Bahan Bahan Listrik

Ir. Karnoto, M.T. Mochammad Facta, Ph.D

Materi Perkuliahan
1. Prinsip dasar ilmu bahan listrik, 2. Sifat dan jenis bahan-bahan dielectric serta isolasi cair, padat dan gas; 3. Bahan konduktor, 4. Bahan semikonduktor, 5. Bahan super konduktor; 6. Bahan magnetik, 7. Bahan optik, 8. Material lain seperti: bahan solder, termokopel, pelebur (fuse)
KNT

FCT

Standar kompetensi
Setelah menyelesaikan Mata Kuliah ini mahasiswa Teknik Elektro mampu menentukan (C3) bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam bidang teknik elektro

Bahan Pustaka Utama

1. B. M Tarrev, Material for Electrical Engineering, Moscow USSR 2. Lawrence H. Van Viack, Element of Material Science 3. S.O. Kasap, Principles Electronic material and Devices, Mc Graww Hill, 2006 4. Dieter Kind, Herman Karner, High Voltage Insulation Technology, Fiedr. Vieweg &Sons, 1985

Metode Evaluasi Belajar

Tugas/Quiz/Tes Kecil Mendadak 30% Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 20% Ujian Akhir Semester 50% Total 100%

Length- scales
Angstrom = 1 = 1/ 10, 000, 000, 000 meter = 10 -10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/ 1, 000, 000, 000 meter = 10 -9m Micrometer = 1Om = 1/ 1, 000, 000 meter = 10-6 m Millimeter = 1mm = 1/ 1, 000 meter = 10 -3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few A human hair is ~ 50 m

The World of Material

Types of Materials
Classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs. Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain. Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.

 2 003 Brooks /Cole Pub lishin g / Thomson Learning

Functional classification of materials. Notice that metals, plastics, and ceramics occur in different categories. A limited number of examples in each category is provided

11

Material selection
Materials are used to make or build objects. In Selecting the best material you need to look at 4 things: Physical properties, Cost and Time, Shaping and Forming and Availability.

Material Science and Engineering

Selecting the best material A checklist

1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Hardness Tensile Strength Compressive Strength Shear Strength Stiffness Toughness Malleable Corrosive Appearance Weight Conductivity

S E L E C T I O N

2 WHAT COST? The materials The extras (fittings etc) 3 SHAPING & FORMING Cutting out Moulding Casting Joining 4 AVAILABILITY Are they easy to obtain including fittings.

Classes of Material Properties

General Chemical Physicochemical Mechanical Thermal Electrical and magnetic Acoustical & Optical

Properties;
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.

General Properties of Engineering Materials

Density or Relative Density Porosity Moisture Content Macrostructure, viewable with the unaided eye Microstructure, groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together

Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials

Oxide or Compound Composition Acidity or Alkalinity Resistance to Corrosion or Weathering

Physicochemical Properties of Engineering Materials

Water-absorptive or water-repellent action Shrinkage and swell due to moisture change.

Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials

Some include: Strength Tension, compression, shear, and Flexure Static, impact, and endurance Stiffness Elasticity/Plasticity Ductility/Brittleness Hardness & wear resistance

Thermal Properties of Engineering Materials

Specific Heat Expansion Conductivity

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Engineering Materials

Conductivity Magnetic permeability Galvanic action

Acoustical Properties of Engineering Materials

Sound Transmission Sound Reflection

Optical Properties of Engineering Materials

Color Light transmission Light reflection

Properties of Materials Each material has many properties. It is incorrect, for example to describe a material as just strong or weak as for example concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Hardness Toughness Strength Brittleness Elasticity Density Malleability Plasticity Fatigue Ductility Conductivity Stiffness

Hardness The ability of a material to resist wear indentation and scratching.

An example of a hardness test that can be carried out in the lab. Different materials are used and the depth of indentation measured

Toughness The ability of a material to withstand blows or sudden impact.

Different materials are used, the hammer is swung from the same height each time about a fixed fulcrum. The distance travelled after impact or fracture is used to find toughness

Strength The ability of a material to withstand forces of tension, compression and torsion

Tensile Strength the ability to withstand pulling forces or Tension forces

Compressive Strength the ability to withstand squeezing forces or Compression forces Torsional Strength the ability to withstand twisting forces or Torsion forces

Brittleness A material that is easily fractured by impact is said to be brittle e.g. Glass
The same as the toughness test however those materials that fracture easily are said to be brittle.

Malleability A material that can be rolled or hammered into shape without rupture.
As ring rises the side of Coke can is thinned out

Ductility A material that can be pulled or stretched into a thin wire or thread.

Elasticity The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation.

Plasticity The ability of a material to be permanently deformed without fracture..

Conductivity The ability of a material to allow Heat or electricity to flow through it.
Ball Bearing drops from most conductive 1st.

Density Is the mass of 1 cubic centimetre (cm3) of a substance. (Mass per unit Volume) Q. Which is heavier a tonne of feathers or a tonne of lead? Q. Which has the greatest density? Density = Mass Volume

Fatigue Occurs when materials have become overworked and fracture or fail.

Stiffness The ability of a material to resist bending deformation.

End
of Presentation