CONFIDENTIAL*

20
Section B
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Answer any four questions in this section
All the main energy-releasing pathways in acell start with glycolysis, which takes
cytoplasm and can proceed in the presence or absence ofoxygen.
(a) Outline the main stages of glycolysis.
(b) Explain what happens to the NADH that is formed in glycolysis
(i) in the presence ofoxygen
(ii) in the absence of oxygen
6
(a) With the aid of a labelled diagram describe the structure of a skeletal muscle
through an electron microscoPe.
(a) Explain
(i) What causes the abnormalitY'
(ii) Theconsequencesfollowingfertilisation.
(b) Down syndrome is caused by mutation. Explain how it occurs.
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*This
question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over.
(b) Describe the sequence of events involved in the stimulation and contraction of a skeletal
muscle fibre.
(Start your answer at the point where the impulse reaches the end of the motor
fibre.)
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The diagram below shows the process of abnormal spermatogenesis followed by
fertilisation in humans.
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
l=_-
I
I
I
l=_
--
l^
Af/\
.(ryYv
Fertilisation
place in the
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fibre as seen
[5
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15
marlal
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m(il,H-d
Spermatogenesis
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CONFIDENTIAL*
8 (a) What is lactose operon?
(b) Explain how lactose operon is switched on and off.
(a) Define the following terms
(i) genomic library
(ii) oDNA library
(b) Explain how transgenic bacteria containing the human gene for insulin can
using recombinant DNA technology.
l0 (a) (i) Define the term ecosystem.
(ii) State three reasons why ecosystems are said to be dynamic.
With named examples, state the roles of bacteria in the sulphur cycle.
Explain the trophic relationships in a tropical rain forest.
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*This
question paper is CONFIDENTIAL untilthe examination is over.
22
(b)
(c)
1+
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[2
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be produced
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[3
marla)
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[7
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CONFIDENTIAL*
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