Joule (energy):Nm Watt (power):Js-1 Black body Incoming and outgoing energy balance is nearly in balance First Law

w of thermodynamics energy conservation. Energy:a) radiation b)conduction c) Convection Stefan Boltzmann: Inverse Distance: At the surface: Surface Energy Balance: Net Radiation: Specific heat: measure of heat energy required to change T, heat unit mass to change one degree c The atmosphere: 80% mass in troposphere Latent heat: condensation Albedo = reflected solar rad/incoming solar rad Vaporisation Evapotranspiration: Potential Evaporation (PET) Fusion Rate of evapor. That would occur from uniformly Sublimation Wet, large area completely covered with veget. Unlimited water supply. Actual Evaporation (AET) takes into account water Supply limits and limit supply water to roots (Field conditions) Milankovitch cycles: collective effect of changes in the earths movements upon its climate. The eccentricity, axial tilt and precession of the earths orbit vary in several patterns. Eccentricity due to Jupiter Saturn gravitational fields. Cycle-100,000yrs. Obliquity angle of axial tilt varies from 22.1-24.5. seasonal cycle insolation increases.. cycle-41,000yrs. Precession change in the direction of earths axis of rotation, gyroscopic forces due to the tidal sun and moon forces. Cycle-25,000yrs. RELATED TO ICE-AGES Sun Spots: regions in the sun with lower T (-1000K) Numbers rise and fall in cycles=11yrs. They release energy. Variation of 0.1-0.4%. Volcanoes: can eject huge quantities of sulfates and aerosols into the stratosphere and cool surface by 0.5deg. Paleo-clamatic data: used to construct climate change tree rings, pollen records, sea cores(Flora fauna), isotopes(coral/ice cores) Holocene: the last 10,000yrs, we are now in an interglacial period which is longer than most warm periods. Climate change: statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability. Persisting for a long period. Due to: natural internal processes, external forcing, persistent anthrgenic changes (atmos/land). Human activity: linked with incr. GHG. land use patterns, urban climate, aerosols, pollutants. GHGs: H2O and CO2 are largely transparent to SW but not to LW. Where does the CO2 GO? 45% to air, 30% to land, 25% ocean. Land use: deforestation-change in land use, affect radiation and energy balance. Land: ability to absorb CO2 (carbon sink) increasing c emission (biomass decay). Climate Modeling: Positive feedback(climate feedback): from water vapour. Increasing CO2=increase in water vapour. Water is a GHG and increases T further than expected. Ice-albedo snow and ice increase albedo. Less cover=more ocean heat=ice loss. Negative feedback: long wave radiation, surface temperature increases. Earth cools itself by releasing outgoing infrared (Longwave) radiation (OLR). Earth is tilted at 23.5 Latitude of subpolar pt, solar declination