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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education

CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Setting Introduction In an intensified drive against criminality, police visibility certainly plays a big role in maintaining peace and order. The mere presence of a policeman in a busy area could always deter a criminal from pulling off his trade. That is why patrolling, even in remotest areas, has become an essentially part of police routine to prevent lawlessness. It cannot be denied that criminality thrives in the absence of security. However, crimes of different types will never succeed if safety measures are put in place. But how safe a certain place is greatly depends on how the police force works. Like in Cebu City, police are equipped with modern stuffs that are vital to their daily operations. This only means that maintaining peace and order has become easier with the help of patrol cars, motorcycles, and street cameras, among others. There is no doubt that these pieces of equipment are giving the authorities the advantage against criminals. With all these resources, however, it would still boil down to visibility. The need for police presence in every street around the city is what counts

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education in the heightened battle against criminality. A roving police team cannot only deter crime. It can also create a feeling of safety and security among the people. A more visible police presence helps to reduce crime and fear of crime. The evidence is clear about what happens when the number of visible police in an area goes up. Crime and anti-social behavior go down and people feel safer. Thats why its simply not good enough that less than 12 per cent of police are available to the public at a time. The modern police service faces formidable demands, with a need to reconcile global challenges, including the threats of organized crime and terrorism, with pressing community safety issues. Communities are affected by a combination of these factors which impact on their sense of personal safety and reassurance. It is possible that in this global climate, good work by a force in reassuring the public in relation to the local crime situation can be overshadowed by extensive news coverage of a crime problem elsewhere. The challenge of responding to increasing and competing demands places significant pressure on police resources. This involves a police force listening to its community, identifying priorities and devising a policing plan which strikes the right balance in the deployment of force resources. The over-all legitimacy of the police depends much more on citizens
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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education perceptions of how the police treat them than on their perceptions of police success in reducing crime.

The reason why the researcher conducted the current study to determine the perceive effectiveness of visibility in Talisay Philippine

National Police by no other than the people who is in contact with them the citizens of Talisay Camarines Norte.

Statement of the Problem This study focused on the Perceive effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police. 1.) What is the profile of the respondents? a. Age b. Gender 2.) How effective is the Police Visibility program of Talisay Philippine National Police in terms of: a. Crime Prevention b. Community relation c. Peace and Order

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education 3.) Is there a significant difference between the perceive

effectiveness of Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte. Hypothesis of the Study 1.) Ho = There is no significant difference between perceive effectiveness of Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police in terms of Crime prevention, Community relation and Peace in Order. The researchers focused in Talisay Camarines Norte. The researchers used a survey questionnaire as a tool in gathering the needed data. The researchers used 196 respondents.

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The researchers believed that this study will benefit to the following: Criminology Students- This study will help them to be knowledgeable about Police visibility in Talisay Camarines Norte. Future Researchers- this study shall serve as a guide or source of information in conduct of their research that may be similar to this. Furthermore, this study will give them better understanding regarding the research topic. Researchers Themselves- through this study, the researcher will enhance their knowledge and acquire much wider insights to the components of success that they could use in their future undertaking. Philippine National Police (PNP)- it may help to solve the crime in our country. Community- This will serve as an informative document.

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY A. To be able to identify the Perceived Effectiveness of Police visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police. B. To be able to identify how effective is the police visibility program of Talisay Philippine National Police.

Definition of Terms
Police Visibility. It stands for the law enforcement officer assign to the street and wearing their Uniform and it is effective to prevent crime. Philippine National Police. It may help to solve the crime in our country and to serve to our Nation with full pledge of commitment. Peace and order. Stands for unites religions and culture, incorporating values of security and harmony together with justice and respect for the human dignity. Community Relations. It is public relations at the local level or that it is "living

right and telling about it.

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the related literature and studies which have bearing on our research. It includes the Theoretical Framework, synthesis and conceptual framework. This also includes the research of other persons with relevance to our research synthesized research from different books, related topics from the internet and other websites which has relevance to our study. Related Literature According to (Myhill & Quinton 2010). Community satisfaction with police and community expectations of police were investigated, and whether solo policing plays a role in improving community perceptions of police services. It is worth nothing that although community expectations of police services and their overall satisfaction of these services appear related. Available evidence on citizen confidence in policing found that effective strategies for maintaining confidence include policing activities associated with service-oriented models, such as visible patrols,

procedural fairness, community policing and problem solving (Myhill & Quinton 2010).

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Bailey (2008) stated that Citizen satisfaction with police and attitudes towards the police have been well documented, particularly in the United States. However, studies rarely use single or two person patrols as a variable. Anecdotally, it has been suggested that single person patrols improves the general relationship between the police and the public and aids in the effectiveness of community policing. Gilmour, et.al (2010) they discussed the Training officers in

communicating more effectively in a courteous manner with citizens (e.g. Frank, Smith & Novak 2005; Johnson 2004) and emphasizing the

importance of procedural justice were suggested solutions. According to Skogan and Hartnett, (2000) his review also offers little insight into the effectiveness of enforcement tactics relative to other broader-based community problem-solving policing programs Thompson (2005) elaborated on the concept of the changing visibility in detail, referring to it as a new visibility elaborating on cases in the US government and police officers. Based on learning theory and differential association explain how society plays a role in causing crime. Once a the seeds of crime are planted in a community, delinquents and criminals either directly or indirectly teach others how to commit crime and the criminals substructure is passed on to

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education future generations. Researchers, such as Edwin Sutherland et.al., have made profound contributions by explaining how crime is learned. In addition, some minority communities seem to experience a

disproportionate amount of crime and communities with a lot of crime are rich in learning environments for future criminals. Anomie Theory advocated by Emile Durkheim this theory states that the absence of norms in the society provides a setting conducive to crime and other anti-social acts. Durkheim also proposed that crime is a natural thing in society and it help society for changes. Crime control prioritizes the powers of the government to protect society, with less emphasis on individual liberties. Those who take a stance favoring tough approaches to crime and criminals may be characterized as proponent of crime control, while those who seek to curb government intrusions and harassment of suspect favor a due process control model. Therefore, this theory is referring to Crime Prevention.

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Related Studies The police are responsible for trying to make communities safe by working to prevent criminal acts and enforcing the law. They are accountable to the community and its assessment of police successes and failures in preventing, fighting, and solving crimes. The police must also be open and transparent when dealing with the community and describing crime-fighting efforts. This mantle of responsibility for fighting crime carries with it the obligation for the police to respect the rights of the community members, since the police can only accomplish their task with the cooperation and support of the community. When police fail to respect the rights of residents and police and political leaders fail to hold those who engage in misconduct accountable, the police-community relationship is put in jeopardy. According to Catherine Gallagher & Edward R. Maguire (2000). Neighborhood residents hold both police and residents responsible for controlling crime in the neighborhood. At the end of the 20th century, substantial majorities of the American public expressed positive views of how police treat the public. Police ranked highest in being helpful and friendly and lowest in treating people fairly. The public image of honesty and ethical standards of police has improved substantially.
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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education According to Barry Poyner (2012) crime prevention evaluated into six general categories: campaigns and publicity; policing and other surveillance; environmental design or improvement; social and community services; security devices; target removal or modification. Using objective indices of crime, about half of the measures evaluated were found to be effective. Community relation states that the relationship of the police to the community should be harmonious. The community relies upon the police department to protect and serve and the police, in return, rely upon community support and cooperation in order to be effective. When communication and trust deteriorate, tensions build between the community and police and undermine their shared goal of safer communities. In addition, Poor communication between the police and communities served was the problem listed most frequently, in a variety of ways, by police and community members surveyed. When asked what the main problems are when it comes to police-community relations, police leaders listed language barriers, connecting with the community, and lack of meaningful communication on both sides and lack of understanding of police practices as obstacles to better relations. This list is similar to the one provided by community members, who listed lack of communication, language barriers, and lack of relationships as barriers to getting along with the police.
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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education In the study of Maya Harris (2001) Police leaders are not the only ones responsible for improving communication and follow up. Community leaders should follow up with the police and should make sure that information about police-community efforts is conveyed to the community at large. Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community. Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and community engagement. Moreover, seeing regular police patrols and feeling informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions of effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude that with some more positive thoughts on the ability of the police to improve the quality of contacts and perhaps the Police Visibility.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Synthesis When we link all these together, this entire concept describes similarities, differences and relationship. In the study of Maya Harris (2001) Police leaders are not the only ones responsible for improving communication and follow up. Community leaders should follow up with the police and should make sure that information about police-community efforts is conveyed to the community at large. While it is differ to the studies Maya Harrsis that police are responsible for trying to make communities safe by working to prevent criminal acts and enforcing the law. They are accountable to the community and its assessment of police successes and failures in preventing, fighting, and solving crimes. The police must also be open and transparent when dealing with the community and describing crime-fighting effort. We justify that Police and Communities are the same responsible for improving the community relation, because police are responsible to make communities safe while communities should make sure the information about police community.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Bailey (2008) however, studies rarely use single or two person patrols as a variable. Anecdotally, it has been suggested that single person patrols improves the general relationship between the police and the public and aids in the effectiveness of community policing. While it has a similarity on Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community. Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and community engagement. We justify that having a contact between citizens and officers is one of the effectiveness to have a good community relation.

According to Barry Poyner (2012) crime prevention evaluated into six general categories: campaigns and publicity; policing and other surveillance; environmental design or improvement; social and community services; security devices; target removal or modification. Using objective indices of crime, about half of the measures evaluated were found to be effective.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Gilmour, et.al (2010) they discussed the Training officers in communicating more effectively in a courteous manner with citizens while it has a similarly to Community relation it states that the relationship of the police to the community should be harmonious.

Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework represents the Input, Process and the Output regarding to perceive effectiveness of police visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police. The input serves as the loads that consist of all things that enter the system; it is also consist of the problem that we want to study. The process refers to preparation of data gathering, questionnaire and survey, Interpretation and Analysis, and Evaluation. The Output system deals with the accomplishment of the research where the hypotheses are answered.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Figure2. Conceptual Framework

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

The profile of the respondents in Talisay Camarines Norte. Perceive Effectiveness of community relation, Crime prevention and Peace and Order in PNP in Talisay Camarines Norte.

Perceive Data gathering Questionnaire and survey Interpretation Analysis Evaluation Philippine National Police.
perceive

effectiveness of police visibility in Talisay

Theoretical framework This study is based on Crime Control theory derived from the work of Gordon Hughis which proposed that criminal justice which places emphasis on reducing the crime in society through increase police and prosecutorial powers and In contrast, the due process model focuses on individual liberties and is concerned with limiting the powers of government.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Crime control prioritizes the powers of the government to protect society, with less emphasis on individual liberties. Those who take a stance favoring tough approaches to crime and criminals may be characterized as proponent of crime control, while those who seek to curb government intrusions and harassment of suspect favor a due process control model. Therefore, this theory is referring to Crime Prevention. Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community. Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and community engagement. Moreover, seeing regular police patrols and feeling informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions of effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude that with some more positive thoughts on the ability of the police to improve the quality of contacts and perhaps the Police Visibility. The researchers believe then, that this theory has a connection to Effectiveness of Police Visibility.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education

Figure2. Theoretical Framework

Crime Control Theory (Gordon Hughis)

Effectiveness of Police Visibility

Public Law and Legal Theory

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education CHAPTER III Research Design and Methodology This chapter presents the research design, the populations of the study, research instruments, statistical treatment and the formula used by the researchers. Research Design The researchers used descriptive method to asses, to analyze and to determine the Perceive Effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police. The purpose of which was to capture the relevant visibility program. Instrumentation In conducting this study the researchers used a survey questionnaire to gathered information. The instrument contains the profile of the respondents. In determining the level of Perceive Effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police the researchers use Likert Scale.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education

Rating Scale 4.21 above 3.41 -4.20 2.61 -3.40 1.81 -2.60 0.1 -1.80

Interpretation Highly Effective Much Effective Effective Less Effective Not Effective

Level 5 4 3 2 1

Participants and Sampling

The respondents in this study are coming from Talisay Camarines Norte. To get a smaller sample from the initial large sample, the researchers used a double sampling method by Edralin, which gave the result of 196 that may represent the total population. A sample size was derived through the use of the following formula:

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education Where: 1. At 99% confidence level Z a/2 = 2.58 At 95% confidence level Z a/2 = 1.96 At 90% confidence level Z a/2 = 1.65 2. Assume proportion p=0.5 (as preliminary statement) 3. Sampling Error E normally assumes the values: 0.025; 0.05; and 0.10. The confidence level used in this study was 95% (1.96) and the margin of error was 0.05. Statistical Treatment Data Statistical treatment of data used in analyzing the research study. Z-Test and Chi-square test are used by the researchers used to determine if there is significant difference between the perceive effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.

1. Mean

where :

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education

2. Variance : [ Where : ]

3. Standard Deviation

4. Z-test Two sample mean is used to determine the significant difference.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation College of Criminal Justice Education


where :

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Vinzons Avenue Daet, Camarines Norte

5. Chi-squ square test

Where: OF = observed frequency EF = expected frequency

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Vinzons Avenue Daet, Camarines Norte

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