BY SHOBHIT JAIN, VIDYASAGAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT,BHOPAL What is Video Basi!

s o" Video, A#a$o% a#d Di%ita$ Video& A#s& ' Video( ) Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing,
transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion. *ha+a!te+isti!s o" ,ideo st+ea-s .& N/-0e+ o" "+a-es 1e+ se!o#d( ) Frame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 1 ! or more frames per second for ne" professional cameras. #$% (&urope, $sia, $ustralia, etc.) and '&($) (France, *ussia, parts of $frica etc.) standards specify + frame/s, "hile ,-'( (.'$, (anada, /apan, etc.) specifies 0.01 frame/s. Film is shot at the slo"er frame rate of 2photograms/s, "hich complicates slightly the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. -he minimum frame rate to achieve the illusion of a moving image is about fifteen frames per second. 2& *o$o+ s1a!e a#d 0its 1e+ 1i3e$( ) (olor model name describes the video color representation. 345 "as used in ,-'( television. 4t corresponds closely to the 3.V scheme used in ,-'( and #$% television and the 36b6r scheme used by '&($) television. -he number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of per pixel bits (bpp). $ common "ay to reduce the number of bits per pixel in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g. 27272, 27 7 , 27 7!/27171). 4& Video 5/a$it6( ) Video quality can be measured "ith formal metrics li8e #',* or "ith sub9ective video quality using expert observation. -he sub9ective video quality of a video processing system may be evaluated as follo"s7 a. (hoose the video sequences (the SRC) to use for testing. b. (hoose the settings of the system to evaluate (the HRC). c. (hoose a test method for ho" to present video sequences to experts and to collect their ratings. d. 4nvite a sufficient number of experts, preferably not fe"er than 1+. e. (arry out testing. f. (alculate the average mar8s for each :*( based on the experts; ratings. )any sub9ective video quality methods are described in the 4-.<- recommendation =-.+!!. >ne of the standardi?ed methods is the 6ouble 'timulus 4mpairment 'cale (6'4'). 4n 6'4', each expert vie"s an unimpaired reference video follo"ed by an impaired version of the same video. -he expert

then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from @impairments are imperceptible@ to @impairments are very annoying@.

7& Video "o+-ats( ) -here are different layers of video transmission and storage, each "ith its o"n set of formats to choose from. For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (@video connection standard@ belo"). $ given physical lin8 can carry certain @display standards@ "hich specify a particular refresh rate, display resolution, and color space. )any analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files "hich have their o"n formats. 4n addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and ?eros that is sent must be in a particular digital @video encoding@, of "hich a number are available. 8& A#a$o% Video( ) $nalog video is a video signal transferred by an analog signal. Ahen combined in to one channel, it is called composite video as is the case, among others "ith ,-'(, #$% and '&($). $nalog video may be carried in separate channels, as in t"o channel '<Video (3() and multi<channel component video formats. $nalog video is used in both consumer and professional television production applications. :o"ever, digital video signal formats "ith higher quality have been adopted, including serial digital interface ('64), Fire "ire (4&&&1B02), 6igital Visual 4nterface (6V4) and :igh<6efinition )ultimedia 4nterface (:6)4). 9& Di%ita$ Video( ) 6igital video is a type of digital recording system that "or8s by using a digital rather than an analog video signal. 6igital video comprises a series of orthogonal bitmap digital images displayed in rapid succession at a constant rate. 4n the context of video these images are called frames. Ae measure the rate at "hich frames are displayed in frames per second (F#'). 'ince every frame is an orthogonal bitmap digital image it comprises a raster of pixels. 4f it has a "idth of A pixels and a height of : pixels "e say that the frame si?e is Ax:. #ixels have only one property, their color. -he color of a pixel is represented by a fixed number of bits. -he more bits the more subtle variations of colors can be reproduced. -his is called the color depth ((6) of the video.