Gas turbine exhaust

The flow in a gas turbine exhaust duct system is characterised by high velocities, high temperatures and high levels of turbulence. If these effects are not sufficiently analysed during the design of the system, the flow-induced vibrations and thermal transients may cause structural fatigue damage and other problems in the exhaust duct system

Thermal radiations
Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. It represents a conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy. Thermal energy results in kinetic energy in the random movements of atoms and molecules in matter. All matter with a temperature by definition is composed of particles which have kinetic energy, and which interact with each other. These atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles, i.e., protons and electrons, and kinetic interactions among matter particles result in charge-acceleration and dipole-oscillation. This results in the generation of coupled electric and magnetic fields, resulting in the emission of photons, radiating energy away from the body through its surface boundary. Electromagnetic radiation, including light, does not re uire the presence of matter to propagate and travels in the vacuum of space infinitely far if unobstructed.

Measuring temperature using IR

An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation emitted by the ob!ect being measured. "y knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the ob!ect and its emissivity, the ob!ect#s temperature can often be determined.

Need of a IRT
$ometimes, especially near ambient temperatures, false readings will be obtained indicating incorrect temperature. This is most often due to other thermal radiation reflected from the ob!ect being measured, but having its source elsewhere, like a hotter wall or other ob!ect nearby - even the person holding the thermometer can be an error source in some cases. It can also be due to an incorrect emissivity on the emissivity control or a combination of the two possibilities. Working of a IRT The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on to a detector which is a thermopile, which converts the radiant power to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient temperature. This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the ob!ect to be measured. As such, the infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature under circumstances where thermocouples or other probe type sensors cannot be used or do not produce accurate data for a variety of reasons.

An important parameter in I%T is the distance-to-spot ratio (D:S), which is the ratio of the distance to the ob!ect and the diameter of the temperature measurement area. Various devices used for temperature measurement using radiations

1. Spot Infrared Thermometer or Infrared P rometer, which measures the temperature

at a spot on a surface &actually a relatively small area determined by the '($ ratio).

2. Infrared Scanning S stems scan a larger area, typically by using what is essentially a
spot thermometer pointed at a rotating mirror.

3. Infrared !ameras are essentially infrared radiation thermometers that measure the
temperature at many points over a relatively large area to generate a two-dimensional image, called a thermogram, with each pi*el representing a temperature. Typical applications include perimeter monitoring used by military or security personnel, inspection + process uality monitoring of manufacturing processes, and e uipment or enclosed space hot or cold spot monitoring for safety and efficiency maintenance purposes.

Working of a infrared camera Radiated heat does not require a medium for transfer of energy, and therefore no direct contact. It involves waves of energy leaving one substance and being received by another. t the heart of every thermal imager is the infrared detector. !he detector is a solid state com"onent which converts infrared energy into an electrical signal. !hrough the electronic circuitry within the imager, this electrical signal is then converted into the visible image which a""ears on the imager#s dis"lay screen. !he most common detectors found in today#s modern cameras are $now as the microbolometer. !his microbolometer detector is constructed of two layers % a to" "late and a substrate. &eat stri$ing individual "i'els creates electrical resistance between these layers. Resistance values of individual "i'els are then converted by the imager#s electronics into thermal images and tem"erature values.