A RECONSTRUCTED LESSON PLAN SCIENCE GRADE 8

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OBJECTIVES Given a 60 minute session, the students should be able to: 1. Define electricity 2. Give the prime contributors on the history of electricity. 3. Differentiate conductors from insulators. 4. Compute for current, voltage or resistance LEARNING TASK Subject Matter: Electricity and Its History Reference/s: Science-Grade 8, Encarta Encyclopedia Materilas: visual aids (manila paper and cartolina), pictures, voltmeter and ammeter PROCEDURE Teachers Activities Students Activities

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A. Preparation Good morning Grade 8-Aristotle Good morning sir, good morning visitors

Can you give me some examples of appliances that you have at home. Washing machine, television, flat iron, radio, computer. Given those appliances that you have given, what is their similarity? They will not function without electricity. B. Presentation Thats right. Yesterday I have let you summarize your lecture on your textbook, so please bring out your notebooks. Our lesson for today is all about electricity and its history So who can give me the Electricity is energy created by moving charged definition of electricity? particles: a fundamental form of kinetic or potential energy created by the free or controlled movement of charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and ions. So do you know how electricity began? The ancient Greeks observed that amber, when rubbed, attracted small, light objects.

Ok so the electricity began with that observation of

the Greeks that amber, when rubbed attracts small light objects. After that, who said that amber had a soul, since it could make other objects move. Thales of Miletus With what Thales of Miletus said, what kind of matter can attract other matter? Solid So what was the next advancement in the history of electricity? Greek philosopher, Theophrastus, stated that other substances also have this power. Yes. So what can you say now about Thales belief? Thats right. So for almost 2000 years, there was no progress made in the study of electricity and the next advancement was in 1600. Who could give me the major advancement in the study of electricity in In 1600 English physician William Gilbert the year 1600? published a book in which he noted that many substances besides amber could be charged by rubbing. He gave these substances the Latin name electrica, which is derived from the Greek word elektron (which means amber). So what happened next? Thats right. So in the year 1646 the word electricity was first used and it came from the the term electricia by William Gilbert that he used to describe substances that could be charged aside from amber and he coined this term from the Greek word electron which means amber. After coining the term electricity, what was the German physicist Otto von Guericke discovered next discovery? that electricity can flow through a substance was discovered by 17th-century who observed conduction in a linen thread. Von Guericke also described the first machine for producing an electric charge in 1672. The machine consisted of a sulfur sphere turned by a crank. When a hand was held against the sphere, a charge was induced on the sphere. Yes. So what electrical term was discovered by Guericke? Sir Thomas Browne first used the word electricity in 1646. Its not only solid that can attract other matter, liquids have also that property.

Then who rediscovered conduction?

Conduction

Conduction was rediscovered independently by Englishman Stephen Gray during the early 1700s. Gray also noted that some substances are good conductors while others are insulators. So now what are the two kinds of substances? Conductors and insulators. Conductors allow the flow of electricity while insulators do not. Can you give examples of conductors. Metal and water Yes metal and water allows electricity to flow in them. How about insulators? Rubber and wood. Ok. That is the reason why there is a rubber in the handle of kitchen utensils so that we will not feel the extreme heat of the metal after being exposed to fire. So any other advancement in the 1700s? Frenchman Charles Dufay observed that electric charges are of two kinds. He found that opposite kinds attract each other while similar kinds repel. Dufay called one kind vitreous and the other kind resinous. Ok so opposite kind of charges that attract each other are called? Vitreous While the similar charges that repel each other are called? Resinuos Thats right. American scientist Benjamin Franklin also theorized that electricity is a kind of fluid. According to Franklins theory, when two objects are rubbed together, electric fluid flows from one object to the other. The object that gains electric fluid acquires a vitreous charge, which Franklin called positive charge. The object that loses electric fluid acquires a resinous charge, which Franklin called negative charge. What concept of electricity was observed by Franklin? Static electricity. Yes static electricity. So can you define static electricity. It is the electricity produced by stationary objects

when they are rubbed. C. Comparison and Abstraction Ok so here is an example of static electricity. (Rubbed a pen on his hair then immediately pointed it to small bits of paper). What happened when I pointed the pen to the bits of paper? They were attracted to the pen. Why were they attracted to the pen? Because the pen was rubbed to your hair.

Very good. And that is static electricity, rubbing your pen to your hair produced static electricity. D. Generalization Alright so what is electricity again? Electricity is energy created by moving charged particles: a fundamental form of kinetic or potential energy created by the free or controlled movement of charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and ions

Who coined the term electricity?

What is static electricity again?

In 1600 English physician William Gilbertg used the word electrician to describe many substances besides amber that could be charged by rubbing. The Latin name electrica, which is derived from the Greek word elektron means amber. But the word electricity was first used by Thomas Browne in 1646. It is the electricity produced by stationary objects when they are rubbed.

How about conductors and insulators, can you differentiate them? Conductors allow electricity while insulators do not.

Now lets proceed to Ohms Law. By the way, who created the Ohms Law?

Thats right. This law states that the amount of

Georg Simon Ohm, a German high school teacher, investigated the conducting abilities of various metals. In 1827 Ohm published his results, including the relationship now known as Ohms law.

current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across the conductor and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor. Ohms law can be expressed as an equation, V = IR, where V is the difference in volts between two locations (called the potential difference), I is the amount of current in amperes that is flowing between these two points, and R is the resistance in ohms of the conductor between the two locations of interest. So now let us break the law. What is voltage?

So where did they get the term volt?

When the two terminals of a battery are connected by a conductor, an electric current flows through the conductor. One terminal continuously sends electrons into the conductor, while the other continuously receives electrons from it. The current flow is caused by the voltage, or potential difference, between the terminals. The more willing the terminals are to give up and receive electrons, the higher the voltage. Voltage is measured in units called volts and is represented by the letter V.. In honor of the Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta.

How about I. What does it stand for? Amount of current flowing which is measured in amperes represented by the letter A. So where did they get the term ampere? Ampere, basic unit of electric current, symbol A or amp, was named after the 19th-century French physicist Andr Marie Ampre. Thats right. And the last term is resistance. What is resistance? A conductor allows an electric current to flow through it, but it does not permit the current to flow with perfect freedom. Collisions between the electrons and the atoms of the conductor interfere with the flow of electrons. This phenomenon is known as resistance. Resistance is represented by (omega). Ok now that you know that V=IR, can you give the formulas if the given is I and R. I=V/R So heres a sample problem. An electric circuit R=V/I contains a 20 resistor and a current of 2.5 ampere is flowing through the circuit, find the voltage. So what are the givens in the problem?

Very good. So what do we need to find? R= 20 and I =2.5 A What formula do we have to use? So whats the voltage? Very good. E. Application Voltage or V V= IR

Now bring out a one whole sheet of paper and V= 50 volts answer the following: Find the current. 1. I = ? V = 30 V R = 30 2. I = ? V = 30 V R=8 Find the amount of resistance. 1. R = ? I = 18 A V = 14 V 2. R = ? I = 40 A V=5V

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EVALUATION

Make three word problems about Ohms Law where one of the three elements (V, I, R) should be missing and show the solution. Write it on a whole sheet of paper.

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ASSIGNMENT Have an advance reading to our next topic which is still under electricity, kinds of circuits and Coulombs Law.