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5 Sept/Oct 1979
/
/i s _\ ~~~~~~~~Power Line
Transposition
< Sl~ ~ ~ ~Mle 68 LEGEND
20
10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
Pipeline Milepost
0 100 9 070
(b) Pipeline Induced-Voltage Profile
6 04
6
.6 _ I
Table V
Choice of Phase Sequence for the Balanced Double Vertical Circuit of Figure 4
Best Worst
Phas i ng+ Phasing
1811
the presence of the auxiliary shield wire, it was pos- practicality of this technique in question.
sible to evaluate the effectiveness of this mitigation
technique. This procedure was then repeated for each
power line geometry and conductor phasing examined.
2o
The Single Horizontal Circuit. The first geometry
considered is that shown in Figure 2, the single hori- 1.8
zontal circuit with two multiple-grounded lightning
shield wires. (The optimum phasing of this circuit was 1.6 IU0CP
discussed previously.) A single, auxiliary grounded I4
shield wire was assumed to exist in various vertical ,-SC
planes defined within the bounds of the tower struc- 1.2
ture. The wire was then assumed to be located at dif-
ferent heights within each plane. A comparison of the .7 1.0
original longitudinal electric field to the field with w
the auxiliary wire present could then be made. 0.8
Figure 5 illustrates the effect of placing a C..L
_ 39 0.6
grounded auxiliary shield wire at the outer right edge
of the power line towers (65 feet to the right of the 04
center line), as observed at two points: (1) 200 feet
to the right of the center line; and (2) 200 feet to 0.2
the left of the center line. For this example, an
earth resistivity of 33.3 san was assumed, along with 0
balanced phase conductor currents. From the figure, 0 10 20 h,pt 30 40 50 60
itis seen that the maximum field reduction, about 25%, Wire height (feet)
occurs to the rightof the power line for a shield wire
height of 48 feet. However, an equivalent field in-
crease is seen to occur to the left of the power line. Figure 6 EFFECT OF A GROUNDED AUXILIARY SHIELD WIRE AS
A FUNCTION OF HEIGHT FOR THE SINGLE-CIRCUIT
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
2.0
Currents
68 > 95
% Unbolonce % Unbalance
100 100)
Buried
Pipeline N.,
2 / Independent
Vs | / Multiple - Connected Ground Bed
Horizontal Ground
Distribut ed Anodes Conductor
As shown in Figure 2, the pipeline and personnel is assumed, The characteristic impedance is given by5
hazards due to inductive coupling to a buried pipeline
can be mitigated by grounding the pipe using either in-
dependent ground beds, distributed anodes, or horizon-
tal ground wires, and by installing ground mats at
points of possible human contact. In particular, two
Z Orod = 22,ff / 10 [ [(1+j)Inl av v0-a (1 j)
12J+ lr ohms
a
(4)
general types of independent grounding systems, namely -2.4410~ inI51.6 + (1-j) '-
vertical anodes and horizontal conductors (including r(1+j)
(8a)
Y. = 00 (9a)
Ym y
and
where y and Y are the propagation constant and
admittance per km to remote earth, respectively, = 1 + 1 (a)2 (9b)
of the pipeline section before mitigation, and
Ym is the mitigating admittance per km provided + j 81 ohms/meter
by the distributed anodes. The reduction volt-
age is estimated as
where a is the wire radius, and 6 = wire skin
% reduction 100 (1- |Y ) (8b) depth = (7rcfv)-1/2.
YMn
*The design procedures for the differenttypesof miti-
gation wires considered here were developed from field
100 (1 11 ) tests made in December 1977 on the Southern California
m Gas Company Line 235 extending from Needles to New-
/1 + berry, California.
Equation 8b indicates that appreciable mitiga-
tion is obtained for this case only if the net
mitigating admittance per km is much greater
than Y, which is of the order of 0.1 mhos/km
for a typical, moderately well insulated, bur-
ied pipeline.
Horizontal Conductors
A horizontal ground wire and its surrounding earth
form a lossy transmission line characterized by the Pipeline
propagation factor, Ywire, and the characteristic im-
pedance, Zo ire. The ac grounding impedance, Zwire,s
is simply tre -nput impedance of this lossy transmis-
sion line. It is incorrect to assumethat Zwre is
equal to the dc grounding resistance, RWire. As wil1
be shown below, the transmission line characteristics
of a horizontal grounding wire significantly affect its
performance.
Further, horizontal ground conductors can be sub-
ject to the same longitudinal driving electric field
generated by the adjacent power line as the pipeline is
exposed to. Therefore, ground wires can develop ap- Figure 3 TYPES OF HORIZONTAL GROUND
preciable terminal voltages which must be accounted for CONDUCTOR INSTALLATIONS
1817
Z
wireft left i
Zwire
) \/wright
\ Experimental Data Point
V pipe
Vwire
_Vwire
left .right Calculated By A-C
Transmission
aUne Formula
I0
V mit Z pipe
1
17 ~~~~~Caculated By
Z wire : Z wire
left right
V pipe
Vwire V wire
left + + right
Figure 4 HORIZONTAL GROUND WIRE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS Figure 5 GROUNDING IMPEDANCE OF HORIZONTAL WIRE
1818
results implied by the dc grounding resistance formula, compute the new Vwire/Z *r ratio. The chief effect of
which is evidently useful only for small-to-moderate connecting a long, paraTei ground wire and an adjacent
conductor lengths. pipeline with multiple ties (indicated by the dashed
lines of the "B" configuration of Figure 3) is the
End-Connected Parallel Ground Wire. This ground reduction of the effective Vwire and Zw re,in a man-
wire configuration, denoted as B in Figure 3, requires ner discussed below. This can be useful under condi-
additional analysis steps to account for the effects of tions where voltage cancellation at Vmit is not deemed
voltage build-up on the ground wire due to its paral- important. If such ties are used, they should be spaced
lelism with the power line and mutual coupling between no closer than 1/Real (ywire) for maximum effectatmin-
the pipeline and the ground wire. In this configura- imum cost. wr
tion, the wire acts as both the grounding impedance,
Zwir , and the voltage source, Vwir , as shown in Fig- Center-Connected Parallel Ground Wire. This ground
ure 4c. The overall mitigation ef$ect is computed in wire configuration, denoted as C in Figure 3, is aimed
six steps: at achieving minimum values of Vwire and Zwire for any
1. Determine the Carson mutual impedances between given length of wire. Its performance is most easily
the power line phase conductors and each pas- understood by examining the equivalent mitigation cir-
sive multiple-grounded conductor sharing the cuit shown in Figure 4d. From this figure, it is seen
ri ght-of-way, i ncl udi ng the pi pel i ne to be mi t- that the center connection causes the effective Vwire
to equal zero because of the bucking effect of Vwirq,
igated and the ground wire. Repeat the proce-
dure to determine the mutual impedances between left and Vwi e ri ht* Further, the effective Zwire 1S
seen to equal parallel combination of Zwi left'
all passive, multiple-grounded conductors on
the right-of-way. This may be done by apply- and Zwire riaht This value is always less hganthe
groun ing im edance for the wire when used in an end-
ing the calculator program "CARSON" which is connected manner for mitigation because of the level-
documented i n Reference 2. Thi s program appl ies ing off of the impedance curve with length. (In effect,
the Dommel algorithm7 to obtain Carson mutual two short wires give a lower grounding impedance than
impedances to better than 0.1% accuracy, regard- one long wire having the combined length of the short
less of earth resistivity, conductor configura- wires).
tion (either aerial or buried, and conductor
separation. The mitigation effect of this ground wire configu-
2. Determinethemaximum currents within the pipe- ration can be computed simply by applying program "WIRE"
line to be mitigated and other passive conduc- to determine Ywire and Zo,wire; then applying "THEVENIN"
tors of the right-of-way under the influence to determine Zwire,left and Zwire right; and finally
of the power line, the ground wire, and each applying "NODE". In applying hODE", the voltage
other. This may be done by applying the cal- sources Vwire leftand Vwire,right need not be known
culator program "CURRENTS" which is documented specifically because of their self-cancelling effect,
in Reference 2. This program solves the set so that a value of zero volts can be assumed for both.
of complex-valued simultaneous equations de- Thus, in many respects, calculation of the mitigation
scribing the interactions between each long, effectiveness of a center -connected parallel ground
multi ply-grounded conductor of the right-of-way. wire is the same as for the perpendicular ground wire.
3. Determine the longitudinal driving electric Back-to-Back Parallel Ground Wire.* This ground
field at the ground wire location. This may wire configuration, denoted as D in Figure 3, is aimed
be done by multiplying the ground wire cur- at achieving simultaneously a maximum value of Vvire
rent, determined in Step 2, by the ground-wire and a minimum value of Zwire fora given length of wire.
series self-impedance, Zi, of Equation 9b. This is made possible by moving one ground wire leg to
4. Determine the propagation constant and charac- the opposite side of a horizontal configuration power
teristic impedance of the ground wire by apply- line, so that the fields driving the two legs are equal
ing the calculator program "WIRE". in magnitude but 1800 out of phase. Thus, as shown in
5. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit, Vwire Figure 4e, Vwire left and Vwire,right reinforce each
and Zyi es of the ground wire by applying the other instead of buctking, allowing a maximum cancella-
calcuTator program "THEVENIN" to the data ob- tion effect at Vmit. Similar to the center-connected
tained in Steps 3 and 4. parallel ground wire, the effective Zwire is seen to
equal the parallel combination of Zwire,left and Zwire,
6. Determine the final mitigated voltage, Vmit of right.
Figure 4c, by applying the calculator program
"NODE" to the data Vwire, Zwire, Vpipeg and The mitigation effect of this ground wire config-
Zpipe. uration can be computed by treating the left and right
halvesof the ground wire as two distinct end-connected
For best results with this ground wire configura- parallel ground wires, and combining the results for
tion, the phase of Vwire should equal that of Vpipe + Vwire left, Zwire,left, and Vwire,right using program
1800 in order to achieve a voltage cancellation effect "NODE.
at Vmit . This is i'llustrated in Figure 4c by the
choice of signs of the Vwire and Vpipe voltage sources. Complete Pipeline Mitigation
In the ideal case, Vwire/Zwre = - vipe/Zpi e' so that
Vmit = 0. The wire impedance an olt g properties The previous discussions were directed toward con-
can be adjusted by choosing the wire length and separa- sidering each mitigation wire individually, and, hence,
tion from the power line. However, this usually does mitigation at a single point on the pipeline. In gen-
not give enough adjustment range to attain the ideal eral, due to multiple physical or electrical discon-
case. Additional adjustment can be realized by either
a continuous or lumped inductive loading of the ground
wire to alter its transmission line characteristics.
Program "WIRE" is structured to permit data input of Best applicability for mitigation of the effects of
the average added inducti've reactance per kilometer power lines having a combination of configurations and
due to inductive loading to allow rapid calculation of phase sequences which yield an electric field phase
the new wire propagation constant and characteristic difference of approximately 1800 from one side of the
impedance. Then, program "THEVENIN " can be used to line to the other.
1819
tinuities along the right-of-way, a pipeline will devel- Figure 6b shows the extra mitigation obtained by
op a number of induced voltage peaks. Installation of installing an additional 0.8 km (2600 ft) total length,
a single mitigation wire may reduce the local pipeline center-connected parallel ground wire at Milepost 89.
voltagesbutleave the other peaks unaffected. In fact, This wire was solid aluminum, 3.0 mm (0.12 in.) diam-
slight increases of the pipeline voltage may be caused eter, and buried at a depth of 5 cm (2 in.) along a
a few miles from the grounding point due to the discon- path parallel to the power line and 30 m (100 ft) from
tinui ty of the corri dor geometry i ntroduced by the ground the center phase. From the figure, it is seen that the
wire itself. However, as discussed below, experimental combined mitigation system at Mileposts 101.7 and 89
results showthat complete pipeline mitigation is possi- succeeded in pipeline voltage reduction not only at the
bleby mitigating sijccessive voltage peaks individually. peaks,butat intermediate locations as well. Hence, it
has been demonstrated that installation of properly-de-
An assessment of the possibility of complete pipe- signed grounding systems at points of corridor discon-
line mitigation, obtained by direct measurements at the tinuities can mitigate long lengths of pipeline.
Mojave test site, is summarized in Figure 6. Figure 6a
shows the mitigation obtained by installing a 2.25 km Additional Grounding Methods
(7400 ft) total length, back-to-back parallel ground
wire at Milepost 101.7. The wire was stranded alumi- Bonding to Tower Footings. At times, it may seem
num, 9.4 mm (0.37 in.) diameter, and buried at a depth convenient to achieve the grounding of a pipeline by
of 30 cm (1 ft) along two paths parallel to the power connecting it to nearby ac power line tower grounding
line and 18.3 m (60 ft) to either side of the power systems. However, this procedure is not recommended
line center phase. From the figure, it is seen that because of personnel and pipeline hazards which may
the original voltage peak at Milepost 101.7 of nearly result during fault conditions of the power line.
50 volts was reduced by about 90% by installing this
ground wire, representing a virtually complete miti- Connection of an above-ground or buried pipeline
gation. In fact, some mitigation was recorded at Mile- to a power line ground can result in the elevation of
post 89. However, although not necessarily serious, an the pipeline potential to dangerous levels during power
increase in the induced voltage was measured in the line fault conditions. The flow of fault current to
region between the two peaks. This is reminiscent of ground through the affected power line towers results
the bal l oon effect -- i . e., "squeeze" the pipel i ne vol t- in the tower footings being placed at a high potential
age at one point and it enlarges somewhat atother points. with respect to remote earth, and the application of
this potential to any metal structure that is con-
nected to the tower footings. This potential can range
60 r- -Unmitigated above 1000 volts for representative values of earth re-
-Mitigated sistivity and fault current magnitude. This high volt-
50s age can be applied to the entirety of an above-ground
pipeline connected to a tower footing, endangering
0 A
% pipeline workers or other personnel contacting the pipe
40 metal during the fault. The resulting hazards can be
I
I' mitigated only by providing ground mats, as discussed
in the following subsection, at each location of pos-
0
I
30 [ I
sible human contact with the pipeline.
20 I
Connection of buried pipeline sections to a power
4
I
I line ground can also result in puncture of either the
\1/ pipeline coating or steel during power line fault con-
10
F- V
ditions. The flow of fault current to remote earth is
channeled through the buried pipeline, which acts as a
I I I I virtual counterpoise for the powerline because of its
100 90 80 70 bonding to the tower footings. At points somewhat re-
Pipeline Milepost moved from the affected towers, the fault current car-
(a) Back-To-Back System Installed At Milepost 101.7 ried by the pipeline can jump off to the surrounding
low potential earth. Fault current jump-off points
60 r- are marked by pipeline coating punctures and possibly
Unmitigoted even pipeline steel punctures (if the current densi-
r Mitigated ties are high enough). Mitigation of this hazard is
sop
I
possible only by avoiding any direct connections be-
A ~~~~~I
tween the buried pipeline and the power line grounds.
40k~
0
4 Ground Mats. Mitigation of earth current and in-
CP I I I ductive coupling to a pipeline under construction can
ca
0- 30 I \II I
I
I
/ \ /\I be realized easily and effectively by installing ground
I I / \ mats at all worker locations. These mats, bonded to
20 the pipe, serve to reduce touch and step voltages in
I
I
\ // I areas where persons can come in contact with the pipe.
I
\/\l These mats can be portable steel mesh grids laid on the
ground at welding positions, and connected with a cable
lo I \V
to the pipe. At permanent exposed pipeline appurte-
I_ _II I nances, such as valves, metallic vents, and corrosion
0
90
control test points, ground mats can be constructed of
100
Pipeline Milepost
80 70
strip galvanic anode material buried in a spiral pat-
tern just below the surface and connected to the pipe-
(b) Additional Center-Connected System Installed line electrically. (By using galvanic anode material,
At Milepost 89 such mats reinforce any cathodic protection systems on
the pipeline rather than contributeto the pipeline cor-
rosion problem, as would be the case if copper ground-
Figure 6 EXPERIMENTAL MITIGATION ing were used.)
OF THE MOJAVE PIPELINE
1820
With mats so installed and connected, the earth additional advantage of providing protection from in-
contacted by the mat is at virtually the same potential sulator flashover during fault conditions of the power
as the pipe. In this way, a worker touching the pipe line. Additional insulator protection can be provided
is assured that the potential appearing between his by installing lightning arrestors with a threshold of
hands and feet is only that which is developed across no more than 150 volts across each insulator-polariza-
the metal of the mat, regardless of the mode of ac in- tion cell parallel combination.
terference affecting the pipe. This effective shunting
of the worker by a metal conductor provides protection Pipeline Extensions
for very severe cases of coupling, such as occur during
lightning strikes and faults. It is especially useful The appearance of exponential induced voltage
for pipes subject to simultaneous interference by elec- peaks at the ends of a parallel, buried pipeline (as
trostatic, electromagnetic, and earth-current coupling. discussed in References 9 and 10) suggests that the
pipeline potential distribution can be altered for
Ground mats should be designed large enough to mitigation purposes by simply extending the pipe. In
cover the entire area on which persons can stand while this way, the locations of the voltage peaks might be
either touching the pipe or contacting it with metal shifted from an accessible, or functional, section to
tools or equipment. Each mat should be bonded to the an inaccessible, or non-functional section. The in-
pipe at more than one point to provide protection duced potentials at the original endpoints of the pipe
against mechanical or electrical failure of one bond. section could be reduced by as much as 63% for each ex-
Step potentials at the edges of each mat can be miti- tension of the pipe by 1/Real (ypi e) beyond the origi-
gated by providing a layer of clean, well-drained grav- nal end points. While there are obvious limitations
el beneath the mat and extending the gravel beyond the to this technique in practice, it is conceivable that
perimeter of the mat. This serves to reducetheconduc- it could be preferred in some cases where mitigation is
tivity of the material beneath the mat, and to provide required on a large, in-service line.
a buffer zone between the earth and the ground mat.
CONCLUSIONS
ADDITIONAL PIPELINE MITIGATION METHODS
This paper has presented a mitigation approach for
Use of Insulating Devices the voltages induced on gas transmission pipelines by
60 Hz ac power lines sharing a joint right-of-way.
Risers and Vent Pipes. Insulating materials may This mitigation approach involves the optimum deploy-
be used in place of steel in some cases where the dan- ment of pipeline grounding systems, and is based upon
ger of high ac pipeline potentials is known to be a the distributed-source analysis of References 1 and 2.
factor. As an example, vent pipes accessible to the It is most usefully applied after installation of all
public may be constructed of plastic to eliminate the of the utilities of a joint-use corridor when the exact
possibility of electric shock should a high potential positions and magnitudes of the pipeline voltage peaks
exist on the casing pipe. Riser conduit may be plas- can be measured.
tic; junction boxes may be plastic or plastic coated;
terminal blocks may be "dead front", requiring the in- The paper treats as part of this approach vertical
sertion of contact making plugs in order to connect anodes and horizontal conductors of several types. Ex-
leads to the carrier pipe. perimental results are summarized which indicate that
complete pipeline mitigation is possible using this ap-
Joints. Insulating joints are used on pipelines proach. Additional pipeline mitigation measures such
to electrically separate sections of the line from as the uses of insulating devices and pipeline exten-
terminal faciilities and pumping systems. They are also sions are reviewed.
usedto divide the line into sections so that the devel-
opment of contacts with other structures or the failure ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
of cathodic protection facilities are confined to a
single section. These sections can be as long as sev- Work reported in Parts I and II of this paper was
eral miles. done under Contract RP742-1 to the Electric Power Re-
search Institute and Contract PR132-80 to the Pipeline
In the past, insulating joints have been used to Research Committee of the American Gas Association.
attempt mitigation of ac coupling effects on pipelines Special thanks is given to Southern California Gas
by reduction of the electrical length of the pipelines Company for their assistance in performing theMojave
exposed to the coupling source. Indeed, the use of in- field tests.
sulating joints exclusively to systematically bound REFERENCES
pipeline voltages has been investigated.8 However, a
given pipeline situation must be analyzed carefully be- [1] A. Taflove and J. Dabkowski, "Prediction Method
cause the introduction of insulating joints may worsen, for Buried Pipeline Voltages Due to 60 Hz AC In-
rather than mitigate, the interference problem, i.e., ductive Coupling. Part I-- Analysis," Paper No.
buried pipeline sections longer than 2/Real (y)pipe should F78 698-3 presented at the IEEE PES Summer Meet-
develop exponential vol tage peaks at the locations of the ing, Los Angeles, CA, July 16-21, 1978.
insulators. Thus, while a long pipeline might have only
two voltage peaks (at its ends) the insertion of an in- [2] J. Dabkowski and A. Taflove (principal authors),
sulator at the midpoint of the pipeline could cause a Mutual Design Considerations for Overhead AC Trans-
third voltage peak to appear at the location of the new mission LinesandGas Transmission Pipelines. Vol-
i nsul ator. ume I: Engineering Analysis. Final Report on EPRI
Contract RP742-1 and PRC/AGA Contract PR132-80 by
To avoid the generation of induced voltage peaks IITResearch Institute, Chicago, IL, September 1978.
at pipeline insulators, a low-impedance polarization (EPRI Publication EL-904).
cell shouldbe connected across each insulator. In this
way, direct current required for cathodic protection [3] A. W. Peabodyand C. G. Siegfried. Recommendations
could be confined to the desired pipeline section, but forthe Mitigationof Induced AC on the 34-Inch Line
no pipeline discontinuities would be presented to the 235 from Newberry to Needles,Cal ifornia. Houston,
60 Hz electromagnetic field and, thus, no spurious in- Texas: Ebasco Services, Inc., June 27, 1975. Con-
duced voltage peaks would be generated. Installation sulting Report to Southern California Gas Company.
of polarization cells at each insulator would have the
1821
He isaSeniorEngineerwith IIT Research Institute,
[4] E.D. Sunde. Earth Conduction Effects in Transmis- Chicago, Illinois, and presently is the project engineer
sion Systems. New York, NY: Dover Publications, fora program concerned with the evaluation and mitigation
1968. of the effects of induced ac vol tages on natural gas trans-
mission pipelines.
[5] E. F. Vance. DNA Handbook Revision, Chapter 11 -
Coupling to Cables. Menlo Park, CA: Stanford Re- Dr. Dabkowski is a member of Sigma Xi.
search Institute, December 1974. Report to Depart-
ment of the Army under Contract DAAG39-74-C-0086.
Allen Taflove (M'75) was born in Chicago, Illinois on
[6] 0. Klinger, Jr., editor. "Pipeline News 25th An- June 14, 1949. He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D.
nual Corrosion Symposium." Pipe Line News. Vol. degreesfromNorthwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
47, No. 2, March 1975, pp. 10-42. in 1971, 1972, and 1975,respectively, all in electrical
engineering.
[7] H. W. Dommel et al, Discussion, IEEE Trans. Power
App. Systems, vol. PAS-93, pp. 900-904, May/June In 1975 he joined the IIT Research Institute,
1974. Chicago, Illinois. His work has been in the area of
the interaction of electromagnetic fields with complex
[8] D.N. Gideon, A.T. Hopper, P.J. Moreland, and W.E. scatterersor systems. Currently he is a Research Engi-
Berry. Parametric Study of Costs for Interference neer and i s respons i bl e for mi crowave i nteracti on studi es
Mi tigation in Pipelines. Columbus, Ohio: 'Battelle and innovative fuel recovery techniques. He has been
Columbus Laboratories, September 30, 1971. Final granted two U.S. patents and has authored ten published
Report on Project Sanguine to IIT Research Insti- papers.
tute.
Dr. Taflove is a member of the IEEE Antennas and
[9] B. Favez and J. C. Gougeuil. "Contribution to Propagation and Microwave Theory and Techniques Soci-
Studies on Problems Resulting from the Proximity eties, Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and AAAS.
of Overhead Lines with Underground Metal Pipe Lines."
Paper No. 36 presented at CIGRE, Paris, France, Michael Genge (M'72) was born in Chicago, Illinois on
June 1966. June 11, 1947. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in
electrical engineering from the University of Illinois,
[10] J. Pohl. "Influenceof High Voltage Overhead Lines Chicago, in 1971 and 1972, respectively.
on Covered Pipelines." Paper No. 326 presented at
CIGRE, Paris, France, June 1966. He is a Research Engineer with IIT Research Insti-
tute, Chicago, Illinois, and currently is a member of
John Dabkowski was bornin Chicago, Illinois on February the project group which provides technical support to
15, 1933. He receivedtheB.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees the Navy's ELF Communications Project. In this role he
in electrical engineering from Illinois Institute of has been responsible for a wide range of topics relating
Technology in 1955, 1960, and 1969, respectively. to all aspects of the electromagnetic compatibility of
this communications network with the surrounding envir-
onment.
1822
Allen Taflove and John Dabkowski: The authors wish to express their In Part I, the auxiliary grounded shield wire is an integral part of
appreciation to the discussors for their attentive review and suggestions. the ac power line in that it is strung between the transmission towers
The following remarks are directed toward specific comments of the and grounded to them. It is simply an addition to the set of shield wires
discussors. which may already exist to protect the ac power line. However, the
Discussion of R. E. Aker. The discussor has suggested a possible position of the auxiliary grounded wire is chosen to minimize the in-
procedure for selecting an efficient and economical wire size for a parti- duced longitudinal electric field (and not to deter lightning strokes).
cular mitigation configuration. Step No. 2 of his procedure is somewhat Thus, it may be optimally placed below the phase conductors as well as
misleading, however. The choice of a ground wire length, R, equal to above them, depending upon the circumstances.
Mitigation of ground fault phenomena is not within the scope of
l/Re(ywire), does not insure that the minimum grounding impedance this paper, which is limited to the mitigation of the effects of steady-
has been realized. As shown in Fig. 5 of Part II of the paper, the mini- state 60 Hz ac inductive coupling. Additional effects to be accounted
mum grounding impedance is realized only for wire lengths in excess of for during transient ground faults include: 1) direct earth current flow
l/Re(ywire), where the grounding impedance curve levels off at Zowire' from the affected power line towers to the adjacent pipeline; 2) severe
All that can be said is that a choice of 2 = l/Re(ywire) represents an power line unbalance causing heightened zero-phase 60 Hz ac inductive
optimum length for the best mitigation efficiency/cost ratio for coupling; and 3) high-frequency inductive coupling due to spike-like
ground wires perpendicular to the ac power line. However, greater power line current waveforms.
lengths may possibly be of use for ground wires parallel to the ac trans-
mission line. Here, the increased voltage pickup due to greater length of Discussion of J. E. Drakos and A. A khtar. The additional informa-
the ground wire can be used to buck out some of the pipeline voltage at tion provided by the discussors is important. It indicates that direct
the desired connection point. The wire placement for maximum voltage earth current flow from power line towers to an adjacent pipeline can
pickup will be at a location where the longitudinal electric field is a be substantial during fault conditions even if there is no direct connec-
maximum. tion between the two structures. Two mitigation approaches seem pos-
It should be emphasized that a number of ground wire parameters sible. First, increase the distance between the pipeline and the power
(that can be selected by the user) interact in varying degrees to deter- line to the maximum allowed, given the constraints of the joint right-of-
mine overall mitigation effectiveness. These parameters include ground way. Second, provide an excellent counterpoise ground for the ac
wire length, diameter, conductivity, permeability, orientation and power line so that most of the fault current is channeled through the
distance from the power line, and burial depth. Thus, it is strongly counterpoise rather than the adjacent pipeline. Prediction of the
advised to perform multiple iterations of the Thevenin analysis dis- severity of direct earth current coupling seems difficult due to the
cussed in this paper to arrive at the most cost-effective ground wire presence of partial or total electrical breakdown of the soil, which
configuration for a particular pipeline. would depend upon a number of variables including the fault magni-
tude and the soil moisture at the time of the fault.
Discussion of L. Yu. Comments Nos. 1 and 2 by the discussor indi-
cate that some clarification of Equations 1 a and lb of Part II is needed. Discussion of A. L. Verhiel. In optimally phasing an ac transmis-
First, the authors do not suggest that Zm 2 ohms is sufficient for sion line for minimum inductive coupling, it is assumed that up to a 5%
mitigation of the shock current, Iw' through a pipeline worker. Indeed, unbalance of the phase currents can be tolerated and still maintain a
it is clearly stated in the sentence after Equation 2 that: "Mitigation of useful reduction in pipeline voltages.
iw requires values of Zm significantly less than Z0." This statement is The authors agree that substantial clearance should be provided
the intent of Equation 1 a, which, in addition, specifies the usual range between any horizontal-wire pipeline grounding facility and the ground-
of Zo, the pipeline Thevenin source impedance, as in the order of 2 ing facilities of the ac power line. As pointed out by the previous dis-
ohms. cussors (J. E. Drakos and A. Akhtar), substantial earth current can flow
Equation l b is valid for this desirable grounding condition, namely, between such facilities under fault conditions due to earth electrical
IZml < IZ4I, and based on the definition breakdown effects. As stated previously, a second mitigation approach
is to increase the quality of the power line counterpoise ground system
% Reduction= 100 (1 - lVm/VI). so as to shunt most of the fault current away from any adjacent metal
structures.
The authors believe this to be an appropriate definition since volt- A semantics problem seems to have arisen in the paper's usage of
age magnitude ratios only are of concern here. The expression given by the term "ground mat" as opposed to the discussor's preferred term
the discussor is equivalent to the definition "gradient control mat." The authors' definition of ground mat conforms
to that of NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) Stand-
% Reduction = 100 Il - (Vm/V)I ard RP-01-77, "Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects
on Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control Systems." The authors
which is not equivalent to the above definition. The discussor's defmi- have not been aware of the particular distinction made by the discussor.
tion can lead to a computed mitigation where in fact, there is none, or
vice versa. Manuscript received April 9, 1979.