Valve

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1 pplications ! "ypes#$esignations % &alve parts o %.1 'ody and 'onnet o %.! Ports o %.% $isc # (otor # &alve )em*er o %.+ ,eat o %.- ,tem o %.. 'onnet o %./ ,pring o %.0 &alve *alls + &alve operating positions o +.1 !12ay valves o +.! "hree12ay valves - 3ontrol . 4ther considerations / "ypes of valves o /.1 5eneric "ype &alves o /.! ,pecific &alve "ypes 0 6mages 7 ,ee also 18 9:ternal links

"hese 2ater valves are operated *y handles. valve is a device that regulates the flo2 of materialss ;gases, fluidi<ed solids, slurries, or li=uids> *y opening, closing, or partially o*structing various passage2ays. &alves are technically pipe fittings, *ut usually are discussed separately. &alves are used in a variety of applications including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transportation. 4il and gas, po2er generation, mining, 2ater reticulation, se2erage and chemical manufacturing 2ould constitute the ma?ority of valves used *y industry. Plum*ing valves are the most o*vious in everyday life, taps for hot and cold 2ater, gas control valves on cookers and *ar*ecues, small valves fitted to 2ashing machines and dish2ashers, and safety devices fitted to hot 2ater systems are all simple valves. )ost valves are operated manually, either *y a hand 2heel or lever. ,ome valves are @self1operating@ driven *y changes in pressure, temperature or flo2. "hese changes in pressure or temperature often act against springs or capsules filled 2ith e:panding su*stances. 9:amples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot 2ater systems or steam *oilers. )ore comple: control systems using valves re=uiring automatic control *ased on an e:ternal input ;i.e., regulating flo2 through a pipe to a changing set point> re=uire an actuator. n actuator 2ill stroke the valve depending on its input and set1up, allo2ing the valve to *e positioned accurately, and allo2ing fine control over a variety of re=uirements. &alves are also found in the 4tto cycle ;internal com*ustion> engines driven *y a camshaft, lifters and or push rods 2here they play a ma?or role in engine cycle control.

[edit] Applications

huge variety of valves are availa*le and have infinite applications 2ith si<es ranging from 1#+A ;. mm> to !+A ;.88 mm>. ,pecial valves can *e manufactured to *e in e:cess of !88A ;-888 mm> diameter. &alves range from ine:pensive, simple, disposa*le valves to items in e:otic materials that in some instances cost thousands of dollars ;B,C> per inch ;!- mm> of diameter. "hese items 2ould only *e used on speciali<ed e:treme applications. $isposa*le valves are inside some common household items including li=uid or gel mini1 pump dispensers, aerosol spray devices, some ru**er *ul*s for pumping air etc.

[edit] Types/Desi nations

&alves can *e categori<ed into the follo2ing design types and although there are hundreds of variations they all fit into these *asic types:

5ate Plug 5lo*e 3heck 'utterfly $iaphragm 'all

6nternals of an e:tremely large *utterfly valve

[edit] Valve parts

[edit] !ody and !onnet
"he main part of the valve consists of the valve body and *onnet. "hese t2o parts form the vessel or casing that holds the fluid going through the valve. &alve *odies are usually metallic. 'rass, *ron<e, cast or ductile iron, steel, alloy steels and stainless steels are very common. Plastic *odies are used for relatively lo2 pressures and temperatures. P&3, PP, P&$F and glass1reinforced nylon are common plastics used for valve *odies.

[edit] "orts
6ntegral to the valve *ody are the passages that allo2 flo2 into and out of the valve. "hese are called ports. "hese ports are o*structed or opened up *y the valve mem*er or disc to control the fluid flo2. &alves 2ith t2o or three ports are the most common, 2hile valves 2ith multiple ports ;up to !8> are used in special applications. Dearly all valves are *uilt 2ith some means of connection at the ports. "hese include "hreads ;male or female>E ',P or DP" are most common. 3ompression fittings, to suit tu*e s#s or copper. 5lue or cement application ;especially for plastic> almost al2ays a socket type connection ;not a *utt> Flanges D,6, ',, $6D, or J6,. ;B,, 'ritish, 9uropean, Japanese standards> Welding either ,ocket type or 'utt type 2elds.

[edit] Disc / #otor / Valve $em%er

6nside the valve *ody, flo2 through the valve may *e partly or fully *locked *y an o*?ect called a disc or valve mem*er. lthough valve discs of some kinds of valves are traditionally disc1shaped, discs can come in various shapes. lthough the valve *ody remains stationary 2ithin the fluid system, the disc in the valve is mova*le so it can control flo2. round type of disc 2ith fluid path2ay;s> inside 2hich can *e rotated to direct flo2 *et2een certain ports is usually called a %all. 'all valves are valves 2hich use spherical rotors, e:cept for the interior fluid passage2ays. Plug valves use cylindrical or conically tapered rotors called plugs. 4ther round shapes for rotors are possi*le too in rotor valves, as long as the rotor can *e turned inside the valve *ody. Fo2ever not all round or spherical discs are rotorsE for e:ample, a *all check valve uses the *all to *lock reverse flo2, *ut is not a rotor *ecause operating the valve does not involve rotation of the *all.

[edit] &eat
"he valve seat is the interior surface in the *ody 2hich contacts or could contact the disc to form a seal 2hich should *e leak1tight 2hen the valve is shut. 6f the disc moves linearly as the valve is controlled, the disc comes into contact 2ith the seat 2hen the

valve is shut. When the valve has a rotor, the seat is al2ays in contact 2ith the rotor, *ut the surface area of contact on the rotor changes as the rotor is turned. 6f the disc s2ings on a hinge, as in a s2ing check valve, it contacts the seat to shut the valve and stop flo2. 6n all the a*ove cases, the seat remains stationary 2hile the disc or rotor moves. "he *ody and the seat could *oth come in one piece of solid material, or the seat could *e a separate piece attached or fi:ed to the inside of the valve *ody, depending on the valve design. ,eats can *e integral to the valve *ody, that is AhardA metal or plastic. Dearly all metal seated valves leak, even though some leaks are e:tremely small. A,oftA seats can *e fitted to the valve *ody and made of materials such as P"F9 or various elastomers such as D'(, 9P$), FG). 9ach of these soft materials is limited *y temperature ;rough ma:imum temperatures are listed *elo2> D'( 08 H3 9P$) 1!8 H3 FG) 1/8 H3 P"F9 !88 H3 "he advantage of soft seats is that they are more likely to offer 188I tight shutoff 2hen valve is closed.

[edit] &tem
"he stem is a rod or similar piece spanning the inside and the outside of the valve, transmitting motion to control the internal disc or rotor from outside the valve. 6nside the valve, the rod is ?oined to or contacts the disc#rotor. 4utside the valve the stem is attached to a handle or another controlling device. 'et2een inside and outside, the stem typically goes through a valve *onnet if there is one. 6n some cases, the stem and the disc can *e com*ined in one piece, or the stem and the handle are com*ined in one piece. "he motion transmitted *y the stem can *e a linear push or pull motion, a rotating motion, or some com*ination of these. valve 2ith a rotor 2ould *e controlled *y turning the stem. "he valve and stem can *e threaded such that the stem can *e scre2ed into or out of the valve *y turning it in one direction or the other, thus moving the disc *ack or forth inside the *ody. Packing is often used *et2een the stem and the *onnet to seal fluid inside the valve in spite of turning of the stem. ,ome valves have no e:ternal control and do not need a stemE for e:ample, most check valves. 3heck valves are valves 2hich allo2 flo2 in one direction, *ut *lock flo2 in the opposite direction. ,ome refer to them as one12ay valves.

&alves 2hose disc is *et2een the seat and the stem and 2here the stem moves in a direction into the valve to shut it are normally'seated ;also called @front seated@>. &alves 2hose seat is *et2een the disc and the stem and 2here the stem moves in a direction out of the valve to shut it are reverse'seated ;also called @*ack seated@>. "hese terms do not apply to valves 2ith no stem nor to valves using rotors.

[edit] !onnet
%onnet acts as a cover on the valve *ody. 6t is commonly semi1permanently scre2ed into the valve *ody. $uring manufacture of the valve, the internal parts are put into the *ody and then the *onnet is attached to hold everything together inside. "o access internal parts of a valve, a user 2ould take off the *onnet, usually for maintenance. )any valves do not have *onnetsE for e:ample, plug valves usually do not have *onnets.

[edit] &prin
)any valves have a spring for spring1loading, to normally shift the disc into some position *y default *ut allo2 control to reposition the disc. (elief valves commonly use a spring to keep the valve shut, *ut allo2 e:cessive pressure to force the valve open against the spring1loading. "ypical spring materials include car*on steel ;often cad plated>, %8+ ,eries stainless steels and for high temperature applications 6nconel J/-8. ,prings can *e typical @coil@ types or @*ellvilleA 2asher stacks or even *imetallic elements 2hich e:ert a spring force on temperature change.

[edit] Valve %alls

valve *all is also used for severe duty, high1pressure, high1tolerance applications. "hey are typically made of stainless steel, titanium, ,tellite, Fastelloy, *rass, or nickel. "hey can also *e made of different types of plastic, such as ',, P&3, PP or P&$F.

[edit] Valve operatin positions

&alve positions are operating conditions determined *y the position the disc or rotor in the valve. ,ome valves are made to *e operated in a gradual change *et2een t2o or more positions.

[edit] (')ay valves

!1port valves are commonly called (')ay valves. 4perating positions for such valves can *e either shut ;closed> so that no flo2 at all goes through, fully open for ma:imum flo2, or sometimes partially open to any degree in *et2een. )any valves are not designed to precisely control intermediate degree of flo2E such valves are considered to *e either open or shut, 2hich may*e =ualitative descriptions in*et2een. ,ome valves are specially designed to regulate varying amounts of flo2. ,uch valves have *een called *y various names such as regulating, throttling, metering, or needle valves. For e:ample, needle

valves have elongated conically1tapered discs and matching seats for fine flo2 control. For some valves, there may *e a mechanism to indicate *y ho2 much the valve is open, *ut in many cases other indications of flo2 rate are used, such as separate flo2 meters. 6n some plants 2ith fluid systems, some !12ay valves can *e designated as normally shut or normally open during regular operation. 9:amples of normally shut valves are sampling valves, 2hich are only opened 2hile a sample is taken. 9:amples of normally open valves are isolation valves, 2hich are usually only shut 2hen there is a pro*lem 2ith a unit or a section of a fluid system such as a leak. "hen, isolation valve;s> are shut in order to isolate the pro*lem from the rest of the system. lthough many !12ay valves are made in 2hich the flo2 can go in either direction *et2een the t2o ports, 2hen a valve is placed into a certain application, flo2 is often e:pected to go from one certain port on the upstream side of the valve, to the other port on the do)nstream side. Pressure regulators are variations of valves in 2hich flo2 is controlled to produce a certain do2nstream pressure, if possi*le. "hey are often used to control flo2 of gas from a gas cylinder. *ack1pressure regulator is a variation of a valve in 2hich flo2 is controlled to maintain a certain upstream pressure, if possi*le.

[edit] Three')ay valves

"hree12ay valves have three ports. "hree12ay valves are commonly made such that flo2 coming in at one port can *e directed to either the second port in one position or the third port in another position or in an intermediate position so all flo2 is stopped. 4ften such %12ay valves are *all or rotor valves. )any faucets are made so that incoming cold and hot 2ater can *e regulated in varying degrees to give outcoming 2ater at a desired temperature. 4ther kinds of %1port valves can *e designed for other possi*le flo21 directing schemes and positionsE for e:ample, see 'all valve. "he Amotor valveA on a domestic heating system is an e:ample of a %12ay valve. $epending on demand the motor head rotates the spindle to control the proportion of the flo2 that goes to the t2o outlet pipes: 4ne to radiators, one to hot 2ater system. 6n a conventional system the valve usually sits ?ust after the pump and *y the cylinder ;Ahot tankA>. 6n valves having more than % ports, even more flo21directing schemes are possi*le. ,uch valves are often rotor valves or *all valves. ,lider valves have *een used also.

[edit] Control

sailor a*oard a ship operates the 2heel controlling a fuel valve. )any valves are controlled manually 2ith a handle attached to the valve stem. 6f the handle is turned a =uarter of a full turn ;78H> *et2een operating positions, the valve is called a quarter'turn valve. 'utterfly valves, *all valves, and plug valves are often =uarter1turn valves. &alves can also *e controlled *y devices called actuators attached to the stem. "hey can *e electromechanical actuators such as an electric motor or solenoid, pneumatic actuators 2hich are controlled *y air pressure, or hydraulic actuators 2hich are controlled *y the pressure of a li=uid such as oil or 2ater. ctuators can *e used for the purposes of automatic control such as in 2ashing machine cycles, remote control such as the use of a centrali<ed control room, or *ecause manual control is too difficultE for e:ample, the valve is large. Pneumatic actuators and hydraulic actuators need pressuri<ed air or li=uid lines to supply the actuator: an inlet line and an outlet line. Pilot valves are valves 2hich are used to control other valves. Pilot valves in the actuator lines control the supply of air or li=uid going to the actuators. "he fill valve in a toilet 2ater tank is a li=uid level1actuated valve. When a high 2ater level is reached, a mechanism shuts the valve 2hich fills the tank. 6n some valve designs, the pressure of the flo2 fluid itself or pressure difference of the flo2 fluid *et2een the ports automatically controls flo2 through the valve. 6n an open valve, fluid flo2s in a direction from higher pressure to lo2er pressure.

[edit] *ther considerations

&alves are typically rated for ma:imum temperature and pressure *y the manufacturer. "he 2etted materials in a valve are usually identified also. ,ome valves rated at very high pressures are availa*le. When a designer, engineer, or user decides to use a valve for an application, he#she should ensure the rated ma:imum temperature and pressure are never e:ceeded and that the 2etted materials are compati*le 2ith the fluid the valve interior is e:posed to.

,ome fluid system designs, especially in chemical or po2er plants, are schematically represented in piping and instrumentation diagrams. 6n such diagrams, different types of valves are represented *y certain sym*ols. &alves in good condition should *e leak1free. Fo2ever, valves may eventually 2ear out from use and develop a leak, either *et2een the inside and outside of the valve or, 2hen the valve is shut to stop flo2, *et2een the disc and the seat. particle trapped *et2een the seat and disc could also cause such leakage.

!all valve
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%all valve ;like the *utterfly valve and plug valve are one of the family of valves called "uarter turn valves> is a valve that opens *y turning a handle attached to a *all inside the valve. "he *all has a hole, or port, through the middle so that 2hen the port is in line 2ith *oth ends of the valve, flo2 2ill occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flo2 is *locked. "he handle or lever 2ill *e inline 2ith the port position letting you AseeA the valve@s position. 'all valves are dura*le and usually 2ork to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse. "hey are therefore an e:cellent choice for shutoff applications ;and are often preferred to glo*e valves and gate valves for this purpose>. "hey do not offer the fine control that may *e necessary in throttling applications *ut are sometimes used for this purpose. 'all valves are used e:tensively in industry *ecause they are very versatile, pressures up to 18,888 psi, temperatures up to !88 $eg 3. ,i<es from 1#+A to 1!A are readily availa*le "hey are easy to repair, operate manually or *y actuators. "he *ody of *all valves may *e made of metal, plastic or metal 2ith a ceramic center. "he *all is often chrome plated to make it more dura*le.

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1 "ypes of *all valve

! ,traight through, t2o 2ay, or three 2ay *all valves % BG terminology + ,ee also

[edit] Types o+ %all valve

"here are four general *ody styles of *all valves: single body, split body, top entry, and #elded. "here are four general types of *all valves: $ull port, standard port, reduced port, and v port.

$ull port *all valve has an over si<ed *all so that the hole in the *all is the same si<e as the pipeline resulting in lo2er friction loss. Flo2 is unrestricted, *ut the valve is larger. standard port *all valve is usually less e:pensive, *ut has a smaller *all and a correspondingly smaller port. Flo2 through this valve is one pipe si<e smaller than the valve@s pipe si<e resulting in slightly restricted flo2. 6n reduced port *all valves, flo2 through the valve is one pipe si<e smaller than the valve@s pipe si<e resulting in restricted flo2. v port *all valve has either a @v@ shaped *all or a @v@ shaped seat. "his allo2s the orifice to *e opened and closed in a more controlled manner 2ith a closer to linear flo2 characteristic. When the valve is in the closed position and opening is commenced the small end of the @v@ is opened first allo2ing sta*le flo2 control during this stage. "his type of design re=uires a generally more ro*ust construction due to higher velocities of the fluids, 2hich 2ould =uickly damage a standard valve. trunnion *all valve has a mechanical means of anchoring the *all at the top and the *ottom, this design is usually applied on larger and higher pressure valves;say +A and a*ove .88 psi and a*ove>

)anually operated *all valves can *e closed =uickly and thus there is a danger of 2ater hammer. ,ome *all valves are e=uipped 2ith an actuator that may *e pneumatically or motor ;electric> operated. "hese valves can *e used either for on#off or flo2 control. pneumatic flo2 control valve is also e=uipped 2ith a positioner 2hich transforms the control signal into actuator position and valve opening accordingly.

[edit] &trai ht throu h, t)o )ay, or three )ay %all valves

schematic % 2ay *all valve 1 K1shaped *all right, "1shaped left "hree12ay *all valves have an K1 or "1shaped hole through the middle. "he different com*inations of flo2 are sho2n in the picture. )ulti port *all valves 2ith + or more 2ays are also commercially availa*le, the inlet 2ay often *eing orthogonal to the plane of the outlets. For special applications, such as driving air po2ered motors from for2ard to reverse *y rotating a single lever operated + 2ay *all valve. "his valve has t2o K1shaped ports in the *all that do not interconnect, sometimes referred to as an A:A port. 'all &alves in si<es up to ! inch generally come in single piece, t2o or three piece designs. 4ne piece *all valves are almost al2ays reduced *ore, are relatively ine:pensive and generally are thro21a2ay. "2o piece *all valves are generally slightly reduced ;or standard> *ore, they can *e either thro21a2ay or repaira*le. "he % piece design allo2s for the center part of the valve containing the *all, stem L seats to *e easily removed from the pipeline. "his facilitates efficient cleaning of deposited sediments, replacement of seats and gland packings, polishing out of small scratches on the *all, all this 2ithout removing the pipes from the valve *ody. "he design concept of a three piece valve is for it to *e repaira*le

%utter+ly valve is a type of flo2 control device, typically used to regulate a fluid flo2ing through a section of pipe. "he valve is similar in operation to a *all valve. flat circular plate is positioned in the center of the pipe. "he plate has a rod through it connected to an actuator on the outside of the valve. (otating the actuator turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flo2. Bnlike a *all valve, the plate is al2ays present 2ithin the flo2, therefore a pressure drop is al2ays induced in the flo2 regardless of valve position.

'utterfly valve *utterfly valve is from a family of valves called =uarter1turn valves. "he A*utterflyA is a metal disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely *locks off the passage2ay. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a =uarter turn so that it allo2s an almost unrestricted passage of the process fluid. "he valve may also *e opened incrementally to regulate flo2. "here are different kinds of *utterfly valves, each adapted for different pressures and different usage. "he resilient *utterfly valve, 2hich uses the fle:i*ility of ru**er, has the lo2est pressure rating. "he high performance *utterfly valve, used in slightly higher1 pressure systems, features a slight offset in the 2ay the disc is positioned, 2hich increases the valve@s sealing a*ility and decreases its tendency to 2ear. "he valve *est suited for high1pressure systems is the tricentric *utterfly valve, 2hich makes use of a metal seat, and is therefore a*le to 2ithstand a greater amount of pressure. "he *utterfly valve has a *ody, a resilient seat, a *utterfly disk, a stem, packing, a notched positioning plate, and an actuator. "he resilient seat is under compression 2hen it is mounted in the valve *ody, thus making a seal around the periphery of the disk and *oth upper and lo2er points 2here the stem passes through the seat. Packing is provided to form a positive seal around the stem for added protection in case the seal formed *y the seat should *ecome damaged. "o close or open a *utterfly valve, the actuator is turned only one =uarter turn to rotate the disk from 8H to 78H. ctuators used on *utterfly valves vary *ased on the application and si<e of the valve. simple handle oriented in

the same direction of the metal disc ;to indicate valve position> is common. ,ome larger *utterfly valves may have a hand2heel that operates through a gearing arrangement to operate the valve. "his method is used especially 2here space limitation prevents use of a long handle. cuators may also *e air driven or electrically operated 2hen used as part of an automated control system. 'utterfly valves are relatively easy to maintain. "he resilient seat is held in place *y mechanical means, and neither *onding nor cementing is necessary, 'ecause the seat is replacea*le, the valve seat does not re=uire lapping, grinding, or machine 2ork. 'utterfly valves are valves 2ith a circular *ody and a rotary motion disk closure mem*er 2hich is pivotally supported *y its stem. 'utterfly valve can come in various styles including eccentric and high1performance valves. "hese are normally a type of valve that uses a flat plate to control the flo2 of 2ater. s 2ell as this, 'utterfly valves are used on fire apparatus and typically are used on larger lines, such as front and rear suctions and tank to pump lines. 'utterfly valve is also a type of flo2 control device, used to make a fluid start or stop flo2ing through a section of pipe. "he valve is similar in operation to a *all valve. (otating the handle turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flo2 of 2ater, shutting off the flo2. 6t is a very 2ell kno2n and 2ell used design.

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1 "ypes o 1.1 $ou*le 4ffset "or=ue ,eating ;$4",> o 1.! "riple 4ffset "or=ue ,eating ;"4",> ! 'utterfly &alve )ounting ,chemes % (eferences

[edit] Types
1. #esilient %utter+ly valve 2hich has a fle:i*le ru**er seat. Working pressure !%! P,6 !. -i h per+ormance %utter+ly valve 2hich is usually dou*le eccentric in design. Working pressure up to /!- P,6 %. Tricentric %utter+ly valve 2hich is usually 2ith metal seated design. Working pressure up to 1+-8 P,6

[edit] Dou%le *++set Torque &eatin .D*T&/ [edit] Triple *++set Torque &eatin .T*T&/

[edit] !utter+ly Valve $ountin &chemes

M Wafer ,tyle 'utterfly &alves Wafer style is the more common of the t2o and is less e:pensive than the lug style. "he 2afer style *utterfly valve is ?ust a*out the standard. 6t Ns so common that no one even *others to use the 2ord A2aferA 2hen ordering a *utterfly valve. "hey take it for granted that if they order a *utterfly valve, they 2ill get a 2afer style one. "he 2afer style *utterfly valve is installed *et2een t2o flanges. "he valve is kept in place *y using *olts or studs and nuts from flange to flange. "his type of installation, of course, makes it impossi*le to disconnect ?ust one side of the piping system from the valve. "hat is 2here the lug style valve comes in. M Kug ,tyle 'utterfly &alves Kug style valves have threaded inserts at *oth sides of the valve *ody. "his allo2s them to *e installed into a system using t2o sets of *olts and D4 nuts. "he valve is installed *et2een t2o flanges using a separate set of *olts for each flange. "his setup permits either side of the piping system to *e disconnected 2ithout distur*ing the other side. lug style *utterfly valve used in dead end service generally has a reduced pressure rating. For e:ample a lug style *utterfly valve mounted *et2een t2o flanges has a 1-8 psi pressure rating. "he same valve mounted 2ith one flange, in dead end service, has a /psi rating.

Choke valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search 6n automotive conte:ts, a choke valve is a valve that modifies the air pressure in the intake manifold of an internal com*ustion engine, and there*y modifies the ratio of fuel and air =uantity entering the engine. 3hoke valves are generally used in engines 2ith car*uretors, to supply a richer fuel mi:ture during engine start than at other times. )ost choke valves in engines are actually *utterfly valves that are mounted in the manifold a*ove the car*uretor ?et, to produce a higher partial vacuum and there*y dra2 more fuel into the intake stream. 6n heavy industrial or fluid engineering conte:ts, a choke valve is a particular design of valve that lifts up and do2n a solid cylinder ;called a AplugA or AstemA> 2hich is placed around or inside another cylinder that has holes or slots. "he design of a choke valve means fluids flo2ing through the cage are coming from all sides and that the streams of flo2 ;through the holes or slots> collide 2ith each other at the center of the cage cylinder,

there*y dissipating the energy of the fluid through Aflo2 impingementA. "he main advantage of choke valves is that they can *e designed to *e totally linear in their flo2 rate. 3hoke valves ;*oth senses> dra2 their names from choked flo2: over a 2ide range of valve settings the flo2 through the valve can *e understood *y ignoring the viscosity of the fluid passing through the valveE the rate of flo2 is determined only *y the am*ient pressure on the upstream side of the valve.

[edit] 0ndustrial
Feavy duty industrial choke valves control the flo2 to a certain Flo2 3oefficient ;3v> determined *y ho2 far the valve is opened. "hey are regularly used in the oil industry and for highly erosive and corrosive purposes, they are often made of tungsten car*ide or inconel.

[edit] Automotive
choke valve is sometimes installed in the car*uretor of internal com*ustion engines. 6ts purpose is to restrict the flo2 of air, there*y enriching the fuel1air mi:ture 2hile starting the engine. $epending on engine design and application, the valve can *e activated manually *y the operator of the engine ;via a lever or pull handle> or automatically *y a temperature1sensitive mechanism called an autochoke. 3hoke valves are important for car*ureted gasoline engines *ecause small droplets of gasoline do not evaporate 2ell 2ithin a cold engine. 'y restricting the flo2 of air into the throat of the car*uretor, the choke valve raises the level of vacuum inside the throat, 2hich causes a proportionally greater amount of fuel to *e sucked out of the main ?et and into the com*ustion cham*er during cold1running operation. 4nce the engine is 2arm ;from com*ustion>, opening the choke valve restores the car*uretor to normal operation, supplying fuel and air in the correct stoichiometric ratio for clean, efficient com*ustion. Dote that the term AchokeA is applied to the car*urettor@s enrichment device even 2hen it 2orks *y a totally different method. 3ommonly ,B car*urettors have AchokesA that 2ork *y lo2ering the fuel ?et to a narro2er part of the needle. ,ome others 2ork *y introducing an additional fuel route to the constant depression cham*er. 3hokes 2ere nearly universal in automo*iles until fuel in?ection replaced car*uretion in the late 1708s. 3hoke valves are still e:tremely common in other internal1com*ustion applications, including most small porta*le engines, motorcycles, small prop1po2ered airplanes, and car*ureted marine engines.

Check valve or Clack valve is a mechanical device, a valve, that normally allo2s fluid ;li=uid or gas> to flo2 through it in only one direction. 3heck valves are t2o1port valves, meaning they have t2o openings in the *ody, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. "here are various types of check valves used in a 2ide variety of applications. 3heck valves are often part of common household items. lthough they are availa*le in a 2ide range of si<es and costs, many check valves are very small, simple, and#or cheap. 3heck valves 2ork automatically and most are not controlled *y a person or any e:ternal controlE accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. "he *odies ;e:ternal shells> of most check valves are made of plastic or metal. n important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure 2hich is the minimum upstream pressure at 2hich the valve 2ill operate. "ypically the check valve is designed for and can therefore *e specified for a specific cracking pressure. Feart valves are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the heart ventricles, since the ventricles act as a pump.

Contents
[hide]

1 "ypes of check valves ! pplications % Fistory + ,ee also - 9:ternal links

[edit] Types o+ check valves

closed *all check valve. n open *all check valve. %all check valve is a check valve in 2hich the disc, the mova*le part to *lock the flo2, is a spherical *all. 6n many *all check valves, the *all is spring1loaded to stay shut, *ut also many do not have a spring inside. For those designs 2ithout a spring, reverse flo2 is re=uired to move the *all to2ard the seat and create a seal. "he interior surface of the main seats of *all check valves are more or less conically1tapered to guide the *all into the seat and#or form a positive seal 2hen stopping reverse flo2. 'all check valves are often very small, simple, and cheap. "hey are commonly used in li=uid or gel mini1pump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some ru**er *ul*s for pumping

air, etc., manual air pumps and some other pumps, and refilla*le dispensing syringes. lthough the *alls are most often made of metal, they can *e made of other materials, or in some speciali<ed cases out of artificial ru*y. Figh pressure FPK3 pumps and similar applications commonly use small inlet and outlet *all check valves 2ith *alls made of artificial ru*y and seats made of artificial sapphire, *oth for hardness and chemical resistance. fter prolonged use, such check valves can eventually 2ear out or the seat can develop a crack, re=uiring replacement. "herefore, such valves are made to *e replacea*le, sometimes placed in a small plastic *ody tightly1fitted inside a metal fitting 2hich can 2ithstand high pressure and 2hich is scre2ed into the pump head. "here are similar check valves 2here the disc is not a *all, *ut some other shape, such as a poppet energi<ed *y a spring. 'all check valves should not *e confused 2ith *all valves, 2hich is a different type of valve in 2hich a *all acts as a controlla*le rotor to stop or direct flo2. diaphra m check valve uses a fle:ing ru**er diaphragm positioned to create a normally1closed valve. Pressure on the upstream side must *e greater than the pressure on the do2nstream side *y a certain amount, kno2n as the pressure differential, for the check valve to open allo2ing flo2. 4nce positive pressure stops, the diaphragm automatically fle:es *ack to its original closed position. s)in check valve is a *utterfly1style check valve in 2hich the disc, the mova*le part to *lock the flo2, s2ings on a hinge or trunnion, either onto the seat to *lock reverse flo2 or off the seat to allo2 for2ard flo2. "he seat opening cross1section may *e perpendicular to the centerline *et2een the t2o ports or at an angle. lthough s2ing check valves can come in various si<es, large check valves are often s2ing check valves.

"his ,iamese clappered inlet allo2s one or t2o inputs into a deluge gun. clapper valve is a type of check valve used in firefighting, and has a hinged gate ;often 2ith a spring urging it shut> that 2ill only remain open in the outflo2ing direction. stop'check valve is a check valve 2ith override control to stop flo2 regardless of flo2 direction or pressure. When the valve is open, it acts as a check valve, *ut the valve can *e deli*erately shut to stop flo2. li+t'check valve is a check valve in 2hich the disc, sometimes called a li$t, can *e lifted up off its seat *y higher pressure of inlet or upstream fluid to allo2 flo2 to the outlet or do2nstream side. guide keeps motion of the disc on a vertical line, so the valve can later reseat properly. When the pressure is no longer higher, gravity or higher

do2nstream pressure 2ill cause the disc to lo2er onto its seat, shutting the valve to stop reverse flo2. dou*le check valve is often used as a *ackflo2 prevention device to keep potentially contaminated 2ater from siphoning *ack into municipal 2ater supply lines. "here are also double ball chec% valves in 2hich there are t2o *all#seat com*inations se=uentially in the same *ody to ensure positive leak1tight shutoff 2hen *locking reverse flo2E and piston check valves, 2afer check valves, and *all1and1cone check valves.

[edit] Applications
3heck valves are often used 2ith some types of pumps. Piston1driven and diaphragm pumps such as metering pumps and pumps for chromatography commonly use inlet and outlet *all check valves. "hese valves often look like small cylinders attached to the pump head on the inlet and outlet lines. )any similar pump1like mechanisms for moving volumes of fluids around use check valves such as *all check valves. 3heck valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical, and po2er plants, and in many other industrial processes. 3heck valves are also often used 2hen multiple gases are mi:ed into one gas stream. check valve is installed on each of the individual gas streams to prevent mi:ing of the gases in the original source. For e:ample, if a fuel and an o:idi<er are to *e mi:ed, then check valves 2ill normally *e used on *oth the fuel and o:idi<er sources to ensure that the original gas cylinders remain pure and therefore nonflamma*le. ,ome types of irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small check valves *uilt into them to keep the lines from draining 2hen the system is shut off. lso used 2ith most home made sno2makers.

1ate Valve, or ,luice &alve, as it is sometimes kno2n, is a valve that opens *y lifting a round or rectangular gate#2edge out of the path of the fluid. "he distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces *et2een the gate and seats are planar. "he gate faces can form a 2edge shape or they can *e parallel. 5ate valves are sometimes used for regulating flo2, *ut many are not suited for that purpose, having *een designed to *e fully opened or closed. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no o*struction in the flo2 path, resulting in very lo2 friction loss. 5ate valves are characterised as having either a rising or a nonrising stem. (ising stems provide a visual indication of valve position. Donrising stems are used 2here vertical space is limited or underground.

'onnets provide leakproof closure for the valve *ody. 5ate valves may have a scre21in, union, or *olted *onnet. ,cre21in *onnet is the simplest, offering a dura*le, pressure1 tight seal. Bnion *onnet is suita*le for applications re=uiring fre=uent inspection and cleaning. 6t also gives the *ody added strength. 'olted *onnet is used for larger valves and higher pressure applications. nother type of *onnet construction in a gate valve is pressure seal %onnet. "his construction is adopted for valves for high pressure service, typically in e:cess of 1- )Pa ;!!-8 psi>. "he uni=ue feature a*out the pressure seal *onnet is that the *ody 1 *onnet ?oints seals improves as the internal pressure in the valve increases, compared to other constructions 2here the increase in internal pressure tends to create leaks in the *ody1 *onnet ?oint. 5ate valves normally have flanged ends 2hich are drilled according to pipeline compati*le flange dimensional standards. 3ast iron, cast car*on steel, gun metal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged steels are different materials from 2hich gate valves are constructed.

[edit] 0ma es o+ 1ate Valves

!!mm 5ate &alve on domestic 5ate &alves are prone to corrosion. hot 2ater pipe. Fere the shaft has *roken.

1lo%e valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search 1lo%e valve is a type of valve used for regulating flo2 in a pipeline, consisting of a mova*le disk1type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical *ody.[1]

5lo*e &alves are named for their spherical *ody shape 2ith the t2o halves of the body *eing separated *y an internal *affle. "his has an opening that forms a seat onto 2hich a mova*le plug[!] can *e scre2ed in to close ;or shut> the valve. "he plug is also called a disc or dis%.[%][+] 6n glo*e valves, the plug is connected to a stem 2hich is operated *y scre2 action in manual valves. "ypically, automated valves use sliding stems. utomated glo*e valves have a smooth stem rather than threaded and are opened and closed *y an actuator assem*ly. When a glo*e valve is manually operated, the stem is turned *y a hand2heel. lthough glo*e valves in the past had the spherical *odies 2hich gave them their name, many modern glo*e valves do not have much of a spherical shape. Fo2ever, the term globe valve is still often used for valves that have such an internal mechanism. 6n plum*ing, valves 2ith such a mechanism are also often called stop valves since they don@t have the glo*al appearance, *ut the term stop valve may refer to valves 2hich are used to stop flo2 even 2hen they have other mechanisms or designs. 5lo*e valves are used for applications re=uiring throttling and fre=uent operation. For e:ample, glo*e valves or valves 2ith a similar mechanism may *e used as sampling valves, 2hich are normally shut e:cept 2hen li=uid samples are *eing taken. ,ince the *affle restricts flo2, they@re not recommended 2here full, uno*structed flo2 is re=uired.

Contents
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1 Parts of a typical glo*e valve o 1.1 'ody o 1.! 'onnet o 1.% Plug or disc ;disk> o 1.+ ,tem o 1.- 3age o 1.. ,eat ring ! )aterials % (eferences + 9:ternal links

[edit] "arts o+ a typical lo%e valve

[edit] !ody
"he main pressure containing structure of the valve and the most easily identified as it forms the mass of the valve. 6t contains all of the valve@s internal parts that 2ill come in contact 2ith the su*stance *eing controlled *y the valve. "he *onnet is connected to the *ody and provides the containment of the fluid, gas, or slurry that is *eing controlled. 5lo*e valves are typically t2o1port valves, although three port valves are also produced. &orts are openings in the *ody for fluid flo2ing in or out. "he t2o ports may *e oriented straight across from each other on the *ody,[-] or oriented at an angle such as a 78H angle. [.] 5lo*e valves 2ith ports at such an angle are called an le lo%e valves. glo*e valve can also have a *ody in the shape of a y.

[edit] !onnet
Provides leakproof closure for the valve *ody. "he threaded section of stem goes through a hole 2ith matching threads in the *onnet. 5lo*e valves may have a scre21in, union, or *olted[/] *onnet. ,cre21in *onnet is the simplest *onnet, offering a dura*le, pressure1tight seal. Bnion *onnet is suita*le for applications re=uiring fre=uent inspection or cleaning. 6t also gives the *ody added strength. *onnet attached 2ith *olts is used for larger or higher pressure applications. 'onnets also contain the packing, 2hich is a 2eara*le material that maintains the seal *et2een the *onnet and the stem during valve cycling operations

[edit] "lu or disc .disk/

"he closure mem*er of the valve. Plugs are connected to the stem 2hich is slid or scre2ed up or do2n to throttle the flo2. Plugs are typically of the *alance or un*alanced

type. Bn*alanced plugs are solid and are used 2ith smaller valves or 2ith lo2 pressure drops across the valve. "he advantages are simpler design, 2ith one possi*le leak path at the seat and usually lo2er cost. "he disadvantages are the limited si<eE 2ith a large un*alanced plug the forces needed to seat and hold the flo2 off *ecome impractical. 'alanced plugs have holes through the plug. dvantages include easier shut off as the plug does not have to overcome static forces. Fo2ever, a second leak path is created *et2een the plug and the cage, cost is generally higher.

[edit] &tem
"he stem serves as a connector from the actuator to the inside of the valve and transmits this actuation force. ,tems are either smooth for actuator controlled valves or threaded for manual valves. "he smooth stems are surrounded *y packing material to prevent leaking material from the valve. "his packing is a 2ear material and 2ill have to *e replaced during maintenance. With a smooth stem the ends are threaded to allo2 connection to the plug and the actuator. "he stem must not only 2ithstand a large amount of compression force during valve closure, *ut also have high tensile strength during valve opening. 6n addition, the stem must *e very straight, or have lo2 runout, in order to ensure good valve closure. "his minimum runout also minimi<es 2ear of the packing contained in the *onnet, 2hich provides the seal against leakage.

[edit] Ca e
"he cage is part of the valve that surrounds the plug and is located inside the *ody of the valve. "ypically, the cage is one of the greatest determiners of flo2 2ithin the valve. s the plug is moved more of the openings in the cage are e:posed and flo2 is increased and vise versa. "he design and layout of the openings can have a large effect on flo2 of material ;the flo2 characteristics of different materials at temperatures, pressures that are in a range>. 3ages are also used to guide the plug to the seat of the valve for a good shutoff, su*stituting the guiding from the *onnet.

[edit] &eat rin

"he seat ring provides a sta*le, uniform and replacea*le shut off surface. ,eat rings are usually held in place *y pressure from the fastening of the *onnet to the top of the *ody. "his pushes the cage do2n on the lip of the seat ring and holds it firmly to the *ody of the valve. ,eat rings may also *e threaded and scre2ed into a thread cut in the same area of the *ody. Fo2ever this method makes removal of the seat ring during maintenance difficult if not impossi*le. ,eat rings are also typically *eveled at the seating surface to allo2 for some guiding during the final stages of closing the valve. 9conomical glo*e valves or stop valves 2ith a similar mechanism used in plum*ing often have a ru**er 2asher at the *ottom of the disc for the seating surface, so that ru**er can *e compressed against the seat to form a leak1tight seal 2hen shut.

)any glo*e valves have a class rating that corresponds to the pressure specifications of D,6 1..%+. 'i*cocks and sillcocks are variations of glo*e or stop valves used in plum*ing. Deedle valves are variations of glo*e valves 2here instead of a separate attached disc piece, the internal end of the stem is conically tapered to act as the disc to fit into a matching seat for fine flo2 ad?ustment. 4ther different types of valve usually are called glo*e style valves *ecause of the shape of the *ody or the 2ay of closure of the disk. s an e:ample typical s2ing check valves could *e called glo*e type.

[edit] $aterials
"ypically glo*e valves are made of metallic alloys, although some synthetic materials are availa*le. "hese materials are chosen *ased on pressure, temperature, controlled media properties. 3orrosive and#or erosive process streams may re=uire a compromise in material selection or e:otic alloys or *ody coatings to minimi<e these material interactions and e:tend the life of the valve or valve trim components. "ypically, car*on steel alloys are specified for noncorrosive applications. 4ther alloys such as Fastelloy, )onel, 6nconel and others are availa*le. Packing material must also *e considered during valve selection. "ypically the re=uirement for a lo2 friction packing conflict 2ith a dura*le material that 2ill provide lo2 maintenance re=uirements during service life. 3orrosive applications can further complicate packing material selection as the typical packing materials may or may not *e compati*le 2ith the processed materials. "ypically graphite or P"F9 is used due to its lo2 friction coefficient. 9nviro1seal applications also have the availa*lilty of constant applied force ;live1load> packing. While more comple:, it allo2s for constant packing force load throughout the life of the packing material. "his packing helps meet contemporary environmental la2s.

2eedle valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search This article does not cite any re+erences or sources. (December 200!)
Please help improve this article *y adding citations to relia*le sources. Bnverifia*le material may *e challenged and removed.

needle valve is a type of valve having a small orifice and a threaded, needle1like plunger. 6t allo2s precise regulation of flo2, although it is generally used for, and is capa*le of, only relatively small flo2 rates.

[edit] Construction and operation

needle valve has a relatively small orifice 2ith a long, tapered, conical seat. needle1 shaped plunger, on the end of a scre2, e:actly fits this seat. s the scre2 is turned and the plunger retracted, flo2 *et2een the seat and the plunger is possi*leE ho2ever, until the plunger is completely retracted the fluid flo2 is significantly impeded. "herefore, and since it takes many turns of the fine1threaded scre2 to retract the plunger, precise regulation of the flo2 rate is possi*le.

[edit] 3ses
Deedle valves are usually used in flo2 metering applications, especially 2hen a constant, cali*rated, lo2 flo2 rate must *e maintained for some time, such as the idle fuel flo2 in a car*uretor. ,ince flo2 rates are lo2 and many turns of the valve stem are re=uired to completely open or close, needle valves are not used for simple shutoff applications. ,ince the orifice is small and the force advantage of the fine1threaded stem is high, needle valves are usually easy to shut off completely, 2ith merely Afinger tightA pressure. ,mall, simple needle valves are often used as *leed valves in hot 2ater heating applications. Bnlike a *all valve, it is not easy to tell from e:amining the handle position 2hether the valve is open or closed.

44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 44Control valves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

;(edirected from 3ontrol valve> Jump to: navigation, search Control valves are valves used 2ithin industrial plants and else2here to control operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, flo2, and li=uid level *y fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a AsetpointA to a Aprocess varia*leA 2hose value is provided *y sensors that monitor changes in such conditions.[1] "he opening or closing of control valves is done *y means of electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic systems.

Contents
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1 "ypes of control valve *odies ! ,ee also % (eferences + 9:ternal links

[edit] Types o+ control valve %odies

"he different types of control valve *odies may *e categori<ed as sho2n *elo2:[!]

5lo*e control valve 2ith the pneumatic actuator and smart positioner ngle &alves o 3age1style &alve *odies o $isk,tack style &alve *odies ngle seat piston valves 5lo*e &alves o ,ingle1Port &alve 'odies o 'alanced1Plug 3age1,tyle &alve 'odies o Figh 3apacity, 3age15uided &alve 'odies o Port15uided ,ingle1Port &alve 'odies o $ou*le1Ported &alve 'odies o "hree1Way &alve 'odies (otary &alves o 'utterfly &alve 'odies o &1Dotch 'all 3ontrol &alve 'odies o 9ccentric1$isk 3ontrol &alve 'odies o 9ccentric1Plug 3ontrol &alve 'odies