX
 To prevent hypermineralization of
bone by continually pumping
calcium back into the blood stream
• OSTEOCLASTS
o Large, multinucleated, generally seen in
clusters inside Howship’s lacunae
o HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE
 Shallow, hollowed – out
depressions created by osteoclasts
 RUFFLED BORDER
• Organelle-poor, brush-like
cytoplasmic border
• Made up of many
cytoplasmic villi
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• Located on the surface of
the cell facing the surface
of the bone
• Demarcates ZONE OF
RESORPTION
o Rich in acid phosphate and other lysosomal
enzymes
o PROTON PUMP
 Pumps hydrogen ions into the
sealed compartment
 SEALING ZONE
• Attaches the cells to the
mineralized surface
• Isolates microenvironment
between them and the
bone surfaces
o SEQUENCE OF RESORPTIVE EVENTS
 Attachment of osteoclasts to the
mineralized surface of bone
 Creation of a sealed acidic
environment through the action of
the proton pump
 Degradation of this exposed
organic matrix to its consistent
amino acids
II. BONE MATRIX
• Intercellular substances of bone
• Consists of collagenous fibrils in bundles and
calcified cementing substance
o Composed of polymerized glycoproteins to
which mineral salts are bound
III. SHARPEY’S FIBERS
• Lateral fibrous elements extended into the bone
matrix
IV. BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, LYMPH (HAVERSIAN
CANALS)
  Consist
of bone cells,
their
precursors,
HISTOLOGIC ARRANGEMENT OF MATURE BONE rich in
microvascula
• COMPACT BONE r supply

o Dense outer sheet that are closely packed o OUTER LAYER

o 3 DISTINCT TYPES OF LAYERING

 Give rise
 CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
to
SHARPEY’S
• Enclose the entire adult
FIBER
bone

• Forms outer perimeter  Penetrat

e the cellular
 CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE layer of
periosteum
• Bulk of compact bone and extend
into
• OSTEON circumferenti
al lamellae
o basic metabolic
unit of bone

• HAVERSIAN CANAL

o Houses capillary

o Lined by single
layer of bone
cells

• VOLKSMANN’S CANAL

o Interconnects
haversian canals

 INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE

• Fragments that result

from bone formation

• Between adjacent
concentric lamellae

• Fragment of preexisting
concentric lamellae

• PERIOSTEUM

o Osteogenic
connective tissue
membrane that
consists of 2
layers:

o INNER LAYER

 Next to
bone surface
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