Glossary of Internet & Web Jargon

UC Berkeley - Teaching Library Internet Workshops About This Tutorial | Table of Contents | Contact us The URL of this page is http://www.lib.berkeley.ed /Tea!hingLib/G ides/Internet/Glossary.ht"l #$%& / '(RW$R) Buttons in most browsers' Tool Button Bar, upper left. BACK returns you to the document previously viewed. F !"A!# $oes to the ne%t document, after you $o BACK. &f it seems li'e the BACK button does not wor', chec' whether you are in a new browser window( some lin's are pro$rammed to open a new window. )ach window has its own short*term search +&,T !-. &f this does not wor', ri$ht clic' on the BACK button to select the pa$e you want .some "eb pa$es are pro$rammed to disable BACK/. #L(G or W*# L(G A blo$ .short for 0web lo$0/ is a type of web pa$e that offers a series of posted items .short articles, photos, diary entries, etc./. Blo$s usually include a searchable archive of old postin$s. Blo$s have become a common medium for communication in professional, political, news, trendy, and other speciali1ed web communities. 2any blo$s provide !,, feeds, to which one can subscribe and receive alerts to new postin$s in selected blo$s. #((&+$R&,/'$-(RIT*, All ma3or web browsers include a way to store lin's to sites you wish to return to. 4etscape, 2o1illa, and Firefo% use the term Boo'mar's. The e5uivalent in &nternet )%plorer .&)/ is called a 0Favorite.0 To create a boo'mar', clic' on B K2A!K, or FA6 !&T),, then A##. r left* clic' on and dra$ the little boo'mar' icon to the place you want a new boo'mar' filed. To visit a boo'mar'ed site, clic' on B K2A!K, and select the site from the list. 2ost browsers also include commands to &mport and )%port lists of boo'mar's. An alternative method is to store your boo'mar's on a website, such as delicious or di$$, that lets you access them from any computer on the &nternet and see what others have boo'mar'ed. #((L*$. L(GI% A system of standardi1ed words .0operators0/ used to connect search terms. These include A4#, !, 4 T and sometimes 4)A!. A4# re5uires all terms appear in a record. ! retrieves records with either term. 4 T e%cludes terms. 7arentheses may be used to se5uence operations and $roup words. Always enclose terms 3oined by ! with parentheses. "hich search en$ines have this8 ,ee *!)9)CT T)!2 and F:;;- A4#. "ant a more e%tensive e%planation of Boolean lo$ic, with illustrations8 #R(W,*

To browse throu$h a pa$e, e%plorin$ what's there and seein$ where the lin's ta'e you, is a bit li'e window shoppin$. "hen you browse, you have to $uess which words and lin's on the pa$e pertain to your interests. The opposite of browsin$ is searchin$. #R(W,*R, ,oftware pro$rams that enable you to view web pa$es and other documents on the &nternet. They 0translate0 +T2<*encoded files into the te%t, ima$es, sounds, and other features you see. The most commonly used browsers are 2icrosoft &nternet )%plorer .often called &)/, Firefo%, 2o1illa, ,afari, pera, and Chrome. %$%/* &n browsers, 0cache0 is used to identify a space where web pa$es you have visited are stored in your computer. A copy of documents you retrieve is stored in cache. "hen you use = , BACK, or any other means to revisit a document, the browser first chec's to see if it is in cache and will retrieve it from there because it is much faster than retrievin$ it from the server. %$%/*) LI.& &n search results from =oo$le, -ahoo> ,earch, and some other search en$ines, there is usually a Cached lin' which allows you to view the version of a pa$e that the search en$ine has stored in its database. The live pa$e on the web mi$ht differ from this cached copy, because the cached copy dates from whenever the search en$ine's spider last visited the pa$e and detected modified content. :se the cached lin' to see when a pa$e was last crawled and, in =oo$le, where your terms are and why you $ot a pa$e when all of your search terms are not in it. %$,* ,*.,ITI-* Capital letters .upper case/ retrieve only upper case. 2ost search tools are not case sensitive or only respond to initial capitals, as in proper names. &t is always safe to 'ey all lower case .no capitals/, because lower case will always retrieve upper case. %GI 0Common =ateway &nterface,0 the most common way "eb pro$rams interact dynamically with users. 2any search bo%es and other applications that result in a pa$e with content tailored to the user's search terms rely on C=& to process the data once it's submitted, to pass it to a bac'$round pro$ram in 9A6A, 9A6A,C!&7T, or another pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e, and then to inte$rate the response into a display usin$ +T2<. %((&I* A messa$e from a ")B ,)!6)! computer, sent to and stored by your browser on your computer. "hen your computer consults the ori$inatin$ server computer, the coo'ie is sent bac' to the server, allowin$ it to respond to you accordin$ to the coo'ie's contents. The main use for coo'ies is to provide customi1ed "eb pa$es accordin$ to a profile of your interests. "hen you lo$ onto a 0customi1e0 type of invitation on a "eb pa$e and fill in your name and other information, this may result in a coo'ie on your computer which that "eb pa$e will access to appear to 0'now0 you and provide what you want. &f you fill out these forms, you may also receive e*mail and other solicitation independent of coo'ies.

%R$WL*R or W*#%R$WL*R ,ame as ,pider. %U,T(+ ,*$R%/ *.GI.* 0%,*1 A =oo$le service in which individuals can create a =oo$le account .free/ and create a search en$ine directed to search within a $roup of websites or pa$es they select. 2ore information at C,)s? 2a'e -our wn ,earch )n$ine and Findin$ C,)s. )(+$I.2 T(3 L*-*L )(+$I. 0TL)1 +ierarchical scheme for indicatin$ lo$ical and sometimes $eo$raphical venue of a web*pa$e from the networ'. &n the :,, common domains are .edu .education/, .$ov .$overnment a$ency/, .net .networ' related/, .com .commercial/, .or$ .nonprofit and research or$ani1ations/. utside the :,, domains indicate country? ca .Canada/, u' .:nited Kin$dom/, au .Australia/, 3p .9apan/, fr .France/, etc. 4either of these lists is e%haustive. ,ee also #4, entry. )(+$I. .$+*2 )(+$I. .$+* ,*R-*R 0).,1*.TR4 Any of these terms refers to the initial part of a :!<, down to the first @, where the domain and name of the host or ,)!6)! computer are listed .most often in reversed order, name first, then domain/. The domain name $ives you who 0published0 a pa$e, made it public by puttin$ it on the "eb. A domain name is translated in hu$e tables standardi1ed across the &nternet into a numeric &7 address uni5ue the host computer sou$ht. These tables are maintained on computers called 0#omain 4ame ,ervers.0 "henever you as' the browser to find a :!<, the browser must consult the table on the domain name server that particular computer is networ'ed to consult. 0#omain 4ame ,erver entry0 fre5uently appears a browser error messa$e when you try to enter a :!<. &f this loo'up fails for any reason, the 0lac's #4, entry0 error occurs. The most common remedy is simply to try the :!< a$ain, when the domain name server is less busy, and it will find the entry .the correspondin$ numeric &7 address/. )(W.L($) To copy somethin$ from a primary source to a more peripheral one, as in savin$ somethin$ found on the "eb .currently located on its server/ to dis'ette or to a file on your local hard drive. *5T*.,I(. or 'IL* *5T*.,I(. &n "indows, # , and some other operatin$ systems, one or several letters at the end of a filename. Filename e%tensions usually follow a period .dot/ and indicate the type of file. For e%ample, this.txt denotes a plain te%t file, that.htm or that.html denotes an +T2< file. ,ome common ima$e e%tensions are picture.jpg or picture.jpeg or picture.bmp or picture.gif '$-(RIT*, &n the &nternet )%plorer browser, a means to $et bac' to a :!< you li'e, similar to Boo'mar's.

'**) R*$)*R A software pac'a$e that enables you to easily read the A2< code in which !,, feeds are written. Blo$lines is currently the most popular feed reader but there are many competitors. 'I*L) ,*$R%/I.G Ability to limit a search by re5uirin$ word or phrase to appear in a specific field of documents .e.$., title, url, lin'/. ,ee <&2&T&4= T F&)<#. 'I.) Tool in most browsers to search for word.s/ 'eyed in document in screen only. :seful to locate a term in a lon$ document. Can be invo'ed by the 'eyboard command, CT!<*F .C2#*F on a 2acintosh/. 'R*,/.*,, +ow up*to*date a search en$ine database is, based primarily on how often its spiders recirculate around the "eb and update their copies of the web pa$es they hold, and discover new ones. Also determined by how 5uic'ly they inte$rate new sites that web authors send to them. Two wee's is about as $ood as most search en$ines do, but some update certain selected web sites more fre5uently, even daily. 'R$+*, A format for web documents that divides the screen into se$ments, each with a scroll bar as if it were as 0window0 within the window. :sually, selectin$ a cate$ory of documents in one frame shows the contents of the cate$ory in another frame. To $o BACK in a frame, position the cursor in the frame an press the ri$ht mouse button, and select 0Bac' in frame0 .or Forward/. -ou can ad3ust frame dimensions by positionin$ the cursor over the border between frames and dra$$in$ the border up@down or ri$ht@left holdin$ the mouse button down over the border. 'T3 File Transfer 7rotocol. Ability to transfer rapidly entire files from one computer to another, intact for viewin$ or other purposes.

'U664 $.) &n ran'in$ of results, documents with all terms .Boolean A4#/ are ran'ed first, followed by documents containin$ any terms .Boolean !/ are retrieved. The farther down, the fewer the terms, althou$h at least one should always be present. GR(U3, #iscussion forums one can participate in, share ideas with, and form community. 2ost are free and some are open to new members. -ahoo =roups and =oo$le =roups are both popular. =oo$le =roups includes the former :senet 4ews$roups. Blo$s are replacin$ some of the need for this type of community sharin$ and information e%chan$e. /*$) or /*$)*R .of +T2< document/ The top portion of the +T2< source code behind "eb pa$es, be$innin$ with B+)A#C and endin$ with B@+)A#C. &t contains the Title, #escription,

Keywords fields and others that web pa$e authors may use to describe the pa$e. The title appears in the title bar of most browsers, but the other fields cannot be seen as part of the body of the pa$e. To view the B+)A#C portion of web pa$es in your browser, clic' 6&)", 7a$e ,ource. &n &nternet )%plorer, clic' 6&)", ,ource. ,ome search en$ines will retrieve based on te%t in these fields. /I,T(R42 ,ear!h /istory Available by usin$ the combined 'eystro'es CT!< D +. -ou can set how many days your browser retains history in )dit | 7references, or in Tools | ptions. /(,T Computer that provides web*documents to clients or users. ,ee also server. /T+L +yperte%t 2ar'up <an$ua$e. A standardi1ed lan$ua$e of computer code, imbedded in 0source0 documents behind all "eb documents, containin$ the te%tual content, ima$es, lin's to other documents .and possibly other applications such as sound or motion/, and formattin$ instructions for display on the screen. "hen you view a "eb pa$e, you are loo'in$ at the product of this code wor'in$ behind the scenes in con3unction with your browser. Browsers are pro$rammed to interpret +T2< for display. +T2< often imbeds within it other pro$rammin$ lan$ua$es and applications such as ,=2<, A2<, 9avascript, C=&*script and more. &t is possible to deliver or access and e%ecute virtually any pro$ram via the """. -ou can see +T2< by selectin$ the 6iew pop*down menu tab, then 0#ocument ,ource.0 /43*RT*5T n the "orld "ide "eb, the feature, built into +T2<, that allows a te%t area, ima$e, or other ob3ect to become a 0lin'0 .as if in a chain/ that retrieves another computer file .another "eb pa$e, ima$e, sound file, or other document/ on the &nternet. The ran$e of possibilities is limited by the ability of the computer retrievin$ the outside file to view, play, or otherwise open the incomin$ file. &t needs to have software that can interact with the imported file. 2any software capabilities of this type are built into browsers or can be added as 0plu$*ins.0 I.T*R.*T .:pper case &/ The vast collection of interconnected networ's that all use the TC7@&7 protocols and that evolved from the A!7A4)T of the late EFGs and early HFGs. An 0internet0 .lower case i/ is any computers connected to each other .a networ'/, and are not part of the &nternet unless the use TC7@&7 protocols. An 0intranet0 is a private networ' inside a company or or$ani1ation that uses the same 'inds of software that you would find on the public &nternet, but that is only for internal use. An intranet may be on the &nternet or may simply be a networ'. I3 $ddress or I3 . "ber .&nternet 7rotocol number or address/. A uni5ue number consistin$ of I parts separated by dots, e.$. JEK.JJL.MIK.M

)very machine that is on the &nternet has a uni5ue &7 address. &f a machine does not have an &7 number, it is not really on the &nternet. 2ost machines also have one or more #omain 4ames that are easier for people to remember. I,3 or Internet ,er7i!e 3ro7ider A company that sells &nternet connections .e%amples? aol, 2indsprin$ * thousands of &,7s to choose from( not easy to evaluate/. Faster, more e%pensive &nternet connectivity is available via cable or #,<. J$-$ A networ'*oriented pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e invented by ,un 2icrosystems that is specifically desi$ned for writin$ pro$rams that can be safely downloaded to your computer throu$h the &nternet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to our computer or files. :sin$ small 9ava pro$rams .called 0Applets0/, "eb pa$es can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tric's. "e can e%pect to see a hu$e variety of features added to the "eb usin$ 9ava, since you can write a 9ava pro$ram to do almost anythin$ a re$ular computer pro$ram can do, and then include that 9ava pro$ram in a "eb pa$e. For more information search any of these 3ar$on terms in the "ebopedia.

J$-$,%RI3T A simple pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e developed by 4etscape to enable $reater interactivity in "eb pa$es. &t shares some characteristics with 9A6A but is independent. &t interacts with +T2<, enablin$ dynamic content and motion. &*4W(R)0,1 A word searched for in a search command. Keywords are searched in any order. :se spaces to separate 'eywords in simple 'eyword searchin$. To search 'eywords e%actly as 'eyed .in the same order/, see 7+!A,). LI+ITI.G T( $ 'I*L) !e5uirin$ that a 'eyword or phrase appear in a specific field of documents retrieved. 2ost often used to limit to the 0Title0 field in order to find documents primarily about one or more 'eywords. .Can be used for other fields. ,ee the table summari1in$ search tools features./ LI.& The :!< imbedded in another document, so that if you clic' on the hi$hli$hted te%t or button referrin$ to the lin', you retrieve the outside :!<. &f you search the field 0lin'?0, you retrieve on te%t in these imbedded :!<s which you do not see in the documents.

LI.& 8R(T8 Term used to describe the frustratin$ and fre5uent problem caused by the constant chan$in$ in :!<s. A "eb pa$e or search tool offers a lin' and when you clic' on it, you $et an error messa$e .e.$., 0not available0/ or a pa$e sayin$ the site has moved to a new :!<. ,earch en$ine spiders cannot 'eep up with the chan$es. :!<s chan$e fre5uently because the documents are moved to new computers, the file structure on the computer is reor$ani1ed, or sites are discontinued. &f there is no referrin$ lin' to the new :!<, there is little you can do but try to search for the same or an e5uivalent site from scratch.

LI,T,*R-*R, A discussion $roup mechanism that permits you to subscribe and receive and participate in discussions via e*mail. Blo$s and !,, feeds provide some of the communication functionality of listservers. +*T$9,*$R%/ *.GI.* ,earch en$ines that automatically submit your 'eyword search to several other search tools, and retrieve results from all their databases. Convenient time* savers for relatively simple 'eyword searches .one or two 'eywords or phrases in 0 0/. ,ee 2eta*,earch )n$ines pa$e for complete descriptions and e%amples. .*,TI.G A term used in Boolean searchin$ to indicate the se5uence in which operations are to be performed. )nclosin$ words in parentheses identifies a $roup or 0nest.0 =roups can be within other $roups. The operations will be performed from the innermost nest to the outmost, and then from left to ri$ht. .*W,GR(U3 A discussion $roup operated throu$h the &nternet. 4ot to be confused with <&,T,)!6)!, which operate throu$h e*mail. 3*R,(.$L 3$G* A web pa$e created by an individual .as opposed to someone creatin$ a pa$e for an institution, business, or$ani1ation, or other entity/. ften personal pa$es contain valid and useful opinions, lin's to important resources, and si$nificant facts. ne of the $reatest benefits of the "eb is the freedom it as $iven almost anyone to put his or her ideas 0out there.0 But fre5uently personal pa$es offer hi$hly biased personal perspectives or ironical@satirical spoofs, which must be evaluated carefully. The presence in the pa$e's :!< of a personal name .such as 03bar'er0/ and a N or O or the word 0users0 or 0people0 or 0members0 very fre5uently indicate a site offerin$ personal pa$es. 3$%&*T2 3$%&*T J$+ "hen you retrieve a document via the """, the document is sent in 0pac'ets0 which fit in between other messa$es on the telecommunications lines, and then are reassembled when they arrive at your end. This occurs usin$ TC7@&7 protocol. The pac'ets may be sent via different paths on the networ's which carry the &nternet. &f any of these pac'ets $ets delayed, your document cannot be reassembled and displayed. This is called a 0pac'et 3am.0 -ou can often resolve pac'et 3ams by pressin$ ,T 7 then !)< A#. !)< A# re5uests a fresh copy of the document, and it is li'ely to be sent without 3ammin$. 3)' or .pdf or pdf file Abbreviation for 7ortable #ocument Format, a file format developed by Adobe ,ystems, that is used to capture almost any 'ind of document with the formattin$ in the ori$inal. 6iewin$ a 7#F file re5uires Acrobat !eader, which is built into most browsers and can be downloaded free from Adobe. 3/R$,* 2ore than one K)-" !#, searched e%actly as typed in .all words re5uired, in the order specified/. )nclosin$ 'eywords in 0double 5uotation mar's0 forms a phrase in most search en$ines. ,ometimes a phrase is called a 0character strin$.0

3LUG9I. An application built into a browser or added to a browser to enable it to interact with a special file type .such as a movie, sound file, "ord document, etc./ 3(3UL$RIT4 R$.&I.G of sear!h res lts ,ome search en$ines ran' the order in which search results appear primarily by how many other sites lin' to each pa$e .a 'ind of popularity vote based on the assumption that other pa$es would create a lin' to the 0best0 pa$es/. =oo$le is the best e%ample of this. ,ee also ,ub3ect*Based !an'in$. :R*;UIR* or 9R*J*%T $ T*R+ (R 3/R$,* &nsert D immediately before a term .no space/ to limit search to documents containin$ a term. &nsert * immediately before a term .no space/ to e%clude documents containin$ a term. Can be used immediately .no space/ before the 0 0 delimitin$ a phrase. Functions partially li'e basic B <)A4 < =&C. &f D precedes more than one term, they are re5uired as with Boolean A4#. &f * is used, terms are e%cluded as with Boolean A4# 4 T. &f neither D no * is used, the default if Boolean !. +owever, full Boolean lo$ic allows parentheses to $roup and se5uence lo$ical operations, and D@* do not. "hich search en$ines have this8 R*L*-$.%4 R$.&I.G of sear!h res lts The most common method for determinin$ the order in which search results are displayed. )ach search tool uses its own uni5ue al$orithm. 2ost use 0fu11y and0 combined with factors such as how often your terms occur in documents, whether they occur to$ether as a phrase, and whether they are in title or how near the top of the te%t. 7opularity is another ran'in$ system. R,, or R,, feeds ,hort for 0!eally ,imple ,yndication0 .a.'.a. !ich ,ite ,ummary or !#F ,ite ,ummary/, refers ti a $roup of A2< based web*content distribution and republication ."eb syndication/ formats primarily used by news sites and weblo$s .blo$s/. Any website can issue an !,, feed. By subscribin$ to an !,, feed, you are alerted to new additions to the feed since you last read it. &n order to read !,, feeds, you must use a 0feed reader,0 which formats the A2< code into an easily readable format .feed readers are to A2< and !,, feeds as web browsers are to +T2< and web pa$es. ,%RI3T A script is a type of pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e that can be used to fetch and display "eb pa$es. There are many 'inds and uses of scripts on the "eb. They can be used to create all or part of a pa$e, and communicate with searchable databases. Forms .bo%es/ and many interactive lin's, which respond differently dependin$ on what you enter, all re5uire some 'ind of script lan$ua$e. "hen you find a 5uestion mar' .8/ in the :!< of a pa$e, some 'ind of script command was used in $eneratin$ and@or deliverin$ that pa$e. 2ost search en$ine spiders are instructed not to crawl pa$es from scripts, althou$h it is usually technically possible for them to do so .see &nvisible "eb for more information/. ,*$R%/

-ou can search any individual web pa$e usin$ the CT!<*F command .C2#*F on a 2acintosh/. 2any websites also offer search bo%es that let you search all the pa$es in the site, or records in its database. ,earchin$ is usually the most efficient way to find information, but sometimes you can find thin$s by browsin$ that you mi$ht miss otherwise because you mi$ht not thin' of the 0ri$ht0 term to search by. ,*R-*R2 W*# ,*R-*R A computer runnin$ that software, assi$ned an &7 address, and connected to the &nternet so that it can provide documents via the "orld "ide "eb. Also called + ,T computer. "eb servers are the closest e5uivalent to what in the print world is called the 0publisher0 of a print document. An important difference is that most print publishers carefully edit the content and 5uality of their publications in an effort to mar'et them and future publications. This convention is not re5uired in the "eb world, where anyone can be a publisher( careful evaluation of "eb pa$es is therefore mandatory. Also called a 0+ost.0 ,*R-*R9,I)* ,omethin$ that operates on the 0server0 computer .providin$ the "eb pa$e/, as opposed to the 0client0 computer .which is you or someone else viewin$ the "eb pa$e/. :sually it is a pro$ram or command or procedure or other application causes dynamic pa$es or animation or other interaction. ,/T+L, usually seen as .sht"l An file name e%tension that identifies web pa$es containin$ ,,& commands. ,IT* or W*#9,IT* This term is often used to mean 0web pa$e,0 but there is supposed to be a difference. A web pa$e is a sin$le entity, one :!<, one file that you mi$ht find on the "eb. A 0site,0 properly spea'in$, is an location or $atherin$ or center for a bunch of related pa$es lin'ed to from that site. For e%ample, the site for the present tutorial is the top*level pa$e 0&nternet !esources.0 All of the pa$es associated with it branch out from there ** the web searchin$ tutorial and all its pa$es, and more. To$ether they ma'e up a 0site.0 "hen we estimate there are K billion web pa$es on the "eb, we do not mean 0sites.0 There would be far fewer sites. ,3I)*R, Computer robot pro$rams, referred to sometimes as 0crawlers0 or 0'nowled$e* bots0 or 0'nowbots0 that are used by search en$ines to roam the "orld "ide "eb via the &nternet, visit sites and databases, and 'eep the search en$ine database of web pa$es up to date. They obtain new pa$es, update 'nown pa$es, and delete obsolete ones. Their findin$s are then inte$rated into the 0home0 database. 2ost lar$e search en$ines operate several robots all the time. )ven so, the "eb is so enormous that it can ta'e si% months for spiders to cover it, resultin$ in a certain de$ree of 0out*of*datedness0 .lin' rot/ in all the search en$ines. ,3(.,(R .of a "eb pa$e or site/ 2any "eb pa$es have or$ani1ations, businesses, institutions li'e universities or nonprofit foundations, or other interests which 0sponsor0 the pa$e. Fre5uently you can find a lin' titled 0,ponsors0 or an 0About us0 lin' e%plainin$ who or

what .if anyone/ is sponsorin$ the pa$e. ,ometimes the advertisers on the pa$e .banner ads, lin's, buttons to sites that sell or promote somethin$/ are 0sponsors.0 W ! is this important" ,ponsors and the fundin$ they provide may, or may not, influence what can be said on the pa$e or site ** can bias what you find, by e%cludin$ some opposin$ viewpoint or causin$ some other imbalanced information. The site is not bad because of sponsors, but you they should alert you to the need to evaluate a pa$e or site very carefully. ,,I !o""ands ,,& stands for 0server*side include,0 a type of +T2< instruction tellin$ a computer that serves "eb pa$es to dynamically $enerate data, usually by insertin$ certain variable contents into a fi%ed template or boilerplate "eb pa$e. :sed especially in database searches. ,T*++I.G &n 'eyword searchin$, word endin$s are automatically removed .lines becomes line/( searches are performed on the stem D common endin$s .line or lines retrieves line# lines# line$s# lines$# lining# line%&. 4ot very common as a practice, and not always disclosed. Can usually be avoided by placin$ a term in 0 0. ,T(3 W(R), &n database searchin$, 0stop words0 are small and fre5uently occurrin$ words li'e an%# or# in# of that are often i$nored when 'eyed as search terms. ,ometimes puttin$ them in 5uotes 0 0 will allow you to search them. ,U#J*%T9#$,*) 3(3UL$RIT4 R$.&I.G of sear!h res lts A variation on popularity ran'in$ in which the lin's in pa$es on the same sub3ect are used to in ran'in$ search results. :sed by As'.com. ,U#J*%T )IR*%T(R4 An approach to "eb documents by a le%icon of sub3ect terms hierarchically $rouped. 2ay be browsed or searched by 'eywords. ,ub3ect directories are smaller than other searchable databases, because of the human involvement re5uired to classify documents by sub3ect. ,U#9,*$R%/I.G Ability to search only within the results of a previous search. )nables you to refine search results, in effect ma'in$ the computer 0read0 the search results for you selectin$ documents with terms you sub*search on. Can function much li'e !),:<T, !A4K&4=. "hich search en$ines have this8 T%3/I3 .Transmission Control 7rotocol@&nternet 7rotocol/ ** This is the suite of protocols that defines the &nternet. ri$inally desi$ned for the :4&A operatin$ system, TC7@&7 software is now available for every ma3or 'ind of computer operatin$ system. To be truly on the &nternet, your computer must have TC7@&7 software. ,ee also &7 Address. T*L.*T &nternet service allowin$ one computer to lo$ onto another, connectin$ as if not remote. T/*,$URU,

&n some search tools, the terms you choose to search on can lead you to other terms you may not have thou$ht of. #ifferent search tools have different ways of presentin$ this information, sometimes with su$$ested words you may choose amon$ and sometimes automatically. The terms are based on the terms in the results of your search, not on some dictionary*li'e thesaurus. TITL* .of a document/ The official title of a document from the 0meta0 field called title. The te%t of this meta title field may or may not also occur in the visible body of the document. &t is what appears in the top bar of the window when you display the document and it is the title that appears in search en$ine results. The 0meta0 field called title is not mandatory in +T2< codin$. ,ometimes you retrieve a document with 04o Title0 as its supposed title( this is caused when the meta*title field is left blan'. &n Alta 6ista and some other search tools, title' search also matches on the 0meta0 field, which contains document descriptors not displayed on the "eb. ,ee also <&2&T&4= T A F&)<#. TRU.%$TI(. &n a search, the ability to enter the first part of a 'eyword, insert a symbol .usually P/, and accept any variant spellin$s or word endin$s, from the occurrence of the symbol forward. .).$., femini( retrieves feminine# feminism# feminism# etc./ "hich search en$ines have this8 URL :niform !esource <ocator. The uni5ue address of any "eb document. 2ay be 'eyed in a browser's 7)4 or < CAT& 4 @ = T bo% to retrieve a document. There is a lo$ic the layout of a :!<? Anatomy of a URL: Type of .a"e of file2 and )o"ain na"e file 0!o ld 0!o"p ter file is on 3ath or dire!tory on the its file e<tension say ftp:// 0 s ally ending and its lo!ation on !o"p ter to this file or the Internet1 in .ht"l or .ht"/ telnet://1 http?@@ www.lib.ber'eley.edu@ Teachin$<ib@=uides@&nternet@ Find&nfo.html

U,*.*T Bulletinboard*li'e networ' featurin$ thousands of 0news$roups.0 =oo$le incorporates the historic file of :senet 4ews$roups .bac' to JQRJ/ into its =oo$le =roups. -ahoo =roups offers a similar service, but does not include the old 0:senet 4ews$roups.0 Blo$s are replacin$ some of the need for this type of community sharin$ and information e%chan$e. WI&I A term meanin$ 05uic'0 in +awaiian, that is used for technolo$y that $athers in one place a number of web pa$es focused on a theme, pro3ect, or collaboration. "i'is are $enerally used when users or $roup members are invited to develop, contribute, and update the content of the wi'i. "i'is can be passworded in various ways to control or allow contributions. The most famous wi'i is the "i'ipedia. W(R) -$RI$.T,

#ifferent word endin$s .such as -ing# -s# es# -ism# -ist#etc./ will be retrieved only if you allow for them in your search terms. ne way to do this T!:4CAT& 4, but few systems accept truncation. Another way is to enter the variants either separated by B <)A4 ! .and $rouped in parentheses/. &n D!)S:&!)@*!)9)CT non*Boolean systems, enter the variant terms preceded with neither D nor *, because this will allow documents containin$ any of them to retrieved. 5/T+L A variant of +T2<. ,tands for )%tensible +yperte%t 2ar'up <an$ua$e is a hybrid between +T2< and A2< that is more universally acceptable in "eb pa$es and search en$ines than A2<. 5+L )%tensible 2ar'up <an$ua$e, a dilution for "eb pa$e use of ,=2< .,tandard =eneral 2ar'up <an$ua$e/, which is not readily viewable in ordinary browsers and is difficult to apply to "eb pa$es. A2< is very useful .amon$ other thin$s/ for pa$es emer$in$ from databases and other applications where parts of the pa$e are standardi1ed and must reappear many times. ,ee A+T2<.