Load / Traffic Analysis: Siemens/NEC

Load / traffic analysis Siemens/NEC
MN3540EU35MN_0002
2005 Siemens AG / NEC Corporation
/
1
Contents
1 RNC load 3
1.1 RNC processor load 6
1.2 DHT / PRLC 7
2 NodeB load report 9
3 Cell usage 13
3.1 Code allocation 16
3.2 Air interface load 20
3.3 Common channel load 23
3.4 Traffic analysis 24
4 Exercises / examples 25
4.1 Erlang B 26
4.2 Node B load 35
4.3 PS - traffic 37
4.4 CS - traffic 43
4.5 PS & CS traffic load 47

Load / traffic analysis
Siemens/NEC Load / traffic analysis

MN3540EU35MN_0002
2

MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
3

1 RNC load


MN3540EU35MN_0002
4

Processor load, DHT and PRLC usage are covered by RNC measurements

RNC Usage Ratio
dhtUsage
prlcUsage
dhtAllocSucc
dhtAllocAtt
prlcAllocSucc
prlcAllocAtt


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E-CCPM
LSM
A
T
M
S
W
C-CMPM
D-CMPM
MHM
GTPM
PRM
DHTM
SIGM
M2CM
HUB
CP00
SVC COC SCC
MIF
IMAT
DK
DAT
From/To
CN/RNC
156 M
From/To
Node-B
From/To
Node-B
156 M
CLK
CLKD
TINF
TINF
TINF
TINF
TINF
TINF
TINF
TINF
CMP
HUBIU
CMP DTI
MHC
HUBIU
HUBIU
PRLC
DHT
DHT
TINF
HUBIU
M2C
M2C
TINF
C
M
U
X
C
M
U
X
C
M
U
X
G
M
U
X
C
M
U
X
E
C
M
U
X
E
CMP DTI
C
M
U
X
E
C
M
U
X
E
E1
E1
HUBIU
CP02 CP01
ANC/
MFG
D-CCPM
C
1
H
W
Y
C
1
H
W
Y
C
1
H
W
Y
C
1
H
W
Y
C
1
H
W
Y
C
1
H
W
Y
C
1
H
W
Y
Load
Usage,
Attempted allocations,
Successful allocations
Usage,
Attempted allocations,
Successful allocations

Fig. 1 Overview about RNC load report


MN3540EU35MN_0002
6

1.1 RNC processor load
Physical Control Processors (CPs) are located on Processor Units (PRUs), which are
mounted in the central control processor modules (CCPMs).

The RNC software is divided into main functional blocks, each assigned to a logical
processor:

There is a fixed assignment between physical processors and the logical processors.
Each physical processor can carry out the functions of one or more logical
processors.

The physical processors are the following:
Operation and Maintenance Processor (OMP)
Resource Management Processor (RMP)
Call Processor (CLP)

In the default configuration OMP and RMP are mapped to one physical processor
and the CLP functions are executed on two physical processors in parallel.

The RNC processor load is monitored by the performance measurement type
RNC Usage Ratio
where the mean load of the RNC processor for
O&M applications (AP) rncUsageRatio(0)
and call processing (CP) rncUsageRatio(1)
is recorded.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
7

1.2 DHT / PRLC
Diversity Handover Trunk (DHT)
Controls diversity handover.
Due to the soft handover state, multiple input signals can be processed.
The Diversity Handover Trunk Module (DHTM) combines the selections.
A single best quality signal is generated out of multiple received signals.

Packet Radio Link Controller (PRLC)
Terminates both the RLC protocol of layer 2 and the PDCP protocol between
the UE and the cRNC.
Terminates the Internet Protocol (IP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and
the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling protocol-User (GTP-U)
between the cRNC and the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).
Monitors the traffic between the cRNC and the SGSN.
Provides encryption functions.
Each A-PRM(B) can accommodate 10 PRLC cards.
Each B-PRM can accommodate 8 PRLC cards.
Each C-PRM can accommodate 10 PRLC cards.

Capacity
a) cRNC (based on UMR 2.0 hardware)
20 Mbps per A-PRM
CS voice capacity: 1000 Erlang per DHTM

b) eRNC (RNC with enhanced capacity and connectivity). PO-throughput capacity:
24 Mbps per B-PRM
30 Mbps per C-PRM
CS voice capacity: 1500 Erlang per C-DHTM


MN3540EU35MN_0002
8

Example: This indicator provides the DHT allocation success ratio.
Long name DHT allocation success rate
Short name DHTAllocSR
Formula
% 100 *
t dhtAllocAt
cc dhtAllocSu
DHTAllocSR =
Counters dhtAllocSucc
dhtAllocAtt
Object RNC
Unit/Range Percent
Remark


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
9

2 NodeB load report

MN3540EU35MN_0002
10

Measurements for the load report of the NodeB are:

Node processor load
cpUsageRatio (NodeB PF1); ccProcessorLoad (NodeB PF2)

Node B Baseband (BB) Usage Ratio
bbUsageRatio

Rest of Call Capacity
restOfCallCapacity


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Performance Measurements
- Core Controller (PF2)
- Call processing (PF1)
- CHC cards (BB resources)
- Rest of call capacity
Users information rate
Number of services
performed by CHC96/CHC48
12.2 kbit/s: 96/48
64 kbit/s: 36/18
128 kbit/s: 18/8
384 kbit/s: 9/4
NodeB load related measurements

Fig. 2 Overview about NodeB load report recommended channel capacity


MN3540EU35MN_0002
12


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
13

3 Cell usage

MN3540EU35MN_0002
14

Since all users are transmitting simultaneously the interference depends on the
number of currently active users. All operational cellular networks are equipped with
two functions to control the number of active users in the network:
resource allocation
congestion control.

New users, new radio access bearers or new radio links can only be admitted if there
is sufficient cell capacity left. Otherwise it will be denied in order to keep quality of
service. When a new radio link is required, two functions are necessary, named
Resource allocation:
Admission control
determines whether the available resources in the channel meet the requested
quality of service requirements. It is located in RNC where the load information
from several cells can be obtained. Based on admission control algorithm is
estimated the bearer establishment load increase, that may cause interference
in the radio network. Estimation is done separately for the UL and DL directions.
The requesting bearer can be admitted only if both UL and DL admission
control accept it otherwise it is rejected.
and.
Code allocation
determines available codes (downlink scrambling code, downlink channelization
code) for the new user.

Congestion control is required to prevent unstable states in the system and to
resolve them. It consists of two parts. Firstly, a mechanism for monitoring the system
and for detecting congestion is established. Secondly, in case of congestion bearers
are selected which are to be switched from DCH to CCH, downgraded to low, or to
be dropped. Dropping applies only for RT traffic class as well as multi-calls.

Cell load related performance measurement types are:
Received total wide band power
Transmitted carrier power
Number of used codes per spreading factor
Number of attempted code requests per spreading factor
Number of successful code requests per spreading factor
Number of rejections by admission control per cause
Number of times congestion control is activated per congestion cause
Mean number of bearer services per cell related


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Node
B
R
N
C
Traffic quality
Cell 2
A
B
C
D
Admission
Control
Code allocation
Cell usage
Related PM-types
- Received total wide band power
- Transmitted carrier power
- Number of used codes per spreading factor
- Number of attempted code requests per spreading factor
- Number of successful code requests per spreading factor
- Number of rejections by admission control per cause
- Number of times congestion control is activated per congestion cause
- Mean number of bearer services per cell related
Traffic congestion
Measurement report
D
L
U
L
Congestion
Control

Fig. 3 Cell load related performance measurements


MN3540EU35MN_0002
16

3.1 Code allocation
In UTRA FDD a physical channel is characterized by a combination of its carrier
frequency and its spreading code. The channelization code used for spreading are
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes that preserve users physical
channel orthogonally.

The OVSF code is shown in the below figure. Each level in the code tree is described
as C
SF,code number
- where the spreading factor (SF) is ranging from 4 to 512 for the chip
rate of 3.84Mcps. Eight sets of spreading codes are specified, one set for each
spreading factor. Considering a reuse one cluster in the frequency domain, the
physical channel is only characterized by its spreading code. Moreover, the problem
of code allocation regards only in the DL.

The OVSF code is the channelization code. Different physical channels in the same
cell use different channelization codes. The OVSF codes preserve mutual transmit
orthogonally between different DL physical channels, even if they use different SF
and thus offer different channel bit rates. Hence an allocated code consumes 1/SF-th
of the capacity of a single tree.

A code with a relatively smaller SF provides higher data rate.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
17

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C4,0=
(1,1,1,1)
C1,0=
(1)
C2,0=
(1,1)
C2,1=
(1,-1)
C4,1=
(1,1,-1,-1)
C4,2=
(1,-1,1,-1)
C4,3=
(1,-1,-1,1)
C8,0=
(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
C8,1=
(1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
C8,3=
(1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
C8,4=
(1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
C8,2 =
(1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
C8,5=
(1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
C8,6=
(1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
C8,7=
(1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
C4,0 assigned
SF1 SF2 SF4 SF8
Not available
codes
CSF,code number

Fig. 4 Physical channel and transport channel reconfiguration


MN3540EU35MN_0002
18


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
19

This indicator provides the code allocation success ratio per spreading factor.
Long name Code allocation success rate
Code allocation success rate(SF)
Short name CodeAllocSR
CodeAllocSR(SF)
Formula
% 100 *
] [ Re
] [ Re
all qAtt uuCode
all qSucc uuCode
R CodeAllocS =

% 100 *
] [ Re
] [ Re
) (
all qAtt uuCode
SF qSucc uuCode
SF R CodeAllocS =

Counters uuCodeReqAtt.<SF>.<DLUL>
uuCodeReqSucc.<SF>.<DLUL>
Object Cell
Unit/Range Percent
Remark The indicated code usage rate applies only for DL.

This indicator gives the ratio between the sum of used codes per SF related to the
total number of usable SF.
Long name Code usage rate
Short name CodeUsageRate
Formula
% 100 *
512
128 * ] 0 [ 64 * ] 1 [
32 * ] 2 [ 16 * ] 3 [
8 * ] 4 [ 4 * ] 5 [
2 * ] 6 [ 1 * ] 7 [
d uuCodesUse d uuCodesUse
ate CodeUsageR
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
Counters uuCodesUsed [all]
Object Cell
Unit/Range Percent
Remark The indicated code usage rate applies only for DL.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
20

3.2 Air interface load
The "ideal" load is given by
=
j
j
j G
UL
N
Eb
P
0
1
(1)
where all active radio bearer have to be taken into consideration.
The actual load is given by: load = a * . (see below)

The scaling factor "a" takes into account:inter-cell interference;
non-ideal power control;
unequal cell loading;
varying propagation conditions;
varying positions of the user.

The load - interference relationship is derived from the basic relation of Carrier-to-
Interference Ratio (C/I) and Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR):
UL UL
UL
j
j
j G
UL
UL
UL
a
N
N
Eb
P
f
N
I

=
+
1 1
) 1 ( 1
0
.(2)
UL interference - IUL = received total wideband power (RTWP).
DL interference Ptot,DL = transmitted carrier power (TCP).

Equivalently SIR can be used:
UL UL
UL
UL ,
UL ,
UL
UL
UL
1
) 1 ( 1

=
a
N
SF k
SIR
f
N
I
j j j
j
(3)
with:
i c i d
i c
i
k
,
2
,
2
,
2

+
=
(4)

DL DL
DL common,
DL ,
DL ,
DL
DL common,
DL tot,
1
2
1

=
a
P
SF
SIR
a
P
P
j j
j
(5)


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Safe range
flexible
range
Instable
Transmission load
Maximum
I threshold
Maximum
planned
noise rise
DI
DL
Interference
level
Itotal

Fig. 5 Interference level (UL: RTWP, DL: TCP): as function of load


MN3540EU35MN_0002
22

Examples:
This indicator provides the mean, max or min value of the measured transmitted
carrier power
Long name Transmit Carrier Power
Short name TCP(MMM)
Formula
MaxDlTxPwr MMM rrierPwr uuTransmCa MMM TCP * 01 , 0 * ] [ ) ( =
Counters uuTransmCarrierPwr.<MMM>
MaxDlTxPwr
Object Cell
Unit/Range Watt
Remark

This indicator provides the mean, max or min value of the measured Received Total
Wideband Power
Long name Received Total Wideband Power
Short name RTWP(MMM)
Formula
1 , 0 * ] [ Re 112 ) ( MMM r cTotalWbPw uu MMM RTWP + =
Counters uuRecTotalWbPwr.<MMM>
Object Cell
Unit/Range dBm
Remark The measured value indicates always a range with a step size of 0.1dBm. If e.g.
the measured value is 100 the formula results is (-112 + 100 * 0.1) = -102dBm.
Thus, the RTWP is from 102.1 .. 102.0dBm.

Application of eq.(4) yields the downlink cell load indicated by the transmitted carrier
power.
Long name Downlink cell load
Short name DlCellLoad(MMM)
Formula
% 100 *
* 100 / ] [
1 ) (
MaxDlTxPwr MMM rrierPwr uuTransmCa
Pcommon
MMM DlCellLoad =
Counters uuTransmCarrierPwr.<MMM>
Object Cell
Unit/Range %
Remark


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
23

3.3 Common channel load
These indicators provide the usage/discard rate of individual Common Channels
Long name PCH usage rate
FACH usage rate
PCH discard rate
FACH discard rate
PRACH usage rate
SCCPCH usage rate
Short name PCHUsageRate
FACHUsageRate
PCHDiscardRate
FACHDiscardRate
PRACHUsageRate
SCCPCHUsageRate
Formula
te pchUsageRa te PCHUsageRa =

ate fachUsageR ate FACHUsageR =

Rate pchDiscard Rate PCHDiscard =

dRate fachDiscar dRate FACHDiscar =

Ratio prachUsage Rate PRACHUsage =

eRatio sccpchUsag eRate SCCPCHUsag =

Counters pchUsageRate
fachUsageRate
pchDiscardRate
fachDiscardRate
prachUsageRatio
sccpchUsageRatio

Object Cell
Unit/Range Percent
Remark


MN3540EU35MN_0002
24

3.4 Traffic analysis
This indicator provides the amount of DCH traffic in Erlang on carried bearer
services.
Long name DCH traffic load CS
DCH traffic load PS
DCH traffic load per bearer service
Short name DCHTrafLoad_CS
DCHTrafLoad_PS
DCHTrafLoad(BearerService)
Formula
] 13 , 12 , 11 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 [ _ iceperCell bearerServ CS d DCHTrafLoa =
] 32 14 , 10 , 9 , 4 , 3 [ _ = iceperCell bearerServ PS d DCHTrafLoa
] [ ]) [ ( i iceperCell bearerServ i ice BearerServ d DCHTrafLoa =
for i = 1, .. ,32
Counters bearerServiceperCell[all]
Object Cell
Unit/Range Erlang
Remark

This indicator is an estimation of the mean user data throughput in kbit per second
per cell on the Iub interface in the uplink/downlink direction.
Long name Mean User Data Throughput uplink on Iub interface (CS)
Mean User Data Throughput downlink on Iub interface (CS)
Mean User Data Throughput uplink on Iub interface (PS)
Mean User Data Throughput downlink on Iub interface (PS)
Short
name
MeanUserDataULIub(CS)
MeanUserDataDLIub(CS)
MeanUserDataULIub(PS)
MeanUserDataDLIub(PS)
Formula
1000 / 8 * ] ][ [ ) ( CS UL hputDCIub userThroug CS taULIub MeanUserDa =
1000 / 8 * ] ][ [ ) ( CS DL hputDCIub userThroug CS taDLIub MeanUserDa =
1000 / 8 * ] ][ [ ) ( PS UL hputDCIub userThroug PS taULIub MeanUserDa =
1000 / 8 * ] ][ [ ) ( PS DL hputDCIub userThroug PS taDLIub MeanUserDa =
Counters userThroughputDCIub[UL/DL][CS/PS]
Object NodeB
Unit/Range kbit/sec
Remark


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
25

4 Exercises / examples


MN3540EU35MN_0002
26

4.1 Erlang B
For the estimation of the traffic the Erlang B formula for non queuing Telefon
Systems and the Erlang C formula for queuing telephone systems can be used.
Further information about the traffic theory can be found in the
Siemens Tabellenbuch Fernsprechtheorie ISBN 3-8009-1343-7.

Traffic is measured in [Erl] Erlang, Traffic Volume (TV) in [Erlh] Erlanghours.

Erlang B - formula describes the blocking ratio B = f(a,N)
Erlang B is valid for:
random traffic,
blocking system,
n >> N (N: number of circuits, n: number of users).

For blocking systems can be considered:
B = f(a,N) [1] blocking ratio (Erlang B formula)
B_block = CR / CA [1]
B_cong = t_cong / GRANP [1]
r_loss = a - y [Erl]

Example: hard blocking system
e.g. GSM cell (CS, blocking, not interference-limited).
N = 14
A = 8.628 Erlh


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
27

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600

Fig. 6 A = f( t ), Y = f( t )


MN3540EU35MN_0002
28


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
29

Exercise 1
Title:
Erlang B

Task
- Erlang B system
- N = 2,
- a = 1 Erl.
- B = ?

MN3540EU35MN_0002
30

For blocking systems can be considered:
B = f(a,N) [1] blocking ratio (Erlang B formula)
B_block = CR / CA [1]
B_cong = t_cong / GRANP [1]
r_loss = a - y [Erl]

The table below displays a = f(N,B).

MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
31

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Traffic offered a [Erl]
Call attempts CA
Traffic lost r = a - y [Erl]
Calls rejected CR
Traffic carried y [Erl]
Calls carried CC
Number of
Channels N

Fig. 7 Principle CS traffic - blocking system


MN3540EU35MN_0002
32

N B = 1 % B = 3 % B = 5 % B = 7 % N B = 1 % B = 3 % B = 5 % B = 7 %
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0.01
0.15
0.46
0.87
1.36
1.91
2.50
3.13
3.78
4.46
5.16
5.88
6.61
7.35
8.11
8.88
9.65
10.44
11.23
12.03
12.84
13.65
14.47
15.29
16.13
16.96
17.80
18.64
19.49
20.34
21.19
22.05
22.91
23.77
24.64
25.51
26.38
27.25
28.13
29.01
29.89
30.77
31.66
32.54
33.43
34.32
35.22
36.11
37.00
37.90
0.03
0.28
0.72
1.26
1.88
2.54
3.25
3.99
4.75
5.53
6.33
7.14
7.97
8.80
9.65
10.51
11.37
12.24
13.11
14.00
14.89
15.78
16.68
17.58
18.48
19.39
20.31
21.22
22.14
23.06
23.99
24.91
25.84
26.78
27.71
28.65
29.59
30.53
31.47
32.41
33.36
34.30
35.25
36.20
37.17
38.11
39.06
40.02
40.98
41.93
0.05
0.38
0.90
1.53
2.22
2.96
3.74
4.54
5.37
6.22
7.08
7.95
8.84
9.37
10.63
11.54
12.46
13.39
14.31
15.25
16.19
17.13
18.08
19.03
19.99
20.94
21.90
22.87
23.83
24.80
25.77
26.75
27.72
28.70
29.68
30.66
31.64
32.62
33.61
34.60
35.58
36.57
37.57
38.56
39.55
40.54
41.54
42.54
43.53
44.53
0.08
0.47
1.06
1.75
2.50
3.30
4.14
5.00
5.88
6.78
7.69
8.61
9.54
10.48
11.43
12.39
13.35
14.32
15.29
16.27
17.25
18.24
19.23
20.22
21.21
22.21
23.21
24.22
25.22
26.23
27.24
28.25
29.26
30.28
31.29
32.31
33.33
34.35
35.37
36.40
37.42
38.45
39.47
40.50
41.53
42.56
43.59
44.62
45.65
46.69
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
38.80
39.70
40.60
41.50
42.41
43.31
44.22
45.13
46.04
46.95
47.86
48.77
49.69
50.60
51.52
52.44
53.35
54.27
55.19
56.11
57.03
57.96
58.88
59.80
60.73
61.65
62.58
63.51
64.43
65.36
66.29
67.22
68.15
69.08
70.02
70.95
71.88
72.81
73.75
74.68
75.62
76.56
77.49
78.43
79.37
80.31
81.24
82.18
83.12
84.06
42.89
43.85
44.81
45.78
46.74
47.70
48.67
49.63
50.60
51.57
52.54
53.51
54.48
55.45
56.42
57.39
58.37
59.34
60.32
61.29
62.27
63.24
64.22
65.20
66.18
67.16
68.14
69.12
70.10
71.08
72.06
73.04
74.02
75.01
75.99
76.97
77.96
78.94
79.93
80.91
81.90
82.89
83.87
84.86
85.85
86.84
87.83
88.82
89.80
90.79
45.53
46.53
47.53
48.54
46.54
50.54
51.55
52.55
53.56
54.57
55.57
56.58
57.59
58.60
59.61
60.62
61.63
62.64
63.65
64.67
65.68
66.69
67.71
68.72
69.74
70.75
71.77
72.79
73.80
74.82
75.84
76.86
77.87
78.89
79.91
80.93
81.95
82.97
83.99
85.01
86.04
87.06
88.08
89.10
90.12
91.15
92.17
93.19
94.22
95.24
47.72
48.76
49.79
50.83
51.86
52.90
53.94
54.98
56.02
57.06
58.10
59.14
60.18
61.22
62.27
63.31
64.35
65.40
66.44
67.49
68.53
69.58
70.62
71.67
72.72
73.77
74.81
75.86
76.91
77.96
79.01
80.06
81.11
82.16
83.21
84.26
85.31
86.36
87.41
88.46
89.52
90.57
91.62
92.67
93.73
94.78
95.83
9689
97.94
98.99
Erlang B formula: A = f ( N , B)

MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
33

Exercise 2
Title:
Example traffic analysis / hard capacity

In hard blocking scenario the behavior is described by Erlang B. Given the traffic from
the example above in a cell with:
N = 14
MHT = 120 sec
mean traffic offered <a< = 8.628 Erl
mean traffic carried <y> = 8.428 Erl
CA = 315
CR = 6
t_congestion = 51 sec

Tasks:
1. Indicate each of the in fig.5 displayed variables using:
a: offered traffic a; <a> mean a
y : traffic carried; <y> mean y
r : traffic lost; <r> mean r
A : TV offered
Y : TV carried
R_loss (TV loss)
CA
CR
t_congestion
(TV: traffic volume [Erlh])

2. Calculate the traffic lost using:
a) R_loss
b) B = f(A,N) =
c) B_block
d) B_cong

Which of these values can be evaluated by means of performance measurements?


MN3540EU35MN_0002
34

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1800 1860 1920 1980 2040 2100 2160 2220 2280 2340 2400

Fig. 8 traffic = f(t)


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
35

4.2 Node B load
Exercise 3
Title:
Node B resources

Given a Node B in (1,1,1) configuration with 2 x CHC48.

PM measurement yields:

bbUsageratio 34
restOfCallCapacity 63

Tasks

1. Discuss the result.

2. What is the AMR speech capacity per cell regarding CHC? (Note: e.g. 24
resources are busy for common channels / NodeB).

3. Which values for bbUsageratio, restOfCallCapacity would indicate the need for
expansion of CHC resources? (e.g. blocking < 1 %).


MN3540EU35MN_0002
36


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
37

4.3 PS - traffic
The nature of traffic PS is significantly different compared to CS traffic. It is of more
bursty characteristic. Therefore it has to be carried and controlled in a different way.
To characterize the traffic volume
throughput [kbit/sec] and
(for a given data rate, i.e. radio bearer) traffic / TV [Erl] / [Erlh]
can be used.

Exercise 4
Title:
Example 1 - PS traffic

Given a UMTS cell.
A simulation of DL PS-traffic (384 kbit/sec bearer) results in the following (fig.7):
mean carried traffic = 0.54 Erl (384 kbit/sec bearer)
mean throughput (per cell) = 207 kbit/sec
mean load= 15.8 %

Tasks:
1. One of the diagrams shows unrealistic values. Which one and why?

2. What would be the realistic behavior of the system in this case?


MN3540EU35MN_0002
38

384
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
TCP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
load
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NCload
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Fig. 9 Example 1 - PS traffic : TCP, load, total neighbor cell load seen by the cell, traffic carried (384 kbps bearer)


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
39

Exercise 5
Title:

Given a UMTS cell.
A simulation of DL PS-traffic (384 kbit/sec bearer) results in the following:
mean carried traffic = 0.357 Erl (384 kbit/sec bearer)
mean load= 12.7 %

Task:
A simulation based on the same traffic model as before. But now the QoS is kept
okay. Which features are applied?


MN3540EU35MN_0002
40

TCP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
load
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NC load
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
384
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600

Fig. 10 Example 2 - PS traffic : TCP, load, total neighbor cell load seen by the cell, traffic carried (384 kbps bearer)


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
41

Exercise 6
Title:

A further simulation results in (fig.7):
mean carried traffic
= 0.55 Erl (8 kbit/sec bearer)
mean load = 41.7 %
mean tcp = 35.1 %
min tcp = 23 %
max tcp = 76 %

Tasks:
1. In this simulation which mechanism was applied to increase the capacity
(compared to the previous examples where capacity low / blocking high)?
2. Some of the values displayed in the graphs can be gathered by means of
performance measurements. Indicate these values (e.g. for a scanner with
GRAN = 60 min).
3. Name the relevant performance measurement counters.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
42

TCP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
load
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
128
0
5
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
256
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Fig. 11 Example 3 - PS traffic : TCP, load, traffic carried (256 and 128 kbps bearers)


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
43

4.4 CS - traffic
Exercise 7
Title:
Example CS traffic
Given following PM results.
Meas. Time
Meas Type cause
index
relative
counter
number
12:00 12:05 12:10 12:15 12:20 12:25 12:30 12:35 12:40 12:45 12:50 12:55
uuTransmCarrierPwr 0 0 30 33 34 30 36 35 33 31 33 33 27 31

Meas. Time
Meas Type cause
index
relative
counter
number
12:00 12:05 12:10 12:15 12:20 12:25 12:30 12:35 12:40 12:45 12:50 12:55
bearServiceperCell 0 1 27 37 17 40 20 30 33 40 43 27 17 20


MN3540EU35MN_0002
44

Meas Type cause
index
relative
counter
number Meas. Time

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Fig. 12 Performance measurement data: TCP = f(t); 12 reports with 5 min Granularity result


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
45

Meas. Time
Meas Type cause
index
relative
counter
number
12:00 12:05 12:10 12:15 12:20 12:25 12:30 12:35 12:40 12:45 12:50 12:55
rabEstabTypeAtt 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rabEstabTypeAtt other 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


MN3540EU35MN_0002
46

Meas. Time
Meas Type cause
index
relative
counter
number
12:00 12:05 12:10 12:15 12:20 12:25 12:30 12:35 12:40 12:45 12:50 12:55
rabEstabTypeSucc 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rabEstabTypeSucc other 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
acRejections 1,9,5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
acRejections 1,9,6 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
acRejections 1,9,7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
acRejections 1,9,8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
acRejections 1,9,9 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
acRejections other 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tasks:
1. Discuss the given performance measurements.

2. Estimate the capacity for CS traffic. Example: Given UDI 64/64, Eb/No (UL) = 6
dB, activity = 1, scaling factor a = 2.0, Admission control threshold = 0.6.

3. Consider the PM-results above. Estimate the UL inter-cell interference (scaling
factor a). Note: Admission control threshold = 0.6; Eb/No (UL) = 6 dB; activity = 1.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
47

4.5 PS & CS traffic load
Exercise 8
Title:
UL cell load

Load in UL is analyzed as given in eq.(1) and (2). The N
UL
(load = 0) is derived from
measurements. The reference noise N
UL
will be filtered in steps: i = 0,1,2.. .

initialization step i = 0:
N
UL
[0] := N
UL,initial
(O&M - parameter; e.g. - 105 dBm)

update:
If = 0 (i.e. no active bearers) then:
N
UL
[ i ] := w
N
* N
UL
[ i - 1 ] * + [1 - w
N
] * RTWP [ i ]

where w
N
= 0.99.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
48

-106
-105
-104
-103
-102
-101
-100
0 1 2 3 4 5
t [h]
N
_
U
L

[
d
B
m
]

Fig. 13 Update of N
UL
. - simulation assuming: t [ i ] - t [ i 1 ] = 10 sec, initial N
UL
.= - 105 dBm, "true" N
UL
.= = -103 dBm


MN3540EU35MN_0002
/
49

Given PM results (UMR3.0) with GRAN=30 min:

a) 06:00
rrcEstabSucc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rrcEstabAtt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rabEstabAtt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rabEstabSucc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rabsPerQosClass 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uuRecTwbPwr 61 60 62
uuTransmCarrierPwr 20 20 20

b) 19:30
rrcEstabSucc 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 7 0
rrcEstabAtt 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 7 0

rabEstabAtt 7 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
rabEstabSucc 7 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

rabsPerQosClass 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uuRecTwbPwr 63 61 66
uuTransmCarrierPwr 20 20 24

Tasks:
1. Discuss the findings.

2. Estimate load
DL
, load
UL
.


MN3540EU35MN_0002
50

Load / Traffic Analysis: Siemens/NEC

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Load / Traffic Analysis: Siemens/NEC

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Load / traffic analysis Siemens/NEC

Você também pode gostar