COLUMBIA

UNIVERSITY

STUDIES

IN

ENGLISH

THE

RISE

OF

THE

NOVEL

OF

MANNERS

COLUMBIA

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

SALES

AGENTS

NEW

YORK

LEMCKE

"

BUECHNER

3C5-32

West

27TH

Street

LONI"ON:

HENRY Amen

FROWDE

Corner,

E.C.

TORONTO

HENRY

FROWDE

25

Richmond

Street,

W.

THE

RISE

OF

THE

NOVEL

OF

MANNERS

STUDY

OF BETWEEN

ENGLISH
1600

PROSE
AND

FICTION 1740

BY

CHARLOTTE

E.

MORGAN,

Ph.D.

:""

THE

COLUMBIA

UNIVERSITY
1911

PRESS

All

reserved rights

Copyright,
By Ths Columbia

19x1 University

Prbss

Priat"d

from

type

July,

19x1

PR

Iff

OP COHfAHT

tMl

Nnr

MA

PlIINTINC

LANCAflTm.

PA.

This

Monograph

has

been

approved

by

the

Department
to

lish of Engworthy

in

Columbia

University

as

contribution

knowledge

of

publication,
A.

H.

THORNDIKE, Secretary.

22241.7

Digitized

by

TABLE
Introduction

OF

CONTENTS
i

Chapter
Romance
General

and
vogue
"

Anti-Romance
of
romances.

3
Chivalric Political
" "

Classical
"

"

^Arcadian

"

Euphmstic Types
of

Allegorical

and

"

Heroic

Miscellaneous.

Anti-romances.

Comic

Picaresque^Narrative-Satires.

Chapter The
Novel
Definition
"

II 50

(1600-1700)
Novels of
the

Cloak

and
etc

Sword
"

"

Historical of

Novels-

Feigned
Life
"

Histories, Pseudo-Memoirs,
Portuguese
Letters
"

^Noveb
"

Contemporary

The

Mrs.

Behn

Mrs.

Manley.

Chapter
The

III

Novel
The

(1700-1740)
in Taste of and Ideals of Mrs. Conduct Rowe the
"

89
The Other Social ises. Treat-

Transition
The

Duchess The

Newcastle,
the

Contributory
The mestic Dosional Occa-

Forms:

"Character,"
Mrs.

Dialogue,
Mrs.
"

Periodical." Mrs. Tale

History:
and

Hajrwood,
Pieces

Barker,
Oriental

Aubin,
and

Anonymous

^The

Didactic

Story.

Chapter
The

IV 115

Popular Fiction
General

Survey

"

^John Bunyan

"

Daniel

Defoe.

Conclusion Conclusion

136
Appendix
A

Summary

of

Parthenissa

138
Appendix
B

Bibliography
I.

143
of

Works

General

Reference.
Vll

VIU

SpecialReference. Information. 3. Sources of Bibliographical 4. A list of Prose Narratives first printedin English
2.

Works

of

between 5. A 6. A 7. An Index

1600

and

1740.

listof the most

importantReprints. Important English

247

List of G"llections.

AlphabeticalList of the More

Writers between 1600 and 1740.

PREFACE
In view

the
;

following dissertation
of

two
a

objects have
account

been

kept
more

in

the presentation of first,

prose

succinct
current

of the 1600

important types
1740
with the

narrative
to

between of

and
and

special
details.

reference

the

novel

manners;

second,

facilitation of further To

studies

liographical by supplyiijg^ullbibtwo-

accomplish this
works
for the

fold been

purpose

only

the

more

typical and
essay,

influential

have

considered

in the the

but

to

compensate
with

consequent

omissions,
ship, authorbeen

minor

works, together
with
in

discussions
and

concerning
the in the

translation, sources,

chronology,
footnotes

like, have

briefly dealt
To
make the endeavoured

the
of

and

bibliography.
value
as

latter
to

the

greatest
for

practical
every

have far
as

cite my added
nor

authority
the the

title,and
shelf any
a

possible
Neither

have the
essay

British

Museum makes but

number.
to

bibliography
to

pretence

completeness.

This

study is,so
little has

speak,
done

clearing of
much

the

ground
to

in

field where

been

and

remains

be

accomplished.
indebtedness
to

My
works

previous studies,
and

such
to

as

the

general
indicated

of

Dunlop,
devoted and

Cross,
to

Raleigh,
To

and

the
are

numerous

monographs
in the of
notes

specialperiods
I

and

topics

bibliography.
am

Professor for for

to

Joel E. Spingarn,
information
numerous

Columbia
on

University,
French
thanks

indebted
and due

ing bearvaluable

the

development
are

suggestions. My
Cunliffe,
of
me

also of

Professor
for his

John
kindness

W. in
to

the

University
H.

Wisconsin,
the

procuring
Professor

reading privileges in
Thomdike
and

Bodleian

Library;
William

Ashley
of all to under

Professor
for

W.

Lawrence,
most

Columbia Professor whose

to

University,
William

helpful criticism, and

of

of

P. Trent,
this
to

Columbia
has

versity, Uni-

kindly guidance
my

study
my

been

made.

desire, also,
constant

express

thanks

mother,
this book

without
would

whose
never

encouragement
written.
*

and

counsel

have

been

ix

THE

BEGINNINGS

OF IN

THE ENGLAND

NOVEL

OF

NERS MAN-

INTRODUCTORY
The the

English
of

prose the

fiction of the century

and

half between! and the

publication of

Euphues

and

the

Arcadia
of

ap-'

pearance

Richardson's

Pamela,

exclusive

those

three Gulli"

masterpieces Pilgrim's Progress,

ve/s

Robinson

Crusoe, and

scant Travels, possesses literary merit and slightgeneral 1600 from the student, however, the narratives interest. To

to

1740

are

not

devoid
and

of

value, since
the
idealistic
numerous

the

transition
romances
manners

in

tent, con-

structure,

style from
to

courtly
novel of

and
was

cynical

rogue

stories

the

largely effected
of works

through the
of

translations

and

tations imithe

foreign fiction.
and the

Together

with

conduct-book,
moulded
the

the
taste

drama,
of

these periodical,

gradually
such,

that

fiction-reading public,which, by its

stories gave

enthusiastic
a

reception of the Richardsonian

to

stimulus A

the

rapid development of the novel

about

of

manners/
narratives

chronological list of
1600 British
in the

five hundred

prose

printed between Register, the

win be

and

1740,

compiled from Catalogue,

For and

the

Stationers'
sources

Museum

other of
so

found the

bibliography. large number

of

purposes

discussion,

however,
in

chronological method
the
of

proved

cumbersome
and mous anonyductions pro-

dealing with
works, many
and the

occasional

which

are

of reprints'
or

Elizabethan
imitations
to

majority

translations

close

of

French

and

Spanish narratives, that

and only significant groups, and
to

it seemed

wiser

discuss several

in the text,

prominent examples of
comment

loosely defined
very

in

the

bibliog^phy
must

briefly upon
we

the

remainder.
to

Before be
was

proceed
for

any

distinction classification, a

drawn written

between
a

literaryand
limited
to

popular fiction.
in

The

former
sciously con-

aristocratic

public by authors
order
to

conforming
2

recognized
1

canons,

attain

certain

artistic ends.

The

latter,i.
catch

e.

of rules,to written, regardless

the

was popular fiction, of readers at fancy

large.

In

the

seventeentii

century, between
the

these

two
was

groups little

of fiction, the aristocratic and interrelation.

From

there plebeian,

to about 1625 or earlier, 1700, the literary tions of translations and imitafiction consisted almost exclusively

of the continental

narratives

which

were

in vogue

at the

sisted period conpopular fiction of the same of redactions of the Elizabethan to a very large extent and of journalistic narratives imbued with the politromances ical and religious Out of the latter grew temper of the time. Pilgrim'sProgress and The Life and Death of Mr. Badtnan. Toward the very close of the century, after the expulsion of the Stuarts and their more less French court, a change took or tocracy place in the nature of the reading public: ^the limited aristhe one the on hand, and the plebeian readers on to form other, combined one general public possessingmany This of interests and wide taste. a most significant range about the brought by two forces, change was breaking down of the patronage system, with the consequent dependence of authors upon the public, and the coincident rise of the commercial class. The influence of the stolid, self-satisfied practical, is shown and manufacturers merchants ity, by the practicalmoralthe choice of commonplace themes, and tibe emphasis on prosaic details. All of these features are prominent in the narratives of Defoe, of Richardson, and, though to a less To Richardson, however, belongs the honor extent, of Swift. of fusing the narrative handed down tradition,as it was with that which came through the romances, through the popular fiction. three Of fiction there are the literary prominent types:

Stuart

courts.

The

"

the romances,

the anti-romances, and

the novels
no

or

brief

tales.

The

popular fiction, generallyspeaking,had

as

merit; literary
it

and,

it had

no

other aim

than

immediate

success,

ranely

than ephemeral interest, that on the whole so possessed more it may be regarded as a negligible writer factor. The has, therefore, considered only those popular productions which in a measure uted paved the way for Bunyan and Defoe, or contribthe of novel to the of manners. directly development

CHAPTER

THE

ROMANCES

The fallen

romances

of

the

seventeenth

century
read

have with

long since avidity

not

into
at

oblivion;
time
so a

yet
their

they

were

merely

the

of

publication, but by successive

on

for

century

after. therenot

Works
fail the
to exert

enjoyed

generations
writers
and of

could readers

deep influence period.

romances,"
narratives
one we

both thus

of

Richardsonian

In

speaking
not

the the

teenth "seventwo

century
and
are

must
are

infer

that

dred hun-

more

which

grouped
are, at

under addition
seven

this
to

head
the fined de-

all

cut

after and

pattern.

There

in least

anti-romances

miscellaneous
:

works,

well

t)rpes of

romance

the

chivalric, the Arcadian, the

and allegorical,
were

Euphuheroic.

istic,the

classical, the
so

the political,

the

Unfortunately,
this

few

English
few
were

romances

produced
imitations
form
can

during
of the

period,

and

these

such

servile of

continental

models, that the evolution

the

be

traced

only

in

general

way.

The If
turn
some

Chivalric chivalric

Romances of of the

we

to

the such

romances

Stuart
old and and

period

expecting
and
ners,

charming
as

versions

the

Arthurian

Carolingian
a

materials

those awaits

of
us.

Malory
Arthur
and
no

Lord

Ber-

bitter

disappointment
and
and the
romances

the Round

Table,
with
themes.

Launcelot

Guinivere,
his

Tristram
were

Iseult, together

Charlemagne During
Arthurian

paladins
and
to

longer
from

favorite

himdred
seem

forty
have
Morte

years

1600

to

1740,

appeared
Darthur
renowned

only
after

three

times, in
*

1625,1 1634,
ancient and

and famous

1700;

the

the

The

most

History
1625.
Britain's been 3

of the

Prince From

Arthur,
this
was

King

of

Britain, made the

^ewly chapbook
These

Refined,
Great
may

Reprinted
Glory,
revisions

1634.
the

probably
Arthur

being
of

History
Berners'

of King

[1700?].

have

Lord

King

edition of

1634* was
noble
. .

not
.

of

the

most

Lord
until

Berners 1812. with

was

not

reprinteduntil 1817, and the History of Lytell Brytaine by knight, Arthur at least in its originalform, reprinted,
fresh endeavor is to
to

The the

only
Sir
of

deal,
found Less

in

narrative
little

form,
known

Arthurian

material*

be

in the

epics* of
as

Richard

Blackmore. Bevis of

aristocratic
and
esteem

heroes, such

Guy
so

Warwick,
date. Even

Hampton,
the

their

like, were
heroes hack of

not
more as

completely eclipsed in popular

after

by
such

recent

Restoration Francis and

writers

Nathaniel

Crouch,**
new

and

Kirkman

re-worked the

the old

material, added
and

wonders

heightened
of Huon and
as

extravagant

producing degenerate versions style,

Vienne, Valentine concocting
Seven
wretched in
new

of Bordeaux, Paris the other good old

Tom

and

Orson,
ones

stories,or
and

such

of Lincoln,^
The of the In

The

crude

language,
is

dom. Champions of Christenority and general inferiprint,

editions

justify us

dismissing them
note

as

chap-

books.

passing,it
is
no

to interesting
of edition

that

though rough
in

Arthur, but there

century. the basis His of
Huon

record

an was

of this work
in

the

seventeenth

of Bordeaux
seventeenth

reprinted

1601, and dealing

was

probably
that
on

the

century
romances

chapbooks
in

with article

hero.

Utterson Bourchier"
*

edited

Berners's Lee

1812. B,

Cf.

the

"John

by Sidney

in the

D.

N,

reprint of the edition of Wynkin

were,

de Wordc from British

in

by Stansby,
Arthurian

'There

however, King
in

plays drawn
Arthur,
or

the

material,

as

for

example,
*

Dryden's
Arthur

the

Worthy,
1697.

1691.

Prince He

1695 and

King Arthur
of Burton,

*"

took and

the pseudonym flourished

but whether and

to

Richard He in
to
was

or a

Robert
most

is

certain, un-

between

1632?

1725?.
him

prolific
These of Bast

writer,
include

forty-five items

being

attributed
as

the

D,

N.

B,
accounts

religious pieces, such

such
on as

Two

Joumies

Jerusalem,
Guinea and

explorations,
Indies
as

The

English
Man

Acquisitions Moon),
wrote

in and

the

(based
Shore you

Godwin's the

in the

popular
of him,
*'

histories, suchi
I think
you
our

Jane

and
very

romances.

Dunton his character melted which

on are

I have' that hifl*

given
talent

the

soul

of He

when down

I have the
best

told of

lies at into

collection.

has

English rarities,

histories and W.
*

twelvepenny
See in the the D.

books article N. B.

filled with

wonders,
or

curiosities." E. The A. Axon

"Burton

(Richard

Robert)"

by

title page Cf.

of this work

gives

an

excellent

idea

of the

later chivalric

romances.

Bibliography, under

1605.

merit, they usually possess the styleand devoid of literary virtues of clarity and brevity, conspicuously absent in more so literaryproductions. the chivalric The which us are romances really concern
in

Palmeryn, and Belianis, which of France late in the their way into England by way made The most excellent and plaisante sixteenth century."* The first, Spanish cycles
of

Amadis,

Booke,
for

intituled Treasurie

Henry Bynnerman titles, appeared again in

to

entered of Amadis of Gaule was under in 1567, and varying slightly in addition 1596, 1619, 1664, and 1694,
Amadis
was

several of

metrical the

versions.

perhaps
many

the

most
were

popular
in

Spanish

romances,

but

others

in Palmeryn d'Olizna translated by Munday reprintedin 1615 and again in 1669; Palmeryn of appeared in 1587, England, another of Munday 's translations, and reprinted four times during the ensuing century;* was Don Belianis, or the Honour of Chivalry first appeared in In 1598 and had run through at least nine editions by 1700.

high 1586, was

favor.

general plan, these

is the
career

romances

resemble from

the older

ones

; the

story
"

of

the

ideal hero

the cradle
powers from

to

the of

grave

his feats in war,

and and
more

against the in love. his adventures They differ Carolingian cycles in having a more
sophisticated hero,
of
the method
an

his prowess

darkness,
Arthurian

the

complicated plot, a
of of and etiquetfe, sentimental. is to say,
to

elaborate

code and

larger element

supernatural
is

the

The

of narration
is not, for
as

simple
means

and

direct,that
an

epic; there
"

in the
"

classical romances, of
a

attempt

account

the story
made
a

by
few

framework.
to

The
"*

English

feeble
is
note
common

attempts^
in

write

similar
of Don

Interesting

in this
to

connection,
"

a a

Appleton's edition
device from for
authors

Quixote, according
romances

which,
their

it

was

of such P.

to
on
1

claim

that
del

books

were

translated Tirante

the

English."

26

n.

Hisioria
61

famoso

caballero

el Blanco

(1460).

*In
'

6, 1638-39,
seem

1664, 1690.
most

Such

to

be The
most

Famous Princess

and

Delightful History of
and the
"

the

Greene ture Adven-

Knight

and

the

Beautiful

Beroshia

Heroical
as

of the Knight
overdone"
in

of the Sea, the latter of which Collier, Bihl.

and CHt.

is described

ludicrously
Books

by

J. P.

Account

of the Rarest

the Eng.

Lang,,

ii. 217.

only native works to acquireany fame are M. Ford. three narratives* Jusserand* classes by Emanuel Ford follower of Sidney,and the use of such devices as as a and pastoral infant exposure, ting setoracles, shipwrecks, slavery, Arcadia and the indicate a superficial with the familiarity and but on the whole. The Historyof Ornaius Greek romances, Prince of Artesia, the History of Paristnus, the RenoTvned and the History of Montelion, Knight of the Oracle Bohemia stories and of the early sentimental the combination a are chivalric romances. The number of editions is a striking proof reached its sevin 1598, of their popularity.Ornatus, enth published edition in 1683 ; Paristnus also printed in 1598,reached its thirteenth edition in 1649,i^s twenty- fourth in 1699,and went through numerous cheap editions in the eighteenthcentury. Montelion made its first appearance in 1633, to have seems
romances,

but the

yet it reached

its seventeenth
a

edition

give added

pointto

satire*^ which

1724, and served to appeared about the middle

in

of the seventeenth

century.
"

of Montelion, Knight of the Oracle," Assuming the name sent forth a delightful an bined comroyalist^"* burlesque anonymous and political satire. The with a clever religious tunity opporaffairs was afforded by the to satirize contemporary "life" of Don Juan Lamberto, "beginning with his birth, education and valiant deeds and carryinghim through the Civil his defeat of the fortytyrants and his jesting War, including

with the Baron

"

of

Sussex."

Part two
and

narrates

"

How

Crom-

The

most

pleasant History of Omatus of Parismus,

Prince

Artesia, 1598,

Of the famous
The

and

pleasant Historie

of Bohemia^ 1598.

Famous

History of Montelion, Knight of the Oracle, 1633. * Jusserand, The English Novel in the Time of Shakspeare,
Full titles of the books date referred
to

pp.

192-198.

in the text, together with

in the

the place and

of publication, will be found Juan

bibliography. History of the Late

Oracle. There is The
a

^Don

Lamberto;

or,

Comical
the

Times.

The

First Part. The B. M. I.

By Montelion, Knight of
copy
was

Second in
was

Part, j66i.
it suggesting

contains

both

parts.
c.

note

that Part the second ""This

wrote

originally published
is sometimes
or

1657 and

that it

re-issued

with

part in i66i. work attributed

the
to

John

Phillips,who
but

certainly
in

Montelion, 1660;

Prophetical Almanack,
Flatman.

Sidney Lee

the D. N, B. assigns it to Thomas

more

or

less

and satirical,

generallyclever.
and Middle

Incorporatedin
Rome, they were

various forms

in the literatures of Greece

familiar to the scholars

to be

the source,

fabliaux of the
were

Ages, and are thought of many of the though perhaps not directly, Oriental type. During the Renaissance, they
of the of novelle such
were
as

revised

by

writers

Boccaccio,Bandello,
in Elizabethan for the

and

Sacchetti,and
the

thus
new

made

familiar
taste

England. With

century, the

rcwnantic,

the aristocratic, and the refined

predominated,and these short stories gave way The Restoration before the long romance. brought the realistictale into favor again,and we find the old collections Greek stories with their Italian modifications filling such as The DelightfulNovels (1686), and /4 Banquet for Gentlemen and Ladies (1703). They never, however, regained their old prestige, for the new realisticstory, imported directly from and fast intrigue, but a not merely a hard France, was careful study from contemporary life. Barlaam and Josaphat^^and Apollonius of Tyre had long
been familiar to readers, but
are

so

far

as

the narrative

is

cerned, con-

importance in the seventeenth century. The former, during the period with which are we concerned, was reprinted only in cheap and abbreviated editions.^" Dunit was lop remarks that undoubtedlythe model of that species of spiritual fiction so prevalent in France during the sixteenth
of
"

little

"

and

seventeenth
are no

centuries"; but
not

so

far

as

the it.

writer

knows,

there

English works
saints
were

modelled much

upon in demand

Biographical
in Protestant

accounts

of
; in

version of the life of St. Theodora^* a tame fact, England to be the (1687), by Robert Boyle, seems solitary Apollonius was example. The extremely popular in the
^

rather

The

written original, version of

in the eighth century, by John

an

of Damascene

is

Christianized

Oriental

story.

Among
; cf
a
.

its many

interspersed
of Pan^
or,

episodes is the casket story used by Shakspere

^In

Dunlop, i. 76.
version

1669, it

was

reprinted and

bound

with

moralized

dosto, and

in 1711

printed as

The

History of the five wise philosophers;

son

the wonderful relation

etc.

of the lifeof Jehosophat, the hermit of Theodora

and

of Averarian, of Honour

^The

Martyrdom

Didymous,

By

Person

(Robert Boyle).

Middle

Ages
was

and seldom

to some

extent

in the Renaissance, but after

in
an

;/r""''';f/y5

that,it

printed. It appeared

Anglo-Saxon

in the Confesso Amantis fragment, in the Gesta Romanorum, in Twyne's de Worde, of Gower, in a reprintby Wynkin Patterne was (1576), and finally of Paine full Adventures dramatized by Shakespere in Pericles. The two examples of Latin fiction are the Golden Ass of Lucius Apuleius and the fragments of the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter. The

former,
the into

based

on

an

earlier

Greek of its

work,
author in

relates in satirical vein when

supposed
an ass.

adventures
was

metamorphosed
if the number

It

very

popular
The

England,

of

editions

is any

criterion.

first translation
was

and by William Adlington appeared in 1566,. in 1571, 1581, 1596, 1600, and 1639. The sode epire-printed admired often and of Cupid and Psyche was particularly

utilized for The when and

plays and poems.*^

Ass
was
a

As

whole, or

as

prose

rative. nar-

not

imitated for

until the end

of the century,

it furnished

model
use

travels of

inanimate

objects,
to

encouraged
The

the

of fictitious travels

for satirical purposes.

work

of

Petronius,^* which
account

purports
of

be
was

satirical account
less

of the corrupt

life at the court of

Nero,

generallyknown, partly on
and
to

its

fragmentary
There

form
seems

partlybecause
be
no

of

its scandalous

character.

English translation before 1663. That was Brown reprintedin 1677 and 1743. A version by Thomas of Shropshirecame in 1736, out in 1708,and a few years later, still another made translation was The by John Addison.
direct influence of Petronius
satires with
as

is of

seen

in the

elegantneo-classic

which

for

amused the Renaissance themselves, pedants example, the now forgottenMisoponeri Satyrisuch
a

""

Gosson, writing in 1579, condemns

mentions
in
a ^

piece"latelyplayed at Paules" Shakerley Marmion

of Cupid and

Hazlitt

poem,

Cupid's Courtship; and

Poem intituled the

duced, pro-

i637"

Morall
n.

Legend

Psyche;

cf.
"

Dunlop, i.
Petronius;

113,
a

Study

in Ancient

Realism, by F. F.'Abbott, Sewanee

Review,

1899, vii.
H. T.

435-43.

Peck, Trimalchio's

Dinner

from

the

Satyricon

of Petronius,

10

con,^^the Comus^^
of

of Puteanus

and the Pantaleonis

Vaticinia^^

what relation the Satyriconbears Precisely to later fiction is exceedinglydifficultto determine. In its of stories, and realism of biographical structure, interspersion it resembles the picaresquenarratives, and presentation, no doubt the writers borrowed and but I devices, episodes suspect that their indebtedness does not extend beyond matters tail. of dethe of indebtedness the popular court memoirs Likewise, and similar narratives to the Satyricon is still for conjeca matter ture, if it was but it is doubtful greater than the supplying of
a

James Hume.

vague

classical sanction

to

the

shameless

accounts

of

court

scandal.

All the classicalfiction we

have

so

far considered

was

quite
seven-

overshadowed
^Misoponeri
Graecorum

by the Greek
Satyricon
Comus
at
cum

erotic tales** to which aliquot ad obscuriora

the
prosae

notis

loca, ef
Lovanii,
with

interpretations Lugduni Reprinted

Batavorum, 1617.
Somnium;
furnished This work Milton

^^EryciPuteani
1608, 161
a 1.

sive Phagesiposia Cimmeria.

Oxford, 1634,
Cf. Immanuel

hint for his masque.

Schmidt, Milton's
. . .

jugendjakre und
new

Sugendwerke, Sammlung
",

gemeinverstandlicher
1896.

Vortrage,

series,

xi, no.

243.

Hamburg,
books,

^Pantaleonis
account

Satyra, Jacobo Vaticinia,

see

Humio, Rathomagi, 1633.

of Nova

For

an

of

these

Begley's edition

Solyma,
Criechische
among the

ii., pp.
Roman Greeks, und

385-87.
**

For

discussion

of these works

see

E. Rohde, Der

und

seine

Vorldufer, C Review,
1897,

J. Goodwin, Romance
""

Writing

Sewanee seine

290

ff.,409

ff., M.

Oeftering, Heliodor

Bedeutung
to

fUr die Litteratur,F. M. Century, and

to the

Warren, History of the Novel Huet, De

mans, L'Origine des Ro-

prior

the Seventeenth

P. D.

Huetiana Scholars
romances,

(Ana., Vol. VIII.). precisedates,sequence

with Rohde that they and
were

stilldisagree as

origin of these
written centuries in A.
siderable con-

but the majority agree numbers

by the Sophists of the third and

evolution from

fourth

D.,

and

were

natural

the erotic stories of the Greek

poets, the tales.

travels, fables,and ethnographic Utopias, pseudo-histories,

The and

Milesian

principalromances

are

Of the Incredible

Things in Thule, or, Dinias

Dercyllis,by Diogenes;

the Bdbylonica,

by lamblichus; the Ethiopian

;

History of Theagenes and

Chariclea, by Heliodorus

Leucippe and Clitophon,

by Achilles Tatius
by Xenophon
Eumathius. The

Daphnis and Chloe, by Longus

and

of Ephesus;

Hysmene
later than

and

and Anthia, ; Habrocomas Hysmenias, by Eustathius or

last is much century. Bohn

the others, not

having been
are

written

until the twelfth

Heliodorus, Tatius, and Library.

All references

Longus
are

translated

by R. Smith
in the edition

in the

to

this translation

of 1906.

11

teenth

few

indebted. are largely century romances down have of the Greek narratives come
are

Comparatively
to
us

in their in the

but there entirety,

summaries
we are

fragments
and Suidas.

of

others embodied

of Photius

all with which Practically

in the seventeenth Huet.
tury, cen-

familiar
for

to-day were

current

Only three. they are mentioned by Bishop The Ethiopian History of Heliodorus,*' the Leucippe and of Achilles Tatius, and the Daphnis and Chloe of Clitophon^*' Longus were translated into English,but as French and Latin
were

familiar to the educated

were

there is
almost

no

reason as

to suppose

the The

remaining romances Daphnis and Chloe^^

free

not

well

known.

is

quite unique in beinga simplepastoral,

adventures
and

from

the absurd

marvels

of the

Helio-

dorian

romances.

It is the most times translated

several

though artistically perfect, yet, aland alluded to, it frequently of

failed to stimulate the taste The

imitation until the time

gave

Rousseau, when

for exotic naturalism

it

tremendous

vog^e.*'
of

which Ethiopian History by Heliodorus, served as the pattern Bishop Huet wrote so enthusiastically, for the other Greek The romances. general theme is aptly described by Rohde,*^ "a couple of lovers fly before their fortune, from land to land, amid a gloomy alternation of mispursuers imminent
virtue obtains ruin is averted and
at

famous

the in

last moment,

and

its

triumph
an

reward

plenary happiness."
rately accua

The is no

is setting

sometimes

indefinite historical era, but there

attempt
old The

historical personages, to describe depict customs, or to reproduce the atmosphere of

to

past
"

age.
are

characters the
most

"

^and this is true

of

all the

romances

for
The

part uninteresting puppets, submissively

I

"

date of the original translation

on

by Underdowne

is uncertain.

It

was

entered

the S. R. for The undated

an

Coldock
copy

in 1569, but the earliest dated in the Bodleian

edition is

that of 1587. "Hazlitt

is presumably older. translation is

mentions

edition of 1598, but the better known

that by James "Translated for young *Cf. W. W.

Hodges in 1638.
in 1598 by Angell Day ladies.'* and

again, in 16571
Pastoral is to

as

"a

sweet

toral pas-

Gregg, Pastoral

Poetry
His

and

Drama,
the

p.

12.

"Quoted Rohde,

by Dunlop, i. 15.

reference

German

edition

of

p. 378.

12

enduring all the

have the any unusual
or

whims

of
our

fate. The

heroine** alone
is aroused

seems more

to

initiative and

interest in her feminine

by
the

charm
around

phenomenon of strengthof her personality. The

series of

leadership than
attention

by

centers

through which the In the sequence characters of these episodesno effort pass. is made The only attempt to give to develop a central theme. the semblance of unity consists in having the final result even and and in having dreams work out the fulfillment of an oracle, visions prepare for lesser episodes. The desire is to the way to the reader. most surprising accomplishthe result in a manner 1/ qualities Surprise and suspense are two of the most striking
the

episodes

and

scenes

I of

the

Greek century

romances,

and upon

writers them
as

and

critics of

the
a

teenth seven-

insisted

in indispensable

good
pered, ham-

romance.

The

structure, awkward
either

enough in

any case,

was

further

who
own

by puttingthe story in the mouth of a third person in a sub-plot, the hero descrij)e his or figures by letting adventures after they have taken place. Thus theVpoint
is that of
an

of view
or

onlooker

rather

than

that of

participant,
This
teenth seven-

in other

words,
in the

is

instead of and reflective, indirect, passive,

romances,

being,as
reflective

chivalric view

direct

and

active. all the of

point of

characterizes not
but also The the

only

century
and the led to the

romances

novels

Richardson

narratives

of

Defoe.

indirect method
the midst where forward affairs of

of

tion narra-

abrupt opening in
took
up

for things,
or

the

supposed narrator
crossed his

the thread both his

own

the hero and and

ine hero-

path, and

worked

backward,
the

incidentally rambling
histories of all chance

off into

life-

acquaintances. This method, also,the seventeenth copied ^we find La Calprenede century servilely and his contemporaries rivalling Heliodorus in the "art of
"

holding the suspense" by introducinga

crisis. The
on
^

new

story

at

every

action love
not

was

still further the love

unlike

complicated by disquisitions dubbii,^^by resounding

We

meet

the type in the Elizabethan for

tragi-comedies,
seldom
*

drama, notably in the comedies and instance, Shakspere's Rosalind, Beatrice, Portia, but Clitophon, See
363, 375.

in the fiction.
pp. 354,

Particularly in the Leucippe and

13

hortatory
in doubt and
woes. as

passages

both

in and

out

of

season,

and
are

by long
never

of descriptions
to

so-called natural the

scenery.

We

left

precise appearance
the unfortunate

of the

sympatheticrocks
confided
their

trees

to

which

characters

The
of

in the extreme, well suited the matter. ornate style, the appropriatephrasing carefully wrought descriptions,

The

sentiments, and

the

"elegance" of

the

diction

rivalled

the

in holding the subject-matter

the

ance peculiarbalin the "unnatural and in the far-fetched antithesis, figures, in the subtle playingon words, we natural history," see of the Euphuism of the Elizabethans, model and of the preciosity attention.

In the

of The

the

seventeenth

century.

can scarcely widespread popularityof these romances of editions,but the fact that Heliobe gauged by the number dorus*" ran through ten editions in English between 1587 and find,too, that the dramatists 1700 is at least suggestive.We More for episodesand situations." ransacked these romances material for such a play as Cough's directlythey furnished Strange Discovery (1640),founded on Heliodorus, and Settle's Fatal Love from Leucippe and Clitophon, (1680), drawn fied Their is to be explainedon the ground that they satisvogue the taste of the time for the theatrical, the complex, the

marvellous, the sentimental,and,

morbid.

to

certain

extent, for the

dent and decaproduct of a sophisticated but they possessedthe superficial effectiveness, civilization,

They

were

the

the

fatalism,and
the

the

with word-painting

which

to

capture the

fancy of
at

the

same

and

Elizabethans. And sensation-loving imaginative, ment characterized by an over-refinetime, they were unrealitywhich appealed strongly to European the close of

society at
once more

the

Renaissance, when

men

were

rather than finement forward, for relooking backward rather than strength, and seeking to escape from, than the hard The influrather facts of reality. to cope with,
""

Cf. Oeftering, Heliodor is hardly necessary

an

und
to

seine

Bedeutung
the devices

fur die Liiteratur,

of infant
exposure,

"It

mention

the the

of fulfilling

oracle, sleepingpotions,shipwreck, mistaken

identity, and
of

like, which
Beaumont

figure so
and

prominently

in

the

romantic

comedies

Shakspere,

Fletcher, and

their contemporaries.

14

ence

of the Greek
were
an

erotic

romances

cannot

be

over-emphasized.
the sentimental
at

They
and
same

incentive

to

the of

cultivation of
life and

artificialin all time

phases

literature,and

the

content, they served as models in structure, style, diately which immeand spirit, for those seventeenth century romances Barbauld'* Mrs. As preceded the novel of manners. in discussing Richardson's commented sors predecessuggestively
"

If

we

were

to

search

among
to

the treasures modem

of

ancient should and

literature for fiction similar find

none
more

the

novel, we

closelyresembling it than
The Arcadian

'Theagenes

Chariclea.^ " Romances**

popular of seventeenth century romances the Arcadia of Sir Philip Sidney, which, though first was printedin 1590, was so widely read in our period that it very In this work consideration. Sidney properly calls for some Among
combined the

the most

chivalric and

Greek

narratives

in

manner

highly suggestiveof the heroic

he
was

romances.

To

put it briefly;

and to cycle for episodes,** for the design, a Heliodorus, Montemayor, and Sannazaro in which courtiers and ladies-in-waiting, semi-pastoral posing and in endless love scenes as figure shepherds shepherdesses, interspersedby duels, battles, and shipwrecks. Looking three significant features the later development, we toward note in the Arcadia: the shifting ward of the interest forfirst, from the adventures ensuing on the elopement,as in the Greek romances, with the wooing of the to those concerned of the characters to make heroine; secondly,the idealizing them courtier and the perfect perfect lady ; represent the and the the of Greek indirect of method thirdly, mingling
to
"

indebted

the Amadis

"

"

"

""TAe

Correspondence
Laetitia Barbaiild
a

of Samuel
London,
see :

Richardson, 1804, i. xi.

Countess Arcadia

Biographical Account, Arcadia, ed.

full summary

by Anna
""

For O.

detailed

discussion

The

of Pembroke's
und ihre

H.
,

Sommer,

K. Times

Brunhuber,

Die

NachlSufer, S. M.
a

Davis, Life and

of the
pp.
**

of Sir Philip Sidney, which

W. W.

contains and

Arcadia, and

Gregg, Pastoral
Bk.
out

Poetry

Pastoral

Drama,
of See
50.

142-154.

Sidney's indebtedness
has
been

to

1 1

of Herberay

des Essarts's and

translation

the Amadis also

a

pointed
The

by Brunhuber

by W.

V.

Moody.

note

in Upham,

French

Influence

in

English Literature, p.

16

Biondi

referred
"

to

Sidney
he
matter

as was

"the unable

Phoenix"
to

of

romance

writers,whose
to imitate."*^

Arcadia
a

translate but
are

hoped
more

As

of fact his

romances

far

in the of

manner

of the French

of Heliodorus adaptations

than

Sidney.
Imitations,strange
to

say,

were

not

very

numerous.

In

England
"after

about

the and

time
others of

of

the

of publication
to

the
own

Arcadia,

Greene, Lodge,
the

wrote,

borrow

their

phrase,

manner

Sir

Philip Sidney."
in
a

They imitated,
their works

and however, merely the externals,

few

years

During the seventeenth romances were given an Arcadian indebted authors were title and many to it for their episodes, gomery's there wias only one close imitation.The Countess of MontThis most Urania (1621), by Lady Mary Wroth. the but because invertebrate been reprinted has never romance authoress niece to Sir PhilipSidney,"it has received far was reprintedonly as century, although many
were

chapbooks.

"

more

attention than
were

it deserves.
or
own

The

other of

romances

of

the In

time

translations far
as

close

imitations

the

French.

short, so

our

fiction is concerned, the influence

althoughit remained a popularbook for so long, of Sidney's due in part, perhaps, is a negto the prestige name, ligible factor. Its vogue is interesting as showing that there cies already existed in English fiction characteristics and tendendisturbances that which, had it not been for the political checked have literary development, would in all probability that were later imported sort of romances produced the same
of the Arcadia from France. is

What

if any, influence,
matter
on

the Arcadia

had

on

the

continent

purely a

been made
to

of its influence

No study has conjecture.** French fiction, though its likeness

it has in
mon com-

for

D'Urf e's Astree, and with the heroic

the characteristics which

romances

offer

an

field interesting

for

speculation.
^

Preface

to his

romance

Donsella

Desterrada, which
of

appeared in English
Jusserand
copy

in 1635. ^In addition

to

the translations Cour

1624 and

1625, M.
that
a

cites the into

play; Mareschal's
edition of the of

Berg^re
was

(1640), mentions
the that

of

1605
the

Arcadia

in

Jesuit library that later Niceron,

Florian

came

possession
admired it.

Fouquet, and Bng. Novel,

states p. 279.

and

Chapelain

The

17

The

Euphuistic

Romances
romance,

The

other

great Elizabethan

the

Euphues^* of

John Lyly, is less obviouslyindebted to its chivalric and Greek predecessors. Indeed, in spiteof its romantic tone and style, realistic is it ifl^pnrpofift and-content that M. Jusserand so regards it as our first novel j^Lmanners.** Yet, to quote Dr. the plotalthough one Utter, who has analyzed it carefully, which could hardly fail of success if properly worked out" left was so undeveloped as to be scarcelydistinguishable
"
"

beneath

the other material under

which

it is burdened.

We

find all the

and

acter of charmachinery for development and analysis ground emotions standingidle, a complete absence of backsense

and and
manners

of

fact that would

reflect contemporary life

detail."** As a anything like specific of matter fact,Lyly cared nothing for his story and littlefor his characters ; his whole concern to teach by precept and was example the ladies and gentlemen of Elizabeth's court how to In the Arcadia behave accordingto the latest Italian fashion. there is a somewhat similar didactic element, in that Sidney But there is a interested in the "perfect courtier." was fundamental difference between the two; cerned conSidney was with with
the

Platonic
are

ideal in which

details
was

of manners,
a

dress, and

language
in which
"

accessories, Lyly
make

writmg
In

duct-book con-

manners

the man."

qualityof
It

his didacticism

Lyly

the tical pracardson. Richresembles closely familiar with

the
was

does

not

follow

that the latter

was

Euphues;
almost

for by 1740 Lyly's work fact,it is unlikely, forgotten, only one edition,and that moralized

in

and

abridged,being printedbetween
Pamela.**
'"The
** *

1637

and

the

of publication
a

The

very

features which
Lyly.
Ed.
p. 123

gave

it such

vogue

at

Works

of John

W.
sq,

Bond, vol. i.
Harvard

Jusserand, The
Robt

Bng. Nov,,

P. Utter, Studies

in the Origin of the English Novel See

Dissertation, 1906.
of Wyt,"

Unprinted.
makes

also, "Source

of Euphues; 'the anatomy

by S. L. WolflF in Mod.
133,

PhiloL,
of the

7,

577-85, April, 1910.

tion, connec-

^Jusserand, Ibid,, p.
but later. 3 it is doubtful

much

1716 edition in this

if it greatly influenced

Richardson

twenty-four

years

18

the

time

of

its
as

were publication

only so long
Philautus

the behavior

and
was

were

fashionable
to

transitory nature, for conversation of Euphues and And it in demand. although

of
a

it continued

be

reprinteduntil
to be

the

outbreak

of the Civil

.War,

long before 1625, when French at the court. Henrietta Maria made etiquette supreme and simplified Greene,*^Lodge, Munday and other Elizabethans,
it had ceased

authoritative

condensed

the

material,increased the
a

number

of

and incidents,

and exaggerated the striking These

after narratives,

brief

features of the style. superficial vogue, enjoyed popular favor as

In short,the situbefore dropping into oblivion. ation chapbooks*'* and the heroic romances: that of the Arcadia parallels have in embryo, characteristics and tendencies which we we find later in the idealistic novel of manners of the eighteenth century, and yet there is no ground for supposing that the latter developed from the former. There is,however, this

difference between
not

the two France

cases

; the novel

of Richardson

was

perfected in

and

then

but developed in translated, made

England, under
conduct

conditions which
of

of the realisticmaterial

the combining possible with the the chap-book and drama tradition.

book

and

romance

Political
1

and

Allegorical

Romances*'

romances allegorical were popular with the (educated throughout the seventeenth century, particularly so the first^sixl^u in a state 'during the country was years, when and social unrest. From the point of view of the of political historian they are unimportant, since they mark the literary form for purposes of satire and propadoptionof the romance aganda rather than any legitimate All the works development.
^

Political and

For

an

admirable

study of Greene, (1588)

by Greene

see

"

Robert

Greene

and

the

Italian
321-74.

Renaissance/'
^^Pandosto
1703;

by S. L. WolflF,Bnglische Studien, for 1907, by Greene

Amor
was

xxxrii.

printed in 1614, 1648, 1677, 1688, 1696, (1596), in 1606, 1607, 1611, i6z6" 1628,
by Lodge

Ciceronis

1639; Arbasto
159^1
^

by Greene

(1584), in 1626; Rosalynde Begley, Nova

(1590), in

1598, 1607, 1609, i6t2, 1623, 1634, 1642.

more

For

detailed and

discussion

see

Solyma, ii,pp. 366-400.

the

Ideal Empires

Republics (Universal Classics Library, 1901), contains

with
an

Utopia and New

Atlantis

introduction

by C. M. Andrews.

19

with
one

which of
two

we

are

concerned ideal
a

in this cursory

survey

fall into

groups:

"voyage imag^naire" is
The
ideal

(of which variety)and allegories.

with their various theories

commonwealths

the

commonwealths,

for

mankind, belong more benefiting properly to the historyof political since, in most theory than to that of prose fiction, there is no plot, love theme, no characterization, instances, no like the and littleaction. As the name these romances, implies, pastorals, depicted ideal conditions,but unlike the pastorals, and with the theories of government, religion, concerned were would assumed eliminate injustice, industry,which it was the happi* impiety, poverty, and all other evils. By depicting of peopleliving under the proposed conditions, the authors ness sought to bring about certain reforms or to abolish abuses. the writers too often resorted to satire and to Unfortunately, of vice. minute description After the Restoration, the form utilized in such compilations of scandal as Mrs. Manley's was Persons Memoirs of Some of Both Sexes, from the New Atalantis and Mrs. Haywood's Memoirs of an Island Adjacent to Utopia. The the best, and always the most earliest, popular ideal of English authorship, is the Utopia of Sir commonwealth More. The original Thomas Latin edition appeared in 1518,** in 1551, Ralph Robinson and turned it into the vernacular. The earliest imitation by an English writer seems to have been Alter et Idem,^^ attributed to Joseph Hall, which, the Mundus although entered on the Stationers^ Registeras earlyas 1605, did not until 1607. It is an inferior Latin work, appear in the mediaeval mandescribing in satirical vein and
*

Pt

was

reprinted in that language, if

times and which

we

include
it
was

the continental

editions,

at

least eleven

by 1700.

In
in

1551,

translated three

into English by

Ralph Robinson
1639"
besides

reprinted
it
was

the

vernacular

turned

into German,

times^i597, 1624, French, Dutch and Italian,

made their way into

provoking imitations England.

'^

in those

countries,which
Terra Australis

in turn

Mundus

alter et

idem

sive

ante

hoc

semper
Auth,
was a

incognita
Mercurio German

longis itineribus Brittanico, 2

translation in

peregrini Academici
and Cf.

nuperrime
Solyma,

lustrata, There

eds., Hanover
161 3.

Frankfurt, 1607.

Begley, Nova

iii. 389.

20

ner

the the

countries like.
It
as

and
was

translated

description of the English Mercury.

of travel

"Crapulia/' "Viraginia," "Lavernia," enjoyed considerable favor and, in 1609, The World, or, a Discovery of a Newe South By an Indies; hitherto unknown.
of
The title reflects the influence
so

of the books
were

and
and

discovery,then
more

numerous.

Imitations

original. Psittacorum tion Regio. The Land of Parrots or the Shetlands,with a descripof of other strange adjacent countries in the Dominions the Prince de V Amour (1669), The Travels of Don Francisco the de Quevedo through Terra Australis Incognita, discovering Laws, Customs of the South Indians (1684), and The scribe Paradise discovered Island of Content; or a new (1709) deof Hall. in the manner lands of license much Superior the New in the spirit of More, are and more to Hall's work Atlantis by Sir Francis Bacon, which was not publisheduntil ton 1627, and the Commonwecdth of Oceana^^ by James Harring(1657). The former which, like most of these romances is in the autobiographic form, starts out almost as promisingly with as Pilgrim's while, the narrative, Progress,and for a little adventures after they sailed from record of the ship's its exact but all too soon, it is submerged by Peru," holds the attention, of the the lengthy descriptions of the institutions and customs tions, imaginary commonwealth. Together with various continuaAtlantis was the New printed in 1660, 1670, 1676, and 1702, and very probably suggested to Mrs. Manley the title for Persons her Memoirs of some of both Sexes, from the New is Atalantis which appeared in 1709. Decidedlymore diverting in the Moone, by Domingo Gonsales,^^ the Man which appeared
coarser

satirical than

the

"

"^The party

Oceana
to
see

sets

forth

the
in

scheme

of government
at
a

Harrington and
death

his and

hoped

adopted
to

England
as

the time

of Cromwell's
too

is far too

practical

be regarded
as a romance.

Utopia and
and the

lacking

in narrative

interest to be classed "*/. e,, Francis work

was

Godwin, Bishop
In 1657, it with

of Llandaff after

later of Hereford. author's death and

The then
it supplied

not

published

until five years

was

pseudonymously. Bishop
and

reprinted and of

again in 1768, while

a

Wilkins

his title Discovery much India

New

World

in the Moon, for The

p.

Burton

(Nathaniel Crouch), with

of Guinea
and East

of the material

lish Eng4.)

Acquisitions

(1738).

(See supra,

21

cording 1638,in 1657,and again in 1728. It contains,acmaterial is and of deal a to Begley,a good picaresque his of Robinson Crusoe in having the hero and man predecessor To this work wrecked uninhabited island. on an Cyrano de in of the devices and material Bergerac is indebted for some and the Sun, Comical The History of the States of the Moon Defoe influenced which translated in 1687, directly romance, in the Consolidator (1705) and Swift in Gulliver^s Travels all the far last-mentioned work (1726). The surpasses vivid have been we romances consideringin narrative skill, excellence of literary and description,keen characterization, style,but it is so permeated by a satiric and unromantic affiliated it is so closely of presentation and in the method spirit, with the realistic pseudo-voyages that it can garded scarcelybe reideal commonwealth. a as representative Gulliver's Trari/els^^ belongs primarily to the province of

in London

in

satire.

To

quote Sir Walter

in vain.

Scott:

"No

word
ceases

drops
for
a

from

Gulliver's pen
the that

Where

his work in

moment
a

to satirize the vices of mankind

it becomes general,
courts

ture stricit

upon abandons of

and politics, parties, subjectof censure, follies of the

of

Britain ; where
a

it presents

livelypicture
or

the vices and

fashionable the

world,
form

of

the

vain which

pursuitsof philosophy,while
refer
to

parts of the narrative

a

the traveler's

own

adventures

ous humortheir

and

parody striking
minute their
woven

of the the

manners

of old voyagers,

dry
with

and

and style,

unimportant personal
incumbered."
Yet of
so

incidents

which satire
never

journalsare
into the
or

skilfully
narrative,
we

is the that it

warp

and the
"

woof

the

obtrudes

hinders
"

action,so that,as

all

know, children enjoy the

ulterior purpose. The

story

without

being aware
one

of any in

incidents follow

another

rapid
failing un-

succession,while the minute

and consistency,

arithmetical accuracy, detail,

with and
In

put, Brobdingnag, and

^^

homely comparisons to a less extent, Laputa

Nations and

which

Lilli-

the Counfour parts.

Travels Lemuel

into

Several

Remote
surgeon

of the
then
a

World.

By
2

Gulliver,firsta
of Jonathan

captain

of several

ships.

vols., 1726.
The Works

Swift, ed. Sir Walter

Scott

22

try of the Houyhnhnms,

real
as

are

described,make
The
fortuitous

them

as

cingly convinated, cre-

Crusoe's

island.

illusion of truth thus

is enhanced
structure

by the

unity

of

the

memoir

The of Gulliver's character. substantiality and plausiblycircumstantial,as style,too, straight-forward, ception. conduces matter-of-fact ship'ssurgeon, becomes to the dea is as plainand clear as that of But although the style concise Defoe "or Bunyan, it is less simple, less colloquial, more and nervous, and enlivened sarcasm by stinging ; in a word, it is and the
more

literary.
Swift's other works, the Tale
can

Of
that

of a Tub^^^
Like
not

is the

only one
of all

be fairly

called

narration.

Gulliver's Travels
so

it is

in this instance vehicle for satire,

as

much

mankind

of

the

three

representative Christian
Lutheran.
narrative
as

Churches:
is perhaps

and Catholic, Calvinistic,

As

satire,it

unexcelled, but
of the

as

three brothers

is told

good. The tale and as as plausibly, rapidly,

it is less

the adventures of Gulliver, but the incidents as are audaciously less interesting. The styleis remarkable for its are inherently

brilliance and
in the

extravagance.

Some

of the best passages in the

occur manner

which digressions and

Swift

inserted,much
more

of Scarron

than cleverly and either. The features that characterize the Tale of a Tub Gulliver's Travels ^the genius for narration, for seizingdramatic for keen characterization, for descripand possibilities, tive in the the Battle are Books, the phrase prominent of
" "

but managed far Fielding,

Journal

to

in the vivid,if Stella, in the many his other

on

not

very and

Polite Conrefined. narrative passages that master narrator

was

and versation,^^^ scattered he

was.

anecdotes works. prose the

through

Yet

Swift's influence satiric ends

in

fiction

not

great.
and his
new

He

perfected for
he

various

devices

tions sugges-

found
but he

the

mediocre

productions

of

ecessors, predterial ma-

contributed devices. His

to his successors

neither

nor

new

imitators

are

to be found

among

the
"^

satirists rather
A Tale

than
. .

among
an

the novelists.
of
a

As

Pilgrim's
the Ancient

of

Tub

with

Account

Battle

between
1704.

and

Modern

Books

in St. James's
in

Library,

London,
1738^

"^Polite

Conversation

Three

Dialogues,

24

for it in fiction, Argenis (1621).'^*Allegorywas nothing new similar and played a prominent part in Diana, Astrie But the social life of it from romances. Barclay extended and social life of all Europe, to the political some special group merely centeringthe interest upon his own country, France. certain and personages,' Some events says the translator, are tween, and easilyunmasked, others are uncertain, betwixt and beit were, and others are as purely imaginary. Of the
* *

first group

is of

Poliarchus, whom France;

of the

we

know
is

for

certain to be

Henry

IV

second

be Elizabeth

of

England

; of the third

Hyamsbe, supposed to is Argenis and the ladies

of the Court.' for Argenis. plotcenters around the love of Poliarchus It is a typicalGreek wrecked shipstory of imprisoned princesses, innumerable rivals. terspersed Inand nobles, gallantpirates, such as4he" Ability of some are sundry discourses, of a Theefe," "Discourse Men," "A Discourse on Lawyers, The

Counselors
"

and and

Advocates,"

"Discourse
on

of

Madness,"

and

on

Tribute
as

Impositionsof Kings
in which
an

well

comic Thus
we

scenes

Subjects,"as the peasants play a prominent

romance

their

part.

have

erotic

of

the Greek

type,

bearing an

acknowledged relation
on

to

and introducing, actuality

scenes

in the discourse

thieves

and

the comic

from

low

life,

the stock material The vogue which entered of alone

on

of realisticfiction. the
we

Argenis
are

was

tremendous.

In

England,
edition

with
was

concerned, although a

Latin

tion Registerin 1622 and a translation by Ben Jonson for Blount,in 1623,the earliest extant ediis the translation by KingesmillLong, which appeared in
wrote
a

the Stationers'

Ltisinius, Barclay
machinations and
1

Petronian

satire, called the Satyricon, against the

61

of the Jesuits. It appeared in three instalments (1603, i^5 resembles the con4), the last of which. Icon Animorum, somewhat temporary
rogue

Latin

verses,

He also wrote stories. an Apologia for this satire,some and, later in life,controversial pamphlets in favor of the Cf. R.

Catholic
"

Church." idea of the

as

Gamett,
may

D, have

N. been

B.

The

romance

suggested by the Cyropaedia of

no

Xenophon,
Argenis
current.

it is often the Greek

stated, but there is

or

strikinglikeness between
romances political

the then

and

work

any

of the

ntunerous

26

that 1625. Long's translation was followed by another version, condensations of Sir Robert Le Grys in 1629, and by reprints, in 1635, 1639, 1669 and and continuations 1674. In 1772, it retranslated and highlypraisedby Clara Reeve and as late was In as 1803, Coleridge referred to it in laudatory terms.** famous France, the Argents was followed by the almost equally which never Endymion of Gombauld acquired popularityin England. There were a few amateurish imitations in English, essential for a serious but the heavy Latinized styledeemed overwhelmed the authors that they failed to make so romance, tions clear either the plotor the allegory. Moreover, as these imitain nearlyall instances, written after the appearance were, of the heroic romances, the writers were further hampered by the most tryingto incorporate prominent features of the latter. First to appear the Icaria of John BisselP^ in 1637, a tiny was and not bearing Latin tome concerned with religious matters much to the Argents. Gloria and Narcissus similarity by an Honourable Personage" appeared in three installments,in 1653, 1654, 1655, and as a whole, in 1661, so that there must have been a continued interest on the part of the public. But find the endless loves of taste has changed since then, and we
"

Qoria, Narcissus, and

tedious references

their innumerable
and the

friends

and its

enemies,

produced Panthalia, a (Charles II) wins PanRoyal Romance, In thaUa the villain Cromwell. (England) from 1648, appeared Nova Solyma, a quaintmedley of romance, allegory, ideal commonwealth in pedantic Latin, which and first was translated and presented to the world as the work of John Milton*' by W. Begley in 1902.
writer

beyond endurance, to the wanderings of In 1659, an anonymous

in which

with allegory,

possible
for
jecture. con-

Charles

II, a

matter

Charicles

"" "

Notes

on

Barclay's ' Argenis/

Bissel of the also in Latin,

''Of Icaria the

"John
he wrote,

1803, Works, ed, Shedd, vii. 376. In addition the to Jesuits/' little is known.
an

"

account

of the Jesuit missionaries Hisioria Pericuhrum

under de

title Argonauticon

Americanorum

sive

Petri

Victoria, 1647.
*

In

"

Nova

Solyma

romance

attributed W. A. Neilson
at

to

John

Milton/'
Mr.

in

Mod,

Philol. for April, 1904, in detail and

i. 525,

Dr. the

refutes

Begley's arguments

discusses

romance

some

length.

26

of Fidelitie (1650) by John Reynolds" harks back in style to the Euphues and the Arcadia, but suggests even small thingswith great, the Faerie Queene. to compare more, forests and of Africa wander Three through the deserts princes tressed disafter rescuingmany in search of adventure, and finally, monsters, and withstanding damsels, overcoming many win three incomparable of the bower of bliss, the temptations and to their homes, where return they live righteously princesses Flower The and rule wisely for many was years. several times but never of the enjoyed the popularity reprinted author's God's Revenge againstMurder, a collection of tragic with Gildon tales which Pilgrim'sProgress and groups of Robinson Crusoe among the possessions every old woman." is a much The Aretina (1660) of Sir George Mackenzie closer copy of the Argenis. The author, in a rather diverting the well-known on plea that apologizedfor romances preface, moral but a means the story was for inculcating precepts, the of sugar coatingof the pill." This led him to an examination of his day which, in his opinion,failed, the romances either, of Amadis and Palmer)aithey because, like the old romances stuffed with thingsimpracticable," were or because,like the later works of Scudery, they were written in a "too soaring style." Both of these faults Mackenzie promised to avoid,
The
Flower
" " "

but the reader

and

will find the

combats,

the tourneys, the and

travels,
Aretina

Monanthropus, Megistus,Ophni, as or bewildering as those of Amadis improbable and the The brief Polexandre, style no nearer simplicity.
and *John
God's

the loves of

Reynolds, who
In

flourished he

between

1620

and

1640, travelled

sively exten-

in France.

1621

published the first part of The

execrable sinne

Revenge against the crying and Murther,

it
in
a

Triumphs of of {Wilfull and Pre"

the French, and in

meditated)

collection of tales translated

"

from

Z635 issued the complete six parts comprising

which form
was

in thirtytragicall* histories/'

often

reprinted. The
in his other

Flower
as an

of Fidelitie,which
Arcadian
was

he first I

published

1650, is generally described

imitation, but
French

imagine Reynolds in this, as

sources.

works,

drawing from
and

It

was

later called which He

The

Garden fourth
A

of Love

Royal Flowers

of

Fidelity, under
seventh of ". de in 1721.

title the

edition

also translated The D.

Treatise

appeared in 1693 and the of the Court from the French

Actions from the French

Refuge, and
Ct

Judgement
N. B.

of Humane

of L, de Marande.

27

Argents, much possessing through his romances, interspersed of Aretina. or merit, are the most interesting portions originality of the numerous The allegoryis difficultto trace, but in one
tales
or

novels

which

Mackenzie,

in imitation

of the

while not

essays

which that

the

author
to

"laced

upon

his

romance,"

he

plained ex-

England and Scotland. Beniivolio and Urania, a religiousromance by It was Nathaniel Ingelo,also appeared in 1660. reprintedin needed 1668, 1673, and 1684, the last time with a much gloss words mention for recondite and The of religious phrases. at once Progress,but this is to be allegories suggests Pilgrim's with the chapbooks and homilies and not with the associated romances. literary with the and allegorical On the whole, the political romances, exceptionof the Utopia,the New Atlantis,Gulliver's Travels, and the Argenis, have no literary value, and the last possesses littlevital interest. out not withas a class they were Neverthless, influence on later fiction. In the first place, an they made the element of actuality important,for unless the relation to^,^ and conditions was clear,the allegory contemporary manners and in the second place, and the satire lost all point, they were of two instrumental in the perfecting important devices, the imaginaire and the foreignobserver. voyage
" "

it referred

the relations between

The All

Heroic

Romances*"

the
"

romances

of the seventeenth

century
with the
"

are

commonly
should be

styled heroic,"but speakingmore

confined to those narratives
that is to
on

the strictly,

term

informed

heroic and
"

temper,"
are

say,
a

those

in which
to

the characters

events

images action are raised above the life."'^ The most perfectexamples works of La Calprenede and the Scuderys, the well-known are
idealized

largescale,or,

quote Dryden,

the

and

""

For

further im Thos.

discussion

sec

P. H. Kocrting, Geschickte Le de

des Fran*dsichen
au

Romans

XVII F.

Jahrhundert, A,
Crane,
Les Hiros

Breton,
Roman.

Le

Roman

dixseptiime
La

siMe,

Introduction,
von

SociStS

Frangaise du
same
"*

dix-septUme
in Frankreich.
on

Steele,and

M.

F.

Waldberg,

Der

empfind-

Roman

J. Dryden, Essay

Heroic

Plays, ed. W.

P. Ker, i. 48.

28

which

afford the best

account

means

of

studying the type. Any

heroic
romances
or

tailed deany

of

the

origin of the

of analysis

works particular

is unnecessary,

but

edge knowlslight

essential for a proper history is practically understandingof their characteristics and of their significance in the development of the modern novel. According to Professor Koerting,the heroic romance passed the Astrie foundation was (c. through three stages. The written after the d'Urfe somewhat 1610-1627) of Honore of Montemayor, and combining, like Diana, elements manner of their
from conduct the

Greek,

chivalric from

and

pastoral
a

romances,
more or

ideals

of

derived

and Castiglione,

less vague the

of the allegory

social life at court. has

a

It somewhat

resembles

and is more larger pastoral element elaborate and carefully Gomberville's wrought.** Then came Polexandre Koerting regards as the (1637), which Professor first genuine heroic romance. Gomberville rejectedmost of

Arcadia, but

the

pastoral material

and

much

of the delicate

stituting sentiment, suband

a

in their stead

wanderings

in strange countries
structure

spiritof braggadocio. He followed the Greek utilized its devices,but otherwise his romance,

and

with
manner

its hero and

of virtu strugglingfor The of Amadis, spirit

of the genre
was

love second

and and

glory,is

in the

final step in the

perfecting

by La Calprenede,who combined all the features of the courtlyAstrie with the heroic adventures of Polexandre, and utilized as a setting, the glamour-covered mediaeval of classical and antiquity. His Cassandra ages (c. 1658), (c. 1647), Cleopatre (c. 1648), and Pharamond Koerting ranks as the most 'perfect examples of the heroic the works of the Scuderys began the period With romance. of decadence. The Grand (c. Cyrus (c. 1649), Almahide little the of CUlie from and romances 1652), (c. 1656) differ La Calprenede, and style, but the over-refinement of sentiment the far-fetched political the long interspersed allusions, essays, and the close representations of the salons of the precieuses, made them an easy subjectfor under the thin veil of romance,
taken

ridicule.
""

The

Astrie

combines

all the elements practically Roman Sentimental

in the different types

of
sq.

narratives.

Cf. Reynier, Le

avant

V Astrie, p. 150

29

With
the

the actual content

of the

romances

"

^thepseudo-history,
under

feigned are not ^we are concerned, we names regarding tiiem this solelywith respect to the English development. From the recogpointof view, there are five importantfeatures : first, nition of the romance with f orm classical as a dignified literary
the episodes,
"

actual personages

concealed

the

since

models

from

which

rules could

be drawn

tion second, the derivaof which

have

from influenced

those

models

of certain canons,

some

fiction to the present day; third,the creation of a is modifications, type of hero and heroine which, with slight with us still; fourth,the predominance given to sentiment ; and
fifth and well of
as

the emphasis laid last,

a

upon

pure,

moral

story

as

on

didactic purpose.

Each

of these

a word requires

explanation.
The
new

respect with
the

which

romances

were

taste for prose prevailing the social and literary of the authors and of the Hotel prestige de Rambouillet, under the auspicesof which the heroic romances accorded to the to the esteem were written,and partly ancients." D'Urfe, La CalGreek romances, works of the as patterned their prenede and Mile, de Scudery**all consciously after Heliodorus, whom romances they regarded in much the much And same lightas the playwrightsregarded Seneca. the unconsciously, dramatists, both as consciously and the writers of prose narratives utilized the indigenous material, mantic incorporatedelements from the chivalric stories and the rotinction epics. Be it noted in this connection,that little dis-

due

partlyto

regarded was fiction, partlyto

"

was

drawn much

between

prose

and

poetry, a fact which

Huet**

counts ac-

for
*"

extravagance.

Bishop
pours
mes

regarded the
rimortel
et

J'ai pris et je prendray toujours

et

uniques modelles
que
to
comme

Heltodore
sculs

le Grand

Urfey.
Mile,

Ce de

sont

les seuls maistres

j'imite

les

qu'il faut imiter."

Ta

Scud6ry, Introduction
sujet,
p. 380.

Cyrus,
en

"Heliodore rcste."
""

surpass^ dans
des

la dispositiondu

tout

le

Huet, VOrigine

Romans,
p.

Huet, VOrigine
sont

des Romans,

348,

"

Ce

que

Ton

appelle proprement
"crites
en

romans,
avec

des

histoires feintes d'aventures Tinstruction des

amoureuses,

prose

art, pour

le plaisir et
les

lecteurs.

Je dis des

histoires

feintes/pour
amoureuses,

distinguer des
I'amour

histoires

v^ritables.

J'ajoute d'aventures
roman.

parceque

doit etre le principalsujet du

II faut

30

use

of prose

or

poetry
in

as

matter

of fashion. writes
heroic

"

Heywood/'*'
"

in

Biondi's translating the French

and the

Eromena,

of

Heliodorian
were

poesie"; Dryden,
based
on

the discussing

plays which
of
"

romances,

discusses the laws

an

an

heroic

poem";
was

Pharotmida,
under

epic poem
between

by Chamberlayne,
or

turned

into prose

the

title Eromena

the Noble and

verse

Stranger (1683). The

narrative
was

distinction

prose

not

made

until the rise of the realisticstory at in fact the confusion lasted down
to

the end of the century, and the time of Scott.

From the

Greek

romances,

as

has been

said,were
were

derived

the

canons are

First, he laid down the law, which has since become love is an axiom, that the principal subjectof romance"; second, that the "history" be feigned, rule to which. littleattention was must not real, a
Huet.
"

They

to which according admirably stated by Bishop

the later works

constructed.

but which later was paid by realists of the next generation, of accepted;third,that the purpose is to teach the principles right livingby rewarding virtue and punishing vice; and of the fable must follow certain fourth, that the presentation rules. These rules merely summed for up the Greek method attaining surprise, etc., and fell into oblivion with suspense, the heroic
romances.

The
in the

most matter

importantdeviation
of the hero and

from

the Greek The

romances

was

heroine.
not

passive Greek
to the
was was

hero, devoted
and ideal,
on

solelyto love, did

the other

conform

Western
too

hand,

the chivalric hero

; so
a

devoted

fame to military exclusively

qu'elles soient ecrites
il faut
ce sera en

compromise
conformes
sous sans

effected
ce

by

prose,
avec

pour
art

etre

k I'usage de

si^cle ;

qu'elles soient Writes

un

et
et

de certaines beauts.
se

regies,autrement
fin principale des
proposer
ceux

amas

confus,
moins
est

sans

ordre

La

romans,

ou

du

celle qui le doit etre, et que Tinstruction

et

doivent

qui les composent,

voir la vertu
**

faut toujours faire des lecteurs, k qui il'

"

couronn6e
au

le vice puni

(page 348').
pour

Les

romans,

contraire, ont
que

Tamour incident.
"
"

sujet principalet
romans

ne

traitent

la politique et la guerre
car

par

Je parle des
bien moins

r6guliers;
que

la.pluspartdes vieux
350,
"

romans

"

sont

amoureux

mili-

taires," p.
See

bibliography under

Eromena,

1632.

32

Such
way

were

the celebrated

heroic

romances

which

made

their

and were at the England during the Protectorate during the height of fashion, to judge by the translations, well-known reignof Charles II. They were, in all probability, to before the English versions appeared, for the aristocracy, familiar with French whom these romances as were appealed, with English, and furthermore, the country gentry and as
into circles like those of the
"

matchless

Orinda
upon

"

and

the Duchess

reading the original.** exercises by noble of two The translations were sorts ; literary for the bourgeoisie made for fame, and redactions aspirants hacks and indigent"persons of quality." In by publishers' often condensed. both cases the text was According to M. reduced Charlanne, Polexandre was by three books, and the in which La Calprenede and Mile, de prefaces and epistles that cut out, so ruthlessly Scudery aired their theories were bare and of the same the story stood in the words authority, The kind."^* of any dry without ornament too, was style, often so execrable that Dorothy Osborne's scathingcriticism^^ was quitejustified.
of Newcastle,

prided themselves

"

"

I have

no

for these translations of patienceneither, and L'illustre Bassa them both

;
so

romances. am

I met

with

Polexander

disguised that I, who

their old

acquaintance, hardly knew

in

besides

words
to

and make
see

phrases

that 'twas

French that, they are still so much that understands not impossible for one If poor Prazimene
my

French I would such

anything of them.
her for the world.
person
...

be in the Monmouth

same or

dress,
some

not

Is it not

Lord ?
"

formidable

that gives her to the world

Poor
read.

as

they

were,

however, the translations

were

widely

ducing belongs the honor of first introinto English with his version of Gomthese romances in 1647. Five years elapsed before any berville'sPolexandre further translations appeared, then in 1652, came Loveday's version of the first part of Cleopatre under the title of Hymen's Praehidia, or Love's Masterpiece,parts two to seven came To William Browne
"Cf. and
"^ "

Charlanne, V Influence Frangaise

The French

en

Angleterre

au

XV

11^

SHcle,

Upham,
Letters

Influence in English Literature,

Charlanne,

Ibid,, p. 380.
to

from Dorothy Osborne

Sir William

Temple, ed. E. A, Parry,

London,

1888, pp. i6o~6i.

88

and eight not till 1658, ensuing year, but parts seven the three remaining parts not till 1665, and the whole was not printed togethertill 1671. In 1652, there also appeared and of Cassander, King of Macedon, translations of Ibrahim rendered into English by an Honourable elegantly Personage, of which the a better known version,by Sir Charles Cotterel,
out

the

friend

of
or

the Le

"matchless

Orinda,"

is

dated

1661.

Arto

Cyrus followed in 1653, and we find it advertised in the Term Cataloguesfor 1691. Three years later, in 1656, appeared Cleila,a Historic Romance rendered by de Davies and Havers. In 1660,was printedPierre Hortigue's in and Milt(Mi's nephew, perScipion, 1677, John Phillips, formed the feat of translating both the Almahide and Phara^ In addition to these long romances, mond. heroic there were conversations and harangues of which famous the most are those of Mile. Scudery;^* and short romances, which on the of their brevity, often styled novels." score Such, for were example, are Fatal Prudence, or, Democrates, the Unfortunate Hero (1679), Meroveus, Son of ChilpericL (1682), and cidedly Queen of Norway (1721). The last two are deIldegerte, in the conceptionof the plotand in above the average the delineation of character. The women are remarkably of the Greek heroines' strong, and, although possessingnone of intellect, the leaders in coimcil and in action. are subtlety
mine,
"

Grand

Numerous

imitations

were more :

to

be

expected, and
half
or. The
a

it is therefore

surprisingthat
romances can on

not

than

dozen

be

so

classed

Eromena,

Noble

English Stranger,

Chamberlayne's Pharonnida (1683) ; Cloria and Narcissus (1633-54-55-61); Parthenissa (1654-69); Panthalia (1659); Birinthia (1664); ArePina (1661); Pandion and Amphigenia (1665); Celenia (1723). Of these, Cloria, and Aretina are political have Panthalia, as well,and allegories been discussed under that category ; while Pandion, not being markedly "heroic," belongs rather with the miscellaneous
romances.

founded

Of

the

remaining works, Parthenissa

and consecrated The
to

alone attained

^A

Triumphant
Sex, translated

Arch, erected

the Glory of the Feminine

by

"

J. B./' 1654, and

trs.

Female

Orator, or the Courage

and

Constancy of Women,

1713.

34

due more a success celebrity, author, Roger Boyle, better known any the

to
as

the

prominence of the than to Lord Broghill,

who would
of

merits
more

of the

romance.

The

curious
and

like to

know
romances

in detail the content

structure

these folio
their in
to

with

which

noble
a

ladies whiled

away

leisure hours, will find

A. As for

full summary
can

of Parthenissa
do
no

long pendix Ap-

we criticism,

better than

quote

that of
"

Boyle'scontemporary, Dorothy Osborne.^'

language ; you
you
were

'Tis handsome

would

know

it to be writ the whole resemblance

'

by
I
am

person
not

of

good qualitythough
taken other with it.

not

told it ; but, on
too
or
'

much of
are
"

All the

stories have
new
.

near

with

those

romances,

there is nothing
no

suprenent

in them

; the ladies

all so kind they make

'tis affected.

sport. is

Another word

fault I find,too, in the style with

'Ambitioned' 'of great

great

him, and
than
to
one

'ignore';

my

'concern,'
and

or

concern', it
his people say
'

seems

is properer

concernment;

though
are

he

makes and the than

'

handsome

things
take

another, yet
a a

they

not most

easy

naive

'

like the French, and that

one

there
to

is be

little harshness fault

worse

in translator

of

discourse of
an

would

of

rather

author.
'

But that

perhaps I like it the

I
am

for

having

piece of the

Cyrus

by

me

hugely pleased with."

Eromena
on

is less heroic and

the French
"

to

erotic romances, raise the characters above The

in many modelled is closely ways yet there is a deliberate attempt

and the life," the much
to

doctrines. Eromena
is

plot

of

Spartan
is hidden

lord

ist expound royalsearching for

ing concernmass

with interspersed and

irrelevant matter
in
a

the Turks

Christians and

of intricate

diction.
as

in the in

anchor

and at its best, language is very figurative, of the heroine's passions as lying "at description the safe haven of serene not without thoughts,"^*
more

The

charm; but
fell from
^Letters
p. 228,

often
"

it is

strained,as
Truth
to

in "Rivers

of

tears sweet

her fair eyes

f^

"

and
William

Innocence

smelt
E. A.

from Dorothy Osborne

**

Sir

Temple, ed.
a romance

Parry,

She

also asks if it is

true

that Waller

is writing
"

concerning

the Civil Wars, and Monmouth

""

Lord

translated

No such works Saye a something t known. are (1641-46) Biondi's History of the English Civil Wars,

e"

Wars

of the Roses.

Possibly rumor Stranger.

confused

this with

romance

templated con-

by Waller.
^* ^

Eromena;

or,

the Noble

London, 1683,

p. 50.

Ibid., p. 60.

85

and

grateful

in

the

nostrils of air."'^
more

all";^* "her

prayers

and

shrieks fillall the ambient Birinthea shorter

Birinthea
are,

is open

than

censure. Although stringent of the loves Parthenissa, Cyraeres, Cyrus, and

to even

with

the interwoven
more

story of

Arspe
that

and

Panthea,

if

even an)rthing,

bewilderingthan

those of
"if

opening statement had not come and surprisedthem the battle had not been so res" is and ended," the reader is plunged "in medias soon whirled through inntmierable battles,duels, shipwrecks, and Celenia without what it is all about. kidnappings, discovering is a very still characters inferior piece of work. The are but their motives the heroic scale, less pure, are on ostensibly their ambition less worthy, and the general tone vulgar ^itis Parin its decadence. Like decidedly the heroic romance with long discourses thenissa and Eromena, it is interspersed and references to current The on politics. government ence presof allegoryand allusions to contemporary and persons is highly probable in all these romances, for it was events a Moreover, Boyle in strikingfeature of the French models. stand his dedication to Lady Northumberland, gives us to under"

characters.

With

the

Boyle's the night

that

Parthenissa
pen could
no

resembles

his her

patroness in
beauties."

so

far
on

as

his "feeble
other

portray
in any
more

But
that in the

the

hand, there is
were

contemporary

evidence

personal
case

allusions

intended this is the

instance, and
at

of

Parthenissa

remarkable, since

Osborne,
not

who

discussed

the

romance

reputationat
-so

least,the
as

much

hint at
the

societywhich such a thing.

heroic
romances

Dorothy by did Boyle frequented, length and

knew
cannot

The

influence of

be

measured

the merely by the translations and imitations. They were of those literary coteries^* that surrounded the inspiration Duchess of Newcastle and Mrs. Katherine bers, Philips. The memclassical exercised romantic with a names ring, assuming '^Ibid,,V'34.
"

Cf. Upham,

The

French

Influence

in

English Literature, p.
sq.

333

sq,, and

Gosse, Seventeenth

Century

Studies, p. 206

86

in the manner of the exchanging elegantepistles and Poliarchus Orinda" "matchless (Sir Charles Cotterel). herself contributed Mrs. Philips but nothing to prose narrative, rel influence that Cotteundoubtedly it was under her stimulating and Davies made and that Boyle wrote their translations,

their wits

in

Parthenissa.

The

Duchess

of Newcastle,
to

on

the other

hand,
does is

reflects their influence

whole

story of this
Her

directly, since, lady is a romance

however,

quote
and

Pepys, "the exception of

all she the

romantic." The

narratives

with

discussion of them so Blazing World, are not romances, will be postponed.''* founded on episodes in the romances: Many plays were from taken Almahide, was Dryden's Conquest of Grenada the Great and Bower's of that name, from the romance Cyrus Mrs. Behn's The Young King from Cleopatra. References
to the romances

abound
in
"

in essays

and
""*

diaries.

Addison,
"

in his

mentions : Cassandra, Library Cleopatra, Astraea, the Grand Cyrus, with a pin stuck in one of the middle pages, and Clelia which opened of itself in the place that describes two lovers in a bower." Dorothy Osborne has been quoted sufiiciently much she enjoyed, how to show and Mrs. withal, how keenly she criticized the romances. also partialto them, and from her husband Pepys was we learn that "she till twelve sat up reading Great Cyrus "^^' and that on another occasion she was greatlytroubled by his In her long stories out of Gran4 Cyrus, which checking her she would tell, though nothing to the point nor in any good manner."*! And late as 1752, they were as finally, sufficiently popular to give point to Charlotte Lennox's satire, the Female Quixote.
"

list of books

Leonora's

Thus of

La

factor

nearly a hundred years the long French romances Calprenede and Mile, de Scudery were an important in English fiction. Much of the minute analysisof
conventional
sq, 37;
see

for

passion,of the
^

of the didacticism,

detailed

descrip-

Infra, p. laS

^Spectator, No
'^

also Steele, The

Tender

Husband,

1705.

Diary of Samuel
p.

Pepys, Globe
for May
12,

ed., London,
1666.

1905,

p. 59, entry

for Dec

7,

1660;

381, entry

87

tion of
of the

manners

and

dress,of
structure
can

and the reflective sentimentalism,

so

complicated
"

eighteenthcentury,
so

unreal, so

prominent in the works of be traced directly to the heroic tedious,so patiently wrought."**
Romances
we

the
mances, ro-

Miscellaneous In addition to the

romances

there considering, of short miscellaneous narratives, a largenumber were dealing romantic less romantic, in a with material more or spirit. elaborations of than Some of these were more no episodesin but the longer works of romantic novelle, modernizations or others differed materially.In the earlier years, the sixteenth the Diana such of Montemayor, the as century pastorals, FaithfulShepherd of Guarini, the Galatea of Cervantes, and du Mont-Sacre, enjoyed The Pastorals of Julietta^* of OUenix in mild a They were superseded by short romances vogue. which episodesfrom Moorish or wild adventure history among "Moslems" the the most played important part. The Moors early figured in Spanish narratives, but a very aroused keener interest was History of the by the romantic Civil Wars incidents new of Granada^* which suppliedmany have

been

and

much of

information fiction
were

about
not

the slow

customs to

of

Moorish

life.

Writers
value

of the Moorish

and setting,

in Almahide, the substituting, of classical antiquity. Of the numerous short works wars dealingwith this and other material,it will suffice to mention few suggestive titles chosen from list numbering nearly a a
one

perceivethe picturesque find Mile, de Scudery we for the Conquest of Granada

hundred.
Raleigh, The

modelled Closely
English Novel,

after

the

Greek

pattern

are

"W.
^Les

1894, p. 105.
was

1 585-1 598, Bergeries de Juliette,

translated

in 1607

as

The

Pas-

toralles of Julietta by Gervase Robert Tofte in x6io. The French Guerras

Markham,

and

again
bear

as

Honour's

Academy
to

by
the

latter is said to Literature Civiles

de

small

resemblance

original. Cf. Upham,

**Historia Gin^s Perez de de
las

in England, p. 367.

Granada, presumably
of which

the

work

of

Hita

(c. 1604), frcic versions

century.

appeared

in France

early in the seventeenth

38

Persiles and
de time those

Sigismunda by Cervantes, Ariana^ Saint-Sorlin,an interesting attempt to set

of

by
a

Desmarets

story in the
Of
be role may

Nero,
The

and

the cumbersome
"

Dianea^^

of Loredano.

in which

the

Moslems

"

play a prominent
The Chaste

mentioned

Liberal
de

Lover,^''by Cervantes, The

Slave, by Gabriel
Ibraham
A
a

Bremond,**

Happy and Seraglian,

Bassa

of Buda.
romances"*

series of three

by the Italian Biondi combine

with
as

little of this of such

same

element picturesque

the

more

tures salient feaand

sentimental
time with the

romances

Arnalte

Lucenda,

and

at

the

reflect the
and

the

narrative
an

sermons

growing tendencyto weight political theory. To how

didactic purpose features of the Greek
and
to

large
had

extent to

come

feigned personages be regarded as essential

be

romances,
"

may

inferred
"

from

the

translator's reference

Heliodorian

poetical way
"For Heros
a

of poetizing that historical way or poesie as of historizing in the fained seeming, or displaying
and discussion of Ariana
see

"

full summary

the

Preface It
was

to

Les

de Roman,

ed. T. F. Crane, Athenaeum

Press, 1907.

translated

in 1634. "Translated "This

"

in 1654 by Sir Aston first translated de Bremond

Cokain*

was

in 1640.
an

Gabri"l

occupies such
has
in

insignificant place in French

to

ature liter-

that little attention

was

been

devoted and

him.

While
remained

still a youth he for the

rest

forced life.

to

seek

refuge
Galant

Holland date
ou

there

of

his

His

numerous

works
escroc

between
le Faux

1676
Cotnte Marie d'une

and Brion de

1708.

Hattigi,
in de

appeared in 1676,
gie
ou

Le

in 1677, Apoh-

les

Viritahles
ou

MStnoires
les Aventures

de

Madame Amoureuses

Mancini

1678,
Cocu

MSmoirs
in

galants
a

Personne The

QualitS

1680, and

version

of Gutman
ou

d'Alfarache
du

in 1695. Sieur
de

Double

and
are rousse.

the Heureux attributed

to

Esclave him.
to

les Aventures Dictionnaire

la Martinikre
du

1708,

Grand the

Universel

xix

Steele,Lathe plexed Per-

According Prince, are

English

translations,The

Pilgrim and

by Bremond.
Love and
romance

"

Eromena

or a

Revenge, Donsella
Fry)
"

Desterrada,

or

the Banished

Virgin, Coralho, Thompson

the

new

in three hooks, translated

to

in 1632, 1635 and

1655 respectivelyby (according

Jasper Heywood."
died
not

According
It follows the

to

Cooper, D. Heywood
it
seems

N. of

B., Jasper Heywood

in 1598. have
on on

that
mances, ro-

Jasper
and

literary repute
to

could

translated the his

wiser
to

identify the "J. H."

Howell
wrote
a

title-pagewith
translation of

the

James

Howard Oct.

whom
see

letter

Eromena,

6, 1632,

Familiar

Letters, ed. I. Jacobs, I.,329^

40

the and the style, rhetorical,

most

ornate

and

fantastic

able. imagin-

Cyprian Academy (1647), by Robert Baron dedicated to "the Super-eminent Paragon of Art and Literature, the trulynoble James Howell ""* is very short,the three books and the masques at the close of each being comprised within one
The hundred and of
octavo

pages. and
as

The

loves

of Flaminius their

and

Qarinda
in

Arabella
romances

Lycidas have
Pandion
y

prototypes

such

(1599) and VHistoire de PoHphUe et de Damis des Amours (i6o2).** Pandion and Amphigenia; or the Coy Lady of Thessaly (1666) by John is longer and shows traces of the heroic element, but Crowne
French Yonice
is indebted
to

the

Arcadia

for its "chief like all the

"

beauties."
fashionable
an

In the
young
"

divertingpreface Crowne,
writers,informs
is indeed he
assures
"

us

that this

trifling product of

idle hour

to

but on the other hand for lame conceits," hospital it is no jay trickt up in others feathers nor us injay popBut, alas, scarcelyis there an parrate others wit"
a
"

incident
source!

or

(1661), judging from the remarks of Dunlop,** is a similar piece of fiction. In all three romances the styleis the most strikingfeature, and probably the greatest pleasureof the readers was derived from the eleganceof the diction and the subtlety of the conceits.
A errand person
was

effective passage that cannot The Eliana of John Pordage

be

traced to another

not

killed,but "was
the

sent

to

fetch

an

in the dust," did not difficultto maintain

in the

die,but "acted his

It

was

epilogue." pitch of elegance attained by

life's

following quotation, but how ludicrous the effect could be when the author permitted himself to mingle his affected phraseology with colloquial directness is illustrated in from the ensuing one The Cyprian Academy.
**

Crowne

Robert
was a

Baron, famous,
student
or was

or

infamous and

for his plagiarisms,was

bom he

1630.

He

at

Cambridge Cyprian

Gray's Inn.
and
a c.

In

1647

published Castalia, Hegio, and

'E^oracyvcov:
in
verse.

the

Academy,
of Mirsa:

1650,

Pocula
et

He Dona,
an

also author

tragedy;

Gripus
Roman
to

Deorum **For
avant
""

Cf, Joseph Knight, D. N. B.

of these French
romances see

account

Le

Sentimental

L'AstrSe

by Gustave

Reynier, particularlypp. 188 Fiction, ii. 563.

198.

Dunlop, History of Prose

41

"

And
to

further

he craved

of her, that since it was

not

her pleasure so
were

much
cast
an

as

imparadise his form

upon

in her thoughts (for her eyes

something
to

aside

the
creature

wall, showing
the

inanimate

a lofty kind of humility) but object of his envy, that yet she would

make

permit his
of his love inscribe from its her

lips as
upon

Pilgrims from
her

his heart
pure

to

sacrifice the pure of

pureness,

oblations there
to

hand, that

shrine

and

image, that the beauties

of her hand

might challenge remembrance

and the most

thoughts, of the humblest

to

of her servants,

passionatelydevoted unwilling lady] yonder Petitoes

at
so

her

princely vertucs,"
saluted him

"Flaminius with

[the knight carrying off the

that thou hast subdued will not also before
my

this challenge. It sufficeth not and

of Mars,
a

captivated their Lady, Fortune

that you

sell her
you

under

rate, it remaineth of
our

vanquish
to

me

enjoy her, the

at

wager

contention, in whose

defense

sword

(blushing
to

thy

impieties) shall strike thy soul

hose with

Erebus,

and

compell thee
chastise

garter
to

thy
this

thy gutts.

The

strange it
a no

Knight coyned this proud reply

hard taske
to

unexpected
I take thee

defy;
for
no

I conceive

thy insolency,for

other

than

body

animated

by

gration, Pythagorean Transmieven now

with seek
new

one

of those

cowardly souls which

I have

sent

to

lodgings."

products a Spanish setting and complicatedintrigue. In Diana, Duchess of Mantua, or the Persecuted Lover (1678), R. Carleton reverted to the
The
romances
we

four other

have

to consider

are

of

later

period and

reflect the taste

for the

sentimental he

romance

of

the sixteenth

century, but

nately unfortu-

adopted the Cliinese box system of narration,which makes and it impossibleto disentangle the story of Diana Frederick. There are some remarkably good comic scenes, modelled no doubt after those in the Argenis. The peasant's he found of the lady whom of the murder dead account as similes and as a red herring" is in its simple diction, coarse and contrasts repetition, loquacious sharplywith very realistic, the rest of the romance. In Taxila, or Love preferredbefore Duty (1692) by W. D., Gent.," the not unusual theme of a of her steppersecuted princess refusingthe favorite son mother for a poor courtier is given an oriental setting. Much than either Diana Taxila is more or interesting Cynthia; with the TragicalLoves of Almerin and Desdemona, advertised in the Term for May, 1687, as Done Catalogues by an English Hand." Evidently it long remained in favor. The undated edition in the Bodleian is called the "eighth,"
" " "

42

England publisher eighteenth century a New it oflf American as an production.** The passed original Heliodorian story of "C)mthia" is quite subordinated to that which and of Almerin is told by Almeryn to Desdemona of his carried off in one he has C3mthia and her lover,whom the expeditions. His story resembles in many piratical ways The cloak and sword order, especially Spanish tales of the of love The plotis the usual one Liberal Lover of Cervantes.
and in the late
"
"

contrary
hero and

to

the

commands

the consequent

of parents, the desertion The suicide of the heroine.

of
use

the

of

For example, the following feature. interesting immediatelyprecedesthe discoveryof the clandestine passage in the hero's imprisonment and resulted attachment which

portents is an

his consequent
"In mind
cause

desertion
my

of

the heroine.
to

my

way

homeward sad and On

my

spiritsbegan
I found

became
I had
a

melancholy,
the sudden
way,
over

dull and heavy, fearful, myself yet knew

grow

my
no

to

fear.

three drops of blood

a

distilled from

my

nose,

hare

thwarted
note

and
my

night-raven
This me""

came

croaking
me

and

with

her

dismal

hovered

head.

confirmed

in my

augury

that something ominous

and

fatal did attend

and Adventures Entertaining History of the Amours of The the first Constant in Solenus and Perrigonia, Lovers,*'^ story Costeker Littleton by John belongs to the eighteenthcentury. Perrigonia was brought up by her man-hating father on a desert shore and kept in complete ignorance. When she was he about sixteen her father brought home a poor youth whom intended the to kill the ensuing day. Perrigoniatook pity on victim and eloped with him that very night. Shortly thereafter she was her lover and trouble began, for separatedfrom
"

The

The

Bodleian

edition

is probably

an

eighteenth century reprint, for the

the Tragical Account A Novel, with

title-page is typical of that century:

the with

Cynthia; with

of

Unfortunate Loves
a

of Almerin

aifdDesdemona.
of Fortune:

Illustrated
many

Variety of the Chances

Done

moralised

useful
Loshe in

Observations, The The

^

by

an

English hand.
by
17,

American edition, of 1798, is mentioned Early American Novel, New York, 1907, p. Constant

Miss
n.

L.

D.

The

Lovers;

adventures Costeker.

of Solenus London,

and entertaininghistory of the amours and Perrigonia,Alexis and Sylvia, Littleton By John
an

being

1731.

48

to poor

who Perrigonia,
and

had

"never

seen

mortal

other she

than came be-

her

father

lover," all
her

cavaliers

looked

alike,and
All
sorts

involved
arose

with numberless
from

admirers.

culties of diffi"

to

cence/' innogeneral state of ignoranceand This very curious littleromance was probablyintended satirize the current views of the charms and advantages of of

the "state
In

nature."
were no

1680, romances
of

longer fashionable, yet

were

for years

inferior works

this

general type

written.

Such

eighteenth century writers as Mrs. Rowe, Mrs. Barker, and Mrs. Ha)rwood, took occasion to praise the purity of even the purpose ideals of the romances and as opposed to the lewd novels of their own day. Mrs. Barker, in her endeavor to restore the romance herself contributed to its old prestige, several mediocre examples."* But the day of the aflfected had passed ^thenew demanded not court romances generation less sentimentalism or romanticism, but a closer reproduction of actuality.
"

The The
group,

"

Anti-romances
form of
a

"

"anti-romances"
which for purposes

large and

heterogeneous
wise to limit,

it seems discussion,

somewhat

that

sciously by a conanti-idealisticand anti-romantic spirit, thus excluding istic reallarge group of narratives which though essentially form not satires of the rcwnantic are or spirit Of the are

to those narratives arbitrarily,

animated

anti-romances, as here defined,there

types: the
romance

entiated three clearlydifferwhich

the

comic

romance,

in

serious

the idealist clashing burlesqued by representing facts of actuiflity; with the stem the picaresquemiscellany,** in which
and the

is

hero,

or

rather anti-hero,is

rogue

in

service

the theme

his various

miscellaneous rogueries ; and finally,

satires.
^

Infra, p.
F.

145.

"Cf.

W,
i,

Chandler, The
"

Literature

of Roguery

and
two

Romances works

of
treat

Roguery, Pt.
the whole
to

The
so

Picaresque Novel

in Spain."

These

matter

exhaustively that the present writer has merely sought

story to the novel of
manners

show

the relation of the rogue

and

ment. senti-

44

first of these groups, the comic romances, the celebrated Don Quixote^^ of Cervantes, upon To
the

belongs
which
all

succeeding romances
modelled.

of

the

type

were

more

or

less
to

closely

That
but the in

work delightful
we passing,

is too
note

well-known that its

comment,
and the

may

require ture rambling struc-

features
was

Quixote
as

stories were irrelevant totally most easilyimitated. The popularityof Don immediate, and as great in France and England

introduction

of

left for France alone, however, to proSpain. It was duce Sorel in Le Berger Extravagant worthy successors. in Polyandre (1648), dropped (1628), and more particularly and presentedwith much the pure burlesque, types grossness, classes. and episodeswhich he had observed the lower among in and Furetiere in Le Roman Scarron (1666), Bourgeois Le Roman the of Comique (1651), showed possibilities Lesage, followingthe Histoire bourgeoismaterial; and finally the comic Comique de Francion (1622), of Sorel, combined and picaresquemiscellany in his inimitable Gil Bias romance (1715-35). In addition to these notable works, there were inferior burlesques, such as the lively Bussy-Rabutin's many U Histoire Amoureuse and de la Gaules des Perdou (1665), all the Clelie (1670). Practically Subligny'sLa Fausse translated into English: The French Exproductions were travagant Shepherd, in 1654; Francion in 1655; The Comical in 1670; The Mock Romance Clelia in 1678; and the Garganr
in
"

tua

of Rabelais^"^ in in

1653,but

none

of them

rivalled the Don

popularity. Cervantes's masterpiece,or rather the first part of it,was translated by Shelton in 1612, the second part was added in 161 5, and a complete edition printedin 1620. A new made in 1687,^tnd throughout version was by J.Phillips the century there were reprints, abridgments and chapbooks. to Popular as statistics would indicate the comic romance have been, English authors were not stimulated to compete, perhaps the very abundance of the foreignnarratives checked
" "

Quixote

^El Ft

ingenioso hidalgo Don

discussion of

Quixote

de

la

Mancha,
in
see

Ft

i.

Madrid, 1605.
The
a

ii, 1 615. Avellaneda's

^For
a

continuation Rabelais in

appeared
England,
sq.

1614.

Upham,

French

Influence in EngUsh
of the translations
up

Literature,Ch.
to i66o.

y, p. 2x9

It contains

full account

46

endeavor. orginal
there Juan
are

Whatever
very

but

three

the cause, the fact remains that inferior English specimens, Don
"

(1649-1662), which has been discussed with land the chivalric romances by S. Hol; Wit and Fancy in a Maze and The Essex Champion, or the Famous His(1656),*** tory of Sir Belley of Bellerecayand his Squire Ricardo (c. on 1685). The immediate influence of the comic romances the creative is in be in found the to art drama, satires, English tales in the of realistic and short the tone or indirectly, influence in firstexerted but their "novels," was really great the eighteenthcentury, when Fielding,Smollett, and lesser
Lamberto
writers
new

infused

the material drawn

from

the

romances,

the

novel of manners, and the narratives of roguery with the robust and wholesome, if somewhat
of the

and

venture, ad^

coarse,
.

humor

On
roguery group

Cervantes, Scarron, and Lesage. less influential were the whole, even form which or picaresquemiscellanies,
"As conceived in

romances

oif"

the second

of anti-romances.
in

France,
often

novel the picaresque

is the

comic

tured Spain and mabiography

autobiography)of an anti-hero who makes his in the world through the service of masters, satirizing way their personal faults, well as their trades and professions. as It therefore possesses two polesof interest" one, the rogue and his tricks;the other, the manners In Elizabethan he pillories."^*' (or more
this type literature,
of

fiction reached

considerable

is attested by Nash's as degree of perfection, Unfortunate Traveller;or, the Life of Jacke Wilton (1598), Breton's Misthe most eries of Mauillia, Ladie that ever lived^^*^ unfortunate Yeres (^599)9 Chettle's Pierce Plainnes seaven Prentiship (1595),and such allied forms of rogue literature as the tracts of Greene and Dekker. Yet it was not long before the native works were completelysuperseded by the continental: La
"

*^

Later

reprinted
or

as

Romancio-MasHx del Foga,

in

x66o, and

still later

as

The

Spaniard:
*"

Don

Zara

translated

from

the

Spanish by Basilius

Musophilus in
"^No. Whether, in x6o6 and of

1719.

Chandler, Literature
4

of Roguery, i. 5. of Wit,
Nicholas Wit's Will
or

The

Wil

WiVs

Wit, Chuse
1599.

you

Compiled

by

Breton, Gentleman,

Reprinted

ed. by J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps in i860.

46

Vida

de

Lazarillo
least

de

Tormes

was

translated

in

1568-9 and

by 1740; La Desordenada Codicia de los Bienes Agenos appeared in 1638, as The Sonne de Alfarache, of the Rogue, or Politick Theefe; Gusnum first printed in English in 1622, went through fully a dozen editions in our period. During the years from 1610, the date of Dekker's O^per^^eO,to 1700, there were only three or four English contributions: The English Rogue by and Head inferior Kirkman, an rifacimentoof all the tales of trickerycurrent at its date of publication(1665); Kirkman's (1673), Unlucky Citizen Experimentally Described differs from in tradesman which the norm a poor substituting for the rogue in service;Teague O'Divelly; or the Irish Rogue of (1690), a cheap tract; and The Dutch Rogue, or Guzman Amsterdam (1683), ^ wretched copy of the Spanish and possibly translation. a Picaresque material appeared in many in such Mrs. Behn's Fair Jilt, of the novels of intrigue, as for example, in memoirs of noble rakes,^*** the disgusting as reprinted at
twenty
times such translations
as

Gallant

Memoirs,
and

Count

Brion,

tures Adven-

in reformative tracts finally, and narratives of a popular nature, of which the best example is Bunyan's Life and Death The form, but of Mr. Badman. of the picaresqueis utilized in a curious little not the matter the recounts work, The Compleat Mendicant (1699) which adventures of "an imfortunate gentleman" as a student at

of

Man

of Honour,

Oxford,
the

as

follower

of

divine, as
of

teacher

and

as

shepherd. The
on

the illusion detail, of the

events

the actuality,

insistence

literal truth

described, the

earnestness

and

common-sense

British
to

Museum

morality have led the compilers of the Catalogue, following earlier bibliographers,
such
authorities
as

attribute it to Defoe, but Professor

the author

Lee, Aitken,
or

and
was

Trent

have

it. rejected

Whether

not

Defoe

had

Compleat Mendicant no imitators, although,curiously enough, it was reprinted in Dublin a generation later. To quote Professor Chandler "The of roguery once more: romance to be revived languished, only in the second decade of the eighteenthcentury by two
^

is of little moment

for the

Infra, Chapter II.

48

'

London Spy of a Portugese Nun; and the journalistic narratives Besides these descriptive (1703-09),by Ned Ward. there* were character-sketches like the Drudge, or, the Jealous (1682); The Extravagant (1672); The Extravagant Poet ters Reformer exposing the Vices of the Age in Several CharacRake," the "Pedant," and (1700) ; cuhninatingin "The there were "The Coquette" of Spectatorfame. ecies prophFinally, such in nature, and visions usually as or less political more in the Moon The Man telling Strange Fortunes to the English People (1609), and The Highland Prophecy (1712). The only example of this class which has any claim to literary to be influential, merit, or which attained enough popularity is the Spanish Visions and discourses, concerningabuses, vices and deceits in all offices and estates of the world by Quevedo y which, first translated into English by L'Estrange Villegas^*^* in 1667, ran by 1745, besides being through twelve reprints Quevedo, or. burlesqued in verse (1702), and in the New Visions of Charon's Passengers (1702). This bringsus to the end of our survey of the anti-romances, all of the works have been mentioned. though by no means and structure of the different Nevertheless,the content, spirit, apparent to enable us to judge of their types are sufficiently of manners. contribution to the development of the novel The comic romances, have seen, provoked no as we worthy tinct imitation before Fielding;the picaresquemiscellany as a disgenre died out except in sporadicinstances;the various satires died a natural death or were utory merged with other contribLetters forms. The
so

great contribution
actual material
writers of
or

of the anti-romances, structure,

as

then,was
of

not

much and

the training

readers
or

all classes to

humorous 'robust

comic

view
as

the of life,

appreciatethe of a taste for cultivating

opposed to the etherial sentimentalism of the romances, the revealing of the possibilities of low life and bourgeois the realistic depiction of a definite, material, con^Suenos
y
en

animalism

Discourses

de

verdades

descubridoras del hiundo

in

de

Abusos, Vicios

BngaHos
y

todos

los Oficios,y Buscon

Estados
was

(1627), by

Quevedo

Villegas. The
in 1707.

author's

translated

1657 and

by Capt. John

Stevens

49

Crete

colloquial backgrotmd, and the developingof a vigorous, the exfor for of not pression as yet narration, style although purposes
of emotion.

The

anti-romantic

in its reaction fiction,

became subjective romances, novel of mantoo C3mical, too gross, and too objective.The ners lies between and the two there were already extremes, In of its is the Mendicant there Compleat development. signs a reaction againstindecencyand immoralityand a recognition of the ordinary good man hero. And, on the as a possible in the shape odier hand, realism is creepinginto the romances, of and allusions to contemporary events. portraits," allegory, from
and the idealistic, reflective,
"

CHAPTER

II

THE

NOVEL

(160O-I7OO)
The
novel
as

the
"a

term

was

used

in

the

seventeenth

century
was

signifiedmerely applied to
the
folio

short

tale, generally of
seemed

love/'^ and

all narratives romances.* in

which
In

short
of

in

ccmiparison with
Modern
are a

the

collection

Novels^
romances,

published
one.

1692, fully one

and
to
one

fourth

of the stories
is

The

Emperour

the
a

Empire Betrayed, Young

Thus,

tract, political
a

another, Instructions behavior, while

the
"

Nobleman,
to

is is

manual

of

nearly
the
"

half the last volume

were we

occupied with
a

Dialogues of
of the novel

Dead. based have

on

accept

tion defini-

the loose

usage in

of the seventeenth
to

century,

we

should
of

to

consider,
extraneous

addition material.
to

many

verse di-

types
there
term
was
no

fiction, much

Although
use

generally recognized limitation

were

the

of

the

'novel,' there
between the
a

several
and

sporadic attempts
forms of prose
to

to

guish distin-

novel

other

narrative. the

Congreve
novel
"

made
the

unique effort
in

differentiate
to

between

and

romance

the introduction
of the and
constant

his
Loves

Incognita.
and of invincible the first and

Romances of
so

are

generally composed
and

Courages Rank,
and

Hero's forth:

Heroines,

Kings

Queens,
miraculous the

Mortals

where

lofty Language
elevate and
upon

Contingencies
Reader into he
a

impossible

Performances,
leaves
to

surprise
the

giddy off,

Delight, which
and
vexes

him how

flat he

Ground,
himself

whenever
to

gives

him concem'd

think and

has
at

suffered the

be

pleased and
he has read.

ported, trans-

afflicted

several

Passages

"

"

"

S. Johnson,

Dictionary
of the
11

of the
some

English
these

Language.
novelettes be found

Reprint
from in the H. S.

of

1773.

An view The

interesting discussion
of the evolution of

of

point of Canby's

short
7-1 77.

story

is to

Short
"

Story,
R.

IIL, vii.

Cf.

Steele, The
out
a

Tender

Husband,

Sc
a

a. Act

IV.,

*'

though

our

amours

can't
"

furnish

romance
"

they'll make
Collections." 50

pretty

novel."

See

Bibliography, under

51

Novels
lis

are

of

more

familiar

nature;
us

come

near

to

ui

and

represent but
so

to

Intrigues in practice,delight
as our are

with

Accidents

and
as

odd
not

events

not

such from

wholly unusual

or

unpresidented, such
nearer us, reverence

being

distant
more

Belief bring also the pleasure Novels

more

Romances
be

give

of the

Wonder,
Parallel which and

Delight.

And

with

it spoken and

kept

at

due

Distance, there is something

in reference
to
one

of equality in the Proportion

they bear

another, with that between

Comedy

Tragedy."

On

hand, the distinction between the novel, a fictitious authentic chronicle, narrative,and the history, while an

the other

nowhere

clearly expressed,was
works
of
on

Mrs.

Behn

lected generally recc^ized. The coland Mrs. Haywood, for instance,

"

are

divided

this basis into

novels

titles as

The Amours

A of Windsor. time,purelyfictitioustales

of Philario and Genuine History,are

were were

and such histories," Olinda, or The Intreagues

common.
"

and

At

the in
as

same some

called

and histories,"
one

instances both

terms

History of
Neither
of
some

the

Loves

employed on of Lysander
can

title page,

The

and

Sdbina:

Novel

these distinctions

be

considered

satisfactory,
and
ciseness conour

and,

as

limitation is necessary
we discussion, a

for convenience

in
to those

shall

confine arbitrarily
in which
our

attention

narratives of

fictitiousnature
This leaves for

the realistic proximately ap-

element

predominates.
one

consideration less than

a or

hundred and

novels

of which thirds

quarter

are

native works
from

fullytwo

translations

tions adapta-

the French.
the firstfifty years

During
of

of the century the Italian novelle

their French
were

Boccaccio, Bandello, Cinthio,and

and

imitations

by

Belleforest

by
if
we

the

Margaret of Navarre long sentimental romances.

the short
romances were

displaced practically

In

fact,brief tales,

exclude
the

and

the novelle

interspersed
a

through
times
*Thc

longer works,
1600
was

between
Decameron Novels

and

printedonly 1660.* During the

in various

about
later

dozen of

years

reprinted three times

of Margaret
in

(1620, 1625, 1655-57); The

appeared
in

Exemplary
and The Divell
or

of Cervantes

combinations
in

1638

1640; the Heptameron

a
a

of Navarre
a

1654; Machiavelli's original production,

There
were

Married

Man

1647, and

seemingly

Triana,
also,
two

Threefold Romansa,
and

in 1654 and

again in 1664.
Tinker

quaint

vulgar 1630, and

English
Westward

collections, The

of Turvey,
The
former

reprinted in 1608 and

first appeared in 1590,

for Smelts, in 1620.

back
to

the latter probably goes

1603.

52

for the contrary, there was a great demand short realistic narratives, and we find Elizabethan versions and

the century,

on

second filling such as A Choice Banquet of wittyjests, class collections, rare and pleasantnovels (1665), The Novels fancies, Delightful (1686), The Banquet for Gentlemen and Ladies (second ediiton, 1703), The Power of Love in Seven Novels (1720) by Mrs. Manley, the Winter Evening Tales (1723), and Wit in esses, heirall Shapes (1734), in which deceived husbands, seduced and miserly tmcles figurelargelyin cheatinggallants, The directness and to permit discussion. plots too coarse be gathered from the following of the narratives may rapidity heroine to a passing hero who speech made by a nameless her from death at the hands of her wicked happened to rescue

contemporary

modernizations

of the Italian tales

uncle. ''Sir, I
question
person

never

inquired whether
in my

you

was

married
are

or

no,

nor

was

it of my

ever

thoughts
that

before ; if you attends

not

and

will accept

with He

the

Fortune

it, I hope to be

happy in

your

braces." em-

accepted.

These

however, differed widely from

century.
The

the fashionable
were

novels

of the seventeenth

Italian novelle

in practically

but the Spanish and point of departure, French writers wrought fundamental changes before the brief revived in England. The tale was first novels to regain favor romantic the Spanish popular naturallyenough, were,

all instances the

tales, many
romance.

of

which, indeed, hover

on

the borderland

of pure

Novels

of

The

Cloak

and

Sword love and

used

Stories of crossed loves and

were was

favorite

themes

with

the

between struggles Spanish. A much

young

duty

formula

that of the constant

loves of two
upon

persons,

betrothed

discovery of their clandestine attachment summarily separated and most harshly treated. Endings differed ; the lovers might successfully elope, or they might both be killed in the attempt, or the hero might yield to his hard-hearted guardians and the heroine die of compulsion
to

under

others. and

the

63
i

and grief,

so

on.

Almost
and

equallypopular was
love motifs

the combination the deserted

of the seduction

crossed

in which

the girlpursued her recreant lover. The difference between Italian and Spanish novels is, of however, not so much a matter the latter all possess plot as of treatment, for whatever the plot, the many and duels, mistaken incidents, identities, surprises, of the Qoak which characterize the drama picturesque settings, and Sword. The most artistically perfect stories are to be found the Exemplary Novels The Two of Cervantes among Damsels, The Force of Blood, The Little Gypsy, The Spanishfor the most English Lady but they are by no means typical, and almost shorter than the average they are much unique in the every day life of the working classes as a settingutilizing for romantic aristocratic love tales. and Such rather picaresque novels as The Loving Revenge, or Wit in a Woma^;^ The gant, Lucky Escape, or the Jilt Detected; The Witty Extrava" "

or. The the

Fortunate

Lover,

and

the

French

imitations of

and Bremond Spanish, such as The Pilgrim by the prolific the Spanish Histories of the Coimtess D'Aulnoy are perhaps The Exemplary Novels more were nearlyrepresentative. very whole translated as a popular in England. They were by vidual in 1640 and reprintedin 1694, 1708 and Mabbe 1728. Inditales,frequentlywithout any acknowledgment of the author and under such
as

different title, appeared much

Four

oftener

in

Tragicomical Histories of our Late Times, i. e,, The Force of Blood, The Spanish-EnglishLady, Damsels The Lady Cornelia and the Two (1638), The Annals (1687). of Love (1672), and The Spanish Decameron and poor English stories of this nature are few in number in quality. Triana; or, a Threefold Romanza of Mariana, Paduana, and Sabina made its appearance anonymously in 1654, but in a reprintof 1664 it is attributed Fuller. to Thomas Mariana and Paduana conventional stories of intrigue with are and romantic accessories a picturesque Spanish setting. unusual of a wife brought to theme Sabina*^ has the more
collections
**

This

is

translation of Alonso induced him her

of

"

"1

Amor

en

la vengan^a author

"

from of La

Tardes

Entre-

tenidas

(1625)
was

de Castillo Solorzano,

Garduna,
in

"Sabina
to confess

by

her

husband's

implicit confidence Niclokaya.

That

her

virtue

to

amour

with

the wicked

disappointed

54

repentance

by

kind
center

and

virtuous that

husband.

The

intrigue,

however,
the
Less

does

not

about

but about interesting point,

justpunishment
moral
and

of her wicked

lover.

consciouslywrought is The Player's Novel Tragedy, or, Fatal Love, a new (1693), by an anonymous, and The after writer. author, presumably juvenile, the dignity and worth of players as a fit subject, stressing the fatal end of their amours, not their explains that "Tis
more

lives

that

here

pretend

to

attempt

in

this

novel, having
'

myself with the best information I could get, to it perfectand satisfactory. render I do not tell the head and original I propose of the heroine. only one great action as
...

furnished

prefaceand deliberate acceptance of the laws of the pseudo-classic tragedy the ensuing medley of loves is disappointing.* crossed The author interested was but in the character of Montano, and much not in the intrigue,
my
a

aim."

After

such

clear

of

the

clumsiness the reader The

of

the story results

to
enter

from

his endeavors emotions

to

enable

into

the

hero's

and

is stronglyreminiscent Montano of vacillating Hamlet but the monologues and the chorus go back to Greek tragedy. Poor as it is.The Player'sTragedy is an interesting of the subjective character study. precursor

thoughts.

lover

resolved

to

get revenge,

and

to

that

end

purchased the assistance

was

of the

the Abbot. confessional Several

Through
and

the connivance into

was

of the latter, Sabina

seized of

et

thrown

the

deep abbey
in
a

cellar to

die
a

starvation.

days later she

to

found
at

dying condition
of the

by
and

neighbor (who carefully nursed

matter to

happened
back
to

be

excavating

that
was

end

Abbey),
to

life.

The
In

precaution

taken, however,
the villains took
upon

keep the
means

lutely absothe

secret.

the meantime, the and

woman

every

fasten

crime

of

murdering
to court

her

husband.
won

Finally, they brought

case

the matter been

would

surely have

their the

if they

had

not

suddenly confronted
convicted and

by

Sabina, and

upon

strength of her
loved

story,

themselves

punished.
a

*Bracilla, wife
Monfredo.

of Montano,

soldier,loved
by
of

and

was

by
to

the

actor

Montano,
perturbed

though

loved

Caelia,remained
his wife's
amour,

loyal
racked

Bracilla.

Greatly

by the discovery
he disclosed

by

divers

passions, all of which

men,

who

replied with
thus the

in sententious periods to a couple of old killed his rival and lengthy moralizations, he finally

fled. And
became

story

ends, leaving the

Caelia and

reader

to

imagine

what

finally

of Bracilla, Montano,

the long suffering wife of Monfredo.

66

immediately preceding. Sometimes, however, episodes fabricated to explainan obscure pointor throw new were character or episode.* A fairly accurate lighton a particular idea of the range, method, and spirit of this type of fiction may be gathered from few a specimens dealing with English, subjects. Most amusing are two stories having for their theme the /I Leicester and numflirtationsof Queen Elizabeth with Essex,*** erous hostile to the other courtiers. On the whole, they were to call her a heretic, a usiuper, English heroine, not hesitating and Most an damaging of all to the agent of Anti-christ.

centuries

Queen'scharacter
as

is the Duke of her

of Afanfon

which

represents her

the murderer

the unacknowledged daughhalf-sister, ter

of Catharine
According
she
the
to

of

Arragon.
was

this tale,Alengon
to

the
a

Queen's real favorite, and

blunder
on

him of

had

determined

marry,

when

by

deliberate Duke's her

earnest

the part

jealous Leicester, she discovered

The

the

passion for her ill-treated chagrin, pretended repentance

of greatei^ good she
on, not
to

half-sister. for her made her

wily Elizabeth

dissembled
as an

former
a

behavior, and,
present of
a

come,

sister The had

pair of gloves, which

at
once

had and

carefully
within
a

poisoned.
few hours

unsuspecting Marianne
fallen lover
a

tried them

victim with

to

Elizabeth's
cause

perfidy,but
death.

before

she had thus

acquainted her
rid of her
"

the

of

her

The

Queen

got

rival, but

she

did not

attain

her
so

end, for the heart-broken

Duke

on reflecting

the dangers land.

ensuing from

perfidious a character," speedily

returned

to

his native

*The who

theory of the
or

matter

is clearly put the Annals

by the "Person (1672),

French
a

of

Honour" of
very

compiled

translated from

of Love

series

brief stories drawn

**

Spanish, English, and

me a

history.
lowed of Castile folrun so

When
a

the history of Spain tells

poor
a

sovreign

Countess

Pilgrim into France,

;

I cannot

imagine things could

must

high in
before

moment

they

must to
so

see

one

another, they
a

meet, and

discourse,
the

she

tould

come

strange

resolution. and
amorous

I have

augmented

history therefore
own;

with
not

several what

enterviews

dialogues of mine
are

if they

are

they really spake, they

at

least what

they

might."
^The contained Mod, Barl

of Essex

and

Queen
The

ElUdbeth, 1650.
Duke

Reprinted in 1680
and

and

in Mod,

Nov,, vol. i.

of Alangon

Queen

Elisabeth,

Nov,, vol. i.

67

"

is a narrative dealing with an earlier period in lively /F^" which purports English history,The Amours of Edward account to be an given by the Queen-Mother to her daughter. Curiously enough it makes no reference to the celebrated Jane A Shore. more extraordinary production is Mack-Bjih^* (1708), which by making license the rulingpassionof the hero,

Less

of his villainous old

wife,

and

reduces of all their associates,

the

legend to
or

series of gross

intrigues.In

The

EnglishFrin^
a

cess,

have we thje^Dutch^^sJiueefi.iiG^S),
Mr.

Restoration
in When

"version of the story

Major has familiarized

^^

to us
an

Knighthood Was
contrast.

in Flower, both the

and

the two

afford

ing enlightenthe love

In

interest centers

around

Mary and Brandon,^* but in the former these are of Henry, Dorset, Suffolk and complicatedby the gross amours
other
to

aflFairs of

and courtiers,

there

is
or

no

attempt
elaborate

as
a

in the later version

idealize the characters

to

picturesque setting.

In

short,there

of the novels

desire in this, or, for that matter, in any dealingwith historical personages, to escape from
was
no a

the present tp
an

attempt

to

glamour-covered past ; on the contrary, it was explain the past in the terms of contemporary
work of this type, but many and re-worked that they

society. The English produced only one

of

the translations

are

so

elaborated
to

bear

little resemblance
"

the

Honour
"

who

translated of Edward
There

Don
IV. is An
no or

of originals. The "Person Heneriques de Castro,^^a series

Historical Novel,

The

Amours

By

the Author
to

of

the that

Turkish

Spy, 1700.

evidence,
any

to my

knowledge,
name

indicate

Marana,
the be other

Midgley, Dr. Manley,

Spy,
c.

person

whose with
may

is connected that
or

with ft may
some

Turkish
a

1698,

was

concerned
or,

the be

narrative, so by
Bradshaw

publisher's advertisement
hack-writer in

again,

Midgley's employ.
some

"Hypolifus, Earl
Scotland French
"

of Douglas, containing
La

Memoirs

of the Court
from

of
the

with of M.

the

Secret-History of Mack-Beth, Mothe, Countess

Was in Flower, by

Translated

C. de

d'Aulnoy.
Edwin Caskoden

When

Knighthood
Brandon

(pseud. Qiarles

Major).
"This
^

Indianapolis, 1896.
same

is the hero

of the story in Boyle's English Adven^

tures

(1676).
Heneriques
Translated In Mod, de Castro;
out

^Don Novel.

or, the

Conquest of the Indies,

by
a

Spanish

of the Spanish

Person

of Honour,

London,

1685.

Nov,, vol. i. '

68

of

interwoven

love

stories in

which

the

scene

shifts from

Europe to America, and which makes love, instead of lust of gold, the incentive for the wholesale butchery of the Indians during the conquest of Peru, stated very franklyin his preface of that he had greatlyimproved the novel, by combining two the characters,continuing the story after the sacrifice of the the details concerning the Italian wars, Indians, cuttingdown Such and incidents." vised rea new adding from other sources translation almost deserves to be classed as an dent indepen4dver**^f'''^(1676) by a "Person production, /^yrf/ufr of Honour," generally supposed to be Roger Boyle, Lord BroghiU, is a very interesting example of the way in which the Restoration and cynical mingled past and present, romance and court intrigue.The story opens with the realism,pastoral of Henry VII. death The new king upon the pretense of from in solitude, to mourn to court retiring incognito, escapes The shifts immediately scene go hunting with his favorite Howard. scribe to the hunt, which gives Boyle an opportunityto deAurora and the beauties of her train." A passerby, Brandon by name, hearing the baying of the hounds, turns into the woods to join the party. As he hesitates which to way ride,he sees a young couple saunteringalong in true Arcadian fashion and so engrossed in one another that they are unaware shouts of the approach of a huge stag. Brandon's awaken them the lady faints and her to their danger, whereupon rushes to the lady'sside, and cowardly escort flees. Brandon the same time from the opposite forward at Henry comes The direction. fair Isabella has scarcely recovered ness consciouswhen and offers his good offices. Howard All appears three men promptly fall in love with the incomparable beauty,
" "

and

their relations himself

become

so

strained

that

Brandon,

who

ceives per-

tells the outclassed,

historyof

his life to divert

their minds

story of
came

to

the keep the peace. This proves to be precisely Otway's Orphan^''(1680). Isabella then tellshow she be wandering in the woods with the cowardly GoodNoel,
or a

and

"Roden

editor similar

of

the

Mermaid forms the

edition basis of

of
an

Otway,

states

that

the

same

story,
Lost

one,

earlier play, The

Hog

Hath

His

Pearl

(1612-13), by Robert

Tailor.

69

win,

to whom

she has been affianced

by her father.

Here there

is another

break
and

in the story, Isabella is married

to the craven

Goodwin,

the interest shifts to the

of Howard intrigues

and

and to show Henry with her. The King wins her affections, his implicit faith both in her and in his rival, appoints her guardian. The latter by over-assiduous watching, Howard who in exasperation Isabella, pretendsto be in love with angers a page. Henry being informed of this amour very nearlyruins but she saves herself by the common device Isabella, romance of proving the youth to be a girlwho that dishas assumed guise, in the hope of winning the affection of Howard.

Veiled The transition

was

Histories, PsExnx)-JouRNALS,Etc.
from scandal and
our

present
like

both natural Italians

or

of the past to scandal of the Instead of writingdirectly easy. reporters, writers took shelter

the

old

behind

histories, nam"S".._veil.ed feigned. pseudo-memoirs and. tales of romantic thfijike. Least common are intriguein the characters which The best are given "feigned names." is d-Txagi-comkalMUtpry representaitive of Our Own Times under the Borrowed Names lated oj Lisander and Calista transfrom of Vital D'Audiger by a the French W, D." in 1627, and twice reprintedand partlyretranslated by 1652.
"

The

secret

histories for

are

of

many

varieties.

Some

were

Romance of example,^"_HwfonVa/ between the mighty Giant G. and the Great Knight tbi^ Wars and William Hasonius (i.e,, Louis XIV III). Others combined and of the politics, gossip in the manner romance, Perplexed Prince, in which the King (CharlesII) is depicted induced as by his villainous brother (the Duke of York) to deny the legitimacyof his son (thfiJDuke.Qi3lQimLOuth). Still others,such as the popular pseudo-letters of The Turkish discursive compilations of political and Spy^^ (1698), were

purely political, as,

social of

news.

More
town

notorious

than
a

these

were

the collections
such
as

scandalous Secret

The
^

gossip with Historyof Queen Zarah

n.

animus, political
and the Zarazians

(1705),^*

Infra, p. 106,
to

"Attributed

Mrs.

Manley.

60

Manners and Manley's The Secret Memoirs of several moirs Atalantis Persons (1709), Meof both sexes from the New of Europe at the close of the eighth century. Written to Charlemagne (1710), by Egenhardus, secretary and favorite and Mrs. Haywood's Memoirs of an Island Adjacent to Utopia Atalantis,Astrea and deserted Virtue, (1725). In the New of the island under the guidance of Intelligence, make a tour i. e. Scandal, who pointsout notable persons and recounts the more important episodes in their lives. Sigismund II is of Tameran, Charles II; the Prince James II; Jeanatin, ough, of MarlborMrs. Jennings; the Marquis of Caria, the Duke In Mrs. and so on. rates Haywood's Utopia,a stranger narhis experiences while viewing the island under the guidance of Cupid, who information incidentally gives him much both collectively about the social relations of the inhabitants and individually.Many of the stories are similar to the of the Italian novelle, and it is highlyprobablethat much worst of the indecent scandal of the period was made up out of Mrs.

those old tales.

During the
oi literature

latter half of the

was more

seventeenth than form

century

no

form

popular
the

narrative,whether
the of and

it took

or raphy, journal-book,

memoir.^*^^ the

gossipy biographicaL autobiography,biogr Howell, Loveday, Digby,

of of

the

Duke

of

Wharton,

Duchess

Newcastle

and

dozens

others, recounted
an

their

with experiences
to

the minutest

detail

apparent endeavor
Count
of

present the literal truth.

rogue

Every
had

and prominent prince,adventurer, general,pirate,

his life chronicled.

Tekli, Count
the heroes

D'Aubusson,
of sensational

Don

Carlos,Casimir, King
and

Poland, Captain Jones,Captain Hind

ratives. narwas

Pirate Avery, Even

were

all made

in the most

authentic

of these in the

works

there
"

bound
was
more

to

be

an

element

of

and fiction,

majority

truth

to

conform to advantage dressed" and facts modified Sir Kenelm to romance. closely Digby,*" for example,
R. Burr, The
157-171,

""

Cf. A.

Autobiography, Appendix
1627.
B.

Critical and

Comparative
French

Study,
in

1909,

esp. pp.

and
c.

^Private

Memoirs,
pp.

Quoted

by

Upham,

Influence

English Literature,

369-70.

61

deliberately wrought
form of

his

of Venetia Stanleyinto the courtship

romances,
. . .

the fashionable
. . .

and

the

account

of

the

Life and

Piracies

1700 version and anonymous is practically wholly fabulous."

of Captain Avery, both in the the 1719 amplification by Defoe,

In such narrations
as

Casimer,

King of
rendered

Poland, great libertieswere

the narrator.
very

taken and many

translators in the
same

interpolated by

The

episodes spirit

and sometimes, as in the case freely of the Memoirs of the Life and Adventures of Signor Rozelli,^^ From added. the semi-genuine a spurious biography part was is and memoir and memoir to the pseudo-biography a natural utilized for transition. Like the secret-histories they were The Memoirs of Mile, de St. Phale recounts many purposes. her attempted conversion by some ical politJesuits.Many were of Marlborough and Godolphin were The Duke tracts.
their texts often E
"

the satirized, of
of

former

as

Prince

Mirabel,**the
was

latter

as

"

"

^n.

Even

the

King

not

free

from

this

he was the subject likely, personalabuse, if,as seems of The Compendious History of George the Farmer. On the other hand, these memoirs often used as strong partizan were pleas,three, for example, having been written on behalf of Harley. Such works, however, unless devoting considerable space
to the
as

form

"amours"
novels.

of the hero, Gross

were

regarded

as

tracts,

nished gossipand slander furpersonal the sole interest in such narratives as Amchirs of the Sultana of Barbary (1680),i. e. the Duchess of Portland; The Princess of Fess, or the Amours of the Court of Moroccc^ (1682) ;**and The Amours of Messalina,late Queen of Albion
" "

rather than

Modem Done

Novels, vol. iv.

into English from the second There edition
was

of the French

of the Abb6 added

no

Olivier

(by D.

Defoe?),
and
to

1709.
a

original matter

in the French

edition of 17^3,

in

1724

continuation

appeared, for which

original seems
"

have

been

found. Mirabel's

The

History of Prince

of Marlborough's) (i. e. John Churchill, Duke with the sudden promotion of Novicus infancy,rise and disgrace,
are

(f. e, Harley), In which

adventures:
as

intermixed

all the intrigues relating to

and
new
a

those
court

also the characters Collected This

of Britomartia.
3 pts.,
""

of the old from the Memoirs

attributed
to

favoritesin the

of

courtier

latelydeceased,

12.

is sometimes iv.

Defoe.

Modem

Novels, voL

62

de la Ferti;*^Casin (1689). In the History of the Marechal Brion;^* or Count mer. King of Poland; The Cheating Gallant, Person and Gallant Memoirs, or Adventures of Quality," of a and we the element of personalslander has almost disappeared find the historians the novelle and the drama. The utilizing aristocratic rakes who tives figurein most of these narraflippant and much in have with the roguishpicaros are common the of the Lovelaces of distant precursors ensuing century. artistic merits to These sensational compilations possess no and narrow ephemeral character of outweigh the essentially but their closeness the subject-matter, familiar to actuality, vivid pictures, and pervadingvigor invaluable training were style, in realisticnarration. helpfulto the development Particularly of narrative art was the memoir, for by its very structure and it gave fortuitious unity to the series of adventures a afforded an excellent opportunityfor the subjective analysis and Furthermore, the authentic development of character.
" "

works

showed

the writers
use

of

fiction how

to

produce the
a

sion illu-

of truth

by the style.

of abundant

detail and

fidential simple con-

The

Novel
manners

of

Manners
were

The

Italian novelle of

in

stories of indecorous of fixed types.

and intrigues

cheats

nearlyall instances acters by charperpetrated

husband,
the
son

The

wife

deceives

her

cheats his father,the maid

betraysher mistress,the apprentice cheats his master, and we called upon to laugh with are and no the cheater. "To the victor belong the spoils," pathy symis wasted and harshness
on

the victim. of their

The

French

retained

the directness

clearness and

indecency as the intrigue, by reproducingin detail the externals elaborating of Parisian life, the superficial features of the by introducing and by the use of much precieusemanners, dialogueand a colloquial style, they wrought a great and fundamental change. Slowly the set plotswith fixed types yieldedto stories drawn
"

the models, and, unfortunately, well, but by complicatingand

Ibid., vol. vii.

*"

Ibid,,vol. ii.

"

Ibid.,vol.

uc.

64

Hero

with the

Young Cduntess
Vinceniia:
a

of Albania;
Novel

or

the Amours

of

Armadorous
Armadorous,
countess to

and

(1694).
in church and the beautiful
young

handsome

Switzer,

sees

of Albania.
away.

Instantly both

fall in love

promptly both
cause

begin lady's
as a

pine

Drusilla, Vincentia's

maid, discovers
to
**

the

of her Dressed

disorders, and
peasant,

immediately proceeds

capture

the man."

she ogles him

in church, gives him

mysterious, vague
to

notes, and

in

short, gets him

centia mother has

thoroughly excited and bewildered.

and leaves the rest intuition that something is amiss attachments
escapes

In the meantime, fate and reads Drusilla. her

a

VinHer
on

frequents the church

an

and

lecture

the danger

of clandestine

and

the

evil character is

of
so

Switzers. far from

seat

By artful lying Vincentia being convinced

early the
and
next

detection, but the mother

her

that

she

whisks

daughter

away
a

to

their country
"

morning. The distressed girl now

to

recalls

dream

both pleasant
to

unpleasant," and, interpretingit

to

suit her
two

desires, decides
been and

write

frankly
he

Armadorous. the

After

one

or

epistleshave
himself between
a

exchanged,
and her

commits

indiscretion follows

of presenting both
an

his letters to

the dowager.

Then

excellent

scene

Vincentia fraud and

mother, in which
ordered order
to to

the heroine

declares
to

the entire story To

is forthwith in

''deny it
she

his

face."

this she

gladly

consents

have

the opportunity to talk with

him, and, the mother they succeed

aforementioned in
a

being opportunely

called away, their future

course.

explains the necessity for deception and

many
to

plans
short

out

After

attempts,

eloping, are
time,
But dream.

forgiven by the dowager,

all in accordance
one

return

her, and
of the

live happily for

with

the

first part

unlucky day Armadorous

no

inquires about

the estate; for ''no Switzer

angers
on

fights
as

where
turns
'^

money

is."
years

This

enquiry greatly
settled her
estate

Vincentia, who,
mother. the
to
case

it

out, had

before
enter

her

The

lovers the and

now

quarrel, separate,
court,
arouses

and

suits for divorce.

Before leads him

reaches

the
a

hero

is taken

seriously ill,which
He
he

repentance
to
to

desire

for

reconciliation.
as soon as

sends

pitiful notes
he

the

obdurate but

Vincentia, and

is well enough, returns her

his wife,
no sponse. re-

although he sings and

"

pleads outside
like ^neas from

window,
to

receives

So of

he his

wanders
woes

place

place, modestly telling

of the ladies." Vincentia

the

story
so

and

always winning the sympathy

that
"

Indeed him

strong
"

does

public opinion become

finallytakes
a

back.

Which

tale,"concludes

the author,

should

be

warning

to

quarrelsome

lovers."

Less Timorous
lecinda

is sprightly
Fair

the tale of the

One, being the

Unhappy Lovers; or, The and MelLoves of Alexander

(1694).

66

The who

perfect hero Artaxander" reciprocates his affection.

lores Her

the

incomparable beauty Mellecinda,

with mother hardhearted
manceuvres

mother,
So the

perversity,
very

prefers the foolish poltroon Lucidor.

to have
a

erly clev-

Artaxander

given

distant army

command,
falls very

and, apon
ill, but

his receiving been after killed.

slight wound,
the weeks
to

sedulously spreads the report that he has

news

Upon
several mother

receipt of the
at

Mellecinda

lying
those
on

death's

door, improves

to be sufficiently

moved alas

by her
for his valet

the

country

estate

of the detested

Luddor.

But

well laid plans!

way

Artaxander, his wound

estate

having been
with the He sh" leads

healed, passes,
of
to

home,

the

of

Lucidor, and
with

assistance
urges

his

obtains she

several

interviews puts him

Mellecinda.

her
up

elope, but mind, her

hesitates

and in

off, and, before

too

makes
to

her

"indiscretion clandestine the

stasring abroad
are

late"

the
summary

discovery of the
close. Then from

interviews, which

thus

mother, by bribing the valet and

Artaxander
to

brought to a forging cruel

seeks

notes

Mellecinda,
Yet the her

drives

such
not

despair that he
succeed

death

in battle.
to

scheming mother
for the

does

in marrying
exact
a

Mellecinda
moment

favorite,
is

night that

Artaxander
appears
to

dies, at the Mellecinda

that
**

that

his soul

leaving his body, he

for further
enters
a
"

in

dream,
is
no

and, without
"

waiting
forthwith

tidings,she knows
to

her

lover
so

more a

and

nunnery

await

her

release

from

cruel

world."

These
mance

three
to

stories

illustrate the of

transition

from

the

ro-

*-

the

idealistic novel
not

manners.*"

The
our

but intrigues is with

of the conventional
not

type and

plots are sympathy

are

the victims
even

the villains. The

characters

not

markedly romantic; but, on the other hand, it varies they are not quiteeasy and natural. As for the style, in the emofrom the rhetorical phraseology of the romances
*
*

heroic, not

Throughout

the story

the hero

is consistentlycalled Artaxander

instead

of Alexander. 'These novels in

many ways 1600

resemble
are

group

of

narratives

which

appeared in France
G.
313.

about Roman far

as

and

described
avani

in considerable

detail by
300
to
*

Resmier in Le
There
et

Sentimental li have de been

UAstrSe,
to

ch. xii, pp.

no

is, so
Vivante

able
et

discover,

record

that Les

chests
1601
;

heureux

Amours

Clarimond

Antonide,
;

by Escuteaux, Paris,
or

La

Filonie, by
de Lintason

Faure, Paris, 1605

avec

Les

constants

et

infortunis Amours Paris,

many
1

VinfidilePalinoi, by de English works

some measure

la Regnery, them in
so

601,

were

translated, yet
were

the in

resemble indebted much

points that I feel they

to them.

M. in he

Rejmier's description indicates

the

that

the

plots

were

simpler than
passages,
a

English stories and

was

by omitting all mention

not

of

humorous
so

implies that humor

as

present,

or

at

least not

prominent

feature

in the English

examples.

Digitized by VjOOQ
^

IC

66

tional

diction in the dialogues. outbursts, to bright colloquial

also of another
manners,

They show
on
i"

influence

which

had

much

bearing

the novel

namely, that of the contemporary

comedy.
Narrative Restoration Comedies

remarkably readable. It depends for the its success much its theatrical qualities not on as so on clever manipulation of a complicated and artificial intrigue, the clashing of the incongruous, and the brilliant on on repartee of the dialogues. It is hard, C3mical,superficial, comedy
is and the

often

indecent,all of

which

characteristics

it shares

with

all freshness and brilliancy old novelle,but it possesses a its own. Moreover, this comedy held a certain prestige
a

world. It was literary rial, matenatural,then, that the novelists working with the same but in a form only partially developed and only beginning for suggestions.** to be recognized,should turn to comedy The influence of comedy can be traced in practically all of the novels of the period,but it is particularly evident in a small
and

well

recognized status

in

the

group

which

may

be called Narrative be
so

Comedies.
the humor

The
is the

Helvetian

Hero
to

might
cross

almost

classed,for

largelydue
verbal

the

purposes

of the characters
are

and

understandin mis-

be episodes which would in which eflFective the stage. Take the amusing scene most on Vincentia, having denied all knowledge of the letters Armahad presented to her mother, was dorous forced to deny her

There

many

letters to his face and

and the

to the satisfaction of the angry

dowager
notes

of Armadorous, mystification
"

took

the

and
one

solemnly declared, I swear the maid had penned)."

are

never

wrote

this

(lookingat

These
and
not

humorous the head

based
on

bits, however,
and
the
on

few Many

and
of the

far

between,

front of the
French The novels
;

*^

Restoration

comedies

were

for example, A

FooVs

Preferment, by Dorf
author's The

ey, is founded

Humours The
in

of
nery, Nunhis

Bassett, the
Cuckold
on

same

Intrigues of Versailles, on
or

Double
a

and

The

Amorous

Jilt, Dryden's Assignation,

and Scarron's Comical

Love

Constance, the fair Nun

The

Romance,

and

Spanish Fryar largely on

Pilgrim.

67

whole^ as
The

in the

case

of

some

six short novels

now

to be considered.

History of the Loves of Lysander and Sabina: (1688), is a most entertaining story written in a manner diverting.
Lysander, Sabina,
went
a

Novel

truly

soldier of fortune, upon

to

being forbidden
and
to

to marry

the English
was pletely com-

Holland

to

divert He

his mind, followed

there

met, and

charmed
was so

by Clarinda.
that it exhausted
to

her

intense and she

itself I
to

He

began

Spain, but their affection to^ to look for an excuse

with
a

leave At

urge

her

father he

provide her
a

suitable almost

husband.

this

critical moment, and resolved of

to

received
to

letter from and

to

the
same

forgotten

Sabina received

return

her at once, and orders

at the

time, Clarinda
to

word
seat

her

betrothal So

proceed immediately day, and

well
content

the

family
"

of her

fianc^

it happened
on

that,
same

They

both And

began their journey though

of them

the

both with

under the

false whole
a

pretences.

they

had

been

very

truth, yet neither

very

durst

begin to declare.
the

At

parting they took

or

formal both of them

and

composed

leave, without
After
was

least transport

passion,
were

at

which each which

wonder'd
very

extreamly.
solicitous the
poor

parting the
the the great mystery receive
was

only thing they

trouble
came

about,
other

and
to

perplexity
revealed.

would

seize upon

when

be

Lysander doubted how 'for England, and

endure
to

Clarinda greatest

would

the
to

news

of his departure how he would

her

affliction

think

hear

of her marriage."**

and Duty appeared Incognita: or Love Reconciled by Congreve, who, with his usual affectation, wrote of the pseudonym under Qeophil." The preface in which the the novel and he so carefully distinguishedbetween has become famous, and has already been quoted in romance Romances part. Proceeding from his general premise that of wonder. Novels he draws more an delight," give more certain analogy between fiction and the drama, and lays down Four years

later

"

"

laws
"

which
with

he

intends
be

to. follow

in his novel.
the parallelkept at which and due

And

reverence

it q)oken and

distance,
in

there

is something
to
one

of equality in the with that

proportion comedy
the
or

they bear tragedy.

since
a

ence referall
no

another,

between
way
to

Since is

traditions

must

indisputably give
resolved

drama,

and

there story

of giving that life to the writing possibility, has in the

"

repetitionof
to

that it

I action,

in another

beauty

imitate

dramatick

writing,

P. 13s.

68

namely in the design, contexture,

it before in of
a

and of

result of the plot. I have the novel is obvious,

not

observed
the and first the the

noveL

The and

design

after

meeting

Aurelian

Hippolito with
pass, many maugre

Incognita and
all apparent

Leonora,
obstacles intervene

is in difficulty compass
to
an

bringing it to
days.
How

within in

of two the main

amour,

probable casualities
two

sition oppo-

design viz. of marrying

I leave does which the
not

couples
leisure

so

oddly engaged in
consider;
act
a no as as

intricate
every

reader
in

at

his

to

also

whether
to

obstacle
purpose,

the progress

of the story
oppose.

vient subserthis than

mencement com-

the

it at

first

seem^*to
it may

In
to

comedy
more

would

be

called

the

unity of action
The and
scene

; here

pretend

the unity of contrivance. of the

amour;

is continued time from

in Florence the

from

the

the

first to last is but

three

days."

Practicallyevery
has any censured way the rules

critic who the

has

discussed

Incognita at all,
follow in

it upon the

ground that
laid down in

it fails to in his very

nature

author

ing interest-

preface,but bearing
comedy,
it
seems

mind

the

of

Restoration

to Congreve's exactlyconforms less than It is, nor canons. as might be inferred, nothing more series of amusing scenes connected a by sprightlynarrative. The humor arisingfrom the deliberate confusing of identities and purposes and from the dramatic situations is heightenedby witty asides. It is quiteapparent that Congreve visualized the feel he saw the actor as he penned such a descripwe tion scenes, as the following: to me

that it

"

But

Aurelian,
of that Clock

as

if he

had

mustered

up

all his Spirits purely to acquit

mute
one

himself Alarum

passionate harangue, stood

spent all its force in

and violent

insensible,like
emotion."

an

that had

lies in the styleand in the Undoubtedly much of the humor the amusing digressions. Congreve was by no means very first to make of the digression; find it in Nash, in all use we four of the novels we have just been discussing, well as in as the burlesqueZelinde, but Congreve was the firstto employ it so and so consciously.His little digression largely on digressions is delightful, of his short asides are quitein the spirit and many of Thackeray.
"

Now

the Reader

I suppose

to

be upon and

thorns he

at

this and
come

the like impertinent

digressions,but let him

which

alone

will

to

himself;
am

at at

the that

time, I think

fit to

acquaint

him, that when

I digress, I

69

time write

writing
to

to

please myself; when supposing him

this liberty, and

I continue
a so

the

thread
man,

of the

story, I
him

please him;
me

reasonable I

I conclude

satisfied to allow

proceed.""

And
"

again^
that much

So be

although Leonora
in

was

indeed

mistaken,

she

could
to

not

be

said

to

the wrong.

I could

find it in my

heart
be

beg the reader's

of the civility, the story,

pardon for the digression, if I thought he would

for I promise him, I do
not. intend
to

sensible

do

it again he take

throughout
never so

though

I make

never

so

many,

and though
numerous

them

ill."

Witty
what

passages
to

are

so

that it is difficultto choose

quote, but

the

following burlesque will probably

suffice.
"

At that (as Aurelian the

sat

tells the story) a sigh diffused

mournful
eyes,

sweetness

through
sadness

air, and
upon

liquid grief gently fell from brow,

See and what
even a sorrow

her

triumphant
the bled heart had
as

her made.

seemed Aurelian

delighted with
felt
a

conquest
tears

he

had

change

His
vent

and

trembled
passage

in his breast, sighs stniggling for

up;
was

choked with
a

each sudden

other's

cold

doubts
to
an

and

fears

had

chill'd'em
not

frost,and
say

he it
was

troubled

excess

; yet knew

why.

Well,

the learned

sympathy;

and

am

always of the opinion of the

learned, if they speak first."** The

more

Love

remaining narrative comedies, if they may resemble the French. The Generous closely Triumphant (1716), is the best.
avaricious uncle of the heiress

be

so

called,
or

Rivals;

Vulpone, the
marry her

Dorinda,

has
poor

planned

to

to the wealthy

Phylostratus,but she prefers the

to

Paneretus,
with
act
as a a as

and

he

the poor

Cxlia, cousin

Dorinda.
use

In

order with

to

communicate

Caelia,Phylastratus readily makes go-between

while much for Dorinda and

of his favor The

Vulpone
themselves

to

Paneretus.

lovers motives
as

are

for and

in ignorance of the fun arises out

real feelings and

of each of the and

other

of their misunderstandings
to

out

bewilderment similar places ^

of old Vulpone.

References

Spring Garden, Whitehall

give

good

deal of local color.

The

and style is colloquial

as

vigorous

with

such occasionally

vivid bits

this :
come

Phylastratus, seeing her

brisk gale, immediately better advantage. "P.
II. rose

sailing towards
in order
to

him,
on

as

'twere

with with

up

carry

the encounter

the

"P.

97-98.

[
The theme

70

Rival
in
a

Mother

(1692),
manner.

deals

with

popular French

conventional

Asteria, a widow, had long been

her daughter, Eliciana,who
in turn

wooed
was

by Tazander,
loved

who

fell in love with The mother

was

by Oxaris.
hand

naturally grieved when

Tazander

asked her
to
own

for the
name

of her

daughter, but
Eliciana,
ing suffermuch

seemingly consenting, substituted though broken-hearted,

was

in the

contract.

determined

be

obedient, and

after

rewarded

by Tazander's

renouncing "her in favor

of her

mother.

The

Reformed Coquet by Mrs. Davys, which did not appear till the influences of the eighteenthcentury didacticism, 1724, shows but in many resembles Incognita. ways
Amoranda,
a

wealthy heiress
a

and

great and

takes flirt, Froths.

to

pleasure in the
young

attentions

of Lofty and candidate

in

host her

of Flutters

lord, the

guardian's
establishment In the

for

husband,
an

goes

live in friend from

the

young

lady's

the guise of
a

adviser
he
rescues

and

dear her

of her

guardian.

course

of

few

weeks,

many
numerous

questionable
suitors,

situations, shows
and

her

the wickedness her

and

of her frivolity he takes

completely wins
the the

regard, whereupon
This is
one

off his disguise and in fiction

consummate

reveals of

ideal lover.

of the Charles

earliest appearances Grandison

is

perfect prig of which

Sir

the

example. In

style, scenes,
of

narrative novels

general effect it is allied to the it suggests the comedies, while in purpose and spirit Richardson, and the edifying tales of Mrs. Rowe.
names

and

The Before

Portuguese
the work of
one

Letters Mrs. other Behn

passing to

it will be

sary neces-

to take

into consideration

influence, perhaps the translation, was

land, Prestage, PortNutt's edition stable Con-

influence of the century, namely the Letters of a greatest single

Portuguese iVi^n.*'
*

The

first edition, a French

Nun, This
of

The

Letters Thos.

of

Portuguese
1900.

Translated is
a

by Edgar

Me.,

Mosher,
a

reprint of D.
edition

(London,
For Friera
a

1897), itself
and discussion of

revision
to

the

1893

printed by the
Soror Mariantui*

Press
a

limited

500

copies.
see:

the

problems
sec

Cordeiro:

A
as

Portuguesa

(Lisbon, 1888,
E.

ed. 1891), which Nun's

Prestage quotes

definitive study, and

o.

Gosse, "A

J-etters." Fortn,

Review, vol.

XLIX,

s., p.

506.

72

dearer
me a

to

me

than deal
"

life.

It affords

me

some

pleasure ; but it likewise

that I shall,perhaps,
never

causes see

great

of anguish when

I think

you
**

again."
The

officer has

waited

long for this letter : I liad resolved

:

to

write

in

style that should

written suffer
"
"

not

displeaseyou
"

but

what

an

extravagant
to

letter have it.

me.

I I !^

^I must

conclude

^Alas!

I cannot
you

resolve did

do

Adieu

more

in concluding this letter than dear

me
"

in leaving
are

Adieu You
"

How
to

you

are

to

me

Oh, how
from

cruel you

to

me

never

write

cannot

refrain the

telling you
gone
"

that
matter

once
"

more

am

beginning again,and
write have
my
"

officer will be
you,

No
to

^lethim
. . "

gol
What

more

for myself

than

I only sedc

console

myself.
have
1
"^

I done

that I should that I had

to

be thus been bom

miserable, and
in another of my

why

you

embittered

life?

Oh

country
:

Adieu, I fear
of my

say

too

much

misery
have
you.

yet I thank caused

me, my

you

from loathe

the the

bottom

heart

for the desperation you I lived before

many

and love

tranquilityin which
every

I knew

Adieu,
to

increases

minute

Ah, how

things I have

tell you!"^

Realism
were

of external

detail and

of straightforwardness

tion narra-

familiar to writers

of short

but when tales^

it came

to

the language of expression of emotion, they borrowed resorted to cynical These romance or Letters,the grossness. ^first example of realism of emotional detail, at the psycame chological
moment to taste exert

the

the

greatest influence.
of
an

There

alreadyexisted
and

for sentimentalism and

artificial tive reflec-

tragi-comedies heroic plays would popular. Likewise for egoistical there existed the taste for self-analysis, enjoyment in recountingone's own with the minutest experiences the diaries of Pepys and Evelyn amply testify.** detail, as of the revulsion of at the high-tide Moreover, the Letters came ideals and poeticlanguage of the feeling againstthe visionary the one Hotel de Rambouillet on hand, and againstthe high of the Puritans on the other,in favor thinkingand plainliving of life in the raw and at its worst, immoral robustness,passion, and deed. license in word The English edition of 1678 followed by those of 1681, 1693,1694 and 1716,by several was various imitations, and renderingsin verse, additions, replies,
"

sort, or the Greek

heroic romances, have been so never

the

"

P. 75.
104.

"*

P. X06. 86.

*P.

"P.

^Cf.

Burr, The

Autobiography,

pp.

182-184.

73

of Abelard and Heloise^ (1722). Such close copies as Mrs. Manley's Letters in imitation of those Letters of Love and Gallantry, by a Portuguese Nun (1696), in' includingthe Adventures of a Young Lady, by Herself, several Letters to a Young Gentlenum in the Country,and the letters that Nun's Letter to the Monk, with other passionate passed between both sexes in town and country (1693) and
a

version

of

the Letters

such

variations
. . .

as

The

Love-letters the borrowed

between
names

Nobleman

and

of Philander and A curious sequel appeared Silvia (1734) call for no comment. in a collection called The Lining of the Patch-work Screen by Mrs. Jane Barker (1726).**
under

his Sister:

How

great
would

an

effect these Letters had

to interesting

on

ment the cult of senti-

be

determine.
some

For

France,

fessor Pro-

Waldberg

has

collected

statistics interesting

showing that it was quite the fashion to write "a la Portubut I have not met with such specific instances in gaise,"*"
^The in Letters

of Abelard
very

and

Heloise

were

put forth in
about versions

Latin

edition

1 61 6 and

translated in 1695.

freely into French

contemporary them resemble
are

1675 ^^^

again by
The

Bussy Rabutin
altered the

In these and

the translators

originalato make
to

the Portuguese Letters.

on

English versions
instead
**

the present day

based

the

French

translations

of the Latin author

a

originals.
that shortly after the publicationof the Letters, it was

The

states

reported that
Letters/' and
it
was

Sister tong ill had

escaped from

the nunnery,
"

and

that

on

the night of her flight a fire occurred

a

in the cell of

her

of the Portuguese found

corpse,

burned had

having been beyond recognition,

that way mistake
matter

there,
the
nun

presumed
goes
on

she

taken
a

of leaving the world.

: as a

This

author had had

own man

to

explain was
in her bed
two

of fact, the sick

recreant to
cover

died

and

Marianne

(whose letters had brought back her

and
set

lover)
her the
was were

put the corpse

fire to the

room

in order
years.

elopement. The died, and

from her

lovers lived happily for several and her children the

were

Then

Marianne

left destitute, for she

debarred
not

inheritance
not

and

children, since their parents

their father's
estate.

legally married, could

inherit

Whereupon

In Casa a long discourse on the just punishment of sinners. Crawford Braccio, by F. Marion (New York, 1895), a nun's elopement is device. accomplished by this same
*

follows

Cf. Waldberg, Der

empfindsame Roman
sur

in Frankreich, pp. 45-122.

ce

'*

Si

je le faisois r^ponse
the Letter of Madame

le

meme

ton,
to

seroit

une

portuguaise," from
II. 284, much

de

S^ign6
Later

her daughter, July 19, 1671.

as

ed. 1867. Quoted on p. 81. impressed by the Letters.

romanticists, such

Goethe,

were

74

England, although the correspondence of

in imitation of them. of sentiment is noticeable Venice in the

Mrs.
on

Behn the

was

dently evi-

Their influence

Orphan
of poems

(1680),and
to
a

Preserved

tragicpathos (1682), in
Rowe,

of

expression Otway's
in such

the dramas and

Southeme,
as

less extent

in those of

Pope's Eloisa to Abelard (1717). Language, had the force of sincerity, which in the original was put in the mouth of every heroine, so that before long this hysterical
self-abandonment became the almost
as

much

of

convention

as

the
came

of preciosity
a a

romances.

With

the

reaction

both against
manners

this violence and

eighteenth century this immorality,

to

/ in

desire to make

and

morals
to

conform

certain

well-established rules.
of expression

The

attempt
"

passionto the
London

prunes,

adjustthe unrestrained prisms,and proprieties

"

of middle-class
of

resulted

in that sentimental didacticism

which

Richardson

Equally great and the growth letters on

the
not

is the great exponent. obvious than the more

of
as a

bearing of these
influence
form
on was

sentiment, was
narrative

their

rise of
a

the

letter

form.**

The

device a common complete innovation,for letters were in the romances, had long been amusing itself and polite society but these, Gosse points ;*^ out, as Mr. composing elegant epistles the firstto convey real emotion and as such they exerted were More influence on letter-writers. an important in view of the development of narrative art, they were almost the first the first to enjoy a wideentire story, certainly spread to reveal an popularity.Professor Waldberg has shown in detail how So many great an influence they exerted in France. imitations cannot it is surely be cited in England, but novels in that, while before 1678, there were no significant letter form, in the remaining years of the century, out of of originalEnglish works the score there were at least eight. A still further impetus was given to the letter form by its adoption for satire in the remarkablypopular Letters of
**Cf. Waldberg,
ch. vi, p. 246, gives Ibid,
a

Reynier, Le

Roman

Sentimental

avant

PAstrSe,
^

list of erotic works French

in letter form

before

z6io.

"*Cf. Upham,
for
a

The

Influence in English Literature, pp.

of Voiture, Balzac, "Orinda,"

434-447i

discussion

of the vogue

Howell, and

Loveday.

75

Turkish
that

Spy,^ which
time

From
was

utilized for

English editions. dates the vogue which of the pseudo-letter character-sketches, gossip, cal politidescriptions, enjoyed
numerous
"

and discussion, All the of influences the

narratives.

mentioned
and

in this the

chapter ^the Spanish

"

novel

Qoak

Sword,

French and

story of
the

temporary con-

scandal,the Narrative

Comedy,

Portuguese Letters the buoyant Mrs. Behn.

the

are

reflected in the

passionof vigorous work of

'

Aphra

Behn**
"

The
was

life and

work

of the

admirable

Astrea," as Mrs.

Behn

has received such careful and adequate called, universally treatment by Professor Siegel that the present writer need his conclusions and elaborate somewhat Mrs. only summarize Behn's and her to the influences so far discussed, relationship in the developmentof fiction. Of her parentage relative position and earlylife, know than that inwe practically nothing more 1650, when the littleAphra was about ten, she, with the rest of the family,accompanied her father,one John.Johnson, to

Surinam,
Barbadoes.

whither As

he had he died how

been
on

sent

as

Lord

Lieutenant

of the

the way

out, the

family very
made

the on deep an impressionwas mind of the future novelist may be gathered from her many references to the Indies and particularly notable from her most
"

returned,but shortly

The

first English edition. Letters

years
, , .

writ
an

by

Turkish
, , ,

Spy, who of the

most

Wd

five

and

forty

at

Paris:
.

giving
" "

Account

remark"

able transactions is
now

of Europe
to

from

1637

to

1682, appeared in 1687, and by T. S. Midgley,

conceded

be

somewhat and

modified others

translation

Wm.

Bradshaw,

Dr.

Manley

from

L'Espion

Turc, by

G.

P.

Marana,

Paris, 1684, i"^85, 16S6, and

three books the

The Amsterdam, 1687. remaining appeared first in London, due, it is said,to complications about Later there
were numerous

printing.

pseudo-continuations.
be gathered from the

Some

idea of the popularity of the work reached

^

may

fact that it

its twenty-sixth edition in 1770. Behn's

329 sq.

Aphra

Gedichte

und

Prosawerke,

P. York

Siegel. Anglia,
and

xxv,
1.

pp.

86 sq,,. and The

Separately printed.New
and Novels darles

Halle,

190

Plays, Histories
Published the 1705

of Mrs,
Gildon.

Aphra
from

Behn,

With

Life and

Memoirs,

by Mr.

Six volumes.
the

London, 1871.

Reprinted from

edition, itself revised

1696 edition.

76

She novel, The History of the Royal Sla^e, or Oroonoko. than a prl, a Mr. littlemore Behn, a Dutch married, when merchant resident in London, who, however, lived only a few
years. His

death forced court,

deprived his widow

her where
to

of
most

her

only means
talents looks

of
to

support and
amuse

make

the

of her

good her favor. The King, taking advantage of her already won in 1666-67, Dutch as connections,sent her to Holland a spy
and, had
his

the

her

vivacityand

had

ministers

put

more

faith in

her

advices, the

English might have been spared the shame of having the fleet burned in the Medway. in Holland, Mrs. Behn came beWhile of Vander Albert engaged to another Dutchman, the the letters, who, to quote her firstbiographer, on his way to mony make all thingsready for his voyage to England and matri" " "

died of her

of

a
"

fever."

The

"

fair Astrea

"

devoted

the rest

pleasureand Poetry,"or rather to the labor of supportingherself by her pen, for from 1671, the date of her first play, until her death in many in 1691 she wrote fields: ^poetry, drama, fiction, besides translating Latin
life to
"

classics like
works
as
. .

Ovid, French

novels,

and

such

semi-scientific New Inhabited

Fontenelle's
.

Theory of Several

Worlds

Discovered. lately
and
are

Only her prose narratives,in the eyes of the author her contemporaries the least important part of her work,
of interest "conceits"
to
us.

The
the

three series of letters, two

and
seven

elaborate all
tained con-

from

French,

novels volumes.

are

within
of letters

the limits of
her

two

small

Two
one

sets
a

concern

adventures between

in Holland;
an

being

burlesque correspondence
the other

admirer

and

herself,

being a

vivid

account

of her

and observations. experiences

In the latter occur and in

the earliest attempts at

them,

in the story of the two particularly

narration, rakes, young

by playing on their miserly old father's fear of ghosts, them him into 3delding his money and retiring to a terrify and spirit of her later monastery, may be found the manner almost works as or perfected as in The King of Bantam
Oroonoko,
Letters
to a

who

The

third

known series of letters,

as

The
and

Love-

Gentleman, are

different entirely

in tone

style

77

"

difference

due,

it

seems

to exact

me,

to

the

influence Behn's
my
new

of

the

Portuguese
is

Letters.
as

The there

date

of Mrs.
to
"

letters

uncertain, but

is

reference

they must
her year

obviouslyhave been written as late as if they were first play appeared. Even written of the play,the French edition of the Letters of a Nun had preceded them by at least two years.
be traced
that of situation, lover
a woman

play," 1671, when

in the guese Portu-

The

influence of the latter may tone, and style. The

retain love of

tion, in the likeness of situa-

trying the luke-warm to a by revealing the is practically of her own ings strengfth passion, unique in the writThe of Mrs. Behn. The only apparent exceptionsare Fair Jilt and the subsidiary the injuredand forsaken story of
"

Elvira

"

in The

Nun,

and

upon

closer examination in the Fair

these

prove
arouse

quite diflferent. The

a

heroine
she

Jilt tries to

passion
no

and

but fails,

is not
a

deserted,and
violent hate.
of her
numerous

comes her love be-

abject devotion, but

shifts her affection the
to

Furthermore, adorers,

she and

soon
even

one

first she was to whom unappreciativemonk done the "honour and writes to him" attached, appreciates her with all the profound respect imaginable." Elvira's is more took no pains to but Mrs. Behn case nearly in point, that she tried to win elaborate Elvira's feelings to show or
"
.

back
as

her

lover.
rest

Moreover,
of her the

in the somewhat Behn her held

similar
to

instances,
Platonic
and

in the

work, Mrs.

the

formulas.
heroines

In

grossest of

stories the

heroes

been had preciositywhich employ the decadent The Lover's Watch, popularizedin such pieces as Lycidas,^^ she herself translated, and Lady's Looking-Glass^^ which so in the Letters to Lycidas is all the that the very different style more striking.
"

Possibly you
send where be

will wonder
so

what

compels
; nay,

me

to

write ? I meet

What

moves

me :

to

I find

littlewelcome

where

with

such

returns

it may
"

I wonder Le La

too.'***
de Visle de par
et

From

Voyage
Montre;
La

V Amour

d Lycidas, A

663-1664,
1666;

trs.

1680.

"^From

M. Le

de

Bonnecorse;

Cologne

teconde

partie contenant
"""

Boete

Miroir,

Paris, 1671.

Letter

III, p. 58.

78

"Was cold
in

that, my
Who

friend, was
is changed?
be

that And

the who

esteem

you

profess?

Who
was a

grows

first?

the

aggressor?
your
course

'Tis I
;
me

first friend
you
to

friendship and shall

a

last in constancy.
to

Take

be

like

foe, and

continue
your

impose

upon

me,

that you let

me see

esteem

when

fly me.

Renounce

false friendship,or Astrea."

"

you

give it entire

"

You'
my

ought. Oh

faithless and
you

adorable infinitely
to
see

Lycidas I
and

to

-know

and
upon

guess your

tenderness;
If it be vexatious another I

ought

it grow,

daily increase
lessen. words
as
...

hands.

troublesome, thought!
. "

'tis because
"

I fancy you make

more

Oh

unlucky, oh
than
" . .

Or, why
as

of tenderness,
once

woman,

that loves
you
""

well, would
more

do,

you

said? life.

Farewell.

love

more

and

every

moment

of

my

Know

it,and

Good"night."

The Behn's

difference work is

between

these

letters and the

the rest

of

Mrs.

ground that this was sincere attachment, and it is very possible that her love a more have been in expressing for Lycidas may real,but certainly modelled her letters after those by herself she deliberately the Portuguese Nun. ogy The seven classified according to chronolnovels, whether three groups: or according to genre, fall into the same usuallyexplainedon
humorous novels

stories, histories
of
the
cloak and

"

"

based

on

observed As has

facts,and

sword

order.

just

been

pointed out, the earliest attempts at prose narrative are in the letters retailing gossip,and are amusing anecdotes paring presuch Black for The Little a directly piece as Lady^^ which appeared in 1663 and is presumably her earliest novel. humorous It is a witty description of the many mishaps that befel a most littlebrunette when she visited unsophisticated
London.
we

As

in many author

of

these

stories of

the French

feel that the

bright as it is, we lose Behn's the printed page. This is less true of Mrs. narrative The King of Bantam,^^ though that also
"" "

read it aloud, and originally something by knowing it only

order, that,
from
next

is

in

Letter Letter

II, pp. 64-5. VIII, pp. 84-5. of the

Black

^The

Adventure

Lady, vol. ii. Histories Complete

been

and

Novels,

or

Complete Works,
"

vi. 325-336.

The

Court

of the King of Bantam,

Works,

vi. 2g2-z24" before

The of

date

is uncertain, but the story must

have

written

the death

80

is Royal Slave; or, Oroonoko^* the fact the better known. The author lays great stress on that she is chronicling and events not writing a romance:

Of

these The

History of

the

"

I do not
my

pretend, in giving you

with the adventures
at

the History of this Royal Slave, to entertain of

a

reader
may

feigned hero, whose

nor as

life and

tunes for-

fancy
design
hinu"*^
to

manage

the poet's pleasure;

in relating the arrived

truth,
to

adorn

it with

any

accidents, but

such

in earnest

The

plot therefore
of
two

is

but is nevertheless biographical,

posed com-

distinct parts; the first deals

land and

with

Oroonoko's

life in his native

with Imoinda, the second

in second than negro the the

his love affair concerns particularly ventures his kidnapping and his adrecounts

Surinam. witnessed.

The

Mrs. first,
could

Behn show

fabricated,the
more

she

Nothing
lack

clearly
her

first part her

is
a

of

real

imaginativepower;

court

combination
of all the and the

of Restoration

licentiousness and The

ported re-

luxuriousness

pseudo-Oriental romances.
of
a

second

part has

interest

sensational incident

by
she

keen

able

eye-witness. With
appearance, his

contagiouszest,
and havior, be-

describes
tells
us

Oroonoko's
what the he

manners,

of him, and
us

what

said,what he did, what she thought other people thought,yet always keeps
Her hold
on

in

sympathy with the hero.

comes

her
own

readers,like
earnestness.

that of Defoe,
In

first of all from

her

form
is

and
more

styleOroonoko
extraneous

is inferior to
a

there

material,and
stress, but

predecessors, tendency to rant in

tone

its

the moments

of

emotional

the

is

so

much

higher
ranks
to
as

and the

the

as

that Oroonoko subject so interesting justly author's masterpiece. It is frequently referred

the first humanitarian Tom's

novel
more

and

as

forerunner
if Mrs.

of

Uncle
*The
".

Cabin, but it is

than doubtful

Behn

History of the Royal Slave; slavery; their

and final revolt his
own

The

Complete Works, voU or, Oroonoko. plot,brieflystated, relates the kidnapping of Oroonoko and Imoreunion and

inda

into

marriage

treatment

of Oroonoko, execution.
a

in Surinam, and culminating in his murder

the of

ill his

wife, Imoinda, and

It
was

dramatized

Victorious Love
*"

as Oroonoko; Walsh by William

by tragedy,

Southern

in 1696, and

as

in 1698.

V.

75.

81

was

trying to

arouse

sentiment

against slavery. Abuse

of

denounced, but, as in the case of Defoe, certainly there is nothing in her discussion to indicate that she thought feriors they,as a race, ought to be free,or that she thought such incould be anything but slaves.**** Oroonoko an was ceptional exin contact She had come with his personality case. and her S3mipathyhad been aroused. Moreover, it should be is no ordinary negro, but a king remembered that Oroonoko
the slaves she
and
a

hero from

romance.

The

brutal murder is the conduct

of Imoinda

and and

the stoical endurance in those

;

of torture

of

savage,

passages

Mrs.

Behn

was

depending upon
conducts who
romance

her observations himself with enslaved

Oroonoko but, generally speaking,

proprietyof those heroes of Moslems. by the piratical

"The
most

the

were

famous from
most
was

statuary head

could
to

not

fonn His

the

figure of
not

man

more

admirably
rusty black

turned which
nose

foot.

face
a

was

of

that
or

brown

of that nation

are, but

perfect ebony,
of African

polished flat;his lips,

jet.

"

His

rising and

Roman,
be seen, of the and

instead far from

and

mouth which and

the finest shaped that could

are so

those great turned The whole

natural his face

to
was

the
so

rest

Negroes.

proportion bating his

and

air

of

nobly

exactly formed, that

more

colour, there
handsome."
"

could

be

nothing in Nature good and

He had
as

beautiful, agreeable

"

He

had

an

extreme

graceful mien, and

all the

of civility

well-bred

Great

Man.

nothing of barbarity in his Nature, but

if his education had been in
some

in

all points addressed court"

"^

himself

European

Qosely connected with the heroic mould the good as conceptionof the ideal man
introduced
to do

of Oroonoko
savage.
no

is the
Behn

Mrs. had

this character into fiction, and

doubt

much

with

the idea.**** It was, however, well disseminated popularizing Hobbism at this time, for it was and had a current
denunciation of his confederates, "by slaves."

""^Cf. Oroonoko's
p. iSz,

nature

^Ibid,, p. 87.
"^

P. 86. Oroonoko in both 7

was

""^

translated
was

into German

in 1709

and

into French

in 1745,

and

countries

dramatized.

82

already been
Granada
"

phrased by Dryden finely (1672):

know,
as

in

The

Conquest of

But I
am

that I alone
as

am

king of

me.

free

nature

first made

man,

Ere When

the base wild

laws

of servitude the noble

began,
savage

in woods

ram"

Act

I, sc

z.

The

Fair less

Jilt, having
of

more

commonplace material,has

ceived re-

attention, yet
great
stress

it is better

constructed,and, from

the

point
to

of view

more characterization,

in Oroonoko author
Miranda in who
a

is laid

on

the facts,and
was a

again

the

As interesting.'^ the absolute fidelity of the story is biographical.

beautiful

flirtwho

lived,at the beginning of the narrative,

She fell in love the angry
to

religioushouse repelled all her

to

in Amsterdam.

with

young

priest

advances, whereupon
and had him
on

trying
to
a

seduce

her
she

committed her
name

lady charged him with prison. There she left him

was

languish while

carried
went

flirtations and of Prince

wooed

and

won

by
on

rich traveller who the extravagant get

more

by the

Tarquin.
used her
up

Time

went

and To

ways

of the young determined

couple
to

soon

their fortune. sister

dered, mur-

money,

Miranda

have

younger
a

and and but

to

for this purpose

upon

worked

first upon husband.

were

the love of Both

youthful admirer,
to

then

that

of

her

doting

failed

kill the and

girl,
the

being detected
death. The of

in the

attempt,
a

caught, condemned,

sentenced and

boy died, but by

a

slip on

the part of the headsman

connivance
to

friendly crowd,
He
was

Tarquin, though
and and

severely wounded,
to

aged man-

escape.

pardoned finally

returned
now

his native

land,
had clear

where secured

he

was own

joined by his still adored

penitent wife, who practices and

her

release by confessing all her nefarious

ing the long-sufferingfriar. The she heroine is and inhumanly villainous that consistently but the hero, who could love her interesting, ills he endured her account and on finally
so

fails to be all the her

an

through
him
^The

could take from

Fair
V.

to

his old

father

as

the
an

woman

who

had and

saved

ignominious death, is
the Amours date

unusual
and but
was

original
CompUti
in

Jilt; or,
The

of

Tarquin

Miranda. the

Works,
the time last year in the suggests relation

201-87.
our

exact

is unknown,
memory,

phrase ..."
advertisement

when

King Charles

of blessed

in Brussels, in the is
an

of his banishment," puts

it after 1685.

There

Term the

Catalogues for T. Tonson,

first part of the story. The

Michaelmas,
Amorous

1678, which

strongly
a

Convert; being

true

of what

happened in Holland,

83

type.

Curiouslyenough, in drawing this magnanimous

Mrs. Behn
did
not

acter, char-

think
as

of
a

him

as

fine and
"

noble, but
the force
for the find

on

the contrary, regarded him

As In this

foolish victim of
is
no

of love." cheated.

in the old novelle

there

sympathy

novel, even
for

more

than in the others,we

those
are

littledevices
to

prone

the
"

accurate

scrambled
or

memory,"
"

producing a realistic effect which we to Defoe. Take, for instance, regard as peculiar of the crowd who of by-standers description of the bloody saw-dust, to keep for his for some that of Tarquin preparing for execution :
himself with
a

and

undressing
had
on

the help of his valet and white

cap,

page,

he pulled oflf off his periwig, with

his coat, and and under put

underneath
a

satin waistcoat with

a

; he
one

took done

white

satin
over

Holland

point

it,which
"

he pulled
"

his eyes."
"

Most
this

Defoeian

of all is the that

last sentence

Since

began

Relation, I heard
a

Prince

quarters of
and Afra

ago." Such that caulay'sastonishingstatement

year

Tarquin died about threephrases as these explain MaMoll

. . .

Flanders, Roxana,

Colonel Jack Behn."""

novels of

"

were

in

no

respect

beyond

the reach

of

The
group,

of the cloak

and

sword, which
are

compose in

the third
The

Mrs.

Behn's

fiction de

three

number.

The first.

History of Agnes
out or.

Castro, or
and
was

the Force followed

erous of Genthe
next

year

Love,^^ came by The Nun;

death
of

in

1688,

The

Perjured Beauty,^*a
mistaken the
same

tale of

false in

friends,lyinglovers, duels, and

the

identities, ending
time

all the

participants.About
a

was

written The

Lucky Mistake,
steadfast

story of crossed
in

loves,obdurate

parents, and

everything comes after. out rightin the end and everybody lives happily forever and Though the least powerful, it is decidedlythe prettiest
purest of Mrs.
"* "

devotion,

which

Behn's
Letters

novels.
of Lord

Cf. Life and Mrs. Behn's

Macaulay, ed. Trevelyan, 1876, II. 385,

de Castro, Nouvelle

version

of Agnis

Portugaise, par J. B.
was

de

Brilhac, Amsterdam,
in 1696 by

1685, appeared in Modem

Mrs.
or,

Novels, vol. iv, and

dramatized
'^

Catherine the Faire

Trotter.

History of the Nun,

Vow-Breaker,

was

the

title of the

first edition,1689.

84

In

these

seven

narratives,Mrs.

Behn

passed, for she

can

anecdotes humorous from be said to have progressed, scarcely and supposedly of actual experience, to sensational, journalistic of episodeswhich she had witnessed, and from true accounts these to deliberately fictitious stories in the Spanish manner.

Her

first attempts at the

which, fiction,
first two later and
" "

as

has been
and

said
are

are

in the
as

letters, resemble

groups

almost

perfectas the artistically there is no paradoxically,

mean
no

adept,but
and
eflfects.

longerexamples. To speak in any of them, which does not art Behn Mrs. an artifice. At literary was trickery, selected she never worked or accordingto principles
to

arranged her material

In
common

produce certain results

clever
men

and

large
of her
*'

with most

and

women

ing tellgossip-lovinggeneration,she possessed the gift of forced her to develop a good story,"and circiunstances she imitated the popular French this gift. Very naturally, for the continental stories from contemporary life, substituting and material the experiences circle of acquaintances, of her own for the indescribable "esprit," a flashyimpudence. Yet she and episodic never stage. progressedbeyond the conversational She elaborated them, she episodes at length, she combined them by bits of description, connected but she never completely incidents that relating merged them into one largeplot. When had not come within the range of her observation,or analyzing the emotions from or expressing passion, she borrowed
romances narrow or

current

love-letters. Her

interests
was

were

rather
to
science conso

and of

vulgar, her
she detail,
or

imaginative range
no sense

limited
no

matters

had

of mystery, and
a

either moral many

aesthetic ;

but, as

compensation for
of

a observation, similitude, and the trick of producing veria racy style, strong personality, have given her which with her unusual experiences for originality. Originalin the sense of creative, a reputation

she limitations,

possessed keen

powers

Mrs. what

Behn
was

was

not, but command.

she knew She

was

how
a

to
woman

make

the

most

of

at her

of strong feelings

and work

of

amazing vigor,all
the
least
so

of

which The
her

she threw

into her

without
makes her

restraint.

what

work

readable,for

personal element is and gross vulgarity

85

buoyancy and robust is enlivened by a dash All her work common sense. and impudence that give snap and life to her colloquial slipshod style. It was just such vigor,just such vivid stylethat than for any English fiction needed, and it is for these more than for the accident of Oroonoko, that even more originality, she deserves a place in the historyof the English novel. Behn succeeded Mrs. was by Mrs. Mary de la Riviere Manley who possessedmost of her vices and few of her virtues. immorality are
counter-balanced

almost

by

her

Mary

de

la

Riviere
we

Manley**
even

Of Mrs.

Mrs.

Manley's life
our

know

less than

of that of
is her
more own

Behn, for
of her

chief

source

of

information contains
was

"account than fact.

and

life and

times," which

fiction in

We

do know, however, that she of her

bom

1673,

lived most

life in and disreputable

about

London,

plays, and scandalous Her stories. father. Sir Roger Manley, was associated in some mysteriousway with the Turkish Spy,^^so that Mrs. Manley may be said to have been predisposed in and social of political favor of pseudo-historical compilations of far as I know, no careful bibliography There is, so gossip. her works, some of which were, mously. very wisely,printed anonyher ters" letThe first of her productionsto appear was of in 1696. In 1705, appeared an attack on the Duchess Portsmouth, under the title The Secret History of Queen Zarah and and the Zarazians, a conglomeration of tales of intrigue attributed to her, to which additions personalscandal,generally were printed in 171 1 and a key in 1712. This is the earliest in English. In 1709, she example of this species of romance and Manners published the notorious Secret Memoirs of New Atalantis the several Persons of both sexes in which from
herself by supporting
"

indecent writingscurrilous articles,

she combined For

not

the secret-memoir
attack
on

and

the

ideal commonwealth.
was

this scandalous

the

Whigs, she

and arrested,

dischargeduntil 1710. So popular had it proved, however, that Mrs. Manley was induced to write continuations under
"" ^

Cf
.

G. A. Aitken

in D. N.

B.

Infra, p. 106.

86

various

titles. towards

The

next

year, the

1710,

in

the

Memoirs Written

Europe of eighth century. and Favorite to Charlemagne, she varied Eginhardus,Secretary her presentation of scandal by usingan historical setting. These
Memoirs whom
were

the close

of by

dedicated

to

"

Isaac Bickerstaff," i. e. R. Steele,

the

she

had

attacked

in

New

Atalantis.^^

In

1714

appeared The Adventures of Rivella; or the History of the author of the Atalantis with secret memoirs and characters of several Persons considerable her contemporaries, which was for the fourth time in 1724, as Mrs, reissued M aniens History In addition to these narratives of her Life and Times. Mrs. Manley may have written Bath-Intrigued published humously postin 1725, and
a

collection

of short stories which Love in Seven

were

of The to a Friend, or A Stage-Coach Journey to Exeter. Describingthe Humours of the Road with the Charcu:ters and Adventures of the Company, as it was reprintedin work. The journey is but a entertaining 1725, is her most for stories of intrigueand framework formal "characters." of disgusting The accounts told by the beau and the amours no sea-captain longer divert us, but the attention is stillheld by the vivid pictureof the journey, of the inns, of the customs of the road, and of the travellers, the beau," the impertinent the prude, and last, but not least, the lively hearty sea-captain, In this narrative the styleis on the Mrs. Manley herself. to that in the novels,the secret histories, or whole, far superior be admitted that even the love-letters, at although it must her worst, Mrs. Manley is seldom dull. Delivered in a conversation to the The Adventures of Rivella, in Somerset House Gardens Young Chevalier d'Aumont by which appeared in 1714, is generally Sir Charles Lovemore^^ and may have been so in part supposed to be autobiographical and in spite charof its scandalous It shows considerable skill, eightLetters
"
"

printedunder

the titleof The

Power

Novels.

**"

In the Tailer and

(No. 63), she

when she articles.

was

attacked him
as

by Swift,but later he spoke

editor of the Examiner
sisted as-

kindly -of her

her
to

succeeded In

with

several

Atalantis

Major, (171 1) generally

Atalantis

tributed at-

Defoe, the usefulness

of the New

is sarcastically mented com-

upon.

""'See bibliography under

""

1625.

Sir John

Tidcomb.

88

brook, but

we

do

not

understand
of

either Zara brother

or

Mosco.

Or
though al-

again,take the story

married,
ruined

Mosco's
his ward

Hernando, who,

by inducing her to enter into a "bigamous marriage" with him; and then, tiringof her, left her "to die of a brdcen heart." Here we are given a little
more

information:

we

learn

Hernando had
never

had
loved

been

married

againsthis will by
that further, Louisa
he had

his father and

his wife, and

ful carefully corrupted the mind of the youthis But all information this by tescchings. is no There given in an unsympathetic,objectivemanner. of Mrs. Ha)rwood's morbid pity,nor, on the sympathy, none
his evil
In short,Mrs. Manother hand, is there any moral censure. ley had neither the independencenor the power of Mrs. Behn, and
.

her

work
or a

is

on

the whole

harking back
from

to the older

type

Iof novel

relation of current lively

scandal,which
its closeness
to

derives

whatever Mrs.

value

it may

possess

actuality.

ilar Haywood, dealt with very simand manner, the same material and often spirit the opening of the but the change of temper which marked with some new eighteenth influences, literary century, together and may is reflected in her work be treated in appropriately the next chapter.

Manley's successor,

Mrs.

in much

CHAPTER

III

THE

NOVEL

(1700-1740)

It

will

be
was

recalled
laid upon

that the

in

the

introduction
taste

considerable
took this

emphasis
the
was

change of

that

place

in

early

years

of
to

the
the

eighteenth century,
reaction

and

that

change

attributed

against
of the and and

the

flagrant immorality,
Stuart

the license, and

to

the harsh
rise

realism
in

later

period

and

the

contemporary

social

literary importance compromise

became

of the

the

upper

bourgeoisie.
of
a

Propriety

watchwords
zeal but

generation
of

which,

animated

not

by religious
to

by

weariness

the

prevailing abuses, wished

ideal
not

make

life purer
and

and

pleasanter. The
its
a

thus

created

was

objective

ethical, making
intellect ; it
was

appeal

through the imagination but lofty

concerned
nor

the

morality neither
were

inspiring but
with
the

eminently practical. People

theories
or

not

spiritual

moral

problems, but
affairs
to

with life.

conduct,
The

practice of
of this
or
*

morality
ideal may

in

all the

of

formulation
social

be studied which

best

advantage
in many novel.
ways

in the
an

treatises

conduct-books,
on

had of the

important bearing

the

development
the

Throughout
these
and

sixteenth, seventeenth,
were

and

eighteenth
between The

turies cen-

books
must

very been

numerous,

and
hundred.

1600
tier Courtreat

1740
of

there

have

several of
and

Castiglione
scale

and

The
ideal

Prince courtier
and
as

Machiavelli, which
the ideal
had the

on

grand

the

ruler, belong
been seded super-

to

the earlier Renaissance,

early as 1600 concerning

A
as

by the
the
were

more

detailed French

treatises

gallant and
these
a

lady

of

the

salons.^ character

very

few
as

of

works

concerned
were

with

well

manners,

good

many
*As heroic

controversial

pamphlets
Ladies,
of Abraham

concerning
Darcy,
1623;

the

feminist
Gallery

The

Honour from

of the
the

The

of

Women,

French

John
89

Poulet, 1652.

90

movement,*
of

but

by

far the

largernumber

were

formal manuals

in which could be found directions for specific etiquette for pursuconducting a conversation, for enteringa room, ing all and for Platonic letters sions.' occaon a courtship, writing the Various devices such as the character," dialogue, utilized forth and the pseudo-letter,* this tion, informato set were
"

and

in all cases advice

the illustrativestory

was

used

tage. to advan-

always concrete and specific and based upon the usage of such literary assemblies as the Hotel de Rambouillet and such English imitations as the circle of the the eighteenthcentury a great Orinda." "matchless With the these social treatises. In the firstplace, over change came select coteries no longer existed, and the ideal had to be adapted to the needs of a much more generalpublic. In the second place,the interest in practical moralityled writers to v/ treat as much of generalquestions of character and conduct The of questionsof etiquette. rules of good form as were made of rightliving. The social dependent upon the principles treatises are but they played a not to be regarded as fiction, most importantpart in its development;indirectly, by setting up given was
certain ideals to which the hero
and

The

thus

heroine

were

made

to

in the illustrative stories and model directly, letters. In the eighteenth greatly century these stories were in and and sentiment almost elaborated, are subject-matter The Family Instructor identical with the novel of manners. ~^and and ReligiousCourtship of Defoe, The Letters Morai of Mrs. Rowe, the Familiar Letters of Richardson, Entertaining the Tatler, and Mrs. Ha)nvood's Tea-Table the Spectator, novels contain in embryo, and Pamela it will be numerous

conform,

and

"For

ex.,

Pleasant

Quippes for
Good Walsh the

Upstart Newfangled
or,
a

Gentlewomen,
in
non a

by
etc,

Stephen Gosson, 1596, A Strange

1642, The
Holltse Woman
as as

Wonder;

Wonder

Woman,
est

Man,

1671, Femina

Homo, Women,

by by

,(F.H.), and
1

(W.), 1678, Dialogue concerning Astell,c

The
1700.

"W. Walsh,
"

69 1, and

the pamphlets of Mary Duties

Such

as

Domestic

by W.

O. D, Gouge, The

Accomplisht Woman, English Hous-Wife,

from

the French, by Walter 1660.

Montague, Being

1656, and

by G. Markham,
"

The

Lover's Letters

Secretary,

"

collection of BiUet-Doux, etc, 169a. The

Familiar

of"Love and

Gallantry, 1718.

Perfect Serving Moid,

1692.

91

remembered
of

was

"Published
and

in order

to

cultivate the

ciples Prinof

Virtue

Religion in the Minds

of the Youth

Both

Sexes."

The Some found

Duchess

of

Newcastle**

early examples of
among

this type of

literature

are

to

be

the works
was

of

(i624?-i674). She
of the

seventeenth

Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle of the most one interesting personalities her ings, writcentury, and consequently

though lacking in grace and literaryfinish,have a certain attraction. A strong-mindedwoman the Duchess. was She dressed as she pleased, wrote she pleased, as thought as she pleased and said what in scornful, and one she pleased, might say studied, defiance of fashion, convention, Mrs. As she was not Grundy, and the feelingsof her friends. she never had the to self-analysis, or given to sentimentalizing least doubt as to what under was rightand what was wrong she perceivedher duty, she perany circumstances, and, once formed it with all possible ostentation. weaknesses the Two hid : an for the stolid good \2idy tmmitigated admiration Duke of Newcastle,and an inordinate passion for fame. She
took herself
that and her

ambition

with

seriousness

and

ness earnest-

to her pedanticand amateur give a life and vitality but artificial, performances,lackingin the more polished, ductions proof her contemporary, Mrs. Philips. Her own viduality indiher is impressed upon with all its idiosyncrasies of twenty odd plays,her verse, her biography of the Duke Newcastle, her autobiography,and the miscellaneous pieces of no particular which sonally, Perabout to consider. we are genre I always feel that the Duchess fied, was vaguely dissatisthat as Arnold said of Gray, though in a rather different she "never spoke out," and that her innumerable presense, faces and her atlearned style, tempts to the reader, her awkward, due to a restless to write in all possibleforms are seeking for better self-expression. of her earliest works The World's Olio, one (1655), con*"

Cf. Article

on

"

Margaret

Cavendish

"

by J. Knight in D. N. B.

92

sists of

number

of short

essays

on

all sorts

of Woman, "Inferiority morally and ship," "History of Language," the "Breeding of Children," "CourtPenelope's Hospitality," Fame," and a criticism of indiscretion in allowing herself to be courted." Incidentally, the
" "

subjectsfrcxn to the physically,"

of
"

there

are

numerous a

references vivid
to

to

contemporary

manners

and

morals

and

very

pictureof the Newcastle

that the of woman,

household,
for
a

in which

it is safe
on

assume

Duchess,
ruled

all her
rod of

theories
iron. drawn

the

subordination

with

The

(1656) appeared Nature's Pictures by Fancie's Pencil to the Life,with a frontispiece resenting repof and the family circle Tellingof tales of pleasure followingyear
"

witt."
several

We

are

told

in

one

of

the

Prefaces

that "There

are

comical, as feigned stories of natural descriptions and tragi-comical, romantical, philosophical poetical, tragical,
and
some

historical morals in which

are

both
some

in prose

and
"

verse.
r
.

Also

there

are

and

end
we

there

is

and dialogues no feigning." And is

"

story

at the latter

in another

preface
muses

told that the purpose and the graces

to present virtue,the to

leadingher
seldom

attendingher, and
fortime

shew

vice is

innocency." good ; and But the stories are disappointing, being merely conventional wrenched of shape, so to speak, to romantic out intrigues
crowned

with

to defend

aflFord a moral
Assaulted
won
a

conclusion. Pursued

For

there instance,

is the story of

and

in Chastity,

which

lady who

had

affections declines his presents, shoots the too prince's and makes good her escape to a fantastic presumptuous suitor,

land, from
and

which the
are

she

returns

at the head

of

marries finally

prince.

In

The

Ant

and

troops and the Bee and Wit

some

Wisdom CCXI
As

represented the fable and

Letters of

the moral

tale.

The

Sociable
the

Duchess

esting. intermore 1664, are much explained in a preface,"They are

I have Humours endeavored under the the the

rather
cover

scenes

than

for letters,

of letters to express
a

of Mankind

and

the

actions of

correspondence of two ladies short distance." The and one at some idea was living capital which later writers used to good purpose, but the Duchess gives too littlespace to the characters and episodesand too life, by

man's

93

much

to censorious

moralizing. We
have

have

some

very

ing interest-

sketches which situations,

as

of development, great possibilities

example, the story of "the gentleman that of a familyquarrel married and the account his kitchen-maid her table her on "ensuing upon a lady's refusal to serve husband's favorite dish,vulgar roast-beef." But the Duchess left them undeveloped. In the field of pure fiction her only contribution is a wild The Blazing World (1665),in which she set forth, romance. some truly astounding vagaries on the subject of physics. Her best narratives are the Biography of the Duke of Newcastle^ (1667) and her Autobiography^^ (1656). In her great desire to present the exact understanding misfacts,to prevent all possible details and careful explanation, by numerous is of there the realism of the next generation. a suggestion
for
"

Mrs. Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe school

would
as

Elizabeth

Rowe***
many

(1674-1737) belongsin
the Duchess

respects

to the same

of Newcastle, but this well-

bred

been unutterably shocked by her plainlady spoken predecessor. Mrs. Rowe undertook to inculcate principles of rightliving In of sentimental piety. by means 1728 Death in twenty letters from the Dead appeared Friendshipin the recently to the Living,in which departedgive their friends sound advice,timelywarnings,and glowing accounts of heaven. is nothing mysterious or There even impressiveabout these ghosts,who are of the world, worldly. In fact,the Letters do not differ essentially from the superior, but less popular. Letters Moral and Entertaining, stallments, which appeared in Aree inin 1729, 1731 and In these epistles, 1733. posedly supwritten to intimate friends,we have some interesting the stories told by one of the participants, heroine. usually
*^The

have

Life of William
Earl

Cavendish, Duke, Mansfield and

Marquis, and
Baron

Earl

castle, of New-

of Ogle, Viscount

of Bolsiver, of Ogle,

Bo thai,and
^

Hepple, 1667, 2d cd. 1695. of the Birth, Breeding and by Herself,

Pictures, D. N. B. of Nature's in the

True

Relation

Life of Margaret Cavendish, Appended

to

Duchess

of Newcastle, Written

but the first,

not

the later,edition
**

Cf. Sidney Lee

94

There

is

no

differentiation of character, very

littlesubjective

emotional

and but slight and episodes. varietyin scenes analysis, is the story the stock themes Most prominent among of a young who having retired to the country to recover woman from an unhappy passionwas meditation led by solitary and shortly wooed and wed by a to religion," was thereafter, far above her expeca match worthy and devout young man, tations." Then there is the story of the pious country maid who was preferredby the wealthy lord to the court beauties
" "

on

the

score was

of her

"virtue."

Also,

there

is the tale of the

rake who

led to repent and and hand

was

to reform

pious woman, winning her

the death of her
are

rewarded her wealth.

for And

and

by his passionfor a his improvement by there occurs finally,

a

story of the pious girlwho

lover all and
soon

fell into
in

decline

after

the

joined him

heroines

ticated than
world.

sensitive,emotional Pamela, but not unmindful

nature, morbid

In their cult of

immortality. The beings, less sophis* of the things of this mental and sentisensibility,
seau of the Rousof
our
us

akin pietythey are closely school hero and and

to the heroines
own

to the Elsie Dinsmore

day.

The

is the self-satisfied prig familiarized to

by Richardson

his

successors.

of Mrs. Rowe's was popularity prose and verse very Her its reached edition in Death in third Friendship great. continuously 1733, its fifth in 1738,and was printeduntil 1816. Her verse Historyof Joseph, first printedin 1736 was in its fourth edition m"*i744, the Devout Exercises of the Heart, edited by her admiring friend Dr. Watts, in 1737, was many times reprinteduntil 181 1. In 1739, appeared a collection of her Miscellaneous

The

Works

in Prose

and

Verse, which
made.

was

re-

printedlin 1744, 1750, 1756, 1772, and

while
were as

several times

thereafter,
There
one

late

as

1796,a

stillfuller collection was

two

French

translations of in 1753.

Friendshipin Death,
was

in

1740

and

the other

Moreover, she
of the time.

most
was

esteemed

by

the

men literary

Prior

highly won by

her slim volume

"her

eral Sevon mildly sentimental verse, Poems wrdte of Occasions,issued in 1696. Dr. Isaac Watts divine poems," and Pope thought so highly of her elegy
of

96

In

the words

of Professor

Cross,' the character-sketch

"

"as

Overbury (and we may by Ben Jonson and Thomas add had before them a Joseph Hall) "who contemporary of sketch of some translation a Theophrastus, was person, real or imaginary,who embodied virtue vice a or some a or character set to ridicule. One was idiosyncrasyobnoxious of each over against another, and the sentences descriptive in of had made the the antithesis which were style Lyly placed In other words, it was fashionable." device for attacking a of the age in lightsatiric spirit, and such it the "humours" remained during the first quarter of the seventeenth century. all other it forms the Shortlythereafter, shared* with literary and fate of being utilized by theological c versialists. ontropolitical With the Restoration there was to lighter a return
conceived

vein,
became

and

follies and

foibles instead
In the

of

vices

and

theories

the

of attack. subject
was

meantime, the expository,

*"^'^'^Ae

writers in adopted by the romance their perfectly serious portraits of individuals, and these in turn, modified the later development of the character-sketch. It was still further modified by being combined with the essay, and the memoir, by being set in a descriptive the letter, or j narrative framework, and by being grouped with other characters.'lll!? be Practically evfcry type of character-sketch can .found in the Tatler and Spectator; in them can be traced every stage of its development from the short,objective, impersonal of a type, to the S)rmpathetic delineation of a typanatomy
" " " '

antithetical method

Cross, Development
For

of the English Novel, Century, Carisbrooke of America,

Reserve

p. 24.

'

ampler
Relation Pub,

treatment

of this subject constilt H. Morley, Character

Writ'

ing of the Seventeenth

"

Library, 1891
to

; C

S. Baldwin, say," Es-

The

of the Seventeenth

Century Character
1903, in

the Periodical
1904,
to

Mod,
Books the

Lang, Ass,
of the Western

xviii, and
Relation

xix, and ment DevelopC. N.

"

Character of

Seventeenth

Century

the

Novel,"

Bulletin, Oct.,
Dr.

1900,

and

Greenough, Studies Unpublished

his Character Harvard dissertation in the

in the

Development hopes
to

of Character-Writing in England,
Greenough
a

Dissertation, 1904.
he

is

now

revising
as

which series de

publish within

short

time

The

Types of Literature,
avec

J
'

^Les

Caractires de
ce

Thiophraste traduits du Grec, particularlypotent factor.

les Caractkres translated

ou

I les

Moeurs
in

siicle,by J. de la Bruyere, Paris, 166S, and

was a

into

English

1708,

97

ical individual under novelists learned much

the least doubt.

many from

different circumstances. the

"

That
can

the

there characters,"

be not

In the narratives of Mrs.

Behn, Mrs. Manley,

their contemporaries, the
and
'^

Mrs.

Haywood,
there
are

Richardson, Fielding,and
numerous

formal

"

characters," and Dickens,

method

has survived
has
not

in the novels
out to this

of Scott and

indeed
The

died

day.

dialogue, although for many years a favorite device in and influential. not so news-pamphlets,^*was in high During the Restoration the Dialogues of Lucian were
social
tracts

favor

and

stimulated

translations and
the Dead and

imitations such

as

Tom

Living and the Dead.*^" Imaginary Conversations of ways the finesse, Landor, and althoughthey lack entirely poetry, and of the latter, are exquisite phrasing by no means uninteresting sometimes show of the dramatic and not only a keen sense and a lively of the situation, of humour, but sense possibilities also a comprehension of the characters. Particularly good are and and the dialogues of "Dido Stratonica," "Paracelsus
Brown's These

Dialogues of

the

"^^

in many

suggest the

Moliere," "Cortez

and

Montezuma,"
than
any

and of

"Mrs.
are

Behn Prior's

and

Young

Actress."
the
"

Better

these

four

^-'Dialogues of
between but
the
one

Dead,^
Mr.

of which

John
rival.

Locke

between
a

"the

logue perhaps,the best is the diade Seigneur Montaigne Vicar of Bray and Sir Thomas and
"

Moor"
and the

is

close

The

characterization

is

admirable,
y

style easy, natural,and

is
a

witty.

Swift's

Conversation
been

series of

littlescenes

graphic Polite^ that might well have

"^'

presentedon the stage. Novelists took lessons from such/] dialoguesin handling ccxiversations so that the speechesshoulcu I be in character,and so that shades of meaning should be con-| ' veyed to the reader without editorial explanation. forms these contributory siderable conWhile were being perfected,

progress
**

was

being made
a

in modifying
Dissenter and

the narrative
cerning con-

As

in Tutchin's the Shortest

Dialogue between Way

with

the Observator

Dissenters,

"

Cf. Modem

Novels, vol. xii.

and other Works in Prose and

"See A.

Dialogues of the Dead

1907.

Verse, ed.

R. Waller, 8

98

fn

cnif

ftiA ^f^Yf

conditJons. and pr"r"jal

to

make

it conform
and

to the

new

moral often

standard.

In the old novelle the merchants

their

but the entire interest centers on the epifigure, sode, the participants fixed the are pseudotypes. Moreover, classic canon of dramatic that and kings princesalone usage, suitable subjects for tragedy, or for in other words were serious treatment, was reflected in the contemporary romances by the exclusion,except in comic scenes, of all characters not
of

wives

gentleblood, and by the tendency to make comic all episodesand novels of intrigue in which the bourgeoisie of the figured. The serious and S3anpathetic portrayal life of the middle class was of the essential for the perfection
novel of manners,
as

royalor

at least

and

for that

reason

such of

early works

of the Mrs.

kind

the mediocre
and

"histories"
deserve

Mrs.

Haywood,

Barker,

Mrs.

Aubin

comment. special

Mrs. We know
very

Eliza

Haywood*"

Ha)nvood's life. She was bom about 1693, and like her predecessors, Mrs. "Behn and Mrs. Manley, led a disreputable until life in London her death, in 1756. Like them, too, she incurred the hate of Pope, and it was in retaliation for his slanderous remarks that she published her Female Dunciad (1729). Likewise, she
incurred the wrath
of

little about the facts of Mrs.

Swift,

who

described

her

as

"the

famous in-

the

woman." Scribble she certainly scribbling did, for in about 1720, she thirty-six years from her first publication,
at least

wrote

twenty novels,most

of the contributions

in the

Pfintnl^ somc ^f^Qfainr^ pUys, somc poems ; she translated many things from the French, and she publishedmuch personal and

fiction, however, that her small claim to fame rests. The exact date of the publication of many of her works is unknown, but it seems highlyprobablethat the like The Memoirs pseudo-histories of a Certain Island Adjacent
on
*"

political gossip. It

is

the

Cf. Sidney Lee, D. N. B. has been written and

No

detailed and

careful work
a

upon

Mrs.

wood Haystate.

her bibliography is in

most

bewildering

Some
to

of her second

works
or

have

been

lost, others
her

are

extant

only in what
are

purport
more or

be

third

editions,while
of Defoe aod

political pamphlets
writers.

less confused

with

those

other

99

Utopia (1725), and the Secret History of the Present Intriguesof the Court of Caramania (1727), came early in her The short novel of intrigue, somewhat the career. on literary cloak and sword order, was always a favorite with Mrs. Haywood, and her name is usuallyassociated with such licentious solve; Restories as Lassellia, -Abandoned; The Rash or, the Self The Fatal Secret, or. Constancy in Distress; and Th^ British Recluse. These novels differ from those by Mrs. Behn only in being less brilliant and in exhibitingan unhealthy confined herself to pathos. But Mrs. Haywood by no means such tales : she followed the fashion of the Portuguese Letters in Letters of a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier (1724), of the Oriental and didactic stories in The Adventures cess of Evaii, prinimitated and in later life she closely of Ijaveo (1736),** in A Present Richardson for a Serving-Maid (1741), and less directly in her best novels, The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless (1751), and Jenny and Jessamy (1753), while the Epistlesfor the Ladies (1749-50) show the influence of Yet long before the publication of Pamela, Mrs. Mrs. Rowe. in the sympathetic considerable progress Ha3rwood had made recital of the conduct and emotions and of ordinary men under and unusual, but still plausible conditions women trying, of domestic life. Idalia; or, the Unfortunate Mistress which appeared in 1723 or thereabouts,suggests in its opening scenes
to

Clarissa Harlowe.
The beautiful with wilful

Idalia, annoyed
rake in

by

her

father's

prohibiting her

to

communicate and lures become off to

a

the attractive
an amour

Florez, secretly corresponds with

him,
He
men

becomes her
to

.involved his

without

really caring for the

to

man.

house One

and

there

betrays her
the

his

lord. and

Other carries Part

involved.

of them

seizes

helpless victim
in which the and

her II is

lonely country

place, and
a

there. Part
romance,

I, concludes.

in fact, it is quite different,

wild

heroine, while separated from

eloping from
her lover.
over

the said country Her

career

house, is seized by robbers

not

is then

unlike

that of

Greek

heroine, for she

Oriental

wanders and

all Europe, is captured by pirates who

a

tell her her

tales,
lover

finally, after

chapter of misfortunes,
his wife. At

discovers author

quondam
to

living happily with

**

this point the

returns

realism

Reprinted

in

1741

as

The

Unfortunate

Princess;

or,

the

Ambitious

Statesman,

100

and
two

affectinglydescribes
women,

the attempt The

perplexity of the
to

man

and husband
to

the

grief of the
her

the

wife's

poison both
nunneries.

her

and

rival,

and

Idalia's forbearance. that both

women

Pope, being called

upon

settle the matter,

decides

shall enter

for the remarkable the better and is really decidedly havior. and beelaborate and sympatheticanalysis of Idalia's feelings In 1726, Mrs. Ha)rwood progressed still further in in 1728. with the Padlock The Mercenary Lover^^^ reprinted In the first, have the story of the ruin of a pure-minded girl we of a bland villain, followed by by the deliberate machinations Part I
IS

her

discovery of

his

her resentment, vileness, and

her

murder,

and

the consequent
Althia much
no

public disclosure
were

punishment
heiresses

of his crime.
consequently
Althia
was

and

Miranda

two

rich
men.

country On
younger

and

sought

for by eligible young

an

the proud

and

reserved

suitor made and

went
won

impression, but the

young

sister,the gay
merchant. Clitander To
was

Miranda,
London
a

wooed

by Clitander, a
live and married with Miranda
to

London Althia.

the

couple
and that he

to

them

took

mercenary
money,

soul, who

had
soon

purely for the sake

of obtaining her fortune

as

set

himself

the acquiring of Althia's with

won

well.

To

end

he

corrupted her
Then,

evil books her

and

soft

speeches and
deed

finally

ruined make in his

her. her
own

having

entire confidence, he

suggested that she

a

will, to which

she

having consented, he substituted

to

of gift

favor, intending
insisted
reveal

murder

her

and the
so

have
paper,

it look and

like suicide.

Unfortunately, she
cheat, threatened
before
to

upon

reading
even

discovering the
write

all and

went

far

as

to

letters, but

they
to

were dispatched he regained her confidence and took the opportunity foul play had killed her sister, poison her. Miranda, fearing some

though

never

for

moment

suspecting her husband, made

whole

thorough
of
money
"

tigation inves-

and secured which

a

brought
so

the

plot

to

light. On
Clitander

the

strength
the

it she for

divorce,

that the mercenary his souL"

lost all

he had

ventured

The is

are girls

rather well drawn

with
a

portrayed
"*

power
attributed
to

change in Althia suggestiveof Richardson, but the

to

and

the slow

This

work

is not

Mrs.

Haywood

by
it is
"

any

authority that
of
to

I have the

consulted. of
"

According
an

the

1726 title page

to

By the Author according

but
to

Memoirs

Island

Adjacent
of

Utopia,"

[". H.], and

that of 1728 The the it to

"

By the author

Reflections on
to

the various in the

more

Effects of Love."
copy,
not

B. M.

cataloguers attribute it
Mrs.

Mrs. it
seems

H.

1726

in

general bibliography. Certainly

her than
to
"

reasonable done. Cf. The

attribute
on

Manley,

as

is sometimes
in D.

Article

Mrs.

Manley

by G. A. Aitken

N.

B.

101

characters

have
"

no

personality. The
"

Padlock, the
in many

panion com-

picture of
far inferior to
The intended her
to
"

virtue rewarded

as is,

other cases,

vice

punished."
was

youthful Violante
to

married

to

the

old

Lepido, and
the

sincerely

make

him

faithful

wife, but

his jealousy and

to

cruelty drove
an

such

desperation that she finallyyielded granted

an

persuasions of
but

old black That where married

slave and

interview

to

an

unknown,
to
a

lover. faithful, of his cousin, she

night the lover appeared and carried her off

she lived virtuously until Lepidio obtained the lover and lived happily old slave
access ever was

the home

divorce, after which

course

after.

In the

of the story had assumed

it develops that the hideous that disguise in order

to

really the lover who

his mistress.

obtain

to

and setting plot, names, might be those of an old Italian such or Spanish novel, and in all likelihood go back to some but th^ elaborate expositions and y" of Violante's feelings source, the emphasis upon her "virtue" give a different impression. The Disguised Prince; or, the Beautiful Parisian,which appeared the title page
same
"

The

year,

and

which

may,

or

may

not, be

as

the
^

says

from

the French," is another

Here

novel of
are

manners

with romantic but not

Blanche

features.

again

the characters

human

individualized.
Bonin,
of
a a

banker's banker

daughter, corresponded
and his
to

with
in

Samuel order
the

Solicothat the German

fane,
young

son man

German

friend

of her It
son

father

might

improve

French. send his

happened
to

that
to

prince of that province wished

learning of the Bonins
son

Paris

be educated, and
to

from of

the banker, seised Blanche

to

the opportiwity her

many

send

his

under

the

name

Samuel. revealed

by
his she

wiles
was

gained his
forced and
to

love; but
return

before

he

had

her heard

identity,he
was

home.

Shortly thereafter
not

he

married,
her.

without
a

investigating, judged her she, who

went to

false and
at

utterly renounced
alarmed would and
at

After

time,
and

had

married
to

all,became
luck real
to

his long silence

Hanover for from the

investigate. As
of To she the add

have

it, she

arrived

just lover,

in

time

funeral

Samuel,
her
in

supposing it her
a

retired from
not
a

the world.

grief she received

which he

spitefulnote
he
'

her

lover

(whom

supposed dead)

declared

cared
way.' anywas

jiffythat she had been

So great
was

her

had cared for her for he never faithless, ill for months. Just as she grief that she was letter from another
to

recovering she received

her her lover
no

suitor been

in the

handwriting of
a

which,

as

she

supposed him
confusion.
at

have

dead the

year,

caused did
not

end

of surprise and
to
a

Unfortunately least,I have

been

author
to

bring the story

conclusion, or,
part.

unable

discover

the promised second

102

Haywood's novels require no separate from the conventional for they diifer but slightly comment is dedicated novelle. The Surprise;or, Constancy Rewarded that author I cannot to Steele,and help wondering whether the story of the girlwho found back her faithless lover won with beauty and to his taste. Alinda, endowed particularly wit, was sought in marriage by both Ellmour and Bellamant, and being in doubt as to which to choose, she invited her cousin,Euphemia, to spend a week or so with her and give an opinion on the two suitors. Euphemia, although neither so and handsome nor so wittyas Alinda, made up in good humour
The
rest

of

Mrs.

wealth
own,

what
but the

she

lacked

in

looks,and

had

many

suitors

of her

for
was

she cared only one for whom discovered that a great beauty. Alinda Bellamant and immediatelyresolved to husband.
Bellamant in continued
a

had

deserted her
lover for

this recreant take

Ellamour
of

her

in his

career

but before

long ended
above

debtor's

where prison,
"

duplicity, he repented
treatment
"

at leisure and

his all regretted

news

unhandsome

Disguisedas a man, she visited him in prison, paid his debt,and being assured of The Princess of his change of heart,revealed herself to him. Ijaveo is a curious little piece,so clumsy and crude as to be evil genii, good quite worthless, yet with its wicked vizier, terrible and enchantments, storms, cynicalexplanatory spirits, it is of Beckford's and Vathek curiouslyanticipatory notes, the Gothic romances. Jenny and Jessamy and Miss Betsy Thoughtless fall outside the limits of this study,but in passing, be noted, that they are it should not close imitations of Richardson's novels. They do, it is true, show the influence and espeof the new fiction very markedly, but the heroines, cially Betsy, are more closelyrelated to the impulsive Moll Pamela refined Qarissa. Flanders than to the calculating or The Female Spectator (1723),and the Tea-Table (1725),
to save

Euphemia. The lady's ears, and she

of

of

his misfortune him.

had

reached

that

decided

contain very

much

material

from

domestic

life.

The

latter criticises

the sensibly the

absurd

connection

story of
her wishes

according to

In this then current. sentimentality Arabella, who having been married died of grief through thinkingof
"

104

Mrs.

Jane Barker, Part and

others. the

II, By Several Gentlemen

The
conventional
one

versities of the Uniproper

verse

and
"

deserves scarcely
"

which praise
address

admiring

young

man gentle-

was

impelledto
Thy
More Lines than
may

to the fair authoress :

Virtue's than

"

pass

severest

Test,
Orinda's chaste."

Astraea's

soft, more

Thirty-five again appeared years elapsed before Mrs. Barker in print, and then it was not as a poet but as a writer of fiction. In I2J5 Curll publishedher Exilius; or, the Banished Ronum, which was followed by a translatidn of Fenelon's The Christian Pilgrimage in 1718,by the Amours of Bosvil and Galesia in collections of miscelromances** and two laneous 1719, and by seven pieces before 1726. After that Mrs. Barker's name of her popular romances. no more except on reprints appears
Exilius^'^was
"

written
some

after the Manner ladies of

the instruction of

young
"

Telemachus, quality." Since, in

of

for the

ridiculous as a a learned lady was as opinion of Mrs. Barker spinningHercules," the edifyingdiscourses on history, government, subordinated to inniunerphilosophyand the like,were able
discussions
on

how

young
on

lady

should

manage

her

suitors,on

filialobedience, and wretched

points of etiquette.The
adventures
and But

plot is

medley
in the

of

all the absurd

tures though the advenare wild, the heroines are characterized by a matter-offact common One sense worthy of Pamela. princessupon that the would surely not disapprove of her gods being told that elopement,since the oracle had replied
romances.
"

devices to be found

The The

Gods sacred

will

nerer

disapprove
of mutual

Bonds

love/' to consent to

responded, that
to

"

Whatsoever

the Gods
young
or

in their dubious
"These

oracles,a
and

might seem lady ought

the Constant and

interpret
The The

comprise: Celia of Virtue,

or,

Marcellus,

Lovers; Lysander;

Reward

the

Adventures

of Clarinthia
Clodius and

Lucky

Escape,

or

the Fate
or

of Ismenus;
Lewd

Scipiana, or
Recluse

the Beam-' and The

tiful Captive; Piso,

Fair Widow.

the

Courtier; The
and translated

Happy

^Reprinted

in 1726, 1736, 1743

into German

in 1721.

106

their The

meaning according to the dictates of filialobedience." moral flections remisguided Scipianahas a way of interspersing with an account of her past experiences that suggests
Flanders.
under of my
young my
own

Moll
"

I gave

hand

the certificate of my
sure

folly,and
a now

the

signed

testimonials than
never

for indiscretion,

there

is not
am

greater

imprudence
it ought

for

la^y
no

to

write
even on

to

her

lover; I

sensible
or

to be

done,

not

the account

of denials

reprimands."

And
"For
so

later she remarks

'tis certain
to
no as

reproach is like self-reproach,nor

what
we

any

misfortune

hard

undergo

draw

upon

ourselves."

Mrs.

Barker's

other

romances,

though they
In them

were

not

so

obviouslyeducative,resemble Exilius. wildest romance mingled with the most of commonplace moral sentiments
behavior.
In
two

we all,

find the
sion expres-

matter-of-fact
and A

rules of practical

of Love

her later works:

and

Patchwork-Screen

for the Ladies, Or The Lining of the

romance

Virtue Recommended Screen instructive

"

(1723),and
She declares

Patch-Work
"

(1726), she abandoned

novels.

for realistic and

to be

the of

manner

entirely new,
The
in tales,
on romances

but it is

merely the old device

Barker's constant of their

stories. telling old

of Mrs. spite the

score

are purity, not above not to reproach from the pointof view of propriety, she that of is of morality. And such moralityas taught, say immoral itself with keeping ^^ peculiarly varietythat contents within the letter of the law. Mrs. Barker taught virtue most in the often by puttingvice in the pillory, as Story of Jack is designed in which of wickedness Mechant the quintessence and practised." More as gards reamusing and most enlightening Mrs. Barker's idea of virtue and its inmiediate tangible reward is the story of Capt'Manley.
"

lauding of the

Captain Manley,
refused
to to
a

give him
fortune.

sufficient money He

hopeless rake, unhappily married to a jealous wife who his wild life,went to continue to sea experienced nothing
of the
some

seek

but
was

storms

and
a

disasters, and
There
a

fell into the hands finally remained

to

Turks

and

made

slave.

he

in servitude
and

for

time, tillhis widowed

wealth and freedom
was

mistress
on

fell

victim that he

his charms,
marry

offered

him

condition

would

her.

Although the temptation

great, the Captain, warned

106

in and
one

dream

by three dead

companions, confessed
would
was

that he

was

already married,
to

that the laws wife

at
a

of the Christians

not

permit him
funds, but
and
at

have

more

than

time. free found

Immediately
him and

his virtue with died

rewarded, for
on

not

only did
return to

his

mistress he

supply him
had him

his

England,
honorable

that made

his wife
a

"the

very

time

of his

confession

legacy."

Mrs. Another
^

Penelope

Aubin

contemporary
novel

of

Mrs.

Haywood,
she

Mrs.

Penelope
so

Aubin, brought the

Of
her

closer to the narrative of adventure. is not much

as

life nothing at all is known, and

in the

mentioned
name

Dictionary of
in 1721
on

National

Biography,
of two and

Her

first appears
of

the of

title pages

strange

tory popular hismedleys romance, manners, de Beaumont and The Strange ; namely.The Lifeof Madam Adventures of the Count de Vinevil and his Family, and we find it again in 1722 on The Noble Slaves and The History of stillagain in 1726, on The Life and Adventures Genghisen,^^ of the Lady Lucy, in 1727, on a translation of the Illustrious French in 1729, on another translation from Lovers, and finally These the French, The Life of the Countess de Gondez. ratives narfor in are highlydidactic and are not merely moralistic, and all there are strong pleasfor the Catholic C3iurch. Mrs. one

novel

Aubin and
on we

confessed find her

to

great admiration

for Robinson

Crusoe,

uninhabited

imitatingit in shipwrecking her characters islands and puttingthem ordinary through most extrawhich she strove
evidence rather her
to

adventures realism and

describe Defoe.

with In

all the

circumstantial
one or more

of

addition,
The
and each

she interwove
most

romantic
is

love stories.
that
a

notable
one

feature
recurs

of

narratives

in young

every

there
woman

the

realistic story of
of

girlor

the advances a charming rake in resisting favor of the perfectlover,"and being rewarded by worldly for her is brought virtue,"while her wicked tormentor goods death. to a horrible and This edifying tale is disgraceful localized in a romantic nesses settingsuch as the Orient, the fastof Ireland, of Wales. or the mountains virtuous
"
"

"Translated anecdotes
as

from

the

French
was

of

Petis

de

la Croix.
on

Although
not

full of intended

and

marvels, it

presumably

based

fact, and

fiction.

107

very

good
may

idea of the varied attractions be

of Mrs.

Aubin's

title leng^y descriptive pages.*^ Her best work, take it all in all,is The Life and Adventures of the descripof the Lady Lucy, in which some tions,
narratives

gathered from

the

such

as

the sack

of

the
are

castle

after

the battle of
records Aubin of
an

the
witness. eye-

Boyne,

have

real merit and

probablythe
reader, Mrs.
novels
are

In the

prefaceto
woman]

the her

states

that

philosophyof
"

life of which

the

exemplification.
her death
a

She

[the vicious

will be unfortunate

in the end, and

(Hke Henrietta's) will be accompanied with terrors, and

shall attend her
to

bitter repentance

the grave

; whilst the virtuous trust

shall look

dangers

in the

face unmoved, be freed from

and

putting their whole

in go

the Divine
to

Providence

shall

the miseries
are

and of this life,

the et^nal

repose.^**

The but
are

translations otherwise

less romantic
same

than
The

her

in the

style.
a

work, original only notable story

de Contamini
lived in
to
a

in The
"

Illustrious French
Life of Madam
above

Lovers^"^ is that of M.
French

The

de Beaumont,
years

Lady;

Who

Cave

in Wales

fourteen

undiscovered,

being forced
had there.
years,

flye France
her
an

and for her religion, Adventures

in

of the Cruel
where he
was

Usage she

Also with Welsh

Lord's

Muscovy
to to

prisoner some
of many
was

Account

of his returning
who

France, and Wales;

her being discovered and strange stolen

by

Gentleman,
which them

fetches her Lord

Return France

accidents

befel
and

them, and
their

their daughter
to

Belinda, who
the year

away

from

of

in

1718,
de Vinevil and his Family,
at

The
an

Strange

Adventures

of the Count
to

Being

account

of what
Island

happened
in

them

whilst

they resided

Constantinople.
on a

And

of Mile.

Ardelisia, his daughter's being shipwrecked

Delos the Return
a

the

habited Unin-

to

France,

with

Violetta,
The
a

Venetian
manner

Lady,

the Captain of the Ship, strange

Priest, and

five Sailors.

of
com*

their living there, and manded

return to

Deliverance

by the arrival of
at

Ship
and

by Violetta's father. Ardelisa's

France. Adventures
a

Entertainment

Venice

safe
Irish

The

Life and
married became

of the Lady
and oj}icer,
a

Lucy,
was

the Daughter carried

of

an

Lord, who
where he

German

by him Nobleman,

into Flanders, whom

jealous of her and befel both

they
10.

young
.

his Kinsman,

he killed,and Adventures Manner

"' *"*

afterwards
that

lefther wounded
him and her

in

Forest.

Of the Strange
the

afterwards, and

wonderful

in which

met

again after living eighteen years

asunder.

Preface, p.
The

Illustrious French French Persons

Lovers;

Being the
In Rare and

True

Histories
are

of the Amours
a

of Several
Number
the

of Quality.
and

which Uncommon

contained

great

of excellent Examples
Breeding
and Nation.

Accidents;
and

shewing

Polite

Gallantry of the Gentlemen

Ladies

of the

French

108

which

proved,accordingto the author, that a poor virtuous structive, inand More maid may entertaining get a good husband." is The Life of the Countess de Gondez?^'^ On the whole, the work of Mrs. Aubin is an interesting tempt atto introduce

"

into

one

narrative

the varied

attractions of
the

the

romance,

the

realistic

and novel, the Oriental setting,

accurate

the

is significant in that the theme and description, and a conscienceless between an innocent girl struggle

of
rake
flected re-

receives
in

considerable
a

attention.

Similar which
Mrs.
are

tendencies

are

few

sporadicworks
narratives of

better individually Mrs.

than
even

any Mrs.

of the

Aubin,

Barker,

or

Haywood.
Occasional
Pieces

An

attempt

to combine
on

the realisticlove story and

the novel

of incident
in the

plan of Mrs. Aubin is to be found b^tnn^ Unhappy Lovers; or, the HL^tnr^ nf J Qfn^xlV/f
somewhat

the

Gent.,a
instead

most

curious
a

mixture

of love and

with travel,

satiric

Decidedly better, is The Lover's Secretary;or, the Adventures of Lindamira, A Lady to her friend in the Country. of Quality^. Written by herself In XXIV Revised Letters. Brown, the second by Mr. Thomas is the This realistic edition, London, 1715.^^ story very of various misunderstandings, and reconciliations of quarrels, her the and a lover,as described by lady lady herself. young The first fourteen letters are the best,the remaining decidedly
purpose.
**"

of

moralistic

The

Life of the Countess

First she
she
was was was
a

de

Gondes.

Written chose she

an

by her
old count

own

Hand
her
a

in

French, when

great

beauty and
then

for
with

band husyoung
arts
was

not

eighteen, and
and

fell in love
her

lord, who
guilty of
what

handsome

charming, and
three

pursued
her

with

all the
never

of love, yet she

one

kept her

virtue, preserved
years

reputation, and
lord lived with

slip for above

more

that her him

her.

But

is yet

extraordinary, she
the dignity of her had

mourned

dead, without refused

to

hypocrisy,
the than her
a man

kept still up
she

to

character, and

marry
more

loved, till she

her

paid

tribute

of

long mourning,
that

duty
lover nobler

required, for
making
and
more some

deceased
she

husband; conquered

and her

being past, and

false steps,
is record of

passion and

preferred

constant
no

lover before him, of

some a

"There and

first edition. French work.

I imagine that it is

modified

amplified version

109

eleven

The

being commonplace in material and extravagant in style. and style of the first letters is that of the narrative spirit
full of dramatic

comedies,
of

situations and
Mr.

humorous

tions descripAunt

incidents and
are

characters.

Spintext and

that and such scenes caricatures, as delightful her supposed lover to be in which the irate lady discovers dramatic. married to her niece are essentially

Xantippe

In

the

opening letter
some

we

learn

that
to to

the

writer, Lindamira,
into the
a

having been
a

of led by the flattery

man,

sparks

enter

flirtation with of her

married admirer.

is the

on

the way she

to meets

the country
a

avoid

attentions

In with but her

a a

coach

young

barrister,Qeomidoo,
her friends The she becomes

who

falls in love
to

her.

During her stay with

reasons a

engaged

him,

for various
to town

keeps it a

secret.

illness of her mother

recalls

and

few

days thereafter
is anxious
a

her mother
marry,

dies, leaving her without

she

protector.
year,
a

Cleomidon leads
to

to

but

insists upon

waiting
He,
letters the

which

quarrel and
"

the breaking
at

of the engagement The

next

in

huff, marries
the
we numerous

another

and

repents

leisure.
gay

few

concern

affairs of

Lindamira's has died

cousin, but toward

that he has
a

end

learn

that Cleomidon's

wife

and

again become
is effected.

engaged.

A littlelater he meets

his first love and

reconciliation

ChcUns, Amorous Poems and Letters of a Young casioned OcGentleman, one of the Preston Prisoners in Newgate. in love with a Scotch lady who came by his falling to visit his friend. Here again the firstpart, with its realistic of the prison and of the emotion description unconsciously aroused the far conventional love letters by lady, surpasses the II. and insipidverse of Part Decidedly originalis The Distressed Orphan; or, Love in a Mad-House.^^
upon
Annilia,
to
a

good is containing the

Less

The

Double

Captive; or. Chains

rich orphan,
son

was

kindly brought
to

up

by her uncle, who

in the family.

intended The
son,
a

marry

her to his

and

thus keep the money

weak
no

creature,

immediately yielded
for and her his she met

his father's wishes, although he and Annilia with her half

had

particular inclination

cousin;

consented. Her
to

Shortly thereafter
and her

fell violently in love hasten

to

Marathon.

uncle, having discovered

son,
on

passion, tried to

marriage

his

absolutely refusing, resorted

Love in

hard

usage.

Finally, he Hartley,
with

"Reprinted
The Distressed

as

Madhouse;

or,

the History of Eliza

'Orphan.
1810.

Written The

by herself after her style

was

happy
names

Union

the Colonel, London, and the moral

modernized, the

changed,

omitted.

110

becaxAe

desperate and
her to
a

giving

out

that her

mind
a

had

become

mitted comaffected,

private asylum.

Here, after
and

long search, her

servant

lover

covered dis-

her, got himself

the ill-treated Annilia.
were

committed,
The truth

by the aid of his known,

rescued uncle and

having become
and
so

the

his family
son was

severely censured,
to

high

ran

public opinion that the

by his old friends,
the

forced
a
"

flythe country,
heart.
same

and all

the father, scorned such base

died

of

broken the

"May

designers," concludes
wander while the constant and

author,

meet

fate ; let them

in foreign lands of prey

to ;

unfriended,
cere sinin themselves,
to

unregarded,
meet

fit society only for Beasts with

a

recompense
over

proportionate
those who

their merit, happy

to

and

triumphant

seek to harm,

detract, or

dice preju-

them,"

Its most

remarkable
treatment

feature

is the humane the

protest against
lightened generallyenall,but by no

the barbarous

of

lunatics,and

insanity. Last of the poorest is,Alexis and Sylvia, the second novel in means the Constant Lovers (1736), being the live and tender letters terminated that passed between after her father had th^m
attitude toward
"

their amour"
a

on

the

score

of the suitor's poverty, and

before

kind

reveal

letters Sylvia's equalizedtheir fortunes. of spirit. and sprightliness independence, enterprise,

friend had

Novels but not

so

of

similar nature

were

translated

from

the

in

numbers appreciable

until the decade

of the

French, thirties,

that in this case, the translations seem to have followed the The works. Unnatural Mother; being the Genuine original
and
most

and

and Fatd quences Conseaffecting History of the Tragicall the passionof a Gentleman that attended of the Law lady of a considerable Family (1734), has the young
comes

realism that
Marivaux's

with

the

verisimilitude of external detail.

Paysan Parvenu and La Vie de Marianne, both translated in 1736, are too well-known to requiresummaries. with the They both show the tendency to deal sympathetically with great detail, and to center to depict manners bourgeoisie, the interest aroimd the struggle between virtue and vice as personified in an innocent young girland a rake.
Le The Besides
new

Oriental

Tale
"

and

domestic two history," development of the features appeared during the period the Oriental tale the purely didactic story. The former enjoyed a mild
"

the

112

didactic story includes

a

moral,

teach

only those narratives written such lesson,or elaborate a theory,*

treatises.

to
as

point
fables,
for

and apologues,

semi-educational

The

fables were, of

the most

part, translations through the

more

French,

Oriental

rarelyof French imitations. The Fables which translation had been made a forgotten by in 1570,**was Sir Thomas North re-translated in 1679, and several reprintedfive times by 1800. JEsop's Fables were times printed, the most famous version being the metrical translation by Sir Roger L'Estrange in 1692. Of contemporary fables in English, after we have excluded Gay's Fables and the
and originals, of Bidpai,of

Countess

of Winchilsea's

metrical
to

fables in imitation of
be found in the

La

Fontaine, the best, I think, are

Works
Cat and

Collected The

of

the

Duke

of

Wharton

(1727), but whether

and

the Over-Bold
a

Mouse

Chardonet,

the

CaptiuA
or

Gold-Finch;
I do
not

Warning
know.

to all Prodigalsare

translated

nal, origi-

and spirit is the apologue, style in Englikewise of Oriental origin. The best representatives On* lish are those in the Spectator, The Story of Hilpa, of which is perhaps the most generallyknown. Harpath and Shalum and The the short romance attempt to cast the novel of intrigue into the apologue mould produced a most incong^ous in novels by a Mrs. Arabella Plantin,contained effect. Two will serve the Works as examples. of the Duke of Wharton is The the Just The first. or a Ungrateful, Revenge, typical

Qosely

related to the fable in

Italian story of
so

woman as

who
to

killed her husband

her after

who

had

been
her

"ungrateful"
The
is
a

desert Led

running through
the Mutual in
an

fortime.

other.Love

Astray; or,
crossed

Incon^
change ex-

stancy
the

of courtlypastoral

loves,ending
tale Mrs.

of

sweethearts, from
"

which

Plantin

draws

moral that a shepherd can love as well as a illuminating akin to the apologue,is the proverb literature, king." Somewhat of which species of writing, the most prominent author
""

Under 60
1.

the title The In

came

Morall

Phihsophie

of Donie
and

",

in

1679 another
out

version. The
was

Instructive
1743* in 1711.

It was reprinted Entertaining Fables version

peared ap-

of Pilpoy

and

reprinted in
out

Still another

in "sop

Naturalized, brought

118

for Schools, or a Dykes. His Good Manners into English verse Done paraphrase upon Qui mihi, Reflectionsupon Select English Provef^bi (1700), Moral the latter in 1709 and several times reprinted; (1708), were the novel Neither the novel of incident nor again in 1713. much could borrow from such short, impersonal^ of manners j formal stories as the fable and apologue,but in the premium/ of purpose and clearness of ( which these put upon singleness styletheir influence was most beneficial.
is Oswald
. . .

third type of didactic story, the educative treatise, was developed at this time and may be said to have been brought The
in his prominence, if not created, by Fenelon, who similar to Tilemaque, utilized a romantic machinery somewhat that of the Argenis to exploit theories.** his educational He followed by the Chevalier Ramsay in Les Voyages de was Cyrus (1727, 1730), by the Abbe J. Pernetti in Le Repos de Cyrus and by the Abbe Terrasson in S ethos (1731), in all of

into

which

there

was

much
were

information

upon

historical and

scientific

subjects. There

of all of these. English versions translated in 1699, The Voyages of Cyrus in Telemachus was in 1732; but the only English 1730, Sethos by M. Lediard these that appeared before 1740 work modelled directly upon Our the inferior Exilius of Mrs. Jane Barker in 1715. was Sunday-schoolfiction and such edifyingchildren's stories as the of the Rollo series probably had their originin a combination learned and To educative

the narrative,

more

popular

social

treatises,
Rowe.

the sentimental

piecesof such pious ladies as the novel or brief tale which recapitulate,
to

Mrs.

during the

firsthalf of the seventeenth

returned favor
romance

in

century had fallen into desuetude, the latter half, and before 1700 had supplanted
in

the
novelle

popular favor.
and

The

short

Italian

'

vulgarizedfor many Novels years continued to fillsuch collections as The Delightful the point of departure for the more and Winter Tales, were
which, condensed, modernized
*

In this connection

may

be mentioned exhibited
years ago,

the Oriental

philosophic romance,
Ebn

The

Improvement
in Arabic

of Reason,
above 500

in the Life of Hai

Written

by Abu

Jaafar Ebn

Yokdhan; Tophail, which

appeared with

slightlyvarying titles in 1674, 1708 and

1711.

114

romantic

Spanish novels of
novels

the

Qoak

and

Sword

and

for the

clever French

of

manners.

Through the translations

as

and

imitations of the latter by writers such

Mrs.

Behn,

the

much-needed into the

and colloquialism realism,vivacity, was

imported

direction was heavy Englishprose fiction. In the same Narrative Comedies. Realism the influence of the sprightly the Letters of a of emotional expressionwas learned from prominence to the Portuguese Nun, which incidentally gave device of the letter. With reaction the turn
of the century,
we a

find

againstflagrant immorality,together with

and
a

revival

of sentimentalism the social treatises,

love

of didacticism,reflected in the

the educational narthe apologues, ratives, fables, and the Oriental and fairytales. All of these elements, togetherwith a conventional,middle-class point of view, an and a realistic depiction of interest in self-analysis, increasing find in the contemporary narratives, we notablyin the manners, and the novels of Mrs. domestic histories of Mrs. Haywood Barker and her anonymous contemporaries.

CHAPTER

IV

THE

POPULAR

FICTION"

JOHN

BUNYAN"

DANIEL

DEFOE

With

the

popular fiction,we ephemeral people

to

come

to the

large mass
for and

of
read and

cheap,\
by
all
*

artless, and
classes tradesmen of

narratives, written
the uneducated The

from
court
or

apprentices majority
others
are

small

the

gallants. chapbooks, schooling chapbooks

allusions

broadsides,
written
must

popular
men

histories,

but
like
were

were

by
it be the

of

abilityand
that for
even

fair the

Defoe.

Nor

asstmied

familiar

only

to

ignorant,
and

from

the

in

the

drama,
the

essays,

fiction,
not

memoirs,

it is

quite apparent
read

that with
of

children, if

the

adults, of
part
of

all classes

them

delight.* They
the nation and of

became thus
fluential inIn
can

the in

literary inheritance
the
are more

moulding legion
than and

of in

all later

forms

fiction. that
we

number

they
to

variety infinite,so
at

hope

do

no

glance
and of

the
on

most

prominent
of

types.

Exclusive

of

news-letters, of

tracts

dreams,

ghosts, palmistry,

astrology, behavior,
there
are

sundry

collections
of

letters^
fiction A
of but

five groups folk-tales both

vulgar
the

redactions

aristocratic
accounts

legends,
beian

and of

historical

anecdotes;
and

ple-\
not

heroes

past

present;
sorts.

and Least

last

least, journalistic pieces of

all

interesting
and the of

perhaps,
educated.

are

the

versions

of

the

romances,

anti-romances,
form

novels, for

they merely reflect

Before' the
as, for

in

ruder

the

taste
were

Restoration, the

redactions

chiefly

of the romances,*
* "

example, Amadis,
Parismus,
of and

Bellionis, Palmeryn,
and handed Valentine round Bk.
v, p.

When and

Guy
the

of

Warwick,

Parismenus
were

and the
3.

Orson,

Seven

Champions
and

England of
Tristram

school/' Clonmel,
'

Sterne's ed. ii.

211.

Life

Opinions

Shandy,

These

prints
and

are

usually
the

without

dates, but
th"
to

in
case

few of

cases

we

know of

both

the

redactor and forms.

date, especially in
Johnson,
which R.
seems

the been

work
a

Francis of The

Kirkman the old

Richard

have

little revival

Amadis,

by

J., 1664;
115

Bellianis, by

F.

K.,

1671;

116

ParismMs
and

and

their less aristocratic compeers,

the the Arcadia

Guy of Warwick
Pandosto,
bethan; the Elizawere

of Hampton among Ciceronis Amor, Rosalynde, and

but
"

Bevis

and chivalric, among

even

before
taste

1660, while the

of
as

romances

still

turned

out," the
French

for realism

of the grossest

kind, made
to

equallypopular the condensations

and such novels of scandal
as,

picaresquemiscellanies,
could

be turned
French

the

ridicule

of the
or

French,

for

example, the

King's

Wedding,
romances,

novels how

of

much

the comic RoycU Frolic. The heroic romances, with the exceptionof Don Quixote,^and the clever if ever, vulgarized. Exactly were intrigue rarely, the writers of popular histories learned from these
the how much these in turn

redactions,and
writers
as

contributed
it is
were
was

to

such

Bun)ran,Defoe, and Richardson devices determine, but undoubtedly many

from the
one

to impossible

transmitted

to

the other.
of

The

chief

contribution

which, to repeat what chivalry, the been said,emphasized the conceptionof the narrative as adventures whole life and principal of some particular person in the like the contradistinction to or persons," novel, which, related incidents. drama, confined itself to a certain set of closely and The histories of Richardson Fielding show the
romances
"

by has already

made

combination,
interest eeaters More and

or

the
we a

attempted combination

of

the

two

ceptions, con-

for, while
N^

always

are

given

"

the whole

the life,"

certain group of incidents. than the redactions the legends,folktales, are interesting
on

historical
at

anecdotes, many
one

of

which

have

received their

treatment literary

time

or

another, or

have

found

way

rhymes. Here, for instance, belong Jacke and the Gyants,Simple Simon, The History of -A. Apple Pye, Children The in the Wood, Reynard the Fox, Friar Bacon, more. Faustus, Fortuiiatus,and many Among the historical anecdotes the Tafmer, Jane Shore, Fair The King and are
into
our

nursery

Eighth

Champion

of Christendom,
Amor,
in

1708,

rather and

satirical continuation, bound with The Acts,

Pandosto, in 16x4, 1648, 1678, 1688, moralized

in
was
'

Josephus
Arcadia

1696.

Ciceronis and

1605, 161
1701
as

1,

1616, 1628, 1639.

condensed

printed in
versions

The
in

History of Heroic
1689 and 1695.

Cheap

condensed

appeared

117

Rosamond, Wat Qosely

are

Tyler,Jacke Straw
to

"

all it will be noted

cratic demo-

in character.* akin the

"

the democratic
"

anecdotes

of

royaltyin

guise dis-

histories

of

and

his

famous

band, who
or

defiance of the law,

and

like

popular heroes like Robin Hood lived a merry, independent life in of Reading, Whittington,Thomas
lowest in
one

Simon

eminence. of class. This

Eyre, who rose from the The predominating note

the

class to wealth and

and

all is the

fication glori-

self-made

man,

and

of the middle incidentally

old stories He of
was

at spirit made by

its best is the sunny

preserved in the versions of the Elizabethan, Thomas Deloney.

the Dekker

of prose

and the exploits of Thomas fiction,

Reading, John Winchcomb, Crispin and Crispianus,and Simon to have Eyre, seem caught his inimitable buoyancy and is aptly expressed The informing spirit contagiousjoviality. in the following couplet on of a quaint little the title page tale of Anglo-Saxon times:
"

Though
I hope

all things suffer

true

by the hand
out

of

Fate,

worth

will

never

of date."

Then

follows
rose

the

History of Boz/inian
a

(1656), who
monarch's

from

henchman and
won

to be

thane

at the court
on

of Athelstane,wooed
death
was

the

and sister, Kingf's

"

the he

elected his
and that

successor

all of which in

accomplishedby bravery
in all the
"

ability.The
of Philistine with the

temper

this,as

is histories,"
are

self-satisfaction.

The

virtuous

goods of this world, and of defeatingand punishing the wicked; the low-born hero is of exulting in his of bragging of his prowess, never weary and wealth, and with ostentatious democracy treating power the joviality alike." With all men a ventional conmore replacedby conscious and more morality, the same spiritof unquestioningoptimism and assertiveness appears again in the
rewarded
"

always have the pleasure

work
*

of Defoe.
a

Occasionally
of Wat Prince

significancewas political
bore the sub-title the old

attached
"

to

the story,

as

in the The
to

case

Tyler, which

just reward
the B. M.

of Rebels." peasant device

says

Perplexed
make
a

(1682) utilized
the

king and
The titl" page.

plea for the Duke appeared before

of Monmouth. date
on

catalogue

that

this tract

the

118

claim next tracts, which religious is attention,the spiritis entirelydiflferent ^the theme
In the

moral

and

our

"

the

wickedness
such
as

and

weakness

of

man.

Of A

the

reformative

tracts,

The

Drunkard's

Legacy,
to

Children, etc., it
great things never
such

is unnecessary grew,

Warning to Disobedient out of them say an3rthing;

continued
to

yet they have

exist in

edifying works of comparatively recent times, as Ten A rare and pretty variation from the Nights in a Bar-Room. usual form is the fairytale of the Golden Eagle (1677).
Albertus, King of Arragoiii falls ill of by his physicians that his
the Golden
return to
a

languishing disease depends

He
upon

and

is told

health

the

recovery

of but leave

Eagle

from

the Queen

of Ivyland.

sends

his three sons, and

they disagree about

him

the way, while

iuid^thetwo
they continue
a

elder rob

the youngest He

bound, in
and

wood

the search.

is released
to
an

by

hermit

through the help of

there procures
a

kindly lady gaina

that carries him
to

access

enchanted His request

castle and for the

horse

Ivyland.

Eagle is granted and

and hasten

he starts home
to

for home,

but his brothers rewards

a

meet

him,

seize the Eagle The

poor

the father, who

manages

them
to

liberally.
return to

youth, Innocentius
The

by

name, at

after

time

Ivyland.

Queen,

enraged
story

the

perfidy of the brothers, visits the

after having the impostors

court, explains the whole

to

the King, and

banished, marries

Innocentia.

less common The than the moral. tracts'* are religious of Saints, and accounts Scriptural biographical paraphrases, in prose, but the like, not importantand far from are numerous The Exodus, and there were current a Life of Judas Iscariot, there are a number, Of those concerningconscience Genesis, of Pilgrim's of which haveHtles suggestive Progress and many elevated and gave well have been familiar to Bunyan, who may final shape to these allegories. The most prominent are The Passe to the Voyage of the Wandering Knight, The Pilgrim's Ngw Jerusalem by M. K. Gent" (1659), Dent's Plain Man's and the ever popular Isle of Man, by Pathway to Heaven^ Richard Bernard, written in 1627 and in its fourteenth edition in 1678.
"

The

"

For

full bibliography of these

see

The

Pilgrim's Progress, ed, Hanserd,

;

KnoUys
A

Society, with

an

Introduction

by G. Offer, 1847

and

J. B. Wharey,

Study of the Sources Publications,1904.

*

of John

Bunyan's Allegories,University of Pennsylvania

in 1607, 1637 and 1660.

Printed

during the seventeenth

century

120

ways of

and

so

filled her
later and young
as a man

heart less

with

repentance that

she

died

grief. A has a good placing her

parts.
her second

servant

tragicversion of a similar story* and the erring damsel after convert in a worthy family,sail to foreign

She

conducted Her and

reward!

well for years, and then came her master's mistress died, and she became
herself lived

wife,

happily

with the

him

until young

his

death

few
had

years

later.
over

In the

meantime,

good

man,

who

"gone
woman

sea," had
he had

lost all his wealth

in unfortunate

ventures, and the

returned

to London penniless

about the time that

wealthy widow. in the poor b^gar She, while out walking one day, recognizing their acquainther former benefactor, immediately renewed ance, him of he and married hand that out might enjoy the been in procuring. "Thus wealth he had instrtunental was
whom
befriended
was

left a

their virtue rewarded."

popular and ephemeral fiction what his indebtedis not similar to that of Defoe. ness Precisely is most uncertain. His themes was might well have and from hints in the periodicals been derived from the drama and conduct-books, yet there is something in the atmosphere, in and in the pervading materialism that savors of the the style, popular narratives. On the other hand, his point of view,
to

Richardson's

relation

the

almost idealistic, reflective,

of devices and methods

romantic,
derived
his work

and from

his

conscious

zation utilithe In in

the romances,

novel, and

the drama, make

relation here

stand
to

quite apart.
be

such as filledthese popular subjects in the domestic tragedies. Of these the histories were common best are by Thomas Heywood, and although his pointof view is very different from that of Richardson,centering the upon

speaking of the placeto mention

of the drama

it may fiction,

that

Jane Shore episodesin Edward in the material, to the novels IV, there is much similarity the of the characters, and narrow morality,the sensibility In this connection it is interesting to note that tragic pathos.
*

instead of the woman, Killed with Kindness and

man

yet in The
the

The Travellers,

Woman

The

Reformed

Whore.

This

has

no

date, but the B, M. catalogue gives

2709.

121

Jane Shore material in 1714, and that Richardson comments particularly upon that play and The Fair Penitent in Clarissa Harlawe. During these years, too, Otway much in vogue, and immediatelybefore Richardson, came was Lillo's George Barnfield (1731),and Fatal Curiosity (1737),
Rowe
re-worked

the

and

the sentimental

comedies

of Steele.

John

Bunyan*
Mr. Badman

Pilgrim's Progress and

In

Pilgrim's Progress,Bunyan produced not only the most but a masterpieceof prose narration. perfectof English allegories With the sources of the allegory, the device of the vision and the conception tion of life as a pilgrimage, with its relanot to the Faerie Queen and similar mooted we are points,
concerned.
in
an

The

whole

question has

received

careful

attention

paring study by James B. Wharey,^" who, after comage PilgrimPilgrim's Progress in detail with Deguileville's of the Life of Man, Cartigny'sVoyage of the Wandering Knight, Patrick's Parable of the Pilgrim, and more cursorily from with other allegories The Table of Cebes to 1678, and after taking into consideration and homilies with sermons many that: the conclusion to comes suggestive themes and titles, that the last of a long line of allegorists, Bunyan was among
**

admirable

the

concept had

become

common

property, and
had

that

Bunyan
from

adopted the framework

which

been handed

down

De-

however, for the relying, guileville through other allegorists, the works of his predecessors, details of his allegory, not upon but upon his own invention. and Arthur Bernard's Isle of Man the only Dent's The Plaine Man's are Pathway to Heaven
works from from
these

which

Bunyan
The these

can

be said to have

borrowed,

and

in chiefly
to

Bunyan's debt
"

If Holy War and Mr. Badman." is so indefinite, that popular allegories

Bunyan,
cd. George

The

Collected

Works A

of John
Study

Offer, 3 vols., 1853.

Bunyan*
s

*J. B. Wharcy,
ed.

of the Sources

of John
The

Allegories,
r

University of Pennsylvania Publications,1904, and Hanserd, KnoUys

contains
a

Pilgrim's Progress,
G.

Society, with
valuable

an

introduction

by

Offer, London,

,'

1847, which

list of early allegories, etc.

122

to the
a

Faerie

Queen
this

is

even

more

matter

of

conjecture. In

comparativelyrecent
on

article with

by Otto

the scattered Ktitz,*^ from

statements

head,

the passages

been

and collected, many

it must

be conceded

that

Spenser,have there is a general

the House

in similarity

passages, of

ing equallystrikthe in these passages, so that,considering differences even of Bunyan's prevalenceof these ideas and the improbability than probable that the similarity knowing Spenser,it is more Holiness
and the Cave is

notably between Despair,but there are

of

wholly
As
a

fortuitous.
as

and narrative,

such

it concerns

us,

goes

back

in structure, in the adventures

"

with the

Pilgrim's Progress Apolgiants,

"

lyon,and villainous
palaces,in
romances

in the knights," of

"

entertainments other

at

fair the

the

succour

the weak, and

are,

to details,

of first

chivalry. There
place, Bunyan
was

however,

vital differences:

with the primarilyconcerned truth and allegorical place,he parallel spiritual ; in the second and shopof the lesser bourgeoisie in terms wrote keepers ; tradesmen replace the ladies and gentlemen of the romances, and their manners, customs, language and ideals supplantthe of the court ; and in the third refinement and elaborate etiquette Idealism he place,he substituted realism for romanticism. of life is hard to retained ; a loftier conceptionof the conduct written to illustrate that life imagine, and his narrative was It was without not presented as life minimizing its difficulty. His of poeticgoodness led in an ideal world or golden age. and women characters human men are contending againstthe but doing temptations and evils with which we are all familiar, lies the success heroic spirit.Therein and more so in a nobler and much of its interest of Pilgrim's Progress as an allegory, narrative : it is our world cast upon a higher plane, own a as and the fascination the charm of familiarity at once possessing with a wonderful Yet had Bunyan not been endowed of novelty. have a story. Pilgrim's Progress would never genius for telling and retained its tremendous popularity. It is often said won but that Bunyan regarded himself as anything but a romancer,
in the
" '*

The

Faerie
77

Queen
^Q*

and

Pilgrim's Progress," by O. KuU,

Anglia, 1899,

xxii. 33 sq, and

123

change the phrase to read merely a romancer ; for of the use justified Bunyan, having in his prefatory poem baits and and snares," frankly employed all the parables, pression. devices known to narrative art in order to produce a vivid imIn his use detail to produce the illusion^ of accurate in the of actuality, of the characters,and in the naturalism he was a style, colloquial, adoption of a vigorous, yet dignified he surpassed in spiritual worthy predecessorof Defoe, whom the and in certain phases of creative imagination. From uplift tion. artistic standpoint. Part I is decidedly to the continuasuperior
we

should

"

"

"

"

"

From

the moment
"

that Christian enters and

the
a

scene man

in that clothed from upon the his his final

classic sentence with

own

dreamed,
a

behold, I
with place,
a

saw

rags,

standing in

certain

his face

house, a book in his hand, and back," until his entry into the New

great burden
and

Jerusalem
our

closing of
There is not

the
an

gates, the
extraneous

hero

has

undivided

interest.

not an episode, insignificant sonage, perthose easilyscarcelya superfluousword, for even And in perfect character. are disquisitions skipped moral

with

what

power
are

are

the

characters

drawn!
and

With

what

nice

distinction and how

Faithful, Hopeful Timorous, II, while

C3iristian delineated,
and Mr.

Ends!

Byallegoryand somewhat as a narrative,is far more so genial in tone and richer in pictures from homely life;there are the family ties, of the first of a long line of lovable Christiana,Mercy, one in English fiction, sweet Great-Heart, as brave and girls young but less aggressivethan that militant hero. true as Christian, We have a domestic historyof the whole family such as does not occur again tillthe end of the next century. What success Bunyan would have attained had he set about writing mere
Part inferior distinctly
as an we fiction, can

lifelike Mr.

Mr.

Talkative

guess

from in

such little episodes of lightness

or

as

that of

Mr.

Brisk
are

Mercy which in equal to an)rthing

and
Brisk

touch

and

naturalism

Defoe
his love
in

Richardson.
Mercy, she
and
a

Mr.

having
him
one

offered

to

very

wisely inquired
"

concerning

of the

maidens

the

house

finding that
stranger
**

he

was,

as

they feared,
that which

that pretended to
to

religion; but
have
none

to

the power then

of
re-

is good," decided

of him.

Prudence

124

plied that
courage.'
** "

'

there
so

needed
as

no

great

matter
to do

of discouragement for the poor would

to

be given him,

her continuing

she had

begun

quickly cool his a-making of

a-day?' works,
I may

So

the next

time
poor.
or

he Then

comes,

he
'

finds her What 'And

'

at

her
at

old work, it?

' '

things for the

'either for

said he, others.'

always
what

Yes,' said she,

earn

myself
'

for

canst

thou

quoth he.
laying up

I do

these things,' said she,

a

that I may

be

rich in good
to come,

in store
on

good
life.'

foundation
'

against the time

dost With when that
he

that them

lay hold
he. he he

eternal the
come

Why,

prithee,what

thou

with

'

said So

'Clothe

naked,' said she.

at
was

his countenance
was

felL
reason

forebore to said, that

"When he
'

her
a

again and
pretty

asked with

the

why,
"

Mercy
had

lass, but

troubled

ill conditions.'

left her. Prudence forsake thee ? yea,

to
so

said, 'Did
and religion,

I not
an

tell thee, that ill report

Mr.

Brisk

would

soon

he will raise up

of thee ;

for, notwithstanding his pretence

yet Mercy
come
"
'

his seeming

love to

Mercy,
never

and

he
"

are

of tempers

that I believe they will different,

to-gether.'
I might

have
any;

had but

husbands

afore such
as

'

now

(said Mercy)
like my So

'

though I spake
I could
not

not
never

of it to did

they

were

did not
person.

conditions,though

any

of them

find fault with

my

they and

agree.'"** Even of the remarkable for

more

"boys";

illness in the
"

House

Bunyan's sympathetic treatment of Matthew's example, the description of the Interpreter.

is
brought
as

When

the potion
torn

was

prepared, and
the

to

the boy, he be it.'

was

loath
in

to

take
'

it, though come,'

with the

gripes
' '

if he
must

should take

pulled
'

pieces.
against

Come,

said

physician,

you

It goes

my
'

stomach,' said the boy.

it up does touched

I must

have
'

you

take

it,'said his mother.

to

I shall vomit

again,' said the boy.

it taste
one

Pray, Sir,' said Christiana

ill taste,' said the doctor the than
;

Mr. with

Skill, how
that she

'

'

'It has

no

and

of the

pillswith
sweeter

tip of her honey.

tongue. If thou

'Oh,
lovest lovest

Matthew,' said she, 'this potion is

take thy life,

thy mother, if thou lovest thy brothers, if thou

it.' So with much

lovest Mercy, short

prayer

if thou

ado, after
it wrought

for the
^

blessing

of God

upon

it,he took

it and

kindly with

him."

Life and Death of Mr. Badman, while inferior to Pilgrim'sProgress,of which it is the counterpart, is nevertheless narrative. The dialogueframework is awkward, a most interesting the hero's character repulsive, and the sermons and arg^**

The

Pilgrim's Progress, Offer ed. ii. aoo-ox.

p.
203.

^Ibid.,

126

ments

too

numerous,

but these defects

are

almost

anced. counterbal-

and of the authoritative Mr. Wiseman personalities the eager Mr. Attention tiated, differenare nicelyand consistently the comments and moral reflections are all appropriate, the illustrative stories to the point, and the dailylife of Badman, is pictured his wretched and vividly wife, and their neighbors, with wonderful precision. There could be no better proof of of the than the simple description Bunyan's aesthetic sense death of the heart-broken wife and the equally peacefulend of her wicked In a few jgraphic husband. phrases he sets a homely scene or dramatic situation before us more effectively than Richardson dentally, with his quantities of minute detail. Inciit is interesting to find Bunyan using,though presumably The

without

any
as

intention to
the

deceive, such

device

for

gaining credence
with

another, and
a

backing up of one vouching for its truth on

which
we

improbable story the reputation of

Defoe.

the narrator, Grace

device

associate

with

Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, is not, strictly but neither is it a literally of true account speaking,fiction, Bunyan's life. His sensitive conscience and vivid imagination caused him to picture his spiritual experiencesin the most glaring these personal he colors. In relating experiences displayed in the portant, unimsubordinating great, though unconscious, art, in elaborating the significant, dramatic possiin seizing bilities, in blendingthe objective and subjective of his events and in firing the whole with his fervid religious enthusiasm. life, The Holy War has very little narrative element, but in spersed interwith all of Bunyan's work, it contains many common anecdotes which would themselves prove his genius for story-telling. As was to be expected. Pilgrim's Progress and Mr, Badman, and the former, were more particularly immensely popular. The first part of the allegoryappeared in 1678, and had
reached its fourteenth edition in 1702, and its twenty- fourth until in

1684,was in its a spurious moreover, Hne and Cry afterConscience (1684), second part ; a burlesque similar allegories at least two by Benjamin Keach, Travels of
1743 \ while part II,which did not appear fourteenth edition in 1743. There were,

126

True

Godliness
so

tions imita{16"4),and The Progressof Stn (1685),

to be littlebetter than redactions ; and two
verse

close

as

versions of the

References,after 1700, are common, original.^* and although Young, Addison, Lady Mary Montague, and to have Swift, seem regarded it with varying depress of its a condescension,there were few, like Cowper, who perceived merit,and whether complimentaryor otherwise allthese literary
allusions indicate that the work
was or

well known,
child and

if not

mired, ad-

by
Gildon

the educated.***
was

By 1700,

at the latest 1719, when

wrote, it
the
common

familiar to every
inheritance it to have had

had

become
It would
on

part of
seem

of the nation.*'
a

natural and
case.

then, for
on

strong influence
Remarkable

the

narrative

but such the development of fiction generally, An Account

Passages in the Life of a Private Gentleman; with Reflections thereon^^^ direct copying from (1708), shows not so much Pilgrim's the the in interest as Progress, wide-spread portrayingof the life of a character. Passages like the following or moral spiritual unusual for though moral precepts were are rife, religious of some
fervor
"

is not the

was

rare.**
Soul
as

let my

Bless Thee, my I deserved, cast the

dear
me

God, that when

I thus forsook O
my

Thee,
Soul
at

Thou

didst not,
own

off utterly. Wonder, Patience and

thy
O

desperate foHy, and

forget it,to maintain

amazing

Goodness

of God uous Contin-

never

Humility, Watchfulness, Prayer and

Praise."

On

the

whole, Bunyan's work

in 1698 by Ager

stands

apart
in 1700

as

the culmination
by Francis Bunyan,
Hoffman

^*One

Scholan, the other

Brown's

Gray.
^^

There
a

is

full list in

Life of John

For

collection of the various

see

opinions expressed by the literary people Review, Aug.

7,

of the eighteenth century

the Saturday

1880, XL VIII.

167.
"Charles Gildon
"

writes There

in

his
any

Life and

Surprising Adventure
that
can

of Mr,
it

DeF"

etc, 1719.

is not

old Woman,

go

the Price of it,

leaves
as a

but buys thy Life and

Adventures

(of Robinson

Crusoe) and

Legacy with the Pilgrim's Progress, the Practice

against Murther
Hitherto
*""

of Piety and God's Revenge

to

Posterity." Quoted Writings, i. 298.

sometimes, though

by Lee, Daniel

Defoe, his Life and

unknown work
is

This The

erroneously,attributed
R. Burr the

to

Defoe.
stress
on

**In the

Autobiography,
and

p. 418, A.

lays considerable
group

religious fervor
some

introspectivequalitiesof
z66o and

of

Quaker

journals,

written between thirty-eight,

1710.

128

the form Service."

of

memoir

of

"

Scots Gentleman

in the Swedish

the Continuation of the Letters of a 1718,came in An and finally, Historical Account Turkish Spy,^'^ of the Voyages and Adventures of Sir Walter Raleigh (1719),Defoe in his narratives. dealt with the material he utilized so largely Such, in the main, is what we know of the author's special probable to write Robinson Crusoe, although it is not impreparation
In that he revised
or

in part translated,
current.

at

some least,

of

the

numerous

memoirs and

then

Life of Robinson Strange SurprizingAdventures Crusoe of York, Mariner, appeared on April 25, 17 19, and on for the fourth time. reprinted August 8, of the same year was At about the same date as the fourth edition, Defoe published The Farther Adventures Crusoe, Being the Second of Robinson and Last Part of his Life,and the ensuing year 1720, Serious parable Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, but neither of these is comThe
to

the first part, and

indeed, it is
the fame

no

exaggeration to
the work. The

perennialinterest of Crusoe's problem on the uninhabited island was developedto the utmost by the author's In the hero, Crusoe, who skilful treatment. successfully all the his difficulties not by overcomes help of unusual powers but by ingenuity, or assistance, supernatural pluck,and hard of efficiency labor,we have a universal type; the embodiment and the ideal of the practical This acter charman. very human is presented to us by Defoe with marvellous force and of his consistency.As Mr. Lee expresses it "every moment know his thoughts, his for," we waking day is accounted his hopes,his fears,his every movement. Crusoe sensations, of action, and his sensations even man is, however, primarily.a in the classic instances of the discovery of the foot-print and Poll's calling him by name, are largelydescribed in terms of The memoir is particularly the resultant action. structure to the reader happy, for it permits the hero to talk directly and gives an air of naturalness moralizato the interpolated and running comments the past. on tions,explanations, in The second part, concerningCrusoe's adventures Three
and
"

say universal

that

upon

that alone

rests

of

*""

Accepted

as

Defoe's

by James

Crossley and

Professor

Trent.

129

although giving a vivid relation of and and Russia travels in China displayingDefoe's usual accurate comes as knowledge and firm grasp of the subject, anti-climax to the more an interesting episodeson the island. In the Serious Reflections the didactic element which is prominent Defoe throughout the narrative becomes paramount.
Parts of the

World,"

did not the

sense

write Robinson that

Crusoe,
wrote

to

inculcate

moral
on

lesson in the other

Bunyan

Mr.

Badman,

but

hand,
to out

his didacticism

the

and pliance superficial perfunctory comA with the prevailing further unity is given taste. narrative by the fact that all Crusoe's disasters arose is
no
"

of his discontent with that

to to
was
run

state
was

of life unto

which

it had
duced in-

pleased God
him

call him." away

to sea

It

this discontent which

in defiance of the wishes led him

to

of his
Brazil
to

parents, it
on

discontent

again that

leave

his disastrous

and it was trip,

discontent

that

led him

leave home

and children to revisit his island.

as
an

this restlessness

regarded evidence of presumption and ungodliness,

Defoe

invariably leadingto a reckless life and a scornful disregard Disaster brought the hero to a of warnings and admonitions. of his evil life and hence to repentance and reform. recognition is clear, exhibited in his fiction,^^** Pefoe's religion, as practical, and very satisfactory, but painfully and lackingin spirituality
emotion. He demanded little more

than

the acceptance of
and

generalcreed, compliance with certain

and of
common

ceremonies
a

ances, observ-

obedience
sense.

to moral

precepts," ii

word

the

religion
Jack*^ the

In and

Moll Captain Singleton,^^

Flanders,^^Colonel
material

Roxana,^^ Defoe
some a

combined
for

collected from

^**In

of

his

tracts, as,

example. Due

Preparations for the Captain Singleton,

horn in New-

Plague,
^The

much religionis expounded. more spiritaal Life, Adventures, a$id Piracies of the Famous

etc., 17^0.
*"

The

Fortunes
1722.

and

Misfortunes of Moll
Remarkable

Flanders

who

was

gate, etc, ^The

History and
Fortunate

Life of the

truly Honourable
Vast

Colonel

Jacque, vulgarly called CoU Jack, etc, 1726.

"

The

Mistress;

or

History of the Life and

Variety of

Fortunes 10

of Mile, de Belau, etc,

17^4*

130

\N

criminal literature and the narratives of adventnre. prolific Except in so far as Defoe was dealingwith crime from the point of view of the criminal, his narratives have little in His the Spanish picaresque miscellanies. with common models the biographies of actual criminals,of which he were
himself
very
wrote
a

number.

With

inimitable seriousness
tell
are us

these

real,and

very
are

English,criminals
bad at heart,but

stories.

They
bad
an

not

plausible stances forced by circum-

their

into their evil ways, go from

to
worse.

become hardened, and j^raduallj^ and Selfish they certainly are they

always have
or

eye to the main

nor

chance, but they are

grateful rarelyun-

they any of the roguishness, of the picaro. Tbey are never cruel deviltry or tirely encynicism, desert but to are longing perpetually happy or contented,
unkind,
have
for an honest life, their evil ways or stands for They never respectability.
"

rather, what that life do reform, however,

little attracshame
sea

tillwell
tion.

on

in years, when

life of

has adventure

Capt. Singletonand
from
a

Col.

Jack, children of
become lawless

and

social outcasts the

one

childhood,
a

rovers,

the other pirate,

contraband

trader, and

in the

minute displaysthe most Bob well as wonderful information as descriptive powers. vivid and accuAfrica is convincingly rate. Singleton's tripacross hood, Moll and Roxana, likewise, are handicapped from childbut not to such an extent Bob and Jack. Moll, as being pretty and clever, attracted the attenti"Jn of a wealthy children. lady who brought her up abnost like one of her own ruin was Her wrought by the eldest son of her patroness. Thus in the opening chapters we have a situation somewhat similar to that in Pamela, but Moll did not displaythe wit
accounts

of

their

voyages

Defoe

and

resolution of
are

Richardson's

heroine.

Neither

Moll

nor

Roxana
sex

feminine, in fact,the difference distinctively

nature

in

merely affects the

that Defoe's
say
so, as

of their adventures.

ous It is curi-

characters

although as

substantial and, if I littleor

may
no

as tangible, possess any in literature, nature." "human are individuality ^they simply
"

In

structure, these narratives,like Robinson

the

Crusoe,

are

autobiographic.Roxana,

only

one

of

Defoe's

in stories,

181

which
most

there

is

an

endeavor

to

develop a plot,is,I think, his

fiction.
order
to

studied contribution to prose

deserted she her

Roxana,
luxuries

by
craves,

her

husband,
her

io

obtain For
years

for

herself leads she

the
an

that

deserts

children.

she

evil,yet from
attained about of her her her

when point of view, successful,life, but finally,

"

has

ambition

wealthy
deserted. he

and

titled husband When

no

"

^her ruin learns with

a

is brought from
them
cuts

by the children
off absolutely in
we are

she

her
more

husband
to

perfidious character
told, she

will have
so

do
to

her, and

his will, dies

that

she

is taken

debtor's the

prison,

where,
which

repentant.

(This part

is in

continuation

may

not

be by Defoe.)

Although Defoe
even

seems

to have

tried to

individualize

Roxana,

to

give

he

failed
an

make

feminine traits and mannerisms, peculiarly her quitehuman. She is too calculating to to make appeal to our sympathies like the impulsive Moll her The minor Yet
a

Flanders. and

characters
is
a

are

still more

inconsistent
for in
came
i

unnatural.
went

Roxana

notable

pieceof work,
thus

it Defoe
nearer

little higher in the social scale and

of manners,

to the novel

and,

more

the

"

circular

which plot,"

at this time was

romances

important, attempted unknown practically

brief novelettes. of the The

except in the cumbersome

it must plot,
extraneous

and

be admitted, is
and
many not

clumsy, many

episodes are

of the situations

forced, but

surelyas

an

experiment it is
didactic for his element

deservingof unmitigatedcensure.^^* is prominent for although Defoe chose

to execute

The crime strict

to
an as
-

and did not think it necessary subject poeticjustice by bringing all his heroes and evil

heroines
as

end, yet he

tried to make

his narratives

wholesome

and sufferuncertainties, possible, by emphasizing the miseries, a ings attendant upon vice. The next generationdemanded and as a consequence. Noble greater regard for the proprieties, revised sonian

Defoe's

Roxana

to

make

it conform

to

the

Richard-

standard.^^ other
not

Defoe's
do
"" **

whether narratives,
from materially

of real

or

acters, fictitiouschar-

differ

those

we

have

discussed.

Cf. Chandler, The

Lit, of Roguery, ii,296-98. de Beleau; and T.

or

History

of Mademoiselle
1808; but

the

new

Roxana,
1775.
me

the fortunate The B. M.

Mistress, etc., F. Noble

catalogue gives the date
the date
1775 is

Lowndes,

London,
tells

Professor

Trent

that in his copy

clearlyprinted.

132

of a Cavalier (1720), and A justlypraisedMemoirs Journal of the Plague Year (1722), he appliedhis reportorial of the methods to the past and produced such graphicpictures preceding century that both works have often been regarded In The History of the Life and Adventures true. as literally ing Campbell,and in one or two pamphlets**dealof Mr, Duncan to with the "dumb philosopher" in which Defoe seems less fictitious biography have had some or part, we have a more combined of Campbell in Defoe's usual convincing manner, the realistic pictures of with philosopher'sclientele and and the like. The anecdotes dealingwith magic, apparitions, to have had a fascination for Defoe, since seems supernatural of it,as for time and time again he returned to discussions example in The Political History of the Devil (1726), A System of Magick (1726), and An Essay on the History and life does not Reality of Apparitions (1727). Domestic interesting figure prominently in the narratives,but many of contemporary anecdotes and illuminating ners mandescriptions Duncan in the aforementioned occur Campbell (1720) in such treatises as The Compleat English Tradesman (1725), cussion Considered The Great Law (1724), a disof Subordination of conduct of of the servant problem, and in manuals ship and ReligiousCourtwhich The Family Instructor (1718),** (1722) are the best. The first of these little treatises discusses problems affecting cerns family life. For example, one of the first illustrations conIn a filial obedience. family which had been most and negligent about the observance irreligious particularly of the Sabbath, both parents suddenly resolved to reform, and without the least warning, issued orders on Sunday morning that the children were the not to use coach, play cards, go in short, indulge in any of read secular literature, or calling, their accustomed and worldly pleasures. The oldest son daughter, irritated by the peremptorinessof the decree and angered by the ruthless destruction of their novels and plays,
In

the

*As

was

remarked

in connection

with

Mrs,

Haywood,
by her.

it is not

quite

clear which '^A

of these pieces are

by Defoe Family

and

which

similar treatise, the New

Instructor

appeared

in

1729.

133

were

most

impudent
scenes

and

and insutx)rdinate,

only after
sense

many

tempestuous

were

brought
was

to

proper

of their

duty.
material

pleasantcontrast
in
a

afforded

by

the

pious

and

servile behavior

children. of the younger Defoe presents this series of dialogues, littlescenes, connected or

by the necessary explanations. In Religious Courtship he the necessity of marrying method to show employs the same attractive and husbands and wives only." A most religious wealthy suitor applied for the hand of the youngest of three thus proving he was and sisters, seeking for her in particular alliance with the family. Although much not merely for an flattered by his attentions, she resolved to obey the behest husband." of her dying mother to marry only a religious of her prcxnising suitor was she found Upon investigation, it did violence to her inclinations," no religion," so, though and brought down the wrath of her irreligious jected father,she reIn time the young him. brought to gentleman was under the guidance of and consideration of his evil ways a a good old man, a poor tenant on his estate, became a most the lady, in due he married devout Christian. And course he lived very happily for the rest of his life. The with whom herself with her suitor's religion second sister did not concern
" "

"

"

but

"left it all to her

herself
a

father,"with
to
"

found

married and

a a

that she consequence lived Papist." The husband the

only

few

years, decease

in

discourse

with her

sisters
sorrows

shortly
of

after his

his widow
men

expatiatedon
if he
were

the

marrying
that she
are

even

the best of

of different
we are

convictions.

Of

the "a

didactic

eldest sister In

religious merely told

manuals

married other

there
hidden

worthy man." and in all cases stories,

both

these

the
The but

slight plotis almost

characters
are

by the didactic material. individualized, indeed, are slightly

"

but
pound ex-

mouth-pieces to
these manuals

Defoe's

theories.

Nevertheless,in

foe De-

brought the conduct-book as close to the novel of manners without running into the narrative form; we as was possible have a rudimentary plot, outlines of the characters,and a and accessories. of the setting Moreover, rough description in these two series of dialogues, not only do the characters talk

134

with

much

naturalness discussed

episode is
somewhat

similar to

each to the reader, but directly from several points of view, a device in Clarissa that employed by Richardson
and

Harlowe. On Defoe's

purely literary qualities ^his admirable

"

style,

his various

devices

for

his wonderful necessary in

to

powers
comment.

givingthe impressionof verisimilitude, is not of description and narration ^it

"

Most

of

these

devices

may

be

found

Mrs. rudimentary form in the works of his predecessors, Behn, Mrs. Manley, John Bunyan, Mrs. Haywood, and the host of anonymous but never before had they been journalists, And Defoe so artistically finally, perfected and combined. before and rarely, if ever, since, of genius a man ; never wa^

Jias

writer

been

able to

giveto

the fictitioussuch

semblance

of the actual.

development of prose fiction is very All his works, and particularly Robinson difficult to estimate. Crusoe were immediatelypopular in both England and France. But in them, as we have biography autoseen, the pseudo-journaland culminated, further development along these lines was impossible. Mrs. Aubin, who made a point of imitating mental Defoe, simply added a goodly portionof adventure to a sention

Defoe's

influence

the

romance,

and

Abbe

Prevost*'

whose

somewhat

closer

imitation
translated natural
son

of

scandal, a
To
V

Philosophe anglois (1732-39), was The as Life and Adventures of Mr, Cleveland, of Oliver Cromwell,^^ in 1736, added a political love story, and sentimental dians. of the Indescriptions
the novel of
manners

Defoe, Le

and

sentiment, Defoe

tributed con-

and

but both The directly, Family Instructor very little, ReligiousCourtship afforded many suggestions both as
matter
Antoinc
romances,

regards
"AbW
many

and

manner.

It would
who lived

be

to interesting 1691
Homme He
to

know
wrote

Frangois d'Exiles
chief of which

from d'un

1763,
de
wrote

is MSmoires story of Manon

Qualifi
later other

(1728-32), containing the famous

the Doyen

LescauU
and

de Killerine, historie morale

(1735),

translated

among

things, Richardson's
tionnaire
"

Pamela,
du

Clarissa,and
sibcle,
to

Grandison.

Cf. Laroosse, Die-

Universel has
even

XIX^

This

been

attributed

Defoe.

CONCLUSION

c
of
too

In the smaU been

foregoing
value

discussion been in
a

it has

often

happened
famous

that works classics

have

emphasized, while
few
been

have

despatched
she prose has

lines,and

that at times,

perhaps,
but

little attention

has

paid
in

to

chrcmology,
a

the

writer

hopes
of the

succeeded

conveying
between

fairly accurate
and

idea
of

fiction current which affected

the

1600

1740

and

the

tendencies
very

its

development.

Reviewing
from

the
we

subject
may
to

hastily from
thereabouts,
the the

chronological point of view,

first,extending

distinguish three
1660 of
or

periods; the
second,

1600
'y to

is characterized

by
from of

the

nance predomi1660

romance;

extending
the vogue

about

the

close

of the
a

century,
and

by
final

the

continental from 1700

nove]^vand
to

third

period extending
and

1740, first

by

growing

independence
no

increased of

activity.
merit
or

The

period produced
heroic
etc.
"

English narratives
the

of historical

importance, but
romances ^were
was

famous of

sentimental, pastoral,
"

allegoricaland CUopcUre, popular

Don than

France
an

Astrie, Argenis,
More

Cyrus,
any

given
that this
were

English dress.
great comic
taste

of these

Cervantes's
a

romance

Quixote,

which

indicates

strong
taste

for

realism became

already existed.
so

About
the
romances

1660,

for

realism in

strong

that

superseded
stories

popularity
from

by realistic
novelle and

French

and

Spanish

developed
process.

the chief

greatly modified

during the impudence,

others.
a

Their

characteristics, immorality,
abundant Mrs.

pretended
Also

veracity, by
had

detail, and
Mrs.

lively colloquial style,were

and
to

imitated this which

Behn,
the

Manley
the

period

belong
so on

influential
an

Letters
on

of

Portugese Nun,
of

marked the

effect of the latter

development
narratives
to

sentimentality and
Likewise of
to

realism
we owe

emotional admirable

expression.
the

these

years

John

Bunyan,
prose

although the
fiction.

scarcely belong

history of

136

137

tives publishedthe narraperiod were would be in itself and Swift, which fact of both Defoe worthy sufficient to make these years memorable, were they not noteother scores. In the firstplacejfthere was a change on reaction and in the prevailing taste, due partly to a moral and economic which causes social, partlyto various political, of the reading brought about changes in the character a love of the picturesque public. SentimentaUsm, didacticism, for themes from domestic life, and the sensational, a partiality and a strong bent toward realism began to characterize fiction. In the development of structure and style, rapid progress was made. afforded an The periodical opportunity for the perfecting forms of such subsidiary character,"the letter, as the and the dialogue. In the Sir Roger de CoverleyPapers the character-sketch culminated, for without plot further development had Defoe Likewise perfected the was impossible. simple narrative of adventure of the autobiographical typej] the conduct-book. had exploited and togetherwith Mrs. Rowe

During the third

and

last

"

Ut

remained

to

combine

the and

various
to

elements,
domestic
Mrs.

to

utilize the ress prog-

episodesof family life

was

develop the

Some plot.^

made

along

these

lines in the

histories of
in

Mrs.

Haywood, in the rambling stories of

of anonymous
Love
zxt

Aubin, and
ples examtypical

that littlegroup

novels of which in
a

Lindamira,

Madhouse,

and

Alexis
the
can

and

the forty years from Sylvia.fDuring 1700 to 1740, of the novel of manners was particularly rapid. We

rise"'
ceive per-

toward direct progress Richardson; his device of the his favorite situation of virtue contending with vice, letters,

his stock characters

of rake,his excess not only existed,but

girland the gentlemanly and his morality, his sentimentality, detail,

of the
were common.

deluded

APPENDIX

SUMMARY

OF

PARTHENISSA

"The
not

sun

was

already
a

so

far

declined

that and

the

heat

was

offensive, when
blest with

stranger

richly armed,
Nature and

ately proportion-

all the of

gifts of
in famous
.

education,
the

alighted
of Love it had
to
was so

at the

Temple
an

Hieropolis
as

Syria, where
as

Queen
to

had

settled

Oracle,
The

the

Deity

wkom his

been

dedicated.
out
some

stranger

commanded
. .

servant

enquire
so

retired

lodging for him, which

about
and the sacred

whilst

he

doing, his
as

master

walked
the

place, without
of that the
structure

much and

regarding
so

beauty
and

rareness a

with

languishing
had

careless 'twas
an

pace,

those

which
of

considered
mind

it, easily judged

so

chiefly the
over

distemper
his the

the The

which

strong

influence

body."*
and

priest Callimachus
his
much many
manner

immediately perceived
he had
a

from
mean

elegance of
with After

that

guest
to

of

no

rank,
his

humility begged
tears,

him

unburden
"

breast.

sighs

and

apologies
tale. His

for
name

these
was

the effeminacies,'*

hero
of

began his
the Median
army

dolorous

Artabanes,
a

scion
in the

and and

Persian
ardent he

royal families,
lover
of

general

Persian thenissa.
arrived

the
had the

the his

divine

princess Parthere

Long
at court

concealed

passion when challenged

any
woman

Ethiopian
ladies,
as

prince, Ambixerles,
who
to

with mortal

pictures of
combat,
or

his

twenty-four
so

any
to

knight
exceed

hardy
of

to

maintain

living
banes, Arta-

dead,
as

in

beauty his peerless princesses.

Parthenissa,
the

the

'servant'
very

immediately
to

entered
feet

the his

lists and mistress.

shortly brought
the combined

Ethiopian
the his hero

the
met

of

In

fray, however,
with
at

had

with

several

injuries which,
should
is the

anxiety lest his fair

his
of

mistress
^

be

more

enraged
opening
and

his

publishing
imitation

passion
the

'

This

conventional in

is

direct

Greek.

This

episode

occurs

Polexandre, 138

139

than him

pleased at the establishment

to

of
not

her

such

sorry

pass

that had

brought perfection, his tion, affecthe objectof

to
sooner

the death

fair Parthenissa

herself,condescended
carried him

visit him,
was

would

surelyhave
he
was

off.

No

he

recovered

than

forced to enter

the lists againsta

rival

favor, and a formidable rival too, no less a princess's The than the King's favorite general, hero Surenna. person and his magnanimity, for having once more proved his prowess spared his life. brought his opponent to the earth he graciously mined Surenna since, being deterwas unworthy of such treatment that Artabanes should not enjoy the favor of the lady, he resorted to the trick of dropping,in a spot where he knew the guileless Artabanes would surely find it,a forged note, wherein thenissa indicated that he (Surenna) and the fair Parwas
for the
were on

the friendliest terms. without

narrator
more

Artabanes

found

it,
his

read for

and believed it, it,

ado

departed straightway
to

Rome.

Here

the and

had

occasion

mention

friend Artavasades
love

forthwith

told of that

for the

Altazeera, whom peerless

To
return to the main

for Pacorus. gay for the

unhappy man's the king had designed thread ; Rome proved too

and he determined to remove melancholy Artabanes tary in solito the Alps where he might nurse his sorrow a friend arrived grandeur, but, just as he was departing, from less Persia, who laid bare Surenna's perfidyand the match[Here the feelings constancy of the divine Parthenissa. of the narrator overcame him, and he let the recountingof his devolve his faithful servant adventures Simander.] upon Artabanes the generous for Persia, but on the way was When learned seized

the truth,he

set out

He soon Pompey. his companions and came forth at the head of an army as the took historic Spartacus. He his Cyprus, where among Perolla and Isadora, who took turns in telling prisoners were their wof ul history. Like Romeo and Juliet lovers they were rival houses between which there existed a bitter belongingto feud. And times saved the life of "although Perolla many Isadora's father, and though he deserted his own parent in
a

slave to

by piratesand sold as managed to escape, aroused

the crisis of

battle for the sake

of his fair mistress,"her

140

designed her for Flamminius. acquainted sooner with the situation than he did all in his power to help the lovers. Then Hannibal took them who came prisonersand himself fell in love with the charming Isadora. To court
father
remained

obstinate and resolutely That no despisedsuitor was

her know him

he gave

over

the toils of

war

to to

Maharbal,
"

and

at last we

why
not to

he

did

not

march

Rome

^Isadora Death

persuaded
carried oflE

destroy the
the lovers

city of
returned

her
to

birth.

Cyprus where they were taken prisoners by Spartacus,before whom they laid the case of their thwarted love. The noble Spartacus having heard
their

Hannibal

and

tale and

also that of their parents, decided

had

in

favor of
bled assem-

the lovers and army and

them

married

in the presence

of the

At this point a suddenly repentant fathers. arrived who informed Spartacus,alias Artabanes, messenger that Surenna was poisoning the mind of the faithful Parthenissa, whereupon the generalset sail for Persia. Simandcr
were

had

reached
a

this point when

narrator

and

listener

startled

by

great noise

and, rushing toward

him The

the woods

where with
a

met they had seen Artabanes disappear, knight he had rescued from assassins. to

returning
stranger

proved

be the valiant Artavasdes, whose confided

to

banes love affair Arta-

had
was

the

priest. After much

pressure
to

persuasionhe brought to
the
son

induced

to continue

his story from had her force

the time of his banishment. been

to

During his absence

upon the

bear

fair Altazeera
upon

marry

of

Mithridates,and
The

his fortuitous death, the Prince

Pacorus.

in battle, and Artavasdes, severelywounded to visit his lady. To thinkingdeath might ensue, determined the he this end as a menial, entered disguised himself and managed to be continually with the princess. king'sservice, But when he discovered himself, the lady fainted in his arms, which tainly cerepisode having been viewed by an enemy, would have brought about the ruin of the pair,had not the of Pacorus (who had ready lie of a servant and the generosity wards, to the rescue. Shortly aftermiraculouslyrecovered) come Altazeera and the former, not being married Pacorus

latter

was

of

treated the jealousdisposition,

lover with great honor

and

141

consideration
court. to the

and

even

went

so

far

as

to

invite him

to

his

But

the broken-hearted

Artavasdes

preferredto

retire

Temple at Hieropolis. Simander again took up the story of his master, and we are that Artabanes, after landing in Persia, came informed upon two men (only survivors of some scores)engaged in a death while a beautiful woman wearing a blue veil was being struggle, Without drawn wildlyabout the meadow by terrified horses. ado, the hero immediately assisted the weaker of the more not long before the latter combatants, but nevertheless it was laid helpless victor called a halt, the turf. The was upon friend, and proved himself to be Artabanes' explained that he had been fighting with Surenna of for the possession Parthenissa that villain had (the lady in the chariot)whom and apologies the part abducted. There were on explanations of Parthenissa and Surenna not killed after all) (who was where they arrived after and the whole party set out for home
many
store to
was a

adventures. for the

On

the return the

to court

new

trouble

was

in

King himself had fallen a victim of the peerless Parthenissa. the charms Consequently,it the king now not long before Surenna, whom regarded as
lovers,for
arrested
on some

rival,was

pretext and

executed

in the titude. mul-

publicplace amid the poison,and

her fate.
as

loud

lamentations

of the assembled
as

Parthenissa,regardingher situation
in the instance Simander
an was

drank hopeless,

of

As

shared Qeopatra, her women concluding his account, Calthe oracle

:

limachus

received
From A

answer

from
ashes

Parthenissa's

I will raise thou

a

Phoenix, In whose
then about

Flames

shalt be blest ;

Wait And

this Temple

few

days,
with Rest.

all thy Torments

shall be crowned

Despair
Fortune And

not

Predestined!
unto

Artavasdes, since the time, for thy sufferings is but brief; thy virtues shall resign;
to

perfect joy, succeed

both did and

equal Grief.

Go Who
*

sacrifice to that fair Boy,

inspire my

highest Grief

and

Joy.'

Parthenissa, p. 523.

142

While

pondering upon

the attention of the of

a

of this cryptic significance reply, whole party was distracted by the landing

the

the was youth and two beautiful ladies,one of whom other of Parthenissa. exact They image of Altazeera and the soon passed out of sightand the lovers marvelled much, but the generous Artavasdes in Media knew his lady was a queen and the noble Artabanes was equallysure his lady was dead, of inconstancy. and both were certain that neither lady could be guilty While they sat there waiting for the return of the

strangers, Callimachus
was

related

his adventures. He in had

His

real

name

Ariobazanes, King of Pontus. Statira,daughter of Mithridates, and

victories he but

madly

loved

return

numerable for the inbeen covered dis-

had
at

won

for her

father, had
Mithridates

promised

her

hand,
the

the last moment

he had King of Cyprus to whom formerly betrothed his daughter was reported,dead, so he not, as rumor and constrained poor Statira broke his promise to Ariobazanes the King of Cyprus. The lover had heart-broken to marry and become retired to Hieropoli" to Venus. a priest Here the story ends, or rather breaks off,leavingthe reader that
to unriddle the oracle and

guess

who

the strangers

were.

144

Jusserand, J. J., English Novd

London, 1890.

in the Time

of Shakespeare.
New

Kelly-Fitzmaurice, J., History of Spanish Literature.

York, 1898. Romans Koerting,P. H., Geschichte des franzdsischen

im XVII

jahrhundert. Oppeln, 1891. New Lanier, S., The English Novel. York, 1900. Le Breton, A., Le Roman siide. Paris, 1890. au dix-septitme D. British Novelists and their Styles. Revised Masson,
ed., Boston, 1859. Morillat,P., Le Roman
en

France.

Paris, 1895.

Perry, B., A Study of Prose Fiction. New ed. Boston, 1903. York, Raleigh, W., The English Novel. Revised ed. New
1904.

Reynier,G., Le Roman
Saintsbury, G., Essays

Sentimental avant
on

VAstrU.

French

Novelists.

Paris,1908. 2d ed. London,

the Italian"

1891. Scott, M. A. E., ''Elizabethan Translations

in Publ. Mod.

from

Stoddard, F. York, 1900. H. D., Social England. New Traill, York, 1895-97. Tuckerman, B., HistoryofEnglish Prose Fiction. New
1900.

Lang. Assn. for 1895. x. 249-295. H., The Evolution of the English Novel.

New

York,

Underhill,J.G., Spanish Literature in the England ofthe Tudors. New York, 1899. Upham, A. H., The French Influencein EnglishLiterature from the Accession of Elizabeth to the Restoration. New York,
1909.

Utter, R. P., Studies in the Origin of the English Novel.

With

to the influence specialreference of the periodical essay. Dissertation. Harvard Unpublished 1906. in Frankreich. M. F. Der Roman Waldberg, empfindsame von, vol. i. Strasburg and Berlin, 1906. to the seventeenth Warren, F. M., Historyof the Novel previous

century.

New

York, 1895.
SPECIAL
REFERENCE

In

addition found

been

general works cited,the followinghave In dealing with the specialtopics. helpful

to

the

145

Chapter

I.

Romances
i.

and

Anti-Romances

Section

Chivalric Romances

Ashton, J.,Romances

Southey, R., Amadis of Garcia OrdSflez

London, 1872.
Section

of Chivalry. New York, 1887. of Gatd translated from the Spanish version
de

Montalvo.

New

edition, 3

vols.

2.

Classical Romances
A

Abbott, F. F., 'Tetronius:

in The

Study

in

Ancient

Realism,"^^

Review, 1899, vii,435-443. Paris, 1892. CoUegnor, Albert, P6trone en France. the Greeks," in Goodwin, Ch. J.,"Romance Writing among
The Sewanee The Greek Romances
ed. Rowland

Sewanee

Review,
Smith.

ff., 1897. ofHeUodorus, Longus, and Achilles Tatius,

v.

290

(Bohn's Library.) London,

Fowler, Oxford, 1905.
und seine

1901.

Lucian, Works

tr.

by

H. W.

Oeftering,M.,
teratur"

"Heliodor
in

Bedeutung fiir die LitLitterarhistorische Forschungen, heft 18, Computes,

avec

Berlin, 1901. Pitrone, Apulie, Aulu-GeUe; Oeuvres

la
duction tra-

enfrangaise. Pub.
Paris, 1856. Rhode, E., Der Griechische 1876.
Trimalchio^s T. Peck. Dinner
New Roman

sous

la direction de M.

Nisard.

und

seine

Vorlaufer. Leipzig,
Ed. H.

from

the

Satyriconof Petronius.

York, 1898.
3.

Section

Arcadian

Romances

Bninhuber,

K., Sir Philip Sidney* s Arcadia

and the

und

ihre Nach-

Idufer. Niirnburg, 1903. Crossley, J., Sir Philip Sidney

1853Davis, Sarah, M., The New York, 1859.

Arcadia.

London,

Life and

Times

of Sir PhiUp Sidney.

Greg, W.
1905.

W., Pastoral Poetry and

Pastoral Drama.

London^
1905. in Pub.

Marsan, Jules,La Pastorale Dramatique. London, Rennert, H. A., "The Spanish Pastoral Romances" Mod. Lang. Assn., 1892, v. viii.
11

146

Sidney, Sir P., The

Sommer. New

Countess

of Pembroke's
1891.

Arcadia^ ed. O.

York, London,

Section 4.

Euphuistic Romances
(Huth

Greene, Robert, Works^ ed. Grosart. 1883-85. Works. Thomas, Lodge, 1883.
London,
Hunterian Club

Libr.)

v.

Edition.

Glasgow,

Lyly, John, Works. Wilson, J. D., John

Wolff, S. L., "Robert
in

Ed.

Bond.

Oxford,
and the

1902.

Lyly.
Greene

Cambridge, 1905.
Italian Renaissance,"

EnglischeStudien, 1906. ''Source of Euphues; the Anatomy vii,577-85" April,1910.

Sections 5 and 8. Heroic
and

of

Wyt" in Mod.

Philol.t

Miscellaneous

Romances

Ballard, George, Memoirs Oxford, 1752. Cousin, Victor, La Paris, 1886. Crane, Thos. York,
Les Hiros

of Several Ladies of Great Britain. fran^aiseau

XVIP siicle.
2 v.

SociSti

F., La
de Roman,

SocUU

XVIP au frariQaise

siicle. New

1900.

Introduction, New
Komodien
und

York,

1902.

Grosse, K., John

Crowne's

burleske

Dichtung.

Leipzig,1902.
Huet, P. D., Lettre
Romans,
in de M. Huet

d M.
v.

de

Huetana

(Ana,
des

des Segraisde Vorigine and viii). Amsteixlam

Paris, 1670. Koerting,P. H., Geschichte

Jahrhundert.

franzdsischenRomans

im XVII

^Le Breton, A., Le

""Morrillat, P., Le

Roman Roman

Oppeln, 1891. Siicle. au Dix-septiime

en

Paris, 1890.

France.

Paris, 1895.

Osborne, Dorothy, ed., 1888. London, new Philips,Mrs. Katherine, Letters

2d

Letters to Sir WiUiam

Temple. Ed. Parry.

to

of Orinda
avant

Poliarchus.

ed.

London,
Le Roman

1729.

Reynier, G.,
1908.

Sentimental

VAstrSe.

Paris,

147

Toldo, P., "Le Courtisan

rapports
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1900,
avec

der

frangaiseet ses in ArchivfUr das Toeuvre de Castiglione" neuren Sprachen nnd Litteraturen. March,
iv, 75
sq.

dans

la Utt6rature

iv, n.

s.,

im Frankreich. Waldberg, M. F. von, Der empfindsame Raman Strasburg and Berlin, 1906. Wells, B. W., "La CalprenMe and Scud6ry" in The Sewanee

Review, 1898,
Section 6.

vi, 4395^.

The

Political and

Romances Allegorical

Bergerac, Savinien
Uttiraires.

Cyrano de, Oeuvres

ed.
. . .

Nouv.

avec

des

comiques,galanteset notes par P. L. Jacob

York, 1899. of sundry transac- y
the lunar

Paris, 1858.
Ed. C. H. Page. Voyage to the Moon. Defoe, Daniel, The Cansolidator; or, Memoirs A tions New

from
G.

the world

in

the moon;

tr. from

guage. lan-

London, Gamier, C.

1705.

T., Voyages Imaginaires. Paris, 1787. Harrington, James, Commonwealth of Oceana; with an by Henry Morley. London,

duction intro-

Lichtenberger,A., Le Socialisme Ed. Andrews. More, Thos., Utopia in Ideal Commonwealths. (Universal Classics Library.) New York, 1901. W. "Nova attributed to John ^ A., Neilson, Solyma, a romance Milton" in Mod. PhUol. i, 525, April,1904. Nova Solyma. The Ideal City,or Jerusalem Regained. Ed. W. Begley. New 2 vols. York, 1902. Tr. Quevedo y Villegas,Francisco Gomez, Comical Works. from the Spanish by John Stevens. London, 1708. Schmidt, F., John Barclays Argenis. Eine litterahistorische Untersuchung. Berlin and Leipzig,1904. Introduction Swift, J., Prose Works. by W. E. H. Lecky.
London,
Von

1887. utopique. Paris, 1898.

1897-1908. Mohl, P., Die Geschichte

und

Litteratur der Staatswissen-

schaften. Tubingen, 1855-58.

Section 7. Anti-Romances Ed. J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly.

Cervantes, Miguel, Complete Works.

Glasgow,

1901-03.

148

Chandler,

F.

W.,

The

Literature

of Roguery.

vols.

New

York, 1907. The Romances of Roguery. Pt. I. Picaresque Novel in Spain. New York, 1899. France dSbut du 18* siicU; Claretie, L60, Le Roman en au Lesage, romancier, d'apris de 1890. Fureti^re, A.,
par P. Le Roman
2
v.

nouveax

documents.

Paris,

Bourgeois
1868.

aves

notice et notes

Jannet.
"Nashe's

Kotz,

F.

O.,

'Unfortunate

traveller* und

Head's

die beiden Hauptvertreter des englischen 'Englishrogue,' in Anglia, xxii,81-140, 1899. Schelmenromans
"

Lesage, A. R., Oeuvres Choisies. Amsterdam, Ed. Grosart. Nashe, Thos., Complete Works.
85.
Works. Ed.
y

1783. London, 18831904-08.

H. E.

Ronald

McKerrow.
The

London,

Quevedo

F. G., Villegas,

Spanish Sharper, ed.

by
Sir Thomas

Watts.

London,

1892.
Works
tr.

Rabelais, Francois,

Urquhart.

(Maitland Club
Rabelais, Ed. Roy, E., La
C. H.

Reprint.) 1838.
Page.
New

York,
ed.

1905.

Vie et les Oeuvres

Nouv. other

de Charles Sord.

Paris, 1891.

Scarron, Paul, Oeuvres.

Comical
romance

Paris, 1752.
into

and

tales done

English by
an

Tom

Brown, John Savage and others. With by J. J. Jusserand. London, 1892. Wells,
B.

introduction

W., ''Sorel's Counterblast Review,

v.

to

the

Astrfe"

in The

Sewanee

279.

1900. II

Chapter

Canby,
V

H. E.

S., The
"A

Short

Story in English. New

in Fortn.

York,

1909.
s.,

Gosse,
p.

Nun's

Letters"

Review, xlix, o.

5o6fr. Letters from a Portuguese Nun to an Translated by W. R. Bowles

Brentano,
The Letters New
a

in the French Army. Officer

in 181 7 and

reprintedby

York,

1904.

of

Prestage.
1904.

Translated by Edgar Portuguese Nun. Portland, Maine, Repub. by Thos. Mosher.

149

Mrs.

Behn

in of Aphra Behn" Kavanagh, J., "The Life and Memoirs English Women of Letters. London, 1863. A., "Aphra Behn" in La SociaUsme Utopique, Lichtenberger, pp. 1-30.

Paris, 1898.
and

Plays,

Histories

Novels

of

the

Ingenious Mrs.

Behn.

Complete AngUa,

in six volumes.

London,
Gedichte

Siegel,P., "Aphra
XXV,

Behn's

1871. und Prosawerke,"

in

86-128, 329-385Chapter
III

The

Contributory
Character
Ass.
to

Forms

Baldwin, C. S., "The

the

Relation Periodical and

of the Seventeeth

Century
Lang.

Eissay" in Pub.
xix, 1904.

Mod.

of Am., xviii,1903,
Books the

"Character
to

of the Seventeenth of the Novel"

Century

in Relation Reserve

Development
1900.

in Western

Bulletin^Oct., Burr,
A.

R.,

The

Autobiography. A
and

Critical and
1909.
2

tive ComparaLondon,

Study. Boston
Fox-Bourne,
H.

New

York,

R., English Newspapers.

Studies in the

v.,

1887.

Development of Character Writing. Harvard Dissertation,1904. Unpublished. the tury. Character Seventeenth CenMorley, Henry, Writings of Carisbrooke Library. London, 1891. The Spectator, H. ed. Morley. London, 1891. Mrs. Jane Barker Jane Barker: Ein Mrs. Beitrag zur Englischen Literaturgeschichte.Miinich, 1906.
The Oriental Tale Tale in Pike The Oriental

Greenough, C. N.,

England

in

the

Eighteenth Century.

By Martha
Richardson

Conant.

New

York, 1908.
in Lectures
on

Hazlitt, W.

C,

"Samuel*

Richardson"

the

English Comic Writers. Thompson, C. L., Samuel

Critical Study.

London,
1900.

18 19.

Richardson, A
Richardson
1901.

Biographicaland
Printer" in

London, HI,

Thorne, W.
The

B., "Samuel
s.,

"

Famous

Library, n.

150

Chapter The

IV

Popular Fiction Ashton, J.,Chapbooks of the Eighteenth Century. London,

Chandler,
1903. F.

1882.

W.,

The

Literature of Roguery.

New
F.

Deloney, Thos., The Gentle Craft. Ed., A.

The

York, 1907. Lange, Berlin,

Ed. J. O. Halliwell,1859. History of John Winchomb. Halliwell-Phillipps, J. O., -4 Catalogueof Chapbooks, Garlands, and Popular Histories. London, 1849. Notices of Popular English Histories. Descriptive Percy Society Pub., 1848.
Barnabae

Itinerarium; Vienne;

or,

Bamabee's

Journal.

Ed

J. O.

Halliwell, 1876.
Paris and the story and

Worthy Knight Parys Club Libr., 1868.

The

of the Noble Ryght Valyaunt the Fayr Vyenne. Roxburghe

of Turvey Halliwell,1859.
Western wenches
leave

Tinker

or

the

CanterburyPilgrims. Ed. J. O.
s

Westward

for Smelts, or

the Waterman^

whose

fare of mad merry like albeit, Bell-Clappers tongues

they
much

never

content

ringing yet their tales are sweet and will Written by Kinde Kit of Kingstone. you.
Revised

Percy Soc, 1848, v. xxii. Thorns, Wm. J., Early English Popular Histories. ed., London, 1907-08.
Ed.

for the

John Bunyan

"^

Life and Death of Mr. Badman London, 1905. J. Brown. Works. Ed. George Offor. 3 v. His Browne, J., John Bunyan.
The

and

the

Holy

War.

Ed.

London, 1853.

Life and

Times.

3d ed.

London,
Dowden

1887. Exiward,
1901.

Puritan

and

Anglican. Pp. 231-^78.

London,

Grier, J. B., Studies in the English of John Bunyan. 1872. W. in and his Hazlitt, C, ''Bunyan Thoughts Prototypes" in Solitude, ch. xv, London, 1884.
^

and religious Nevins, J. B., ''On the influence of political allegoryon European thought for 600 years and a corn-

152

and valuable library formed

by the late Rev.

P. Bliss.

don, Lon-

1858. and Collier, J. P., Bibliographical

books in
the

Critical Account
2 v.

of the

rarest

English language.

London,

1865.

(Collin). of Lord ElUsmere's Catalogue

1837.
Illustrations

BridgewaterLibrary. London,

of Old English Literature. London, 1886. Cushing, Wm., Initials and Pseudonyms. A Dictionary of
York^ 1885. Ellis and Elvey, later Ellis and White, Catalogues [booksellers' lists].
Memoranda Fry, J., Bibliographical in Illustration

Literary Disguises. New

of Early

English Literature. Bristol,1816. Halkett, Sam., and Laing, John, A Dictionaryof the mous Anonyand Literature Britain. Greal Pseudonymous of

Edinburgh, 1882. Halliwell-Phillipps, J. O., Books of Characters^ illustrating the habits and manners of Englishmen from the Reign of
James I to the Restoration. and

Catalogue of Chap-books^ Garlands

London, 1849.

Popular Histories.

Notices of popular English histories. (Percy Descriptive Society, v. 23.) 1848. A Handlist of the Early English Literature in the Malone Collection from the Cataloguein the Bodleian. London, i860.

Hazlitt, Wm.
and

C,

Collections and

Notes, ist,

2d

and

3d

series

supplements. London, i860, 1892. Huth, H., Catalogue of the Printed Books, Mss., Autograph Letters and Engravings collected by H. Huth. don, Lon5 vols.
1880.

Langbaine, G., Lives and Characteristics of the English dramatick Poets continued of the seventeenth century. by Ch.
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Gildon.

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Book-Auctions Lawler, J.,

of the Seventeenth Century. London, of English Literature.

London, 1864.

1898. Lowndes, Wm.,

New ed. H.

Manual Bibliographer's G. Bohn.

6

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153

the Quaritch, J., Catalogue of Romances of chivalry literature of fiction to the and imagination from Homer 17th Century. 1885. Walpole,H., Catalogueof the Royal and Noble A uthors ofEngland ed. Edinburgh, 1792. wUh listsof their works. New 2 v.
. . .

CHRONOLOGICAL FIRST PRINTED

LIST IN
1600

OF

THE

PROSE BETWEEN

FICTION

ENGLAND AND 1740

In

the

following bibliography, which deliberately omitted

all

is very

far from

plete, com-

I have
as

contributory forms
unusually
some

such

character-sketches,

dialogues, periodicals, conduct-books, they seemed

have
rare or were

chap-books, etc., unless

mentioned in the

text, but

given

books

of

travel.
source

Directly after the

of my

title,in parenthesis, is given the

"

information, the library shelf-number, Advocates,

the S.
R.

Col

(Columbia),
T.

Harvard,
Museum"

Bodleian,

or,

if

undesignated, the British

C.

(Stationer'sRegister), the
reference author's
in

{Term
that

Catalogues), or
have
was

the

work.
name

In
or

the

last
name

instance, I
as

simply used
most

the

editor's

easily identified
sources.

the

graphical alphabetical list of bibliois in

The Literature

only exception of Roguery by

R.

the

case

of Dr.

Chandler:

his

I have

indicated

by IM.

of 2?.,his

Romances

of Roguery

of R.

1600
1.

The

Blackdog

of Newgate.
Adventures

By Luke
of the Knight

Hutton.

Possibly
Sea.
For

published earlier.
2.

(Lit, of R,, i. 112.)

The

Heroical Wm.

of

the

Leake.

(Collier,ii. of Two
their titles
in

217.)
Excellent Princes
to

3.

The

Strange Fortunes
and Ladies

[Fantimo

PeniUo]
in

lives and

loves

their N.

equaU

all the

of

Honour.

By

Breton.

(Bodleian).
1601 4. The

Strangest
a

Adventure
.

that
.
.

ever

happened

"

taining con-

discourse Part I.

of

the

King of Portugal, Dom

from the

Sebastian. Translated

by Anthony

Munday

Spanish by
anonymous

Jose Teixeira
writer. Part 27,

of an through the French II, 1602*. Both parts were

1602.
154

relicensed

September

(Underbill,

p.

47.)

155

i6o2

5. Greenes

Ghost

conceits

(C. 40.
Another

Haunting Conie-Catchers of Doctor Makeshift. By Samuel d. 40.)

.

with

the

Rowlands.

edition, 1664. 1603

6. A A

Mad

World

my

Masters.

By Nicholas

Breton.

punning dialogue.
True and

7. A

Admirable

in the Province yeares and

more

of a Mayden in Confolens that for the space of three of Poictiers;

Historie
hath
or

lived and

yet doth withotU

ing receiv-

either meate

drinke.

[Translatedby Anthony of
the

Munday.]
8. A True and

(Gay.)
Strange Discourse
Travails

of two (G.6722.) EnglishPilgrims. By Henry Timberlake. of This more authentic less account or a pilgrimageto in modified versions Jerusalem was reprinted slightly
in 1608,

1609,

161 1,

1616, 1620

and

1683.

The

last

edition
R.

contained

material

added

by

the
was

editor,
tised adver-

Burton,
under

i. "., Nathaniel

Crouch, and

the title of Two

English Pilgrims.

1604
9. Grimellos

Fortunes, with his Entertainment

Breton. somewhat

in his Travels.

By Nicholas
This is
a

(i2330.b.24.) picaresquemiscellany in dialogue

1605

form.

10.

The

First

and

Second Prince

partes of the Famous

History of

Evoradmus,
and

of

Denmarke

with his adventures

fortunesin love.
February
no

Licensed found
11.

12, for

Banckworth,

but

I have

further record of the book.

The

Life and Death of Gamaliel Ratsey,a famous Theefe of England. (Bodleian and Lit. of R. i. 143.) Reprinted by J. P. Collier in III. of Old Eng. Lit.
Most
Famous and

12.

The

ifelightful History of
Knight
and

wise Urano, other-

called Jhe

Greene

the most

beautiful

156

Princesse Brittaine. Licensed found

Beroshia, Daughter

to

Lucius, King
9, but

of

for Francis
no

Burton, September

I have

further mention.

{Lit.of 2?., 13. The Practises of Elizabeth Caldwell p. A cheap pamphlet relating her crimes.
14.

148).

The

School

of Slovenrie. (C.27.b.7.)

Dekker's in
1

translation of Dede-

kind's Grobianus.
hooke.

Revised

609

as

the Guls Home-

15. i4 True

Wonderful Mercies in preserving alive which hangedfive one accused, days who was falsely i. e., John Johnson. By John Johnson of Antwerp. A variation appeared in Edinburgh in 1706.
Margaret.
for Valentine Licensed in November elsewhere.
1606

Relation of God's

16.

Vincentio and

Syms

but

not

mentioned

17.

The

Countess

of Bedford'sArcadia, begyninge where

the

Countesse Licensed know

18. Eliosto is

of Pembroke's
mentioned
. . .

Endes.

January 6, for Edward

not

Aide

but

so

far

as

elsewhere. Wherein
the

Libidinoso who declared,

their imminent
course

guiding
shelves
or

of their

danger by the life

with

compasse
most extreame

of

either dcLshe their Affection,

ship against

dangerous

else attaine

their haven

prejudice. By John Hind.

to be the same
as

This

seems

Greene's Card

of Fancie,

reprintedin 1608, Wherein the follyof those Carpet which guidingtheir courses Knights is deciphered by the compass of Cupid, either dash their ship againstmore dangerous rocks or else attaine the haven with pain and peril".
It is the Debate
between Follie and Love

translated out

of the French

of Louise

Lab6.

1607
19.

The

Pastoralls from

lated of JuUetta divided into fiveparts. Transthe French of OUenix Markham. du Mont-Sacr6

[1592-98]by Gervase

157

Licensed Another

for Thos.

Creede, Nov.

ii,

1609.

20.

rendering by Robert Tofte under the title of Honour's Academy or the Famous Pastoral of the Fair ShepherdessJulietta appeared in 1610. The Pleasant and DelightfulHistory of Tom of Lincoln, The renowned valiant and most Red-Rose Knight; surnamed the Glory for his many wonderful exploits, and Pride of England. Containing an account of his princely noble and valorous birth, strange education, and abroad; his amours at home with the Queen exploits of Fairy; his marriage with the Emperour of Ethiopia's Daughter etc. Reprinted in 1625, 1631, 1635, 1655 "the ninth," 1682
and
so on.

1608
21.

The An

Belman

of London. enlarged version

By Thos. Dekker. appeared in 1609

was

(C.44.C.20.)
as

Lanthorne
161 2

and

Candlelightand
se

reprinted

in

with

0 per
in
1

0, and under
in

the titleof Villanies Discovered,

as

61

6, and with additions and variations

English

VUlanies
in
22.

tion 1638, 1640 etc., reaching the ninth edi1648. (Lit.of R., i,106-II0.)
sons,

St.

three George's

the

Richard Part
III.

Johnson.

lively sparks of nobility. By (Quaritch.)

161 6

appeared in

and

metrical

version

in

1622.

1609
23.

The

Discovery of a New World; or South Indyes hitherto unknown. Mercurye.

Descriptionof the English By an

et Alter.

(Begley.)
of Mundus
Idem

This

is

translation

Sive

LusPeregrini Academici Auctore Mercurio Britanico,i. e., Joseph Hall, trata. Latin editions were of which printed in 1607 at
terra

Australis

itineribus

Hanover

and
on

Frankfurt.
for

The

Latin

edition

was

entered and
on

the S.R.

August
but the

4, 1608, it

John Porter, June 2, 1604, assigned to Leonard was

seems

Greene;

translation of 1609-10

to
was

be
re-

the earliest edition

printed in England.

It

158

printed and bound and again in 1680.

24. The Famous

with

the New

Atlantis in 1643,

(Begley.)
Noble

Courtizan^ containing the lamentable Complaint of Paulina, the famous Roman Whores
or

Courtizan, sometime

mistress unto Translated

the great Cardinal

Hippolyte of
C, Markhune.
25.

Este.

[G. Markham?] The Man in the Moon to the Strange Fortunes telling (232.f.ii.) English Fortune Teller. By M. W. A book of character-sketches vices. satirizing
1610

from the (Gay.)

Italian

by

26.

Euphormionsis Lusinini
The in in

Satyricon. By John Barclay.

earliest extant

edition of Pt. I is that

printedin Paris

a version had appeared 1605, but in all probability in 1603. Pt. II was London added in 1607; parts

III and London

IV

were

included and
was

in the editions in 1614.

printed at
A

in 1610

at

Oxford

ation continu-

printed in 1625. translated in 163 1 as the Mirror for Mindes It was Thos. May who took his title from Pt. II,
Animorum. 27. The Madde Licensed A Pranckes

by Morisot

by
Icon

of Merry Mall of Banckside.

Henry
Gosson.

August

7 for

the popular and well-known cheap pamphlet relating of Longa Margarita which had already misdeameanors in ballads and broadsides. been reported {Lit. of R., i. 144.)
1612 Death Lifeand Deplorable

28.

The Heroik

of the

most

Christian

29.

King, Henry the fourth. Translated from P. Mathieu by Ed. Grimston (Upham). The Historyof the valorous and wittyKnight-errant Don Quixote of the Mancha. By M. de Cervantes Saavedra translated out of the Spanish, By T. Shelton. Part II appeared in 1615, and is generallyattributed to Shelton but Quaritch doubts if he were the translator. New editions appeared in 1652 and 1675. The translation by John Phillips appeared in 1687; an abridged

160

i6i7 38. Compters Commonwealth.

By William
The Miseries

Fennor.

(1077,

i.6.)
Reissiied in 1619
as as

Description ofthe ofa Compter^and in 1638, as the Discoveryof a i. 140.) Monster. {Lit. of 2?.,
1618

True

of a Jaile,in 1629, and Equity Lawes, Justice^

London

39.

The

Roman E.

Histories Bolton.

of

L.

J.

Florus.

Translated

by

M.

(803,b.io.)

40.

Reprinted in 1636 and translated by J. Davies in 1669. (1306.0) The Spanish Mandemlle of Myracles, or the Garden of Curious Flowers first written in Spanish by
. . .

Anthonio An

Torguemeda. of wonderful and marvellous entertaining volume of which are drawn from the lands of stories, some
the New World.

de

(Quaritch,iv. 709.)
by

41.

True

and

Thomas

Wonderful History of Perkin Warbeck i. 154.) Gainford. {Lit. of 2?.,

1619

42. The Pleasant Historie of John

of Winchomb.
extant.

By Thomas
was

Deloney.
This
is the earliest edition

It

reprinted
A

in 1626, 43.

1630, 1633, 1637 and

later. Northern

The

Travels
y

of

Per sites and

Sigismunda.

History wherein amongst the variable Fortunes of the Prince of Thule^ and the Princess of Frisland, are interUiced many Witty Discourses, Morall, PoliticcM,and Delightful. The firstcopie beingwritten in Spanish; translated afterwardinto French; and now, last into English. (i074.h.28.) Reprinted in 1639.
1620

44.

The

Decameron, containingan

Hundred
seaven

pleasantNovels
Ladies into

Wittilydiscoursed
and Three

betweene

Honourable

Noble Gentlemen.

Translated

English

161

from

the

Italian of Giovanni

Boccaccio.

v.

folio.

(86.k.2.) The Modd It was of reprintedin 1625 under the title, in and Conversation framed ten days, of WU, Eloquence, ladies and three curious hundred an piecesby seaven tessence gentlemen;in 1657, as Boccaccio's Tales or the Quinof Wit; and under slightly varying titles in
1702, 1722,

and

1741.

History of Tom Thumb, 45. The Famous A prose version of the old songs. 46. The History of Astrea
:

By Richard Johnson. (Lit. of R., i. 65.)

the

first part in twelve books^

newly translated out of the French. Fry" P- S^Sf says that only a portion of the original was translated,books 10, 11 and 12 being compressed
into There On
one. was

another

translation in 1657.

October
was

de Messire HonorS 17, 1611, VAstrie licensed for Lowndes "to be printed in

DurfSe English

when it does 47. The

A

it is further
not
seem

authorized been

and

allowed," but

to have

published.
and

History of Friar
prose

Rush. songs

R.,

1.

of old refacimento 56.)

legends. {Lit. of
WhittelL

48. The Way

to the Celestial Paradise.

By Robert

49.

(4403.g.) A religious little or no narrative interest. tract with Westivard for Smelts. By Kit of Kingston. A collection of short tales which had long been current.
Stevens is the dtes
one
an

edition of 1603, but the earliest extant mentioned and by Collier, edited

of 1620

in 1848, by

for the Percy Society. Halliwell-Phillipps

1621

50.

The

Countess Wroth.

of Montgomery's Urania.

By Lady Mary

51

The
.

A 52.
12

The

(Sommer.) Reformed Spaniard. By De Nicholas and John Sachfrom the Latin. arles. Translated (Upham.) French version was entered in 1622. (Upham.) Triumphs of God's Revenge against the crying and

162

of {Willfuland Premeditated)Murder. By John Reynolds. (12403.aaa.29.) The whole in six parts, comprising the thirtytragical issued in 1635 and reprinted in 1639, stories,was
1640, 1657, 1662 and, with the addition of God's Revenge against Adultery in 1670, 1679, 1708 and
,

execrable

Sin

1770. 1622

53. The To

Pilgrim of Casteel
Nisa. be licensed for

or

the Fortunes

of LamphUus

and

John Norton "if more authoritybe granted,"but apparently it was not printed. met, 54. Portraicture of the Nine Worthies of the World, i. e., MahoSoliman, Tamberlaine, Charles V., Scanderbeg,
Henry
and Sir Licensed 55. The IV. of France, Henry

V,

the

Black

Prince,

PhilipSidney.
30. Tormes.

for Holland, March

Pursuit

of the Historic of Lazarillo de

By

Jean de Luna. Reprinted independentlyin 1631 and 1655, and with the
first part in
sion 1624, 1639, 1653 and in Blackston's verin 1669-70. de Alfarache. Rogue: or, the Life of Gusman

56. The

[Madrid Spanish of Aleman Mabbe. 1 599-1 605] by James (Bodleian.) in with Mabbe's version of the Tragicomedy Reprinted 1633 and Calisto Melibea. It was of epitomized in **A. Gent." and reissued in S., a 1655, by 1700; in the of French version translation appeared 1708.
1623
57. The

Translated

from

the

Life and

Death

Flood. of Griffin

{Lit. of R., i. 146.)

1625 58. Barclay his Argenis: or the

of PoUarchus and Argenis. By John Barclay [Paris162 1]. Translated by Kingesmill Long. in for the "Partenors entered on the registers It was the Latten stocke" as early as June 29, 1622, and
Loves

163

Jonson was licensed for Blount, October 2, 1623, but Long's version seems to be the In first edition printed in England. 1625, Seile reprinted Long's translation with the verses by May. In 1626-7, Jan. 18, Islip petitioned for "further authorization" but not probably his request was hear of the Argents as being granted, for we next translated by Robert de Guys and printed by Meighen. In 1635, Seile issued a "discourse or key," and Long's version the next printed it with In 1639, he got out an epitome. In 1669 year. Bugnot's continuation appeared. The Argents was advertised in the T. C. for Hillary Term 1674, and
a

translation

by

B.

in the next

century, 1734,
and

new

translation

was

made
For
see

by
an

Mr.

John Jacob,
information Ed.

printed in Dublin.
this last translation
in Mod.

further

about

article by

Bensly
392. 1626

Lang. Review,

April,1909, iv, p.

59. Almanzor, the learned and

victorious

King

that

Conquered

Spayne.
60.

Asley for Stansbye. The Isle of Man, or Legal Proceedingsin Manshire. By Richard Bernard. (ioi8.bb.9.)
Other editions in 1640, 1648, 1676, the fifteenth;1683, the sixteenth.

Licensed

November

4, Robert

1627
61.

The

New
Rt.

Atlantis.
Hon.

worke

written unfinished,

by the

Francis With

Albans.

[Bacon]Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Silva Sylvarutn(Quaritch).

uation Reprinted eleven times by 1676; in 1660, with a continby R. H., Elsq.;in 1670, as "the ninth edition, with the author's continuation translated
62. A

life newly added"

; in

1676, with 1636 it

was

by

Joseph Glanvill.

In

into

French.
. .

Sixth Booke Written

63.

The

Famous

ofPembroke's Arcadia. by Rpchard] B[eling]. (i2403.g.i3.) fir. (1077,e.58.) Historic of Fryer Bacon
to the Countesse

"

164

mss.

note

says

that this is the oldest extant

edition

popular old tale. Reprinted in 1630?,1661, 1666, 1715?,1750?, 1766, etc.

1628

of this

64. The

History of the Tragicke Loves of Hippolito and by a Isabella, Neapolitans. Englished. Preceded addressed 'Whim' the to signed G. C. poem (I26i3.a.)
True

Second This
is

edition

1633.

presumably translated from the Histoire des et d'IsaJbelle, Napolitains, d'Hippolyte amours tragigues Les Nyort, 1597; reprinted as Etranges Aventures cribes Paris, 1630. Reynier asd'Hyppolyte et d*Isabelle,
the work
to

Pierre Mathieu.
as

Langbaine
ton's

gives this novel

beware

the

source

of Middle-

Women

Women.

1631 65. The

Mirrour from
the in

for
Icon

Mindes. Animorum

Translated of

by Thomas

May
peared ap-

John Barclay which

1614.

(526.g.)

Cf.

no.

26, 1610.

66.

Eromena;

or

Love
. . .

[of Biondi which appeared in 1624] by J. H.* (i2470.k.9). civious 67. Gerardo, The Unfortunate Spaniard: or a pattern of laslovers; containing strange miseries of loose Made English by L[eonard] D[igges] affections. [From the Spanish of C6spedes y Meneses] (E.i234.b). It was licensed for Blount as 11, 1622, early as March
Englished
was

1632 and Revenge from the Italian

.

Now
. .

faithfully

reprinted

in

1653, and

consists

of

succession

of

unhappy
to

love

stories related

in ornate

grandiose
to him

style.
"

According
dated
verses

Howell,

H.," is J. Howard, **J-

for in

letter addressed and

and
some

Oct.

6, 1632, he commends

his translation

of Eromena

encloses

{Familiar
the B. M.

Letters, ed. J. Jacobs, London.

that it
was

189a, i, 329.); but

Fry,

p. to

21,

and

catalogue agree
the is
a

Jasper Heywood.

According
as a

T.

Cooper,
the

D,N.B.,
copy

latter

died in 1598.

Fry describes the work

folio but

B. M.

quarto.

166

68.

Johnson. version of the old ballads. (Thorns.) prose 69. The History of St. Elizabeth, daughter of the King of Hungary. By H. A. (Ellisand White, no. 47.) Leaguer or an Historical Discussion of the Life 70. HoUandes and Brittanica Hollandiza. Actions of Donna By
By
A

The

History of George

Greene.

Richard

Nicholas This

Goodman.

picaresque novel is founded on fact. It furnished Shakerley Marmion with the material for a name. play of the same 71. Unhappie Prosperityexpressed in the Histories of EUus in Seianus and Written Phillippa the Calanian. and translated by Sir French by Pierre Mathieu Thomas Hawkins. (10605.cc.)
A

second

edition

was

issued in 1639.

1633
72. Pantaleonis

Vaticinia, Satyra. By Jacob Hume.

Ratho-

magii (Begley).
1634
73. Certain Select

Dialogues of Lucian
from
the

togetherwith
Greeke
. . .

his true

History. Translated
F. Hickes. In

by Mr.

Oxford.

(1067.k.17.)
translated
in

1637, Thos.
and Dramas

Heywood
out

Pleasant

of Lucian,

1664, Sir

Dialogues Jasper Mayne

in

translated

the

Dialogues and
were

Somnium;

1684,

rhymed
Works

version of the latter

appeared;
by
W.

in 171 1, The

of Lucian several Hands";

Translations

translated in 1727,

**T. Brown

and

and

Moyle published

from

Lucian.

74.

Eryci Puteani

Phagesiposia Cimmeria. Oxford. (Begley) Previously printed at Louvain in 1609 and 161
Comus It
was

sive

nium. Som-

1. ou

translated dissolu

into French
des
may

in

1613

as

Comus,

Banquet
French

Cimmeriens. be the

Songe.

This

translation
Matron

of the Cimmerian original

of 1668.

166

75- -4

Saxon

Historic
and

of the
his of Three

Admirable Children,

Adventures Translated

of
out

Clodaldus
of the

French

C.

N.

by

Sir

Thomas

Hawkins.

(Huth.) 76.
The

Wonderful by Thomas Mince person with the true copy of upon his own a letterwritten by his hand. 4. (E. 690.(2).)
Man's Departing; or Troubled-spirited committed Relation of the wilfuU murder
. . .

news-sheet.

1635.
77. Amanda,
This
or

the and

Reformed
prose

Whore.
was

By Thomas

Cranley.

78.

The

reprintedin 1639 as The Converted Courtezan; or the Reformed Whore. the under Being a true relation of a penitent. of Amanda. name (c.30.e.33.) Arcadian Princess; or the Triumph of Justice from the Italian by R. Brathwaite.
verse
. . . . .

narrative

verse

and

prose

narrative.
or

79. Donzella
Biondi

Desterrada,

the

Banished Cavalier
three books

Virgin.
Geo. and

Written

originallyin
.

Italian
divided

by

Francesco

into

"

by
80. The

J. H.

of Graies Inn, Gent.^

Englished (i2470.k.io.)
not

History of Blanchedyne. Sold to George Blackwell, Nov.

elsewhere.

4, but

mentioned

81.

The

History of
the French

the Serrail and

of

the Court

of

the Grand

Seigneur, Emperor
of M.
82. A

of

the Turkes.

Translated

from

Boudier.

[Paris, 1624.] (Upham)

Times Calista.
under the Borrowed

Tragi-comical Historyof Our

Names

of
French

Lisander

and

Translated

from D.

the

of G.

de

Costa

[Paris, 1615] by W.
as

(Col.) Although licensed for Latham

1626, this
in
seems

early

as

August
It
was

25,
printed re-

to

be the first edition.

1652.
under

An

incomplete version
title of Love
and

by W[illiaml
Valour
etc.

B[arwich]

the

appeared
^See
note
i,

in 1638.

p.

164.

168

89.

The

Singular Vertues of Saint Elzear, Count of Sdbran and his Wife. Translated from the French of Etienne Binet, by Sir Thomas Hawkins. (10604.cc.)
Lives and

1638
90.

The

Comical Worlds the

History of
of
the Moon

the and

States and the Sun.

Empires
Translated

of the
from

French
A.

by

Lovell.

Another

Cjo-ano de Bergerac [Paris, 1638] (Upham.) logue) edition,(the earliest recorded in B. M. cataappeared in 1687.
or

of

91.

The

Man

in the Moone; Godwin.

Discourse of a Voyage Thither

messenger,

by Domingo
Francis

Consoles^ the speedy

Inanimatus French

i. e.,

Reprinted with Nuncius

B. of H." in in

and

as

"By

F.

G.,

1657.

translations

were

printed

in 1659 and 1660. 1648 and 1671 and German 92. The Sonne of the Rogue or the Politick Theefe. With the First Written in Spanish by of Theeves. Antiquities Don Garcia, Afterwardstranslated into Dutch and then

into French
W. M.

by S. D'Audiguier.

Now

Englished by

In

(i2330.a.3i.) was printed with the titleLavermie, 1650, a duplicate or the Spanish Gypsy: the whole art, mystery, antiquity, noblenesse,and excellency of theeves and company, and in 1659, it was theeving; reprinted as A Scourge
for a Den of Thieves. Unfortunate Politique. From
Oxford. By G[eorge]P[icot],
the French

93.

The

of C. N.

(Upham.)

1639
94.

Boulster riclea.

Lecture
.

the

History of PhUocles

and

Do-

By PhUogines Pandinius.
November
25, Novel.

Licensed 95. The

Court

for
A

Secret,a
be the

Bishop. satire by political

Court

P.

B.,

i. e., Peter

Belon.
same

This

may

as

The

Secret, a melancholy
France.
. . .

96. An

Translated,advertised in 1741. Epitome of all the Lives of the Kings of

Truth

169

Translated

out

of

the

French

Copy by
Acts

R.

B.

Esq. [R. Worthy

Brathwaite], (G. 140. 22.) Memorable 97. Exemplary Lives and

Women,
Licensed
three

of

Nine

and Jews, three Gentiles,

three Christians.

By T[homas] H[eywood]. 98. The

Sept. 23, for R. Roiston. and Orazia. History of Anaxander

Duncomb from Boisrobert's

Translated Histoire

by
In"

William

dienne, Paris, 1629.

Licensed There March
was

3.

another

edition

by

'*W.

G."

in

1657.

(Upham.)
99.

The
\

Isle of Pines,
near von

or

late

Terra

Australis
e.,

Discoveryof a fourth island Incognita,by Henry Cornelius

Neville.

i. Sloetten, island is
of

Henry

The

dants supposed to be inhabited by the descenan Englishman named George Pines, ten amounting in the fourth generation to about Dull and coarse. thousand (Quaritch.) persons.

1640
100.

Hdl

Reformed

or

the Seventh

Vision

of

Don

Quevedo, with
Licensed
1 01.

Lucifer'sdecree in

the

Ffrancisco behalf of the

Lady Prosperity.
Feb. and
The Love Burton. 7, for Symon Arms of the Greek Princes, or The Romant

of Romants. [1626] and

and

Verdier by Monsieur translated for PhUip, Earle of Pembroke Written in French

Lord

Montgomery,

Chamberlaine

to his

Majesty.

102.

BySaulnier. 3 tom. folio. (837.1.27.) The Spanish Gallant of Dantisso translated by William Styles.
Licensed

May

2,

for Lee.

103.

The

Tragi-comicalHistory of Aleocander and Angelica, containingthe Progress of a zealous and masculine Love. (i076.b.9.) novel of the narrative-comedy type and almost certainly R. a translation;possibly of Montagathe's Angilique,Paris, 1626.

170

104*

True the

Strange Relation of seven Turkes of Algeres, by suffered

and

years
an

under slavery English captive

Merchant.

105.

Sparkes. There were pamphlets on this subject. many The Two Lovers: or the Excellent History of Lancashire Philochs and Doridea. con" Expressing the faithful of two loyal lovers. By stancy and mutual fidelity
Musaeus

Licensed

March

i6 for

Palatinus

Pereo.

Printed The

by Edward

Griffin for R. of this work it is described

same as

B.
occurs
as a

[Brathwaite?]
in prose

only mention Catalogue where

See
no.

the and

Huth
verse

narrative.

Is it the 94.

The

Boulster Lecture,

163Q?

106.

The

1641 Describing ye Follyof Young Men Academy and the Fallacy of Women. By J. Johnson. (G.

of Love

10447.)
107.
The

Kingdom

of Macaria.
in the Harleian

By Samuel

Hartlib.

108.

109.

iv. 380. Miscellany, Macaria is the name of the Utopian island in Commentariolus de Eudaemonensium RepubUca by Gaspar Stiblin [Basle, 1553I. (Begley.) The Life of Merlin surnamed Ambrosius etc. (2473.13.) A compilation of the historyof England. (Quaritch.) The Memorials of Margaret de Valois. Translated by Robert Codrington from the MSmoires de la Reyne Marguerite [Paris, 1628]. (io66i.b.) Reprinted in 1658, 1666.

Reprinted

no.

The

Just Straw

Reward and in

1642 of Rebels; or the Life and Wat Tyler.

Death

of Jack

Reissued

surrection

1654 as The Idol of the Clownes or the inthe of Wat Tyler [by J. Cleveland]. 1643

(i325.a.)
The

III.

Pathway

to

Peace

with

Truth

and

Holiness.

(E.

Ii8i.(i).)

171

Reprinted in 1720 as A Plain Pathway to Heaven A homily with very slightnarrative interest.
1644
112.

df.

Dodona's
Part A

Grove
I in

or

the Vocall Forest. Part

was

By James Howell.

1644.

II, 1645.

second

edition

printed 1649-50 for Mosely.

(Col.823.h.83 PI.)
1645
113. i4

Strange and
shewed

Wonderful Example
J. Brathwaite

of God's

Judgment

upon

of Shoreditch.

(E. 305.

(II.))
A

news-sheet.

1646
1

14.

The

Lifeand Death of the illustrious Robert,Earl of Essex. ^ By R. Codrington. (E. 1468(2.)) Reprinted in 1744. I do not know how large a part fiction plays in this biography.
1647

15. Aurora

by Don J. P, de Montalvan [Novela I of Successos Oronta, the y Prodigios de Amor] and Cyprian Virgin [a poem] by Sign. Girolamo Preti. Translated by T[homas S[tanley]. (E. 1146(1).)
Robert

and

the Prince

116.

Reprinted with modifications in 1650. the or 'E/90Toiraiyv4ov; Cyprian Academy. By Baron, Gent. (643.b.i9.) A romance in prose and verse with interspersed
and
songs.
a

masques

117.

The Divell

Married

Man

".

Translated

from

Machia*

velli's Belphegor. Also contained

118. The in Select Collection in

of Novels, 1722.
books. Translated

History of Polexandre,
from the French Browne. William

five

of Gomberville

[Paris, 1632] by

1648
119.

The

Late Storie of Mr.

William

Lilly [concerning his

172

transactions

with

the

Lady

Arabella

Scroope] (E.

120.

425.(3)0 political pamphlet. Nova Solymae Libri Sex. (C.62.a.7.) Translated and printed by Walter Begley,London,
A

1902.

1649
121.

122.

123.

of [RichardBrandon] the hangman Confession {upon his death bed) concerning his beheadinghis late Majesty Charles the ist. (669.f.i4(5i).) A reprintand two variations appeared the same year. The History of the most illustrious lady Queen Margaret daughter to Henry II. Translated by R. Codrington from the French. (Upham.) TragicallStory;or the death of king Edward Plantagenet's the fourth. By T. Weaver, Gent. (Halliwell.)
The R. B,

This

may

be

verse.

1650
124. A Continuation

of Sir Philip Sidneys Arcadia wherein is handled the Loves of Amphialus and Helena, Queen tory of Corinth; Prince Plangus and Erona; with the Hisof the Loves of old Claius and Strephonto Urania. Mrs. Written Gentlewoman, AJnna] by a Young W[eames] (Sommer .)
.

"second

edition"

was

advertised

in the

T.

C. for

May,
125. The Flower

1690, by Nathaniel Crouch. of Fidelitie. By John Reynolds.

was

(E.1236.

(I).)
The fourth edition
as

advertised in the T. C. for May,

1692,
126.

The

Garden

of

Love

and

Royal

Flowers

of
her

Fidelity. History of the

Great

most

Renowned the Earl

Queen Elizabeth
A

and

Favorite

of Essex.
as

Romance.

Translated
It
was

from the French

of Devereux.
The Secret

in 1680, reprinted and in the Earl

(i26i3,d.) Historyof Queen

edition in the T. C.

Elizabeth

of
it
was

Essex.

Another

appeared
for May, 127. The the French

1690 and

advertised

1703.

Loving Enemy.

by Major Wright from of John Peter Camus. (Upham.)

Translated

173

1652
128.

Choice
most

Navels

and

Amorous
. . .

Tales;

written

by the

refined Wits

of Italy; newly translated into

English. (Bodleian.) the History of that UnparaUed or 129. The English Gasman, Hind. Thief James By George Fidge. (E.651.20.) Reprinted in 1692 as The Notorious Impostor. 130. The Fables of Aesop paraphrased in verse, and adorned with sculptures. By John Ogilby. In 1666 R. Codrington publisheda translation, in 1698 there was Latin edition by Anthony Alsop and in a Aesop's Fables with his 1703, two other translations, Life, in English, French, and Latin, the English translation is in verse Behn (Quaritch), by Mrs. in and and Latin, interAesop's Fables, English Uneary. L'Estrange'sAesop appeared in 1692. Famed Romance of Cassandra [Cassander] 131. The rendered into English by **A Person of eleganUy Honour:' Books I to III. (86.L.1.)
. .

In

1661

the entire work

was

translated

Cotterell,in 1676 there was a in 1725 a third, while in 1703 appeared the translation **by several hands," from the French of G. de Costes, Seigneur de la Calprenfede, [Parisc. 1642.]
132.

by Sir Charles second edition, and

(I25i2.ee.7.) The Fifth Book of Amadis

Francis Kirkman. The first book
was

de

Gaule.

Translated

by

133.

in 1598. by Munday The sixth book was added by J. Johnson in 1664. All often reprinted. See List of Reprints. were The Women. Translated Gallery of Heroic by the of John from the French Marquis of Winchester

translated

Pourlett. Mentioned

by Howell, Letter Walpole in the Cat. of Royal

Heroe

v,

Bk.

iv, and

also

by

and

Noble Authors.

134. The

of

Lorenzo and

to Eminence

[i. e. Baltasar Gracian] or the Way Perfection. Translated by Sir J.

the

Skeffington from

Spanish. (84o6.a.27.)

174

the Master Theefe Discovered, 135- Hind's Elder Brother; or i. e,, Thomas Knowles. (".652.(9).)

136. Hymen's Praeludia; or Love's Masterpiece; being the admired romance, intituled first part of that so much [by G. de Costes, seigneur de la CalClSopdtre, rendered into English prenMe, Paris, 1647-58] now
is by R. Loveday. Whereunto abridgement of what is extant in hand. by the same (E. 1327.)
In annexed the
a

succinct

succeeding story;

1654, part 2; in 1655, part 3; in 1658, part 7, by JColes; in 1658, part 8, by J. Webb; in 1665-63-59,
the collected parts togetherwith parts 9-10, 12 by In 1674, the whole appeared in Loveday's J. Davies.
name

and

137. Ibrahim, or Written in French

. . .

in 1687 was advertised for R. Loveday. the Illustrious Bassa, an excellentnew romance

1641-52] in (837.1.15)
In 1674, there

df Scudiry [Paris, four parts. Englished by H. Cogan.

by Monsieur
another
A

was

edition.

138. Knights of the Blade. the famous renowned

139.

notable and

pleasanthistoryof

140.

Knights of the Blade, commonly St. Nicholas called Hectors Clerkes. (Malone.) or lated The Loves and Adventures of Clerio and Logia. Transinto English by F[rancis] K[irkman] from the French [Amours de Lozie by A. du P6rier Paris 1599]. (E.i289.(2).) Nature's Paradox: or the Innocent Impostor. A pleasant Polonian History, originallyintituled Iphigenes. Compiledfrom the FrenchTongue [i. e., from the work of F. P. Camus] by Major Wright. (C0I.843.C. 153.T.5.)
Troublesome and Hard

141.

The

Adventures

in

Love.

Trans,

lated [fromCervantes] into Englishby R. Gent. 142. We

have

C(pdrington)

(".647(1).)

broughtour hogs to a fairmarket; or strange newes and historical from New-gate; beinga novel,pleasant narrative of J. H. [John Hind]. 4. (".793.(10).)

Revised

Jan. 26 as *'A PHI to Purge Melancholy" and again in 1653 as No Jest like a true Jest, and Wit for money. as (".652.(2).)

176

1655
154- 7**^ Comical History of Francion, translated from French of Sorel. [Paris,1622.] (Upham.) 155. Coralbo: a Italian
New Romance

the

in

three

books.

Written

in

[by F. G. Biondi (1635)]and now faithfully rendered into English. (i2470.k.8.) 156. Wil BagnaVs Ghost: or the Merry DeviU of Gadmunton in his Perambulation By of the Prisons of London. Edmund Gayton. (E. 861. 4.)
A

series of satires in prose

and

verse.

1656
157. Clelia. the
Parts An

Excellent

New

Romance.

Translated

from

French
i to

Scud6ry [Paris,1654-56]. iv by J. Davies, Parts iv and v by G.

de
was

of Mile,

Havers. The

complete work
there
was

printedin

1661

in five volumes

and

another

edition in 1678.

158. The

Commonwealth

of Oceana.

By James Harrington.

(52i.k.io.) Other edition appeared in 1700 and 1731. Illustrious Shepherdess. Translated by "E. P." 159. The from the Successos y Prodigios de Amor of Perez de Montalvan. (E. 1588(1).) Most 160. The Pleasant History of Bovinian. Being an addition to that most historyof Crispius delightful and Crispianus. (12613.C.) The first chapter is numbered 16.
161.

Nature*

Pictures

drawn

By

Margaret
1

by Fancie's Pencil of Cavendish, Duchess

to the

Life.

Newcastle.

(G.
It
was

1599.) reprintedin 1671.

contains "several

The

volume

as descriptions of the Life of Christina, Queen of Sweden. By J. Howell. (Upham.) The of R., i. 148.) 163. Trepan. {Lit. 164. The Witty Rogue Arraigned, Condemned, and Executed;

natural

feigned stories and etc." comical, tragical

162.

Relation

177

or

by him per* jests formed. Togetherwith his speech at the placeof execution. (E.882.(8).) Reprinted as The English Villain or Grand Thief. Written originally 165. Don Zara del Fogo; a Mock Romance. in the Brittish Tonge and made English by BasUius (12212 d.) Musophilus, i. a., S. Holland. This was reprinted in 1660 as Romando-Mastix; or and in 17 19 as The Spaniard; a Romance of Romances Zara del Fogo " or, Don
and handsome

History of mad pranks robberies,

...

the

R. Haintnan

the several relating

1657
166.

Guzman

Hind
and

and

Hannan

167. The

Life
Put added

Adventures

Outstript. {Lit. ofR., p. 15.) the wittySpaniard. of Buscon

Person

into

English by

of Honour

to which

is

the Provident

Other

editions

Knight. appeared as follows:

edition.
as

1670, second

1683, abridged

famous historyof Auristella. Originallyby Don Gonsales de Cespedes,Together with ihe pleasantstory of Paul of Segovia by Don Francisco de Quevedo. Translated from the Spanish. Coniic Works of Don Francisco de Quevedo 1707, The Translated by John Stevens, reprinted in 1709
The and Translated the

168.

1742. Novels of Scarron.

by J. Da vies.

John

The Fruitless Hypocrites, Precaution, and the Innocent Adultery of Scarron in 1657, issuing them separately;the four noveUe from the Roman Comique he issued in 1662, collecting them in 1667, and in 1670 bringing them the out as UnexpectedChoice. The Hypocritesis from Les Hypocrites sl redaction of La Hya de CeUstina by Alonsa Geronimo de Salas Baradillo. (Upham and D.N.B.)

Davies

translated

1658 169. The Devil of Mascon. Perrault],Oxford.

13

Or

true

Relation.

[By Francois

(Gay.)

178

By Margaret by Codrington. (Upham.) A discourse stored 171. PanthaUa; or, The Royal Romance. with infinite variety in relation to state govemement and ingeniously rendered. {The opinion Faithfully To of a native Candiot, touchingthis royalromance. ihe living memory of CataUon Pomerano, author of PanthaUa (E. 1797 etc., [Signed Florencio Tribaccio] (I).)
of

170. The

Grand

Cdbinet-Counsds

Unlocked.

Valois, translated

1660

172. Bentivolio

and

Urania.

In

six books.

By

Nathaniel

4.O.) Ingelo,D.D. (823.1n. This lengthy and uninteresting religious allegorywas reprintedin 1660, 1673, ^'^^ 1683, the last advertised
as

the

''fourth edition." Island discovered. lately

173. Olbia: the New

By

Christian Hartlib.

Pilgrim (John Sadler). Printed for Samuel (521,g.2.)

174. Le Prince from
d

Amour,

or

the Prince

of Love.

Translated

the French
or

of Martin

Fumde

by Sir Benjamin
de

Ruddin,
175.

Rudyerd.

(Malone).

the French of Pierre from Scipion. Translated [Paris,1656-62.] Hortigues de Vaumoriire.

1661

176. Aretina; or the Serious

Romance.

enzie. By Sir George Mack-

(C.57,aa.28.) World, called the Blazing World. 177. Descriptionof a new of Newcastle. By Margaret Cavendish, Duchess (Harvard, Eng. Lit.,15461.4.) Juan Lamberto; or a Comical History of the Late 178. Don Times. The Second Part, by Montelion Knight of the Oracle. (E.I048(8).) The two parts were reprintedin 1664. The first part was presumably written about 1658. The is sometimes attributed" to John Phillips, work
sometimes 179. Love
at First to

Flatman.
and

or the Gay in a Flutter Sight, (Gay.) of Curing Oneselfof Love.

the Method

179

i8o.

The

Wandering Whore,

(Lit.of R., i. 207 n.)

1663

181.

King of France and Navarre mont Translated by J. Dauncey Beaude Perefixe from the French of Jean Sombix [Leyden and The Hague, 1663] (284,a.21). It was in 1672. reprinted 182. The Lawyers Clarke Trappan'd. {Lit.of R., i. 149.) Carleton. 183. A True Account of the Tryal ofMrs. Mary (Lit.of R., i. 149.)
. . . ....

The

History of Henry

IV.

1664 184. Birinthia,a 185. CCXI

186.
romance.

Written

Sociable Letters. of Newcastle.

by J. B., Gent. (635,c.3.) By Margaret Cavendish, Duchess

115

(G.

98.)
of Promise.

Pilgimage into the Land

By Henry Vane.

(4403.g.) Arbiter. 187. The Satyriconof T. Petronius Reprinted in 1677 and 1743. Retranslated by T. Brown in 1708 and by John Addison
in

1736. 1665

188.

Fancies, and Banquet of Witty Jests, Rare Pleasant Novels. By J. T. (Malone.) of Meriton Latroon 189. The English Rogue described in the life Being a compleathistoryof the most eminent cheats. By R. Head. (12613, cc.22.) add^ In 167 1 was The English Rogue, Parts 3 and
4.

Choice

By Francis
editions
are:

Kirkman.

Other

1679, Life and 1689,

1

Death

of English

R.

1680, (Malone).
The

in the 1693, (advertised 70 1,

Witty Extravagant. T. C. for November). (advertisedin the T. C. for November).

or

E. R.

1723, with
190. The i.

pts. 5-7

''Seventh"

ed.

Highwaywoman

celebrating Marcy Clay.

of R., (Lit.

I5J.)

180

191.

Pandion

192.

La

Amphigenia: or, the History of the Coy Lady of Thessaly. By John Crowne. (i26ii.f.) riched EnPicara, or the triumphs of Female Subtility with three into pleasant novels. Rendered alterations and additions by John English with some Davies of Kidwelly.
. . .

and

Other The

editions

are:

Lifeof Donna
the

Rosina.
Mr. E.

A W.

novel.

by
The

ingenious

English (A compression of the

of Donna Rusina;

Done

into

1665 ed.)
or Spanish Pole-cat;

the Adventures

in foure books. U Estrange and

as

Begun

to be translated

by finished

Mr.
or

Ozell the

by Sir Roger Reprinted 1717.

of
(hat

Spanish

Amusements:

Adventures

Celebrated Courtezan, Seflora Rusina. Three Ingenious

Spanish
in
a

Novels:

namely,
II.

I.

The

Laving

Revenge:
or.

Or, Wit

Woman. III.
. .

The Lucky Escape

The

Jilt Detected.
Fortunate
a

The
.

WiUy

Extravagant:
with
Ad-

Or, The

Lover.

Translated

vantage By

Person

of Quality. The second ed.,1712.

not

(Really Davies' translation but order of his novels.)

In

the titles nor

the

1707 bawd Arch

a

it

was

translated

in The

Spanish Libertines

or

the Lives

of Justina,
and

of Madrid,
and

Country Jilt; CeUstina EstevaniUo Gonzales, The

the To All which

the
most

Witty of Scoundrels.

is added

play,an

Evenings Adventures.
and
now

four written by

eminent

Spanish authors
John

made first

English by

Captain

Stevens.

1667
193.

The

Visions of Don

1627],made Other editions appeared in: (with an 1668, 1671, 1673, 1678 (sixthed.), 1682 apocryphal sec. pt.), 1688, 1689, 1696, 1702, 1708 (tenth ed.),1715. and in the New Quevedo^ 1702 burlesqued in verse,
or

Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas rid, [MadV English by Roger Estrange.

Visions of Charon^s

Passengers.

181

1668

194-

The

Cimmerian
and

Matron,

to which

Miracles of Love.

By

P.

Mysteries M., Gent.] (Fry,184-6.)

is added

the

See 195. The

196.

The
'

the good fortune of or jealous, Translated that have jealous husbands. those women 1663]. (1081 d.28.) by N. H. from the French [Paris, Loves of Charles, Duke of Mantua, and Margaret,
,

no. 74, 1634. Husband forced to be

Countess

of Rovers.
in November
same

Translated
for

out

of Italian.
and
the Amours

Advertised

Knight and Saunders

1685, as

by the
197. A

publishers,in May,
out

etc.,translated Relation of the described.

of

the Italian. the Jansenia

never

Country of
is

till now

Wherein

treated

of

the and

the customs, found therein,

manners,

singularities of religion

its inhabitants.

With

map

of the country.

"Composed in French by Louis Fontaine [Zachariedes Liseux, Capuchin] in 1660 and newly translated into (Begley.) English by P. B." Since this was written about the time of the Jansenist it is probably a satire on Jansenism. controversy
1669 198. The
199.

History of Targuin and Lucretia. By Philander. (Malone.) Psittacorum Regio. The Land of Parrots;or the SheUands^ With a description of other strange adjacent countries
in the Dominions

of

the Prince

d' Amour,

not

hitherto
the most

found in any geographical map. wits. (Begley.) reputed

1670
200.

By

one

of

The

Fortunate

Fool.

Written

in

Spanish by
of
Madrid.

Don

Alonso

Geronimo
into

de Sales BarbadiUo

Translated

201.

(R. of R.) English by Philip Ayres, Gent. The Gentleman Apothecary; Being a Late and True Story turned out of the French [ofJ. de Villiers]. (1081, i.2.) of an indecorous episode. A lively account

182

202.

Les

Heureuses

temps.
Clever and

By translation (1081, 1.2.)

Avantures

d'Amour,

Roger

Bon-

rather licentious anecdotes

characterized

by

remarkably witty repartee.

203.

The Memoirs

of Monsieur
death.

Du

Vail:

the history containing

are

of

his lifeand

Whereunto

annexed

his

last speechand

Reprinted in
204.

epitaph. By W. Pope. (1132,9.62.) the Harleian Miscellany^ III, 1808.

Choice. A
Novel
. . .

The

Unexpected

Rendered

into

English [from the Plus d'Effets que de Paroles of Cf. no. 168, 1657. Scarron]. By J. Davies. Included in Scarron's Complete Works, translated by T. Browne, in 1700 and reprinted in 1703 and 1727. (1074 K. 10.)
See
no.

427.

1671
205. The Amorous

Travellers, or

Night Adventures.

Written

in Spanish by A Person of Honour. Transoriginally lated into French by the exquisite pen of the Sieur Deganes and into English by J. B. Isted and Advertised, Michaelmas term, by Ambrose J. Edwin. 206.

The

Inconstant
out

Lover:

an

excellent Romance.

Translated

(012550, g.17.) This typical story of "gallant loves" is told by the hero Alddor he finally to the girl marries. principal In many places it is satirical and markedly antiof
Platonic.
207.

French.

Letter concerning the

country

King of Taleletta. The Relation Mauritania. (980,b.25 (1-2).) This same year appeared a variation.
208. Loves Journal: France.
a

of Muley Arxid, of a Voyage into

Romance

made
at

of the

Court

of Henry II.
now

of

Printed

Paris

[1670] and

made

English. (125181,bbb.53.)
This account
is in 209.
no

of the "amours"

of historical personages
Miss

way

remarkable.
or

Madame

Wheedle
R.

the

Fashionable

Discovered.

By

Head.

(Gay.)

184

1673
2i8.

The

Being a ftdl Account Lady Unveikd. Counterfeit of the Birth and Life and most remarkable actions and untimely death of Mary Carleton,known by the name of
the German in Princess.

Advertised
The

Hillary Term
of Madame
or^ a
new

for Peter
Charlton

Parker

and

as

Memories

for Brooks

and

Newman.
2

(10825.aa.)
the strange discovery relating
on a

19. The

Island: Floating adventures

to Villa from Lambethana the eastward of Terra del Franca, alias Ramallia, to Templo, by three shipsviz, the Paynaught, the Excuse, the Least4n-Sight. Under the Conduct of Captain

late vouage

Robert Advertised

Owe-much in

220.

The

Careless for Trinity Term by Frank Randall Taylor, and Langbaine mentions a play of the same name. (Huth.) History of the Fair One of Tunis, or the Generous Mistress. A new piece of Gallantry. Out of the
in Michaelmas Death

French. Advertised
221.

Term, by Henry
the Black

Brome.

The

Life

and

of

Edward

Prince.

222.

by Buck in Hillary Term. and Other Great Men. The Loves of Sundry Philosophers
Translated
out

Advertised

of

French.

Advertised

Term for Herringman and Starkey Hillary for the same and in Trinity Term The publishers. Amours of Solon, Socrates,Julius Caesar, Cato of
in

223.

The

Utica, d'Andelot and Bussy d'Amboise. true Mercury Gallant; containing many
relations of what
hath

and

pleasant
Jan.
i,

1672,

till the in

passed at Paris from King's departure thence.

HillaryTerm by B. Parker. described in the various 224. The Unlucky Citizen Experimentally intermixed of an unlucky Londoner misfortunes with several choice novels illustratedwith pictures. By F. K., *. e., Francis Kirkman. (G.17717.)
Advertised
. . .

See

Lit. of,R., L

211

+.

186

225.

The

WiUy

Jests and James.

Mad

Pranks

of John

Frith

with

Capt.

(Lit.of R., L 141.)

1674

226.

An

Account
Ebn

of Oriental Philosophy, i,
no.

e., Abu

Jaafar

Tophail. See
or

219,

227.

Erastus

the Roman

Prince.

1671. Being
Wise

that famous

Historyof the Seven

translated

full Account of Masters. (Fry.)

the

Francis
Erastus

Kirkman
in

this

from

French

1674.

I^

^^

reprinted in

1684.

(Quaritch.)
Roland's
1547, 228.

translation
was

of The

Seven

Sages, compiled in

reprintedin

1620.

Pyrates; or the Life and Death of Captain George Cusack, Pyrate, and six Companions. {Lit. of R., i. 141.) Advertised for Jonathan Ekiwin, Easter, 1675. torious 229. Jackson^s Recantation, or the Life and Death of the NoGrand

The

Highwayman.
230.

by Newman. Legend of Captain Jones, Relatinghis Adventures landing and combat with a mighty bear. first
Term

Advertised

in Easter

ai

Sea^

Advertised 231. Sad

and

in Michaelmas News

Term.

Lamentable

from Rumford beinga

true

and

dreadfulrelation of the sad and dreadfulend of W. Stapder. (1132,b.78.) 232. The Secret History of the Court of the Emperor Justinian Written dered by Procopius of Ccesario. Faithfullyreninto English. Advertised in Trinity Term by Barkesdale.
1675
233.

Beraldus, Prince ofSavoy. A novel in two Parts. lated out of French by a Person of Quality.
Advertised
Easter Term

Trans-

J. Crump. from 234. The Bloody Innkeeper, or sad and barbarous News Glocester-shire; being a true relation how the bodies of and women men seven were found murthered in a garden Glocester. With the to a house in Putley near belonging
for Grantham and

186

strange

manner

haw

the

same

was

etc, discovered,

(10803,aa. 16. (i).) 235. The History of the Sevarites of Severambi.

Siden.
In

By Captain

Part

1.

1678 appeared in Paris,a second part in French, and in 1679 ^ second part in English. man Crossleyattributes the whole to one Vossius, a Dutchresident
in

England.
that it
was

Begley

agrees

with

Prosper Marchand,
Vairasse D'allais En

by Denis Longuedoc, primarilybecause

written
are

the initials at the close of the introduction

D.V.

D.E.L.; but these initials appear

versions.

only in the French

1676 236.
Don

Life and Death of that Spanish Prince son to Philip II. from the French of Vischard de Saint R6al by H. J. [i672].i In Michaelmas Term Herringman advertised ^ "second
an Carlos;
. . .

historical relation of the

edition." 1729, It
"

reprintedin (12602,aaa.)
was

Select Collection

of Novels,vol. iii.
his

upon

this

romance

that

Otway founded

play

(1676.) (Roger By a Person of Honour 237. English Adventures. Boyle). (G. 17716.) It is from this story that the plotof Otway's "Orphan"
is said to be derived.

Don

Carlos."

238. History of

the Grand
. .

Viziers Mahomet Secret

and

Achmet

Cop^

rogli agUo.
.

with the most

Intriguesof the Serby Browne.

Advertised

in Michaelmas

Term

Romance; or, a facetious History of 239. Scarron^s Comical A Company of StrollingPlayers. Translated by
P. Porter.
^

(12510, 1.2.)
the English date
Don and

According
no

to

the

D.N.B.

version

appeared
who

in has

1674 but I
made
a

can

find

authority for that

"

F. W.

C. Leider
in
"

special

study of this subject

and Germ.
as

"The

Carlos

Theme

Literature," in J, of Eng.
date

Philology, Oct., 1910, 1676.

ix, 4, 483-499

ogives the

of the

lation trans-

187

It

re-translated in 1700 by T. Browne And other editions Complete Works.

was

in Scarran^s

appeared in
some

1703

and

1727.

240.

The

Tyrant, or the Life of Agathocles;with late Usurpers. on our Reflections

in Easter Term

Sicilian

Advertised 241.

Tachmas, day.

Prince

of Persia.
the

An

by R. Royston. Historical Novel; which

who

happened
Advertised

under

Sophy Soleman
P. Porter. Term.
a

reigns this

Translated

by

in Michaelmas

Langbaine mentions
Brother.
242.

it as

source

for Southeme's

Loyal

True

V
^

of a Wonderful Accident which occurred of a Christian slave at Aleppo. upon the Execution (816, m.23.22.)
Narrative

243. A

True
the

TragicalHistory of Two
names

Illustrious Families
Vannoza.

under in

of Akimus

and

Written

by the learned J. P. Bishop of Bdley. Done into English by a Person of Quality. in Michaelmas Advertised Term by Wm. Jacob. Romance^ translated from the 244. ZeUnde, an Excellent New French of Monsieur de Scudiry. By T. D. [Thos.

French

Durfey
Included
This is
a

or

Duffet?]
Nov., vol. vii.
AkidaUs.

in Mod.

burlesque rendering of Voiture's

1677

245. Almahide, French

or

the

Captive Queen.
of

Translated

from

the

version

M.

de
new

Scud6ry
romance,

[1660] by John
never

Phillips. "An
in
accurate

excellent work
M.

before

English,which
pen

written

in French
. . .

by the

of

de

English by J. P., Gent."

246. Asteria
and

into Scud6ry. (Col. 843, Scu. 21.) Done the Distressed

Lovers.

Tamberlaine, Trinity Term

or

Novel written in French Advertised

In
1 68 1,

and

Englished by E.C.
R.

by

SoUers. it
as

Langbaine
See
no.

mentioned

"done

by Ch.
and
now

Saunders." 47.

285, 1680.
in French

Capelloand Bianca, a novel. Written Englishedby L. N., Gent.

188

Advertised

Michaelmas
or

248. The Cheating Gallant:

novel. de Bremond, Included 249. The
in Mod.

by Enoch Wyer. the falseCount Brian. A pleasant

Term
the French
a

Translated

from Paris, 1677] by

Nov.^ vol.
Execution
11.

[of Gabriel

Person

of Quality.

Confessionsand
at

ing sufferof the fiveprioners

Sadler.

Tyburn.
as

By

T.

Revised

Sadler's Memoirs.
romance.

250. Evagoras. A Advertised More.

251.

By

L.

(6495,aa.2(3).) (ii32,a.29.) L., Gent. (Huth.)

Clavel and Th.

Hillary Term
Slave; a novel.

for Robt.

The

Happy

Translated

[ofGabriel de Bremond

1678] by

from the French Person of Quality.

(12512,aa.i.)
Also translation Nov.y vol. ix, and a new (12602,aaa.)in a Sel. Col. Nov., vol. iv.,1728. advertised in publisherswas 1677, for the same in Mod.

In

252.

253.

the French version: **L*heureuse EsHillary Term and i clave combining the loves of Laura dedU Ossory.'* The Historyof the Golden Eagle by PhUaquila (12613, c.i i .) A fairystory in chap-book form. The Lives of Sundry notorious Villains. Together with it really a novel as happened at Roan in France.
. .

Advertised 254. A

in Michaelmas

term

for Sam.

Crouch.

Narrative of the Adventures

the under the

of L. MaroU,
account

of pilot royall of his slavery

other strange tke

an of France; giving galleys

Turks,
that

his escapes out of it and ensued

occurrences

Tr. from thereafter. A Famed

Romance

French

copy.
the

255. Pharamond; or in twelve parts.

and

(1451a) Historyof France.

Written

by

the author

of Cassandre

CUop"tre (La CalprenMe). Phillips.

1678

Translated

by J.

256. An
257.

Alarmefor Sinners,or the story of Robert Foulkes late minister of Stanton Lucy. {Lit of R., i. 155.) novel written by Sir Almanzor Almanzaide, A and

189

and Philip Sidney (pseud)[?]

among

found since his death

his papers.

Advertised This

Trinity Term
same

by Magnes and Bentley.

as

is probably the

Almanzaidp.

Nouvelle,

by Mile, de la Roche Guilhem [Cologne, (12513,a.35.) Franco-Greek Oriental with romance 1676], a typical setting. 258.
The

Amorous

Convert; being a
Michaelmas Behn's
Fair Term

true

relation

of

what

hap-

pened in Holland.
Advertised
Is this Mrs. 259.

for R. Tonson. See

out
.

Jilt?

no.

352,

1688.

Collection of Select Discourses

Wits

of the

most

eminent

Italy. ADialogue of Love, WaU lensteins' conspiracyby Sarasin, Alcidalis, a Romance Freskie's Conspiracy by Signor Voiture. by Mr. Mascardi. (836, c.i.)
of France
and
.

260.

Diana, Dutchess
Romance,
The

of Mantua,

or

the Persecuted

Lover.

by R. Carleton.

(i26ii,c,)
Queen: A relation of
A novel tr. from the

261.

English Princess,or English and French Adventures. French (12614,eee.14.)

story of Mary XII wife of Louis of France.
a

the Dutchess

The

Tudor, sister
Nun

to

Henry

VIII

and

262.

Five Love-Letters
French This
was

from

to

Cavalier.

Done

out

of

into

English. By R. L'Estrange. reprinted in 1693. Meanwhile,

from
a

in

1683,
which

appeared Seven Portugese Letters;being a second part

to the Five Love-Letters
was

Nun In

to a Cavalier

also

reprintedin 1693.
by
a

1694

came

Five Love-

Letters
answer

written
to the
were

Cavalier

(the Chevalier Del) in

which
1

fivelove-letterswritten to him by a Nun reprinted with the originalletters in

were

1 6.

There
1713,

six metrical versions of the

Letters,
A
true

in 1701,

1716, I7i6and 1718, and

or

1731.

263.

The

Heroine

Musqueteer;

the

female Warrior.

and fullof pleasantAdventures history very delightful of in the campaignes of 1676-77. Translated out French [of Pr6chac, Holland, 1677].

190

Advertised
Tonson.

in

HillaryTerm

for

Magnes, Bentley, and

in 1700. (12511,bb.8.(i).) reprinted comical The Mock-CleUa; being a History of French Gal264. novels in imitation lantries and Quixote. of Don Translated from the French of Perdou [Paris, 1670It
was

80].
Advertised

HillaryTerm

by J. Curtis.

a novel. Mistress; or The Fashionable gallant; 265. The Obliging By a person of Quality. (635,a.23.(2).) Another ed., Mod. Nov.^ vii. (12410,c.) 266. The Pilgrim'sProgress from this world to that which is to delivered under the similitude of a dream. By come:

John Bunyan.
Other editions
as

(C.25,c.24.)
follows:

second part; 1682, 1679, 1680, 1680, unauthorized 1682, 1684, 1685, 1688, 1689, 1692, 1695, 27th 1728; 1737. -fol.;1684, Part H; 1686, 1690, 1693, 1708,

267. A

1693, a spurious third part; 1698, Pilgrim's Passage in Poesie^ by into Ager Scholoe. 1700, Pilgrim's Progress Done Verse by F. Hoffman. and intrigues the amours Pleasant Novel; discovering
1712,

1723, 1726, 1728, 1732, 1742-3;

of a
and

Town Astrea

GaUant,

in the delectableAmours

of AUophet
several adventures.

accompanied by Roderick
Easter
over

in

Advertised
268.

Term

for W. A de

Leach.
Pleasant

Triumph of Love
ten

Fortune.

Novel.
and

Writ^

in French
a

by Gabriel

Bremond,

Englished

of Quality. [Paris, 1677]. Included in Mod. Nov., vol. iv. made 269. The Viceroy of Catalonia English from by
Person
. . .

the

French

of Gabriel

de Bremond.

By James Morgan.

(12512,aa.(2).) or 270. Zayde. A Spanish history,

written Originally in French. ess By Monsieur Segray (and the Countde La Fayette [Paris, 1670]). Done into English In two by P. Porter. (oi2547.i.i7.) parts. In "corrected." another ed. 1690 (12511, aa.20.)
romance.

192

278. The

Count

of Gdbalis; or. The

Extravagant Mysteries of

the Cabalists

exposed
de

the

secret

sciences.

French

of AbW

five pleasant discourses on Done into English (from the Montfaucon de Villars) by P.
animadversions.

in

Gent, with A[yres], Included And 279. The

in Mod.

short

(19,e.19.)

Nov., vol. ii.

most

in Sel. Col. Nov., vol. v, 1722.

History of the
her
two

renowned

Queen Elizabeth
A
romance

and in

the Earl great favorite

of Essex.
King of

parts.

(G. 1515.) See 126, 1650.

of
the Tamaran

280.

Hattige, or

the Amours II of

[that is

of Charles

land]. England with the Dutchess of Clevelated A novel [by G. de Bremond, 1676]. Transfrom the French by B. B. (12510,aaa.)
in Mod. The

It

was

included

Nov., vol. i,and in

1720, it was

281.

282.

Beautiful Turk. to the World The Life and Death of Mr. Badman presented and in a familiar Dialogue between Mr. Wiseman Mr. Attentive. (4415b.) There were reprintsin 1696, 1734, etc. The Novels of Elizabeth containing the history of Anne Bulkn. Rendered into English by S. H[ickd'Aulnoy, man] from the French [of the Countess Paris, 1674]. (G. 1516,) umberland Short stories supposed to be told by the Duke of Northreprintedas
. . .

at

Elizabeth's is attributed

command,
to

in

which

the of
a

ruin of Anne Mistress

In
1

the machinations

Blount.

ofBassa appeared Pt. II, containing the history the The last and Princess Eronima. part. Solyman [from the originalFrench Englished by S. Hickman of the Countess d'Aulnoy, 1680]. (12604,bbb.14.) Reprinted in 1700?, 1725, 1730 with a "second part," and in 1740?. written in 283. The Pilgrim: a pleasant piece of gallantry: French by G. de Bremond by [1675]?. Translated Peter Belon. (1208,e.I.) in (12511, bb.8(3).) Reprinted 1700 with part II.
68 1,

198

284. The Princess of MontferraL

the Fuench. Contained in Mod.

Navel.

Translated

from

Nov.^ vol.

x.

WriUen A Navel. 285. Royal Loves; or^ the Unhappy Prince. rendered into in French by a Person of Quality. Now A

English. (12510,aaaa.8.) of crossed loves in the "Chinese typical romance box" method. The heroine is Asteria, daughter of Bajazet,and the hero Adanaxus, son to Tamberlaine^ be a reprint or variation of "Asteria so that this may
and Tamerlaine."
no.

Cf.
286.

246, 1677.

The

Vain

Prodigal Life and

Th. Hellier the murderer

executed in

TragicalPenitent Death of in 1678. Virginia^

(Huth.)
1681

287. The

Extravagant Poet.
out

Comical

Novel.

Translated

of the French. is

In Mod.

Nov., vol. viii.

This
288.

reallya

satirical "character."
or

Gallant Memoirs: Translated

the Adventures

from

the French

of a Person of Quality. of G. Bremond [Paris^

Translated from

Mod. 1680],by P. Belon. A 289. Homais, Queen of Tunis.

Nov., vol. ix.

Novel.

the

French

of

Bremond? Mod.

[Amsterdam, 1681] by
Nov., vol. i.

Sebastian 290. The

Grenadine.

291.

lated Life of Francis of Lorrain, Duke of Guise. Transvol. from the French. Nov., {Mod. vi.) The Most Delectable History of Reynard the Fox. Newly corrected and purged from all grossness in Phrase and Matter. (Malone.) Pt. Ill, or Reynardine, a compilation by Brewster,
was

added

sion 1684. Pt. I, the originalFlemish verof Reinike de Vos, appeared in 1479, was lated trans-

in

292.

printedby Caxton in 148 1 and continually reprinted. In 1681 appeared the English additions, Reprinted in 1 701 presumably by Edward Brewster. land the news of Chivalry. (Sh.12612, Strangements; from i.) A satire on Sir Roger L'Estrange.
and
.

14

194

293- A

of a StrangeApparition which appeared her to deliver a message to Lady Grey commanding the Duke to (105,6.59(2).) of Monmouth. A The Vindicated Reply, Lady Grey appeared very thereafter. soon (816,1x1.2(18).)
...

True

Relation

These 294. The

are

news-sheets.
or^ the

Unequal Match;
an

of Mary life

of Anjou
the
*.

"

historical Novel.

Translated

from

French

of

Jean de La

Chappelle by F. S.,
bound with Mod.

a., Ferrand

Spence, 2 pts., and (12612,de.8.)

295. AUizira, Princess Morocco.
A

Nov., vol. xii.

1682.

of Fess;
novel.

or

the

amours

of

the court

of
of

Translated

from

the French

G. de Bremond Mod.

by P. Belon (12512, b.). Bound

the

with

Nov., vol. vii.

and

Empire Betrayed. Mod. Nov., vol. xii. More of a political than a narrative. essay I of France) a Prince of the 297. Meroveus, {son of Chilperic froia Blood-royalof France. A novel. Translated the French by F. S., i. e., Ferrand Spence. (12510, aa.7.) Bound with Mod. Nov., vol. ii. ^5 {i. 298. A New Version of the Lady Gr e., of Mary, Lady Grey her the lady Berkeley. sister, of Werke] concerning In a letterto Madame Fan (1892,d.78.) Emperour
"

296. The

CI. Post 299. The

.

no.

394, 1693;

no.

584, 1728, and

no.

627, 1734,

Novels
. .

Loredano of G{iovanni)F{rancesco)

Translated into

(younger) English. [Nine novels.] (1073,

300.

The

a.40.) Perplexed Prince, by S. T. (292,a.34.) old A chapbook in which the king and the peasant
device is used to urge the
cause

of the Duke

of Monmouth.

The

presumption is that the work

1683

was

written

before

1682.

301. An

Account

of the Secret Services of M. Count Teckeley, as they passed by Translated out of the French. etc.

de

Vernay

to

the way

of Letters,

(i058.a.i8(2).)

195

This
302.

may

not

be fiction, see

under
An
. . .

1686

and

1693.
Novel.

The

Countess

of Salisbury.

Historical

Spence from the French of by Ferrand d'Argenia. (837,a.3, and Mod. Nov., vol. iii.)
Translated This
303. is
an

elaborated

version

of the story in Painter.

The

304.

Don

Crafty Lady; or, the Rival of Himself. A Gallant "out of French into English Intrigue. Translated with an epistle (12511, dedicatory,"signed F.C.Ph. aaaa.42.) Sebastian,King of Portugal. Translated by Ferrand Spence. {Mod. Nov., vol. v.)
no.

Cf, 305.
The

4, 1601.

Dutch

Rogue;

or

Guzman

of Amsterdam,

traced

from

306.
307.

308.

309.

310.

311.

312.

gallows; being the Ufe and fallof D. de Libechea, a decayed merchant. in Trinity Term Advertised by S. Smith. Eromena; or the Noble Stranger. (1 25 1 1 e.20. (2) .) A prose version of Chamberlayne's Pharonnida. The Essex Champion; or the Famous History of Sir Billy Ricardo. {Lit.of R.,x.i 12.) ofBUlercayand his squire The Fortunate, the Deceived, and the UnfortunateLovers. Three excellent new novels,containingmany delightful and Printed in English Histories. French, written by the Wits of both nations. in T. C. in May. Cf. no. 632, 1735. Advertised The History of the Bucaniers, translated from the Dutch by Alexander Oliver Exquemelin, De Americaensche Zee-Roovers. of R., i. 178.) Amsterdam, 1678. {Lit. The Neapolitan; or the defender of his mistress. Done out of French [1682]by Mr. Ferrand Spence. in June by Bentley and Magnes. Advertised The Perplexed Princess, or the famous novel of Donna in Spanish. {Maria de) Zagas. Written originally in July by T. Malthus. Advertised Travels of True Godliness from the beginning of the The world to the present day; in an apt and pleasant allegory. (4415,c.) By Benjamin Reach. Reprinted in 1684 with 'T. G.'s Voyage to Sea,'' and in 1700, '08, '18, '26, '33.
the cradle to the
,

196

313-

7"/^

Lovers. Unsatisfied in November

Advertised

English navel. for J. Partridge.

new

1684
314.

The

Adventures Behn.

of the LitUe

Black

Lady.
but

By

Aphra Siegel
lated Trans-

No

edition of this year assignsthis date.

is extant

Professor

315.

The Amours

Sforza, Queen of Polonia. from the French by P(eter)B(elon). of Bonne

viii.
or

In

Mod.

Nov.f vol. 316. The

A
morous

A.:

Love

in

Nunnery.
a

novel.

TranS'

lated from the French with 317. The

Mod.

by
v.

woman

of quality. Bound of Sicily. Translated

French of

Nov., vol.
or

Chaste

SeragUan;
H., Gent"

Yolanda from
the

by "T.
1678.
Advertised Included

Prfechac,

in Michaelmas

Term part, Mod.

for T.

Malthus.

with

second

printed in 1685, in Mod*

Nov., vol. xii.

Nov., vol.
319.

vi.
etc.

318. Dialogues of the Dead,

The Famous
Romance

into ten of Tarsis and ZeUe; digested books. Written originally by an acute pen of a person into Done of honour. English by Charles WiUiamSt
Gent. in November

Advertised
320.

for N.

Ponder.

The

Great Alcander.
in Michaelmas

Advertised

Term.
Amours
no.

Probably
de

Henri

reprint of the translation of Les IV ou du grand Alcandre. See

Death

181,

1661. 321.

The Life and

of Mother Shipton strangely preserved old other to an writings belonging monastery in among Yorkshire and now publishedfor the informationof posterity.By R. H., i. e., Richard Head. (8631,
aaa.

12.)
over

322.

Love

Victorious vol. iv.

Fortune.

Bound

with

Mod.

Nov.

323.

The

Progress of Sin,

or

the Travels

of Ungodliness

197

in

an

apt and

manner

with the pleasantallegory; together and of his apprehension tryal

.

."

exe^

cution. Devil.

By Thomas

Keach, Author additions, and

de

of War

with the

(4415,c.)
1700

Reprinted in
etc.

with

in 1707,

1724,

324.

325.

Quevedo Through Terra Australis Incognita; discoveringthe laws, customs^ A novel and fashions of the South Indians. manners in Spanish. originally A very (Begley.) Quixotic romance. poor The Triumph of Friendship and the Force of Love. Two novels from the French. new
The
Francesco
t

1727 Travels of Don

Advertised

in November

for J. Brown

" J, Walthoe.

1685 326. The

Academy
Wherein

of Complements: or, a new way of wooing. is a variety of love-letters, very fit to be read

and maids that desire to learn the true of all young men of complements. (12314, aa.17.) way It appeared again in slightly varying forms in 1705, 1713, 1715.

327.

The

328.

Don

of the King of Bantam. By Aphra Behn. This date is only approximate. Henerigues de Castro^ or the Conquest of the Indies. A Spanish Novel. Translated by a Person of Hortour.
Court
In Mod.

Nov., vol.

i.

329.

The

Familiar Misses

Epistles of Col. Henry Martin found in his Cabinet. (Cat. no. 44 issued by Ellis and
or

White.)
330.

The

Gallants;
Translated

the
a

by

Reciprocal Confidents. A Novel. Person of Quality. (12512, ccc.i6.)

198

1686' 331-

Agratis,Queen of Sparta;
demonians,
in the

or

the Civil Wars

of the

Lace-

Reigns of Kings Agis and Leonidase In Parts. Translated two out [of of the French Pierre d' Hortigues,Paris, 1685].
in

Advertised

of Count 332. Amours Serini. Containing his

War
A rmy

February by Bentley and Magnes. and the Lady Aurora Veronica Teckeli,
First Inducements
to Enter to

de

make

with the

Emperor,

and

into the Turkish

againstthe Christians.
no.

Translated out

of French

[1685]. (12511.de.24.)
See ante 333.
The 301, Character
two true

1683 and post no. 396, 1695. of Love guided by Inclination,instanced

in

histories translated out

iv.

of French.

In

Mod.

Nov., vol.
334.

Novels exemplified Histories in eight choice Delightful related by the most refinedwits, with interludes. lately adventures In which are comprised the Fourth Impression of several Englishgentry. enl. with the addition of two new novels. (1081,d.6.) and Aurelia, two unfortunate 335. A Dialogue between Francesco In Delightful orphans of the City of London.
. . .

...

...

Novels.

336. Love's Poesie: both letters,

betwixt
a

or,

collection
verse

of

seven

and that

twenty love-

in

and and
a

prose;
very young

latelypassed
in France.

gentleman (10910,aa.22.)
393,

lady

Cf. no.
337. Nugae

1693.
or, a

Venales:
. . .

complaisantcompanion; being new

with corrected,
many
new

jests

The

third edition

(i23i5.a.34.) By Richard Head. Written origi338. The Secret Historyof the House of Medici. nally by that famed historian, the Sieur VariUas. Made English by Ferrand Spence.
additions.
1

am

told
are

by
due

Professor that this

Trent,
was

to

whom

the

remaining

footnotes

to

this

appendix
i6t 1685-6
same

advertised

in L'Estrange's the date

Observator for Jan. We La

at

and

that

the the

advertisement
date A. Oct. 13,

bears
1686.

1686.

read

in the Or in

journal under
Lovers Watch.

"Advertisement for W.

Montre:
his

the

By Mrs.

Behn,

Printed

Canning*

Shop

Vine-Court.

Middle-Temple.

1686."

200

348* The

Spanish Decameron;
Ladies, The

or

ten

navels viz.

The

Rival

Mistakes, The

Generous

Lover, The Liber-

The PerfidiousMistress,The tine,The Virgin Captive, Metamorphosed Love, The Impostor Outwitted, the Amorous Alchemist. Made Miser, the Pretended

English by
Advertised

(Bodleian.) in May by S. Neale.

R. L. 1688

349.

The Art

ofMaking Love
a

in Mod.

350.

CUtie;
The

novel.

By Richard
a

Nov,, vol. vi. Blackborn, Gent.

Advertised 351. Count

in February by Bentley and

de Soissons:
out

Magnes.
Nov., vol.
x.

gaUant novel (by Isaac Claude).

In Mod.

Translated
In 1731

of

French.

appeared a second edition. (1081,d.25.) out of French. 352. The Disorders of BasseU, a novel. Done (12510.) The Fair Jilt. ByAphraBehn. 353. Again, this date is only approximate. See no. 258, 1678* Taken out of the 354. The FataU Beauty of Agnes de Castro. History of Portugal. Translated by "P. B. Gent."
from
the French.

Mod.

Nov., vol.
same

v.

This version is practically the

among

as

the

one

included

Mrs.

Behn's

novels

and

Prof.

Siegel assigns
a

355.

her translation to this year. The History of the Loves of Lysander and
The

Sdbina,

novel.

356.
357.

(635,a.42.) The dedication is signed T, S. By Aphra History of the Royal Slave; or Oroonoko.
Behn.

Life of St. Francis Xavier of the Societyof Jesuits, Translated by Mr. Dryden. Apostle to the Indians. [from the French of D. Bouhour]. (862, f.8.) written by the greatesttoils of 358. The Princess of Clives France de la Motier, Countess [Marie Madeleine Fayette, 1678]. (i25i2.ee.6.)
The
.

In

1722

there

was

different translation
a

in Sel. Col.

Nov., vol.
359. melhausen. Advertised

2, and

in 1729,

second

edition of above. of Grim-

SimpUcissimus. Translated
in

from

the German

February for Baldwin.

201

360.

Three

novels in one,

viz,: The

Constant

Lovers, Fruits of
the

with Sempronia or Jealousy, Wit in a Woman Unfortunate Mother. By R. Blackbourn, Gent. Advertised in May for G. Grafton.

1689 361. Amours

of Messalina, late Queen of

Translated from

Albion.

parts.

the French.

four (635,a4.(i).)

In

362.

363.

364. 365.

Reprinted with an additional fifth part in 1690 as The Royal Wanton. Amours {i.e., L. R. de of the Sultana of Barbary of Portsmouth), Penancoet, de K^roualle, Duchess A novel,in 2 pts. (G. 13992.) Reprinted in 1690 as The Secret Historyof the Dutchess, etc. (836,b.6.) A novel Lover. The Count of Amboise; or the Generous in French by Madam written originally erine [CathBernard]. Pt. I. Included in Mod. Nov., vol. xi. Cf. no. 271, 1679. The Court Secret;a novel. (Mod. Nov. vol. vi.) The Govemour of Cyprus or the Loves of ViroUo and Dor. . . . . .

othea. Advertised

novel.
in November
or

for J.

Knapton.
Vow Breaker.

366. The History of the Nun;

the Fair

By

Aphra Reprinted
Beauty.

Behn.
in

her

collected

works

as

The

Perjured

of Love; 367. Intrigues

court

or

Amours

and

Gallantries
amorous

of the French
and

during the reign of the

Henry
See IV. from
no.

warlike

Prince

Newly

translated

the

French

by Sir Edwin
no.

Sadlier. Advertised

ante,

181, 1661, and

320,

1684.

368.

Love

Letters

Crayle. between Polydorus and Messalina

Mistake.

in May

for B.

(Gay).
Mod.

369. The
370.

Lucky
vol. i.

By

Mrs.

Behn.

In

Nov.,
Done

Peppa:
out two

or, the Reward

of Constant
With

Love.

A
set

novel.
to

of French.
voices.

several songs

music

gentlewoman. Cokaine?]. (Bodleian).

By
a

young

A. C.

for [Lady

202

A
371.

typicalromance
Rival In Mod. Princesses

of the Franco-Greek
or
x.

variety.
Court. A navel.

The

the Colchian

Nov.^ vol.
,

372.

The

Wanton

Advertised

A new Fryer or the Irish amour. in May for Bentley and Magnes.

novel.

1690
373. Amours
2

of PhUaris and OUnda. (80828, bb.i6). pts.

in

Dedication

signed S.L.

Advertised 374.
The Cabinet

May,

but

the B. M.

edition is of 1730,
Amours Mod.

Open'd; or

the Secret

History of the

of Madam
Nov.

de Maintenon

with the French

King.

vol. xi.
or

375.

Gallantry Unmasked;
A

women

in their proper

colours.

Novel. in November

Advertised

376. The Great

This

a Scanderbegt

novel

by Bentley. [by M. Chevreau]

done

out

of French.
tale is

Mod.

Nov.^ vol. xi.

probably founded on a Latin biography. Scanderbeg. Barletius {Marinas) de Vita, Moribus Rebus ac praecipue adversus Turcas gestisGeorgii Ubri clarissimi Epirotarum principis Castrioti, tredecim, 1537. (Quaritch.) de la FertS Senneterre. 377. The History of the MarSchaUess
. . .

In Mod.

Nov., vol. viii.

or

historyof the Life and actions of T{eague) 0*D(iveUey)from his birth to this present year, j6go. (With a preface by J. S.. (I079.b.5) In The Revived Fugitive;a gallant Historical Novel. 379.
378. The
Irish Rogue;
the comical Mod.

Nov., vol.

vii.^

1691 iSo. Casimer,

1

King

of Poland.
a

Translated

by

Ferrand
History
antism protest-

In

1690 appeared

the firstedition of

B. Star's translation
account

of "The
to
a

of Madamoiselle
of
a

de St. Phale/'

popular

of the conversion

French

lady and

her daughter

and

of the defeat Convert*'

of

wily Jesuit.
of

Still

more

suggestive of fiction is "The

date* but
to

French Both
the

of A. D'Aubom,
been
at

uncertain attributed Mass.,

about An

this

period.
of

these books second

was

have

erroneously Haverhill^

Defoe.

edition

printed

in 1794*

203

Spence from
vol. ii.

the

French.

Included

in Mod.

Nav.^

381. The

French Anne
Roan.

of King proved a Bastard: or^ the Amours {Queen to Louis XIII) with the Chevalier de
edition
was

second Secret

issued in 1692.
Duke in Mod.

382. The

History of the
Included

(901,a.21.) of Alangon and Queen

Nov., vol. i.

Elizabeth.

1692 383. The 384.

The

Female

GaUant;
in

or

the

Wife the cuckold.

or

novel.

Advertised

May

by S. Briscoe.
Maid: Amours

Illustrious Persian Prince.

of

German

Cowerly. 385. Incognita:or Love and Duty Reconciled. By Cleophil, i. e., William Congreve. (Bodleian.) Parts. two of the Court 386. Memoirs of Spain. In Written by an Ingenious French Lady. [Countess d'Aulnoy.] Translated by T. Brown.
Nov.

Advertised

in Mod.

for Gil.

387.

Modem

Novels in

12

vol.

See Collections.

388. Murder

Will out,

an

Impartial Narrative of the

who
was
. . .

of Capt.
the Murder

Harrison

convicted

Life for
the

of

Doctor

Clench.

389. A

New

Discourse World.

of

Terra

(10826,i.15.) IncognitaAustraUs,

or

Southern "who

By Jacques Sadeur, a Frenchman in that being wrecked lived thirty-five years by Dunton.
parts.

country."
Advertised
390.

The Notorious

Impostor. Issued in two in 1694. (Lit. of R., p. 152.)

after the
manner

Reprinted
rogue

It celebrates
romances

of the

Spanish
a

the villanies of William

a

Morrell. Novek

391.

The Rival Mother;

late true

into history digested

392.

(i076.i.2(33).) Taocila or Love preferredabove Duty. W. D., Gent. (12614.CCC.7,)

Novel.

By

204

1693
393-

Letters

of

Love the

With

Gallantryand several other subjects. Adventures of a Young Lady, written by

a

and

Herself in several Letters to

AU Volume 394. Love written by Ladies.
II

Gentleman

in the

Country.

Transldted
See and
y

from
no.

the French. 1686.

appeared in 1694.
a

336,

Letters between

Nobleman G
"

his Sister Werke

and

[adopted
the

sister] viz.,F.
Henrietta Philander The
and

"

rd Lord

of

Lady

Berkeley, under
Silvia.

the Borrowed

Names

of

compilersof the Bodleian

no.

Catalogue attribute this

Behn. Cf.
no.

series of fifty-twoletters to Mrs.

298,

584, 1728, and no. 627, 1734. from the of the Life of Emeric, Count of Teckely, 395. Memoirs French of Lecluc. (G. 14952.)
1682;
See

396. The

1683, and no. Players Tragedy; or Fatal Ante,

no.

301,

332, Love.

1686. A New

Novel.

(Bodleian.) 397. The Travels of Love

Gent. Advertised

and

Jealousy. A Novel.

By

H.

C."

by Bentley in November. 398. Virtue Rewarded; or the Irish Princess. By an English Hand. (Bodleian.) Also included in Mod. Nov., vol. xii. 1694
399.

New

Novel.

Adventures
and

ofthe Helvetian
Vincentia,
A.

Hero:

or

Amours

ofArmadorous
A Novel.

Countess

of Albania.

(12612,de.) written by a Cavalier in answer to the five 400. love-Utters written to him M{arianna) by a nun Translated from the AQcoforado). Portuguese [French]. (1085,b.2o(2).) 401. The Unfortunate Court Favorities of England; Galveston, Jane Shore, WooU Spender,Roger Mortimer, Stafford, Cromwell, Essex, Bucks, Strafford with their sey, Signed
Five Love-Letters
" "

amours.

Advertised 402. The

in November
Lovers:
or,

by N. Crouch.
the

Unhappy

Timorous

Fair

One.

205

novel.
In
a

Being

Letter.

of Alexander (12611,d. 6.)

1696

the loves

and

MeUecinda.

403.

Histories

Aphra Behn, together with her Life and Memoirs. (Bodleian). Behn of Mrs. edition with an Another account "by of the Fair Sex" was printed in 1705. There one
and

Novels.

By

Mrs.

were

other
as

editions

in

1718 and
a

1722,

the

latter

advertised
404.

"the seventh."
is added
a

Lettersf to which

letterfrom

supposed nun

in

Portugal to a gentleman in France, in imitation of By ,theNun's five letters in print,by Col. Pack. Mrs. de la Rivifere Manley. (1086,b.7.) Republished in 1725 as the Stage-CoachJourney. adventure of an Mistress;beingan amorous 405. The Revengeful Englishman in Spain. (12612,e.)
r697 406. The History of the
or a

Amours

of the Marshal
his Amours
and

de

Boufflers,

true

Account

of

Gallant Adven*

tures.

(Gay.)
1698
the Secret History
the the Dethronement

407. Abra-muUe,
Mahomet

or

of

of
Le

fourth. Written
Made

Noble

de Tennelifere. for

by Mr. English by J. P.

in French

Advertised

Leigh in June.
16991

408. The
In

Adventures

of Covent Garden

in Imitation

of Scarron's
Scarron it

City Romance.

spite of its announced

is
more

indebtedness
upon

to

closely modelled

Furetifere's Roman

Bourgeois.
409. The Adventures

of Telemachus, translated by
of the Abb6 Fenfelon.

I. Littleton

from

the French

Reprinted in 1728 and 1742.

1

The History of Cang-Hy,

of

the present Emperor

to

of China, translated
the
year

from

the

French
fiction.

J.

Bouvet

(794.(1.6(1.2)), belongs

1699.

This

is not

206

410.

411.

412.

of Pleasant Novels^ comprising the Secret History of Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex, the Happy Slave, the Double Cuckold; v, ii. The Heroine and The Pilgrim. Musqueteer Incognita Advertised for R. Wellington in June and November. The Complete Mendicant; or Unhappy Beggar. (i4i4" C.27.) Often given to Defoe but probably not by him. The Fables of PUpay containingmany rules for the Conduct Life. Translated by J. Harris of Human
. . . . . .

Collection

from Said. These

the French

version of G. Gaulmin

and

David

(243,e.8.)
fables had

already been
as

translated

Thomas
etc.

North,

the

Morall

1570 by Philosophicof Doni the Fables

in

In

171 1, this version

was

reissued with

of

Aesop

as

Aesop Naturalized.
1700

An IV. Historical Novel. of Edward 413. Amours rather incorrectly attributed to] the Author

By

[or
the

of

Turkish
414. Amusements

Spy.

(12613,2.)
Comical Calculated ian for the Merid-

Serious and

of London.

Reprinted in the
in 171 1 and The Diversions Love Stories

Works

of Thomas

Brown, ed. J. Drake,

1707-1708, and reissued under

1715. 415.

varying titles slightly

of
as

Mars told

and

of several Venus, consisting

416.

417.

418.
419.

by litUe Cupid to divert Venus his modem real Intrigues with some Mother, beingchiefly Amours of Tunbridge Wells. (Gay.) The English Nun; a comical description of a Nunnery. By an English Lady. Advertised in the term Catalogues of May. The French Spy: or the memoirs of Jean Baptistede La Fontaine. Translated from the French original. (10661,bb.33.) A Frolic to Horn Fair. By E. Ward. (T.927, (10).) and Account the True A Full behaviours,confessions of
. .

"

208

et d'un Sauvage. Dialoguesde M.le Baron de La HotUan: (1052,d.8.) Reprinted in 1728 as Suite du Voyage de VAmerigue ou etc. Dialogues^ and taking of the discovering 432. A Full and True Account notorious witch, etc. (sh 512, i.2" a of S. Griffith (199.) An and Death of the Account Historical of the Sufferings 433. Faithful. by Isaac Le Fivre in the French King's Galleysetc. Advertised in May for T. Bennet.

431-

170S 434. Cassandra

and in

Others

of the Sex.
T. C. See

Advertised 435. The

May in the ConsoUdator, or memoirs

in the
moon.

Upham
the author

p. 397n.

of sundry transactions
.

the world True-bom

By

436. The

Englishman. Secret History of Queen Zarah Probably by Mrs. Manley.

were

D.

Defoe. and

from of the (G. 13507.)

the Zarazians.

There

other

editions
in

in

1709

and

171

and

French

translation

1708.

1706

AContinuationof the Comical Historyofthe most Ingenuous ate By the LicentiKnight, Don Quixote de la Mancha. de AveUaneda. AUmzo Fernandes Being a third in English. volume never before printed Translated (Bodleian.) by Capt. John Stevens. memoirs of a late 438. Female Falsehood;being the amorous gested diand Written by himself French nobleman. by [Marguetel de Saint-Denis, seigneur de] Second edition with part II. (12510, St. Evremont. d.7.) Miracles of the Age being a full and true relation^ 439. that Uved ten weeks and two of a young woman days in a trance, without eating. Shrewsbury, 1706? (697,b.46.) 440. SecretMemoirsof Robert Dudley,Earl ofLeicester. Written
437.
. . "

"

209

and now script from an old Manuduring his life published never before printed. 4 vols. (Col.820. 8.C.68.) but not very edifying, of the Earl is This lively, account supposed to be told by an intimate friend to some younger
were men

who

either did

not

know him.

Leicester

or

441.

only TrueAccountoftheApparitionof Mrs. Veal that appeared the next day after Mrs. Bargrave etc. her Death to By Daniel Defoe.
. .

slightly acquainted with

442.

The Comical
and

1707 Bargain or Trick upon Trick;beinga Thomas true relation of one Brocks^ a Milk that Street,
an

pleasant
baker's

near apprentice

went

for a Hamburg
doctor's daughter

merchant,
near

and

courted

eminent

King

Street in

Bloomsbury. (11631,aaa.)

A broad-side. 443. The

Diverting Works of (Marie Catharine LaMothe) Countess d'Aulnoy. of her own Memoirs life. (12236,bb.) i. e.. Marquis of All her Spanish novels and histories,
Lemos and

Eugena
Camella

Montelon, Dona of St. Angel6, Marquis of Leyva, Dona D'Arellano, Hortense of Ventmiglia, Marquis
and Dona Teresa of Castro.

Dona

Eleonora

of

of Mansera Her
Letters.

Tales of the Fairies.

444.

The

Quevedo ViUegas,Knight of the Order of St. James, faithfully EngUshed; whereunto is added the ^'Marriageof Belphegor, Italian novel,translated an from Machiavel. {R. of R.) Cf. 1665 under of Don
La

Novels

Picara.
in

February by John Startsey. Includes, The Spanish Libertines, Lives of Justina, Celestina,and Estevanillo Gonzalez. Progress to London. 445. The Pleasant History of Taffy's
Advertised This is
in March

Advertised

for F. Thorn.
to the

probably similar Traveller by Humphrey

I. 209.

doggerelsatire the Welch Crouch, 1657. See Lit. of R.,

15

210

I708 446. An
Account

of Some
account

Remarkable

Passages

in

the

Ufe of a

Private Gentleman, etc. A morbid

(859,h.26.) of religious experienceserroneously

assignedto Defoe. Reprinted in 171 1. 447. Almira: or, the History of a French Lady of Distinction with the Histories of the Marquis de Interspersed
Montalvan
and

Isabella: Lindamira,

or

the

Belle

Espagnole. (Bodleian.) 448. The French King's Wedding; or, the royal froUck de Mainsurprising marriage ceremonies of Madam tenon with Lewis XIV? (1076,h.22(2).) memoirs 449. HypoUtus, Earl of Douglas. Containing some of the Court of Scotland, with the Secret History of Mctck'beth King of Scotland. [Translated from the C. de La Mothe, Countess d'Aulnoy] French of M.
. . .

To and

which
a

is added
young and

of Count ScJUick lady of Quality. [A translation

the Amours

of

Eurialus

Lucretia

by Aeneas

Sylviusetc.]

3 pts.

(12510,d.9.) Adventures Tales; consisting of several extraordinary 450. Turkish done into English. now Another version,Persian and Turkish Tales Compleat in 1714. (I25i3.b)
. . .

1709 451. The Constant

but

Unhappy Lovers,
in
a

This

is bound

volume of

(sh.1076, 1.22(33).) with other pamphlets, the

advertises
Robinson
as

general title
Crusoe

page

which

and

must

Still the individual 1719." and It is a

be therefore, obviously, pamphlets may

late

as

be older

this may well date from 1709. brief tale of a girl who died of very that she had
eaten
or

griefwhen
Unkle:
who
. . .

she discovered 452. The Distressed

her lover's heart.

the

Child in the Wood;

Cruel

being a true reUUion of one Esq. Solmes an dying left onlydaughterto the care of his own
etc.

brother

(1076,1.22(39).)

211

453-

of Content; or, a new paradisediscovered in a letter from Dr. Merrytnan of the same country to Dr. Didlman of Great Britain. By the authors of the ''Pleasures of a single life.'' (12316,cc.3o(i).) account of the famous 454. The King of Pirates, being an Captain Avery, the Mock King of Madagascar.
^*" Island
. . .

Written

by

Person

who

made

his

Escape from
the young

thence.

(1204.C.5.)
455. Love in
a

Passion sudden

without

Discretion,or,

chant's mer-

bargain and the cook-maid's happy fortune. (1076, 1.22(43).) the prize. Being a pleasant 456. The Love Lottery, or, a Woman invention. ditions. The second edition with large adnew (1076.1.22(33).) Mall: beauties. Containing the The or, the reigning 457. of Miss Cloudy and her gouvernante Madam intrigues A. (11631,aaa.) Memoirs of Signor Rozelli of the Life and Adventures 458. done into English [by D. Defoe?] from the second Olivier [Paris, edition of the French of the Abb6 1708]. 2 vols. (G.I35 10, II.) corrected. 2 vols, with 1 7 13 appeared a second edition, an appendix. (G.13512.)
. . . . . .

There and

were one

two

continuations 1722, in

in

French,
were

one

in 1719

in
was,

both

of which
a

translated.
in

There

addition,
no

third

continuation

for which English, which 459.

The
.

French

has been found, original

to

is sometimes

attributed

Defoe.

Secret Memoirs
. .

of
New

Several Persons

from

the

Atalantis.

By

of Quality Mrs. Manley.

(io8i,m.2.) Reprints in 1720, 1730,

etc.

1710

460.

Merry History of Great Britain, containing Account customs of the people, of the religion, an in Arabick by Ali Mohammed written originally Hadji .Faithfully rendered into English by A. HiUier. another edition in 1730. There was (Conant.) Brief and
. . .

212

Dialogue between Dick Brazenface the Card-fnaker and Tim the Clothier: being a dispute between MeanweU the card-maker and the clothier fairly stcUed. By D. Brazenface (pseud.). (8i6.111.14.(59).) 462. Look ere you Leap: or a History of the Lives and Intrigues
46i.
i4 the character To which is added of lewd Women Tenth edition. of a good woman. (12331, a.22.) the the towards Memoirs Close of Eighth Century. of Europe 463. Favorite and to Written by Eginhardus, Secretary Charlemagne. By Mrs. Manley. (636.d.ii,i2.)
. . .

1711

464.

An

Account

versation of the Life and Death, Parentage and Conof Mr. J. A. [John Addison], a most notorious

465. Atalantis
A

highwayman. Major.
the Northern

(1076,1.26(6).) Printed in Olrecky,the Chief City of Part of Atalantis Major, By D, Defoe?

satire. political prose Letters from the a collection of original or 466. Court Intrigues; Island of New Atalantis. By the author of these Memoirs (Mrs. Manley). (636.d.io.) of Epsom, with the humors and politicks 467. The Description (By Britto of the place. In a letter to Eudoxia. Batavus Q. Toland]). (1302,f.) covering and with her Character Life, dis468. The London-Bawd the various and subtile intriguesof Lewd edition. Women. Fourth (Gay.) 469. The Whole Life,character and conversation of that foolish called Granny. creature (1076, 1.26.(8).) narrative. A coarse journalistic 1712 470. Arabian
and

Nights Entertainment; consisting of One

One Sultan

Thousand

Stories told by the Sultaness of the Indies to

divert the
Vow.

Translated

from the Execution of a Bloody from the French from the Arabian
.

MSS.

by

M.

Galland

"

and

now

done

into

English

from

the Edition in

in French. edition is the

Advertised

1708, but the oldest known

1713.

second, of 171 2; fourth edition

213

Companion for the Ladies Closets: or, the Ufe and death of the most excellent Lady. (4202.aaa.i.) B. M. The Catalogue has the note "By A. B. (i."., Aphra Behn?" Prophecy, etc. 472. The Highland Visions;or, the Scots new London? (114,g.36.)*
^^l. A 1713 473. The Lover's

Secretary; or,
in

Adventures

of Lindamira

in

twenty-fourletters.
Advertised
'

May

in the
1715

T. C. but

no

edition earlier T.

than known.

the

2d,

"Revised

by

Brown,"
a

is tion edi-

(i26ii.df.25(i).)There
1734.

was

third

in

1714*
474. The Adventures
the Atalantis young

of Rivella; or
. . .

the

historyof
in
a
.

the Author
to

of
the

Delivered
.

conversation

by Sir Charles Loveinto English from the Frr Done (14191 f-23.) more. The fourth edition appeared in 1724 as Mrs. Manley's History of Her Life and Times. 475. Complete History of the Lives and Robberies of the most notorious Highwaymen. {Lit. By Alexander Smith.
Chevalier D'Aumont
.

of R., i. 209.)
Fifth edition in 17 19 and
a new

volume
Anne

in 1720.

476. Love Letters from Henry VIII to from Anne Buleyn to Cardinal Henry
no.

Buleyn,

with

two

Wolsey, and

her last to

VIII.

(Cat. Old

Eng.

Lit., Russel

Smith,

72.)
of Gamesters.

477.

The Memoirs

By Theophilus Lucas.

{Lit.

of R., i. 171.)
^The British The first tract Visions:
or.

in

this series appeared Bickerstaff's the second continued

same

in

April, 171

under

the title "The

171 1.*' In February,

Isaac
was was

Twelve

Prophecies

for the Year 171

2.

item

given
the
a

above

and with

appeared

in March,

1713

series

**The Second-Sighted in 1715*

both series. but
no

Highlander,
for 17 14

etc.," and
haa show
*

skit under found.

was

this

title appeared

tract

yet

been

There

is

ample

evidence,
entire

external

and

internal, to

that Defoe
In its number

responsiblefor
July 14, 1714
a

the

for
as a

the

British Mercury
The Rover.

(a fire insurance
This

organ)
tion no-

began

printing

serial Crusoe

story entitled
was

disposes of the

that Robinson

the

first

English serial.

214

478.

The

compleai, tr. formerly from [or rather compiled] {assisted by M. Petis delaCroix by A. R. Le Sage) and translated into English by Dr. King and several now other hands. (12513, b.37.) and One Days by Reprinted in 1722 as The Thousand Mr. PhilUps.
and

Persian

Turkish

Tales

those languages into French

1715 479. Amours

of Bosvil
in

and

Galesia.

novel.

By Mrs. Barker. B., 1736.

the French of

Advertised

for Curll in Exilius

2d. edition.

Reprinted
480.
The Dean

Entertaining Novels of Mrs.

Translated from

of Killerine.

Pr6vost.

(Gay.)
the Banished Roman.

Reprinted, 1780.
481. EodUus:
or

new

romance

written

after

Jane Barker
c.

By of Wilsthorpe. (012611, h.25.)

manner

the

of Tdemachus.

Mrs.

In 1736, 2d ed. in Entertaining Novels of Mrs.

45),and in 1743 another c.)

Family
Fathers 1 1 1 To
,

ed. of the latter.

(625, (12611,
to

482. The

Instructor

in

Three

Parts.

I, Relating
and of
a

and

Children.

II, to Masters By Way

Servants.

Husbands

and Wives.

Dialogue.

By Daniel Defoe. Reprinted in 1715,

sixteenth. In
1

1720

the

eighth edition, 1766 the

volume of the

718, Defoe
and

published the second

he issued The New

work

in 1727

Family

Instructor.

483. History of the Wars of his Present Majesty Charles XII. Service. in ike Swedish By a Scots Gentleman
. . .

By

D.

Defoe.

continuation

appeared in 1720.
Celebrated Beauties,
down

484. Secret History of

Ladies
to

the Loves and

of By

the most

of Quality

Jilts from fair Rosamond Alexander Smith.

the present day.

{Lit.of

R., i. 176.)
1716

485.

The

Generous

Rivals; or,

Love

486. Secret Memoirs

of Bar-le-duc

Triumphant. A novel. [Court of Prince James

216

I7I9" the two with

map;

parts; 1719 3d ed. of pt.

Farther

; 1719,

4th ed.,

Adventures; 1722, fourth 1719, edition; 1726, fifth edition; 1726, pts i and 2; 1719,

abridged; 1726, abridged; 1730? abridged.

495. Same
Account

of

the

Life, and

Most

Remarkdble

Actions

de Goertz, Prioy-CounseUor of George Henry, Baron and ChiefMinister of State, to the laie King of Sweden. This biographicaltract, which seems to be clearly by Defoe, appeared in July, 1719.

1720

496.
497.

The

Chronicle of Tyburn.

{Lit. of R., i. 178.)

Adventures

The

History of the Life and Campbell. By D. Defoe.

the
same

of Mr.

Duncan

(G. 13537)
a

In

year

was

issued

corrected

edition, and
Bond
was

in 1728 the third edition

appeared as The Supernatural

of William and
not
as

Philosopherwith
author. Mrs.

the

name

the

probably the author of some of the later Campbell pamphlets, The Friendly Daemon but the latter probably wrote
Haywood
of 1726 and Memoirs of he may have had
a

Defoe

hand

in the Secret

Campbell of 1732. of 498. The King of Pirates,beingan account of the enterprises Captain Avery. In two letters from himself. By D. Defoe. Really published at the end of 1719, with edition of 1720. a second (Lee.) (518,f.29.) The and Pyracies of ^famous Captain Life,Adventures, 499. ashore his cu:count set an of Singleton, containing being
in the island
and and

of Madagascar

as

also of his many

ventures ad-

others.

pyracieswith By D. Defoe.

the

Captain Avery (838.c.8.)

famous
and delightful pleasant

In 1737, the second edition. Containingmany 500. Lovers Academy. novels. (12614,ee.i6.) "The Ladies
or

Gentlemen

that

are

willingto record
own or

adventures
are

in this

academy, of their

others,

desired to send them Lintott." Lamentable

and

forthwith to the Undertaker,

B.

501.

The

Most

Deplorable History of

the two

217

children in old song A

the wood,
the
same.

To
.
. .

which

is annexed

the

upon

(12612,d.)
1720*

chapbook.

PerfidiousBrethren; or the Religious Triumvirate: displayed in three Ecclesiastical novels. (Bod. G. Pamph., 1852.) of Love in Seven Novels,viz,, 7, The Fair Hypo503. The Power crite;II, the Physician'sStratagem; III, The Wife's
502.

The

Resentment; IV-V,
two

The

Husband's

Resentment

in

VII, The Fugitives, examples; VI, The Happy Perjur'd Beauty, By* Mrs. Manley. (636, d.13.)
1721 504. The Fortunes and
etc.

By

D.

Misfortunesof the famous Defoe. (G. 13539.)

Moll

Flanders^

In 1722, 505. The

the third edition.

History of Hypatia, a most impudent school-mistress of Alexandria. (699,d. 14(5).)

a

Not

novel

but

news

sheet.
or,

506. Ildegerte, queen

Written

of Norway;

Heroick

Love,

novel.

in French originally by the author of the Happy Slave (ratherby E. Le Noble de Tennelifere Baron de Saint George) and tr. into Eng. by a gentleman of Oxford. 2 pts. (12511,f.15.) In 1721-22, second edition. 2 pts. (12510,e.20.) written by Bremond but there The Happy Slave was for assigningIldegerte to him. seems no reason de Beaumont, a French Lady, who lived 507. The Life of Mme. in
. .

cave
.

in

Wales

above

fourteen years
in

undiscovered.

Also

her

Lord's

adventures

Muscovy.

By

Auhi|i. (12613,a.) Egneloge Empire, illustrated in Seven Novels. By P. (Bodleian,authority of Gay.) Chamberlayne. and two 509. The Secret History of the Prince of the Nazarenes Third edition. Turks. (Bodleian.) of the secret One of the grossest and least interesting
508. Love
in its

histories.
1

On

April

13. 1730

the Daily Post

advertized

The Life and

Strange Surpri*'

ing Adventures

of Major Alexander

Rankin,

218

510.

The

StrangeAdventures of the Count Vineuil and his famUy. Being an account of what happened to them whilst they resided at Constantinople.By P. Aubin. bb.) (12604,
1722*

511.

The

British

Recluse, or

the

Secret History of Cleomira

supposedDead.
There and
512. The
was a a

Third edition. By Eliza Haywood. fourth edition printed in Dublin in 1724,

in 1725.

fifth in London,

Pilgrim;or, the travels of a cynick philosopher wicked parts of the world,namely England, Wales, etc. Attributed, but in all probabilityerroneously, to D. Defoe. (G.13540.) It was first published in November, 1722 and speedily
thro* the most reached
a

Comical

fourth edition.
D.

513.

Due The

for the Plague. By Preparations

In Sel. Col.

Defoe.

514.

False Duchess, translated from the French.

Nov., vol. vi.

515.

The

History and Remarkable Life of the trulyHonourable Colonel Jacque. By D. Defoe.*

editions in 1723, 1724, etc. 516. The Historyof Genghizcan[by Petits de la

Other

lated Croix]. Trans(147,a.io.) by Penelope Aubin. The Leonora History of Cespedes and Count de Bdflor. 517. In Sel. Col. Nov., vol, Written originally in French. and iii, also in
a

Col. of Nov., ed. by Mrs.

the French

fiths, E. Grif-

1777.

518.

The

Innocent In

Adultery tr. from

[ofScarron?].
Defoe.

Sel. Col. Nov., vol. iv.

519. i4 Journal of the Plague Year. Often reprinted. 520. The

A

By Daniel

Life and
with

Actions

of Lewis
to

Dominique

Cartouche.

translation

attibuted

D.

Defoe, but apparently

''The Life and

littlereason.
for

^The Adventures

Flying Post
of

July 38. 1733

de TutM,

advertized
was an

Surprizing
lived

Don

Juliana

who

Educated Uninhabited
This

by

Roe, and

Forty
Indies. be had

Five

Years

in the Island
from the

of Malpa,

Island

in the East could search.

Translated from
Thomas has

Portuguese."
for
one on

curiosity of literature
recent

Warner been

shilling,but it has escaped

the existence of any
copy

'Some date
1733.

doubt

thrown

bearing the

219

"21. The Noble Slaves;or (he Lives and

and
two

Adventures

of two lords

ladies who

were

ship-wrecked. By Penelope
in

Aubin. Another 1777

(12511.C.C.)
edition it
was was

issued in Dublin

1730? and

in

included

by Mrs.

Griffiths in Sel, Col.

of
,522.

Nov.

ReligiousCourtship. By D. Defoe. Reprinted in 1729, 1735 4th ed.,

1770, 1793. Select Collection of Novels. The
"

1737,

1750,

1762,

523.

^See Collections.

524.

Travels and

Adventures

of

three Princes

of Sarendip.

Interspersedwith
of Chr.

eight

and delightful

entertaining English.

novels translated from the Persian

[orrather the Italian

thence into

Armento] into French (Conant.)

1723
and

and

525.

Comical

TragicalHistory of the Lives and Adventures (12314. of the most noted BayUffs. By^ Alex. Smith. f. 7.)
edition

1783. brated 526. The Highland Rogue; or the memorable actions of the celeR. MacGregor^ commonly called Rob Roy. D. Dfifo^ (10825,c.)
527. The

Third

of Carency. History of John of Bourbon, Prince novels, written Containing a varietyof entertaining in French. Translated into English. The second edition. (12511, f. 17.) viz.: ^The Surprize or The novels are ten in number
"

the

Generous

Unknown;
Perfidious

The Secret

Mutual Rival the

Mistake
or

or

Unhappy
The The

Discovery; The
Unfortunate

Deceitful
ment; Resent-

Friend; The

Lady

or

Fatal

Lover; The Female

Constant
are

Captives;

Distressed

Lovers; The
or,

Revengeful Rival; The

Love Rewarded. all stories of the cloak
rung
on

Happy
As

Meeting,

the titles indicate these and sword

crossed

variety in which the changes are loves, lovelorn damsels, gentlemen

like.

pirates,
Moors,

amorous kidnappings,the miseries of slavery,

and

the

220

528. IddUa;

ot^ The

Unfortunate Mistress.
of

novel.

By Mrs.

Haywood. (i26i4"d.i.) with the addition Reprinted

collected works and

third

part in her
in 1770.

translated

into French

529. An

(Gay.) ImpartialHistory of
Alexowitz, the
buted
to D.

Life and Actions present Czar of Muscovy^ etc.

the

of

Peter

Attrib-

Defoe.

530.

The

Life and

adventures

of PedriUo

del Campo

intermixed

and with several entertaining

navels. Transdelightful lated into EngUsh by Ralph Brookes. (12490,aaa. 12.) 531. The Lives and
Amours

of

the

Empresses,
. . .

consorts

to the

Translated by G. firsttwelve Caesars of Rome. James [from the French of Jacques Roergas de Serviez]. (10605, CIO.) Fatal Enquiry; or The 532. Love in Eoccess, Parts. By Eliza Haywood. There
533. The
was a a

Novel

in

Three

Loves

sixth edition in 1725. and Doraoca [from Guzman of Osmin

the Novelas

de

Al-

farache] with Advertised 534. The Patchwork

recommended

of Cervantes.
or^ Love

in Sel. Col. Nov. Screen

in

for the Ladies;

a

and

Virtue

collection of instructive novels.

535.

The

By Mrs. Jane Barker. (1079,d.13.) and Mariamne Loves Herod Unhappy introductory of Mr. Fenton's new to tragedy. (641,e.28.(i).)
1724

536.

The

Arragonian Queen, a Cat. Chatto Pt. M.)

Grievances
Debated.

secret

history. (Pickering"
edition.

537. Female

Fourth

(8415, b.

15.)
538. The
Fortunate

Mistress; or

History of
known

the

Life of Mile. of Wintselthe

name

de

Beleau
. . .

afterwards caU'd the Countess

sheim.

Lady
Reissued Revised 539.
The

Roxana.

Being By
and

the Person D.

by

of

Defoe.

(G. 13737.)

in 1740

often

thereafter.

by Noble

in 1775.

History of the Remarkable By D. Defoe.

Life of John

Sheppard.

221

Issued Defoe

three times in that

A

year.

Lee

also

assigns to

Narrative

of

all the
went

Robberies,Escapes, etc.

of John
November
The

Sheppardj which
and

through 7 editions in

December, 1724. Injured Husband, or the Mistaken Resentment. By 540. Mrs. Haywood. Dublin. (D.N.B.) the Self-abandoned. A novel. By Mrs. 541. Lasselia; or, Second edition. Haywood. (12613,c.(i).) Letters Chevalier. By Eliza to of a Lady of Quality a 542. Haywood. {D. N. B.) the World, by a course sailed Voyage Round never 543. A New merchants who before undertaken afterward by some proposed
in 544.
The

545.

The

Company 2 By (838, c.4.) pts. Rash the Resolve; or, untimely discovery.A novel. Second edition. By Eliza Haywood. (i26i3,c.(2).) A Reformed Coquette. Novel. By Mrs. Mary Davys. (12604,^^^0
an

the

setting up of
D.

East

Indian

Flanders.

Defoe.

Dublin, 1735,

second

edition.

17251 546. An
Account

of

the Conduct

of the late J. Gow

.

alias
" "

Smith, captain of the

D.

late

piraiesexecuted.
humours

By

Defoe.

(518,c.4.)
Bugbears;
or, The

547.

The

Amorous Intended

of a masquerade

as

supplement to the

London-Spy.

(11644,

g.36(i).)
in Five Novels trans548. Bajazet; or the Imprudent Favorite, lated from the French of J. Regnavld de Segrais

(Conant.)
549. Bath-Intrigues;in a Collection of Original Letters to a Friend in London. [SignedJ. B. i. e. Mrs. Manley?]

(1080,i.42.)
550.

Chinese tales, or the

Fum-Hoam

Wonderful Adventures
the

of the Mandarin

translated from

French

[of T.

S.

Guenlette].
iTo
a

this year

belongs Mrs. of
some

Haywood's

translation

of La

Belle
to

Assemblie;
Persons
were

curious coUection
the

remarkable
of

incidents which Gomez.

happened
There

of

Quality from

French

Mme.

de

(12512. c.)

other

editions in 1738 and

I736-35-

222

Another 1743-

translation

as

Mogul tales, 1736, second edition,

(Conant.) Third edition. By Eliza Haywood. 551. {D. N. B.) By Eliza Haywood. 552. Fantomima, or Love in a Maze. {D. N. B.) Stone: or, the Capricesof Love 553. The Lady's Philosopher's and Destiny. An historicalNovel. Written in French
The Fatal

Secret.

by

M.

LAbbi

de

Costero

and

now

translated into

and Chatto, Cat. H.) English. (Pickering gallantry exemplified.Third 554. Love upon Tick: or, implicit edition with additions. (1132 c.44.) 555. Mary Stuart,Queen of Scots,being the Secret History of her Life and the real causes of her misfortunes. Translated from the French [by Eliza Haywood]. A second edition appeared in 1726. (Col.M1.M366.)

556.

The

Matchless

Rogue,

or

an

account

of

the

cheats, stratagems and

his exit at

amours

of

T. M.

to the hour

contrivances, of

(1417,e.9.) account an containing (Gay.) certain Memoirs Island adjacentto the Kingdom of of a 558. vols. (12613 g.) 2 Utopia. By Mrs. Haywood. See Life 559. Mrs. Manley's History of her Life and Times.
Newgate. of the Baron 557. Memoirs of his Amours.
deBrosse
. . .

560. Secret

of Rivella, no. 475, 1714. Histories, Novels, and Poems Second EUza edition. Haywood.
seems

written
4

by Mrs.

vols.

(12612,
There

ee.)
This
was

to
a

be

of reprint

1724

edition.

also

shorter

in 1725. The The following tales

published in 2 vols, longer edition was reprintedin 1732.

are

collection

included:
a

in Love or Fantomima; History of an Amour Condition. The British Recluse.

"

Maze.

Being
two

Secret of

between

Persons

Idalia The

In

three parts.
or

Injured Husband,

the Mistaken

Resentment.

Lasselia,or

the Self-abandoned.

224

568.

The

Navels of Mrs. Jane Barker. Entertaining Advertised by Bettesworth as the second edition. The earliest known edition is that of 1736 which
was

in 1743. reprinted The collection includes.

""

Exilius. Clelia and The Reward

Marcellus;

or

the Constant

Lovers. of Claren-

of Virtue; or the Adventures

Lysander. The Lucky Escape; or the Fate of Ismenius. Clodius and Scipiana;or the Beautiful Captive.
Piso; or the Lewd
The The The
Fair

thia and

Courtier. of

Happy Recluse; or, the Charms

Widow
or

Liberty.

False Friend. Galesia.

an

Amours

of Bosvil and

569. The Life and Adventures

Irish Lord. 570. The

of the Lady Lucy, daughter to

By Mrs. Penelope Aubin.

Screen. Lining of the Pakh-work Barker. (Bodleian.) the Jonathan of Life and Times of the Famous 571. Memoirs Wilde. Smith. By Capt. Alexander {Lit.of R., p. 155.) (615,a.28.) Being 572. The Mercenary Lover; or, The UnfortunateHeiresses, true secret certain island a of a CityAmour, in a history adjacent to the kingdom of Utopia. Written by the author of Memoirs of the said Island. (E. Haywood). "Translated into English." (12611, i.i6.) In 1728 reprintedwith the Padlock third ed. (12316 bbb.38(b).) Nations of the World. By 573. Travails into Several Remote Lemuel Gulliver first and then eral Captain of sevSurgeon Ships. Two vols, in four pts. [By Jonathan Swift.] (838,c,6.) There
were

(635a.4.(2). By Mrs. Jane

two

other
. .

editions

in

1726,

as

well

as

L. G.'s travels,
a

compendiously methodized, with key, observations etc. In 1727 this was reprinted
"

225

and

two

other
to

editions of the work

as

well, and

it

continued

be

reprintedfrequently.^
1727

574.

The
'

Illustrious French
the
amours

Lovers

of several French Written translated into originallyin French and vols. (12511, 2 English by Mrs. Penelope Aubin. bb.i8.) In 1739, a second edition was published.' de ViUesache. Written by a Lady, 575. The Life of Madame who was ventures, eye-witnessof the greatestpart of her adan andfaithfuUy translated from her manuscript [or rather written]by Mrs. E. H[aywood\. (12331. bbb.42(2).)
....

being (he true histories of persons of quality

576. PhiUdore

D. N. B. By Mrs* Haywood. 577. The Poetical Works of Philip,late duke of Wharton. Also two interesting novels by the celebrated Mrs. A. Plantin with a genuine account of the Ufe of that nobleman (11607,bbb.)
and
.
. .

Pacentia.

It contains two reprinted with additions. novels by Mrs. Plantin, The Ungratefuland Lave led Astray, 578. The Secret History of the Present Intrigue of the court of Caramania. By Mrs. Haywood.
1731, ^"The Daily Journal
two

In

for Feb.

6, 1731

advertised Gulliver, Lockman."

as

for the
son

next

Wednesday,
liver, Gul-

volumes

of the "Travels from

or

of Mr.

John

to

Capt. Lemuel
1728

translated

the

French

by Mr.

In

(Nov. 16) the Trip

to

Country Journal
Moon"

the

Craftsman

advertised
at

lately published "A

and
to

the

by Murdoch
seems

McDermot,
been
an

printed
obscene
as

Dublin

reprinted in London,

with

what This

to

have

dedication
as

Captain Lemuel

Gulliver* Even-

item
Post.

has been

advertised

early

Feb.

22,

1728, cf. the Whitehall

^g

'An

undated

edition

of

Mrs.

Aubin*s

works

in

the

Col. Libr.

contains:

The Noble
or

Slaves; The Life and Riformed;

Count
. . .

Adventures Amorous

of Lucinda;
Adventures

Conjugal Duly Rewarded

Fortune

the Rahe

Life and

of Lucinda;
Adventures

favors
Coun.

the Bold;
Albertus.

de Vinevil; Lady Son

Lucy;
A.

Life and

of
not

young

of Count
Five

L,

by Lady

Lucy; Life of Charlotte du Pont^

found where. else-

Madame

de

Beaumont.

of these, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, I have

16

226

1728
Parisian. A true Disguised Prince; or the beautiful tr. from the French history (or rather written by E. Haywood). (12511,h.5.). 580. Female Excellency; Glory. lUustrated in or, the Ladies the worthy lives and memorable actions of
. .

579- rA"

Deborah, the valiant

Susanna
. . .

Judith, Queen Esther, doLucretia,Vodida, Mariamme tilda Andegona. By Richard Burton (i. e., Nathaniel
"
. . . .

"

Crouch). Third edition. (10604,a.) 581 Friendshipin Death in twenty Letters from the Dead to the Living. By Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe." (C0I.824.R79. L.) The By a gentleman who History of King Appius. 582.
. . . .

served in the Persian

armies. from

(P. F. Godart
the French.

de Beau-

champ.)
London and

Translated Dublin.

(12330 aaa.13.) A story with disguised to which a key was personages publishedin 1764. Lovers; a true secret history. Being an amour 583. The Illegal between a person of condition and his sister. Written by one who did reside in the family. (1079,i*i2(i).) The sister turns unfortunate be an to out orphan adopted by the hero's family. The story is the same
as

that in the Letters.

See

nos.

298, 1682; 394,

1693; 627, 1734.

the History of Clarinda, a novel. or Artifice; In the Female Duncaid. By Mrs. Haywood. (F.857(2).) 585. Life and Amours (Gay.) of the Count de Tourenne. 586. Psyche. 587. The Royal Shepherdess.

584. The

Irish

588. Tarsus

and

ZeUe.

589. Xenophon's Ephesian History, or Love and Anthia in fivebooks. Abrocomas

All advertised

Adventures, of

by J. Love
Lover.

in the

1728 edition of the

Mercenary
1

Advertised

in the Whitehall

Evening Post for Jan. 16, 1737-8.

227

1729 590. Adventures of AhdaUa, the Indies to make

. . .

Son
a

translated into
. . .

of Hanif, sent by the Sultan of Discoveryof the Island of Borico Arabick French from an script manude

by

Mr.

Sandisson

done
. . .

into

English by William
A 591. The

Hatchett.

secx"nd edition
Fair

was or
a

issued in 1730.
True

Hebrew,
Ladies

but Secret

History of

Two

Jewish Mrs.

who

latelyresided in London.
was

By

Haywood.
states

Gay further
Reader,
A

that this story

reprintedin the
Belle Juive, novels called
.

1880.
a

story with
was

somewhat in
a

La similar title,

included

collection of current

et Galantes publishedat Paris,1 731 tragiques Verse. and and Entertaining in Prose 592. Letters,Moral Part Part I. II was By Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe.

Histoires

593.

in 1731 and Part III in 1733. The Lifeof the Countess de Gondez tr. by

added

Penelope Aubin. Mary

Eliza

594.

The

(12511, aaaa.17.) Life and Intriguesof

Parrimore,
"c.
or

the late celebrated Mrs.

595. Persecuted

Virtue,

the B.

Cruel

Lover.

By

Mrs.

Haywood.

(D. N.

1730.)

1730

(dedicationsigned of Philaris and OUnda S. L.). (8028 bbb.i6.) A belated and vulgar Arcadian romance. with 597. The Brother; or, Treachery punished. Interspersed the Adventures Don Alvare, Lorenzo, of Don and the and dramatic entertainment, Bacchus, a Cupid Written adventures of Mariana, sister to Don Alvarez. by a Person of Quality. (1459,b.30.)
596. The Amours
. "
.

series of cloak and

on

sword

novels.

598. Love-Letters

lately passed between persons (1016 f. 8.) ofdistinction. By Mrs. Haywood. Worthies; or the Uves of Peter the Great, 599. The Northern and of Catherine the late father of his country
" "
.

all occasions

Czarina. second
600.

By
edition.

Fontenelle

by (6ii, a.io.)
tr.

J. Price. of the
. .

pts.

Persian

Anecdotes;
Written Madame

or

Secret

Memoirs

Court
.

of

Persia.

originally in
de

French

celebrated

Gomez.

Translated

by the by Paul

Chamberlain.
601.

(Conant) by C.
de

Persian

Letters

Secondatf
in 1731

Baron

de

Montesquieu
in Edinburgh

translated by Mr. There

was a

Ozell. and
a

third edition

dxth

in 1773. 602.

The

Ramble;

or

a
.

View
between

of several
some

amorous

and

diverting

of Drury Lane and two certain Rakes. (io79.ii26(3).) Chandler, Lit. ofR, i. 150, assignsthis to G. Fidge, 1651. of from the French 603. The Voyages of Cyrus. Translated of Chevalier Ramsay. [Paris,1727.] (Dunlop.) intrigues
.

ladies

1731

604.

The

Amours

of

the

Count

de

Soissons
.

in
. .

relation of the

of persons of distinction gallantries

.
. .

during the ministryof Cardinal Richelieu by J. Seguin. from the French edition. (1801,d.25.)
. . .

lated TransThe second

Cf. Modem

605. The

Constant
amours

Novels, 1692. Lovers; being

and and adventures

an

entertaining historyof the of Solenus and Perrigonia^ John

Littleton

Alexis

Sylvia. By

Costeker.

(12613,3.)
606.

The

Edition by Applebee. History of Executions. Reprinted in 1732 with the addition of The Lives of the most remarkable criminals. (Lit.of R., i. 178.) editions in 1728, 1736-35. Translated from the French

Other

607. The

Life of Mahomet. (10605, b.) Reprinted in 1752.

i la

608.

Love

Mode;

or

the

amours

of FloreUa
celebrated ladies

and

PhiUis;
those

being
names.

the memoir
-

of (12614 g.)
of Miss

two

under

609. The

Memoirs

Cadier

and

her Father.

(Gay.)

229

6io.

MUk

for Babes, Meat

Comical, Sarca^tical
in

for Strong
.

Men.
. . .

Being

"

Account

of

late election
. . .

der Alexanof that City. By Bagdad, for Caitiff the Copper Smith. Second edition. (Conant.) 6ii. The Progress of a Rake; showing the various Intrigues he met with. (12330 ccc.34(6).) 612. The Scarborough Miscellany. An originalcollection of of which ever appeared in poems, odes, tales. None printbefore. By several hands. (12330,k.i2(3).) In 1734 a second edition appeared. 613. Two Journals; the firstkept by seven sailors in the island of St. Maurice in Greenland " Done out of Low Dutch. In a Col. of Voyages and Travels. (566,k.7.) 614. The Unhappy Lovers; or, the History of James Welston,
^

Gent

"

together
the Tales.

with

his

voyages

and

travels.

(Bound with 615. Winter Evening

Mercenary Lover.)
See

Collections.

1732 In two lated TransParts. of Cochin-China. from the Italian of Chris. Borro, by A. and J. In a Col. of Voyages and Travels Churchill. (566 K.7.) Taken from privatememoirs of the 617. The Life of Sethos. script Ancient Egyptians. Translated from a Greek Manuinto French [or rather an by J. originalwork into done and now English by Terrasson] faithfully Lediar. Mr. (289.a. 76.) 616. An

Account

1733
618.

The

Adventures
over

of Prince Jakaya;
Being
secret

or, The

triumph of love
of
the Ottoman

ambition.

memoirs

court.

de La

French [ofAdrian original Vieuville D'Orville]. 2vols. (12491C.33.)

Translated from the

Cf. the Annals

of Love,

no.

20.

619. The Desperadoes;an heroick history.

. . .

Tr.

from

the Italian

of Giovanni
a

620.

Rosalinda;
and

Novel.

(12477, b.17.) Amhrogio Marini. Containing the histories of Rosalinda

and

Lealdus, Dorisba

Leander, Emilia

and

Edward,

230

AdelaiSf Daughter of Otho II, Saxony,

Tr.

and

Alerames, Duke By

of

With

most

remarkable
. . .

story of Edmund^
a

Earl the gallant

of Salisbury

man

from

the French

[ofGaspard Moise
between Telemachus

of Quality. FontanieuJ.
and
the

(12512,dd.40.)
A
romance

somewhat
romances.

heroic
621.

The

Secret History of Mama

{i. e., Princess

new

Anne
With 1734

OeUo, Princess royalof Peru daughter of George II). A

a

court

novel.

key.

(i4i8d.40.)

622.

VEntretein French

des

Beaux Mme.

of

Esprits, Translated de Gomez by Mrs.

and Adventures

from

the

Haywood.

(D.N.B.)
623. General
noted

History of

the Lives

highwaymen.

By

of the most Captain Charles Johnson.

(L. of R.) of the most 624. General History of the Robberies and murders famous Pyrates. By Ch. Johnson [before1734]. 625. The Life and Adventures Oliver Cromwell, etc.
entitled Le natural son of of Mr. Cleveland tr. from the French [A romance
,

PhUosophe anglaisby Antoine Prevost d'Ekiles.] 4 vols. (1251623.)^

1736, another
in all its

Frangois

In 626. Love

edition, Dublin.

of the 627.
E.

Shapes, Illustrated by the various practices Jesuits with Ladies of Quality. (Gay.)
between
.

Love-Letters
. .

nobleman
. .

and
.

his sister

"

viz.

628.

(Forde) Lord G (rey)of Werk and the Lady Henrietta B{erkeley). Second edition. (11626 a.24.) Cf. no. 298, 1682; 393, 1693; 583, 1728. The Pleasant Companion; or, Wit in all shapes; being a choice collection of novels, N. 34.) tales. (Bod. Douce
The novels
are:

Love's The The

^This and book
was

Artifice, or

the

Negro.
Thief [from
10,

Despairing Prodigal. Labyrinth,or the Fortunate

announced in

Painter].
as

the

Daily Journal, Mar.

10,

1731

in

press

in the Loudon

Evening Post for April

1731

as

published that day.

232

prefatorydiscourse on the usefulnessof romances. 2 vols. (1076,1.43.) Memoirs and 641. History of Prince Titi, Done from the French de Saint-Hyacinthe] iy [of H. Cordonnier Person of Quality. (12511CC.2.) a
642. Le Paysan
Samuel
Parvenue.

Translated

from

the French

of

Marivaux.

(Cited by Miss Richardson.) (Cited by

Richardson.)
1737 Miss

C. L.

Thompson

in her

643.

La

Vie de

Marianne.

Translated

from
C. L.

the French

of in

Marivaux. her Samuel

Thompson

644. The Bachelor of Salamanca;

de

or^ Memoirs

of Don
Mr.

Cherubim

la Ronde.

In

jpts
Ren6
Le

Translated

[from the
Lockman.

French
2

of Alain

Sage)] by
and

vols. Female

(i25iob.29.)
Page:
a

645. The

Genuine

Persons to some Relating Boyd. (oi26iig.i7.) It bears the running title "The

Interesting History of Distinction. By Elizabeth Happy

Unfortunate."

1738 646. The Life and Heroick Christendom; with

with the
man

Actions
a

Eighth Champion of account particular of his combat

of
moon,
etc.

the

in

the

(Professes to

be

extracted Gurthrie. This

from

the

work

of

R.

Johnson.)

By J.

(l26o3.aa.)
1739

is a satire.

647. Chinese
at

Historical,and Philosophical, Critical Correspondence between a Chinese Traveler

a

Letters; being
and and his

Paris

Countrymen
Translated

in
. .

Persia

Japan.
French

China, Muscovy^ into [or rather

.

written
now

in]

done

into

by the Marquis d'Argenson; and (Conant.) English. Reissued in 1 74 1

.

648. The

Unfortunate Dutchess;
novel
1310

or.

The

Lucky

Gamester;

founded (12).)

on

true

story.

(Bod. G. Pamph.,

283

1740

City Jilt; or, the AQderman) (J. Barber?) turned Beau. (8227bb.) The Cruel Mistress;beingthe genuine trialof E. B. and her 650. daughter for the murder of Jane Buttersworth their servantmaid, etc. Second edition. (5i8f.69.) 651. The Life and Adventures of Mrs. C. Davies commonly called Mother Ross. By R. Burton (or D. Defoe authorities,without good reason, think). as some (io826ee.i6.) In 1 741 reprinted.
649- The 652. Pamela;
or.

Virtue Rewarded.
a

In

series of Familiar
to her Parents^

Letters

from

beautiful young
secret

damsel

By Samuel 653. The Whimsical

Advertised

Richardson.

Apothecary;a
in The

history.
202,

City Jilt and

are

probably identical with

1670.

the Gentleman The

Apothecary,no.
mentioned
to find out

following novels
I have

been unable

by Langbaine but anything further about

them:
1.

2.

3.

furnished the source for English Adventurers Shirley'sThe Doubtful Heir. The English Lovers,by John Dancer, written between novels which 1660 and 1675, comprised numerous furnished plots for plays. furnished Ehira the plot of Lord Digby's tragicomedy The Elvira about German

4. The A

1667. Princess, a Novel, of Capts.Ward

was

the

source

for

Witty Combat, in ,1663.

Overthrow
and

5. The

Daneke turn'd

was

the
in

source

for the

play

Christian

Turk

6.

1609. The Wall-Flower, by Dr.

Powell with the

Baily, furnished
Treacherous

George
Brother,

plot for The

1690.

234

AN

ALPHABETICAL

LIST

OF

THE

MORE

IMPORTANT

REPRINTS
1.

Amadis

ofGauIe. Bk. I
II in 1595, and in

was

translated Ill and

IV

by
were

A.

Munday

in

1590, Bk. 1618.

Bks.

some

time before

Early
Oakes.

1619 all four books By Robert

reprintedby

Nich.
2.

Arbasto, King of Denmark.

and
tr. in

Greene, in 1626.
de San Piedro
in

3. Amalte 1491, 4. Bevis

Lucenda.

[By Hernandez

1575.] 1608 and 1660. of Southampton in 1638-39, 1690, and advertised

Ttdlies Love.

in

the T. C. for 1692. 5. Ciceronis Amor,

161 1, 1616, 6. The Countesse

By Robert
as

Greene,

in

1605,

1628, 1639, described

the tenth

edition.

of Pembroke's

A rcadia.

[1590]in 1605, 1613, 1621, with sixth book, 1629, with additions, 1623, 1627, with Beling's 1633, 1654-55 with add. and biography of Sidney, 1662,
1674, 1725 modernized
omitted
In
1

Sidney. By Sir Philip Alexander's third book,

by

Mrs.

Stanley "With
The Famous

the poems

to

please the subscribers."

was

701,

it

condensed
or,

as

History of
an

Heroic abstract

Acts:

The

Honour

of

Chivalry. Being

of Pembroke's Arcadia. [By I. N.] 7. Daphnis and Chloe of Longus [1598]. Retranslated in 1657, and again,by James Craggs, in 1733. %. An Ethiopican Historic: Fyrst Written in Greeke by HeUodorus and translated into English by T{homas) U{underdowne). Entered for Thomas Harris, Sept. 6, 1602, and November
21,

for Cotton, but

his edition bears his

the

date

1606.

In

1622, another
done the
out

edition; Heliodorus
with

of Greeke editor V. Barrett]

EthiopicanHistoric [by Underdowne] and compared [by

other

translations in

diverse

of Heliodorus. and delivered paraphrasticaUyin stancy: by W. Lisle. 1687, The Triumphs of Love and Converse a Romance, containing the Heroick Amours of The first In ten books. Theagenes and Chariclea. by a Person the last five by N. Tate. Second edition, of Quality, languages. 1638, The Amplified, augmented,
Famous

Historic

235

The

presumably that advertised in the stancy. r.C, 1684, under the title The Triumphs of Love and Confirst edition is references
on

Other

the S.R,

are

as

follows:

1619, Feb.
to

16, transferred

to

Snodham;
Dec.
to

1619, July 8,
19, transferred

transferred to Lawrence

Haies; 1625,

Aide; 1638, Sept. 4, transferred

The date of the is uncertain.
In

Haviland
of

Wright.
was

original edition
ende

Underdowne's Coldock booke is the

no

translation licensed to odorus

1569, Francis
of the Xth. there
in

publish "The
Yet

of Heliedition

Ethiopian Historye" but

Underdowne it "as not
k Wood

bearing that date.

in his edition of

preface to

the 1587 edition mentions

Anthony

long since." Bliss" that states positively

same

the earliest edition is 1577, and that the by an undated copy in the Bodleian
9.

is represented
and his

Library.

Euphues;
England
much

the

Anatomy

of Wyt [1579]and
In "the

Euphues

[1581]. By John Lyly.

1606, 1607, 1609?,

seventeenth edition

1613, 1617, 1623, 1630, 1636, 1716

altered." Golden Asse of Lucius
The

10.

Apuleius. Entered for Charles This is presumbaly a reprint of Knight June 26, 1600. first appeared the translation by William Adlington which in 1566 and was reprintedin 1571 and 1596. References
in listsof transfers in 5. R. for 12,
was

occur

May,
12,

1629, March
1637,
a

8,

1635-6, and July by "W. S."

mentions
an

1639.
entered

On

July
for does

lation trans-

John Thomas.
not

Huth

edition

of 1641 but

specify the

translation.
11.

Griselda,i.
and

History of the Noble Marquis of Salus Patient Grissel, 1619, 1630?, 1660, and 1703.
e,, The

12.

Guy, Earl of Warwick,

de Tormes in

in

1640, 1681, 1706,

was

1711,

1733.

13. Lazarilio

[The

first part

translated originally

1568.] 1619?, 1638?, 1653, 1655, 1670, 1672, 1677,

1708, 1726.
14. 15.

1607?, 1610, 1616. Menaphon [isSg]. By Robert Greene. and Omatus Artesia [1598]. By Emanuel Ford. 1607, 1634, 1654 ti^e fourth, 1669, 1683.

236

i6.

Palmeryn of England.
1639 with Palmeryn
editions. d'Oliva.

[1588] 1602, 1609, 1616, 1617?,

many

Florian, 1664.

17.

[1588], 1615, 1637 and

and

undated

18.

Pandosto,
Greene. with

or

Dorastus

Fawnia

[1588], By

Robert

1614, 1648, 1677, 1688, 1696 moralized and bound

Ford.

19.

Josephus, 1703, 1750?. Parismus [1598]. By Emanuel

1608, 1609, 1615,

1630, 1633, 1636, 1649 the thirteenth,1657, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1668, 1671, 1677, 1680?, 1684, 1690, 1696, 1699,
20.
21.

1704, 1713. Philomela [1592].

1701, A

Quip for
1635.

an

By Robert Greene. Upstart Courtier. By

Golden

1615 and
R. Greene.

1631.
1620

and
22.

Rosalynde, Euphues
Lodge.
Hood,
one

Legacie [1590]. By
are

Thos.

1607, 1609, 1612, 1623, 1634.

The editions seldom dated but there
in

23. Robin
was

24.

1678, and others in 1700? and 1712. The Destruction of Troy [astranslated by Caxton]. 1607 the fifth edition, others in 1617, 1663, 1670, 1676, 1680, 1684, 1702, 1708, 1738
tenth.
at

Dublin

described

as

the

eigh-

25.

26.

The Latin version was More. Utopia. By Sir Thomas printed in 1516 and reprinted in England in 1663, An English translation appeared in 1551, 1750, 1771. by Robinson, which was reprintedin 1556, 1597, 1624, 1639. Burnet's version was printed by Chiswell in 1684 and reprintedin Dublin in 1737. Valentine and Orson [1586] or earlier. 1637, 1649?,1673?, 1680?, 1690?, 1697?, 1700?, 1710, 1724, 1736 described
as

the sixteenth, 1741.

Noe Art
can cure

27.
28.

Vienna, 1650.
The

this Heart

[1485]. 1620, 1638?,

Voyage of the Wandering Knight [1572]. By Jean Cartigny [tr.1581], 1607, 1615?, 1620, 1650, 1661, 1670, 1687 as The Conviction of Worldly Vanity.

237

CHRONOLOGICAL LECTIONS OF

LIST NOVELS

OF

THE WITH
IN

PRINCIPAL THE NOVELS

COL-

CONTAINED I. The Annals

EACH

Select Histories of the Amours of Love, containing of Divers Princes Courts PleasantlyRelated. For

J. Starkey, London,
of Castile

1672.
a

1. 2.

Countess Alfreda

elopes with
revenge

Pilgrim.
by the husband
of

of

England.
The taken of Castile. the Duchess of Modena.

3. Don

Garcia.

the Countess
4. The

Duke

and

couple, passionatelyloved by the Empress and Emperor respectively, loyal to each other are and while talking over their plight in a garden are overheard by the emperor and practically compelled
to commit

This

suicide. of Castile. of

5. Three

Princesses

Raymond, is unloved by him. sister Elvira, exasperated by her husband, Her The yields to Raymond. discovery of her crime
leads to the death of all concerned. her affairs with

Urasia, wife

Theresa, equallydisloyal, manages

such
6.

discretion

as

to

avoid

detection.

Agnes de Castro.
the
son

the fair Nun marries 7. Constance the Emperor Frederick.

8.

of her lover,

James King of Aragon.

wife. Fraticelles
or

His

revenge

on

faithless

9. The
10.

HypocriticalFryars. Dulcinus, King of Lombardy.

11.
12.

Nogaret and Mariana. Don Pedro, King of Castile.

13. 14.

John Paleologus,Emperour of Greece. of Savoy. Amedy, Duke

of Pontieuvre. Feliciane.

15. Countess
16.

17. Jone,

supposed of Castile.

238

8. The

Persian

Princess.

19. Don
20.

Sebastian, King of Portugal.

a

Jecaya
This

Turkish

Prince.
as

tale,enlarged,reappeared in 1733

The

Adventures II. il Collection

Wits Works

of P. /., a translation from D'Orville.

most

of Select Discourses out of the of France and Italy. A Prefaceto

S. R. for

Eminent Sarassin's

M.

by M. PeHssin. By London, 1678. (836C.1.)

1. 2.

Henry

Brome,

3.

Dialogue of Love, by M. Sarassin. Wallenstein's Conspiracy,by M. Sarassin. a Alcidalis, Romance, by M. Voiture.

In

1676

burlesque version of this

the title Zelinde
an

romance

peared apnew

under
romance.

excellent

4. Freskie's

There such III.

as

are one

Conspiracy by Sig. Mascardi. and letters to the dead, also discourses on style to Cleopatre urging her to kill herself.

Novels Exemplifiedin Eight Choice and Elegant Delightful Histories Lately Related by the most Refined Wits; with Interludes in which are comprised the Gallant Adventures Amorous and Famous EnterIntrigues, the most prizes of several English Gentry. With
. .

Pathetick Oratory and

Subtil

Stratagems used

in Love-

Affairs. The fourth Impression,Enlarged with the Novels. Addition Printed of two New by Benj. 1686. (io8id.6.) Crayle, The stories are eight in number. The tale of a poor reprobatewho won a 1. Honorious. rich wife by a trick.
2.

AmasiusandOrtelia.

These
a

lovers

were

betrothed,but
father tried

desiringto make
to

better match

Amasius's

force him and grief

to marry
was

of

another, whereupon Ortelia died shortlyfollowed to the grave by her

an

lover.
3. Cratander.

He rescued
uncle

heiress from is rewarded

cruel death

by

murderous and

and

by winning

her hand

her wealth.

240

bear varying dates and the hands, for the title-pages

printand
Vol.
1. 2.

paper

are

not

uniform.

I. The

3.

Queen Elizabeth. of Alangon and Queen Elizabeth. The Duke The King of Tamaran or Hattige. By G. Bremond (1680.)
A very
coarse

Earl of Essex

and

(?)

tale of

faithless mistress. Grenadine.

4.

Homais,

Queen of Tunis, by Sebastian love-intrigue.

Mistake:
a new

(1681.)
A
coarse

5. The Lucky Behn. Volume

6. II.

novel'. (1689.) By A.

Casimer, King of Poland

7. Count Gabalies or Done Cabalists.

8. The

(Amours oQ. (1692.) the Extravagant Mysteries of the into English by ?" A(yres).
Brion. tory A secret his-

Cheating Gallant; or, Count

of court
amours.

9. The

Perplex'dPrince. The princemarried a subject, and after his wife's death is prevailedupon to declare the child ill^timate, but later he discovered his brother was plotting againsthim and made the child his heir. The of the country better than usual. are descriptions
Probably there is
the Duke
a

covert

allusion to

Charles

and

of Monmouth.

Volume
10.

III. The Court P. B. Secret Court

in two

parts.
the

Dedication

signed

scandal

in Oriental
or

setting.
most

11.

The

Countess

of Salisbury; An

noble Order
in Two

of the Garter.
Done
out

Historical

Novel

Parts.

of French

by Mr. Ferrand
to

Spence.

(1683.)
is

The

introduction

this well-known

anecdote

he had changed amusing, for the translator explains because "Joan" was the heroine's name too "vulgar," and for similar
reasons

the author

had

altered and

enlarged certain details.

241

Volume
12.

IV. The Character in two The

on
a

of
true
an

Love

Guided

stanced by Inclination,in-

histories.
account

(1681.)
effects of love

first was

of the

remarks on passionateboy followed by some the benefits of a good education. Disorders of Love; a gallantNovel. 13. The New Fortune, by G. Bremond. over 14. Triumph of Love (1678.) This is a tale of a shepherdess who preferreda shepherd to a King.
15. Love

Victorious

over

Fortune.

of the obstacles lovers manage to elope in spite by their parents. put in their way The Volume
16.

V. Don Sebastian

King of Portugal, trs. by Ferrand medley of love and

war.

Spenoe.
This story is a 17. Art of
18. 19. The

Making Love. Fatal Beauty of Agnes de Castro.

Amorous Abbess
or

Love

in

an

(1688.) Abbey.

This contains Volume

20.

the usual

of crossed loves. intrigue

of Guise.

VI

Life of Francis of Lorrain, Duke

This
no seems

(1681.)
are

to be

bone

fide

biography; there
The

love

intrigues.
or

21.

Fatal Hero.

Prudence;
A Novel.

Democrates,
out

Unfortunate

Translated

of French.
of the

(1679.)
Bassa

22.

Ottoman Buda.

Gallantries; or, the Life

of

23.

Don

lator's Trans(1687.) Translated out of French. prefacesigned B. Berenclow. Heneriques de Castro; or the Conquest of the

Indies. A Volume

Spanish novel.
Chaste
: or, Yolanda Seraglian

VII. of

24. The
25. The
17

Sicily. A Novel
of the Court

in two

parts done

out

of French

by T. H., Gent.
of

Princess of Fess; or, the Amours

242

Morocco.
a

This

is a secret

historyin the form

Romance. de

of

romance. an

26.

Zelinde;
from

Excellent

New

Translated

the French

of Monsieur

Scud^ry.
Alddalis

By T.
and

D., Gent.
This Zelide.
27.

(1676.) is a burlesque of Voiture's

28.

Roman. Obliging Mistress; or, the Fashionable (1678.) A series of lively but not very decorous intrigues. The Revived Fugitive; A Gallant Historical Novel. (1690.)

The

Volume

rather poor VIII.

short

romance.

29. The

Ejttravagant Poet;
from A the French humorous but
more

Comical

Novel.

lated Trans-

by G. R., Gent.
in the
manner

character

of the

(1681.) tator Spec-

extravagant.

30. The

31.

Unequal Match; or the Life of Mary of Anjou, Queen of Majorca. Published by C. Blount. (1681.) Amours of Bonna Sforza, Queen of Polonia. (1684.)

32. The

History of the Mar^chal

Ladies. of

de la Fert6.

(1690.)

Volume
33.

IX. Gallant A

group

ladies tell their and

mixture

of

romance

experiences. This intrigue contains a considerable

and morals."

amount

of ''manners

34. The

Minority of St. Lewis. Primarily a true history though there love intrigues.
Memoirs:
or

are

some

35.

Gallant

the Adventures

of

Person

of and

Quality. Written
translated

in French

by G.

Bremond

by Peter Belon.
Dedicated
to

(1681.)
the Earl of Orrery. Novel.

36. The
A Volume
X.

Happy Slave by G. Bremond.

romance.

37. The

Count A

de Soissons, a Gallant
sword

cloak and typical Princess

novel.

38. The

of Montferrat.

243

novel

of the cloak and of the Hdtel

sword

order modified

by

the conventions
39.

de Rambouillet. Court.

The A

Rival Princesses:
coarse

or, the Colchian

(1689.)

secret

history.
or, the

Volume
40.

XL
The

41.

History of the de Maintenon. Amours of Madam (1690.) Meroveus, A prince of the Blood-Royal of France. (1682.) Opened;
Secret This story is
set

Cabinet

in the middle

ages.

The

queen

is

remarkably
42.

well drawn.
of Amboise
or

The

Count

the Generous

Lover.

Trs.

(1689.) by Peter Belon. Evidently modelled after the Princess of Cleves and though not so good as that, it is superiorto most novels of the period.
Volume
43. XIL

Instructions Person

for

of Honour. Rewarded:

Young Nobleman (1683.)

or,

or

the Idea of

44.

Virtue Novel.

the

Irish Princess.

New

(1693.)

45. The Emperour and the Empire Betrayed: By Whom novel and How. Not but a controversial pama phlet.

46. Dialogues of
to

the in

Dead.

In Three

Parts.

Dedicated

Lucian

Elysium.

Made

English by

J.D.

\ A

(1683.) and Ladies, consistingof Nine Banquet for GenUemen Contick and Tragick Novels. London, second impression,
1703.
1. 2.

The The

Treacherous

Friend. Not unlike the

Jealous Husband.

Merry Wives

of Windsor,
3. The 4.

Friendly Cheat. Jealousy without a Cause.

turn'd

5. Cuckold 6. The

Confessor, by John Haywood.

Reclaimed and

Prodigal
is
a

Virginity
Force

Restored.

This

translation of The

of

Blood

vantes. by Cer-

244

7. The 8. The

Unfortunate Cruel

Lovers.
She

daughter's lover The her his heart at dinner. killed and serves girl is prevented from committing suicide by another
Mother. has her lover whom she marries. Bacchanalians.
In Six Volumes. Written

9. The

VI.

Select Collection of Navels.

the most

by

celebrated A uthors in several

never

Languages.

Many

and all newly appeared in Englishbefore; Translated from the Originals. By several Eminent S. Croxall, 1722, reprinted1729. Hands. (12410c.)

of which

Vol. I. Huet's Letter to

Segraisupon

the

Originalof Romances.

The The

Zayde. Marriage of Belfegor.

Jealous Estremaduran.
IL

Volume The The

The The

Princess of Cleves.
Fair

Pt. Inn.

I dated

1720.

Maid of

of the

Friendship. History of the Captive from

III.

Force

Don

Quixote.

Vol.
Don

Carlos;
French

an

Historical

Novel.

written in Originally Leonora de

by the Abb6

of St. R6al. de Belflor and

The

History of the Count

The The The

The

Cespedes. Curious Impertinent.

Prevalence of Blood. Liberal Lover. Beautiful Turk.

Vol. IV.
The

Happy
Rival
Innocent

Slave.
Ladies.

The The The

Adultery.
of the

History
the

Conspiracy

of the the

Spaniards against
Year MDCXVIII.

Republic

of Venice.

In

Vol. V. The

Spanish Lady

of

England.

245

The The The

Lady
False Litde

Cornelia. Dutchess.

Ethelinda.

Gypsy. An English Novel

done

from

the

Italian

of Flaminiani. Vol. VI. The Life of Castniccsio Castracani of

Lucca. From

Machiavelli. The Loves

of

Osmin

and

Doraxa.

From

Guzman

d'

Alfarache. The
Amour

of Count

Palviano

and

Eleanora.

Scanderbeg the Great.

VII. Winter

Evening Tales.
Related
f

Being
an

Collection of Entertaining

Stories Persons

in

Assembly
Nation.

of

the

most

Polite

of

the

French

Published

by

F.

1.

2.

Cogan, 1731. (12614.ccc.14.) History of the Marquis de Criton. the same much plot as The Conscious short A very anecdote showing how
unusual incidents made
a man

story
Lovers.

with

number

of

think

his wife untrue. enabled his

3. The
son

4. The 5. All

This man's Vinegar Man. to marry a girlof rank. A practical Baby. joke.

wealth

Covet,

All

Lose;
at

or

too

many

stringsto

lady's

bow.
6. The 7. Mile. 8. The

Landlady
Ch., The Mercenary

Mans. and the Chevalier.

Count

Lady.

9. Mistaken

workers Opinion. A gentleman hearing two irontalkingthinks they are discussingthe bolts
fires of love.

and
10.
11. 12.

bars and

The One

Coquette Widow. Project destroys

Roches.

another.

Mile, de

13. The 14.

Illustrious Water-Carrier.
too

[From Cervantes.]

Prentice

Hard

for his Master.

15. The
16.

Stone. Philosopher's

Col. and
Cornelia.

Mile, de St. Valentine.

version

of

Lady

by Digitized

246

LIST

OF

THE

MORE WORKS

IMPORTANT ARE

ENGLISH INCLUDED

WRITERS
IN THE

WHOSE FOREGOING

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aubin, Penelope. Bacon, Francis.

Greene, Robert.

Haywood,

Eliza.

Barclay,John.
Barker, Jane. Baron, Robert. Behn, Aphra. Boyle, Roger. Breton, Nicholas. Brown, Thomas. Bunyan, John. Burton, R., Nathaniel
Crouch. ess Cavendish, Margaret, Duchof Newcastle.

Head, Richard.

Johnson, Richard.
Kirkman,
Francis.

L'Estrange,Roger. Lodge, Thomas. Lyiy. John Lyttelton,George, first

Baron.

Mackenzie, George.

Manley, Mary
Markham,

de la Rivi^.

Gervase.

More,

Sir Thomas.

Congreve, William.
Crowne, John. Davies, John of Kidwelly. Defoe, Daniel.

John. Phillips, Sidney, Philip. Swift, Jonathan.

248

Amours
202,

of Philaris
227

and

OHnda,
de

51,

Arthurian

romances,

600-1

740, 3-5

contrasted Count

with

Spanish cycles, 5
187

Amours
22S

of the

Soissons,

Asteria

and

Tamberlaine,

Astraea, History of the Marshal

of the
201

of,

161 28

Amours
205

de

BoufHers,

Astrie

(Honor6 Major,
Mrs.

d'Urfi), 16,
212

Atalantis Sultana

Amours

of Barbary,
and Comical

Aubin,
of,
Mme,
217;

Penelope,

Narratives

61,

characterized,
de

106;

Life of

of
the

Amusements Calculated

Serious

Beaumont,

106,

io7n,

for
47, izi,

the 206

Meridian

of

Strange
de

Adventures and
his

London,
Anaxander Annals

Count

Vinevil

family,
Slaves,

and

Orasia, 169

106, io7n, 106, 219;

a

218;

The

Noble

of Love, The, 183

in picaresque miscellanies,

History of Genghiscan,
;

Anti-hero
45

translation, 106, 218 of

.224;

Life and Lucy,

Adventures
an, 39
mances, ro-

the The

Lady

Anti-romance, Zelinde Anti-romances,

44-45; 45~47
;

106,
French

107,

Illustrious
225;

43-49;

comic

Lovers,
the

106, 107-8,
de

picaresque
narrative

cellanies, Life of mis-

Countess
227',

Gondes, Defoe, 108;

satires,

106, 106,

io8n,
134;

imitated

47-48;

contribution

of, 48-49

value

of of

works,

Apollonius of Tyre, 7, 8-9 Apologue, Apparition Apuleius, The

Arabian
212

undated
112;

edition

works,
171

225n

The,

examples,
Mrs.
127,

fluence Aurora in-

and

the Prince, Defoe's

of,

113

Autobiography, Veal,
209 9

favorite
130

of

The

form

of

narration, 127,

(Daniel Defoe),
Golden

Ass,

Bachelor
in,

of Salamanca,
Sir

The,

232

Nights

Entertainment,

Bacon,
20;

Francis,

New

Atlantis,

163
The

Arcadia

(Sir Philip Sidney), 14-16;

features

Baily, Dr., Bajaxet,

Bandello,
221

Wall-Flower,

233

significant popularity
imitations Pandion Arcadian Arcadian and

in,

14-15; 15,

of,

15 ;

referenqes,
pattern
40

8, 51 for Gentlemen
and

of, 16;

for

Banquet
Barbauld,

Ladies,

Amphigenia,
166

A, 8, s", 207

Princess, The,

Mrs.,
14

on

Richardson's

Romances, Arcadia,
14-15

14-16;
;

ney's Sid-

predecessors,
63;
sketch of

imitations,

Barclay, John, Argenis, 23-25

life of, 23n;

; 162-

16; elements
Aretina

of, in AstrSe, 28

Eu-

(Sir 178 (John

and

George

Mackenzie)

phormionis
47,

Lusinini

Satyricon,

26-27; Argenis

158 Jane,
on

Barclay),

24;

lations trans-

Barker, Mrs.
43 ;

the romances,

imitations, 24-25,

41

early

associations

of,

103

Ariana

(D. de Saint-Sorlin),38, 167 Queen, The,

220 200

Poetical

Recreations,
and

103-4;

ours Am-

Arragonian
Art

of Bosvil
214 ;

Galesia, 104,
i04n "3, ^14;
;

of Making
or

Love,
the

The,

other
in,

romances, 104-5,

Exstructive in-

Artamenes

Grand

Cyrus,

33,

ilius, 3

36, 175

novels,

105;

Patch-

249

work
221

Screen
; The

for the Ladies,

105,

Biographical narrative
17th century,
60-62 Biondi

popular

in

Lining of the Patchwork

73, 105,
224;

Screen,

story The

of

on

Sidney,
romances

x6;

Eromena,

Capt. Manley,

105-6;

tian Chris-

30 ; three ;

by, 38
i79

Pilgrimage translated
The Barlaam

by, 215 of,

224

Birinthia, 33,
Blackbom,

35,

Entertaining
and

Novels
7, 8

Bissel, John, Icaria, 25, 167

Josaphat,
The

Richard, Clitie,200 R., Three

novels in one,

Baron,
^fny,

Robert,
40-41

Cyprian Acad-

Blackboum,
201

; 171

Bath-lntrignes, 221
Behn,
Mrs.

Blackmore,
Source of The

Sir Richard, Epics of, 4 Vision

Aphra,
36;

Blair, Bryce, Verax, 183

Biasing

of Theodorus (Duchess
of

Young
of

King,

75-85;
three

sketch of
a

life, 75-76;

series
to

World,
23,

The

letters, 76; Gentlemen,

Watch,
stories:

Love-Letters

Newcastle)

36, 93

76-77;
19
m

Letters
;

to

Bloody Innkeeper, The, X85 Boccaccio, 8,

Bontemps,
Avantures Boulster
5X

Lycidas, 77-7^$
77,

The

Lover's

i98n;
Little

humorous

Roger,

Les

Heureuses
181

The

Black

Lady, 7880-

d'Amour,
x68

78, 196 ; The

79, 197;
200

King of Bantam,
Oroonoko, 46, Jilt,
of Fair

histories:
;

Lecture, A, Bourgeoisie dealt with only in comic

episodes, of,
terms

82, 83,

The

77, 82-

98

sympathetic
Bunyan
wrote

ment treat-

200;
:

novels

cloak

and

ixo;
122

in

sword

Agnes
201

de Castro, 83 ; The
;

of,

Nun,
84-85;

83, 83,

The

Lucky

take, Mis-

Bower's

Cyrus the Great, Source

Female

of,

201

; summary

of works, Mrs. and

36

compared
103;

with

wood, Hay-

Boyd, Elizabeth, The

233

Page,

Histories attributed

Novels,

205

books

to, 2x3 Booke

to

Boyle, Robert, Martyrdom

the and

dora of Theo-

Beling, Richard, Sixth

Countesse

of

Pembroke's

cadia, Ar-

Didymous, 8n, 199 Boyle, Roger, Lord Broghill, Parthenissa, 34,

X75 ;

163

personal
35,

sions allu-

Belon,
Court

Peter,

translator, 39;

The

in Parthenissa,

English

Secret, 168
and Urania

Adventures,

58-59, 186
The

Bentivolio
27

(N. Ingelo)

Brathwaite, Richard, Age,

207

Smoking

Beraldus, Prince Berenclow, Berger

of Savoy, 185

Bremond,

Gabriel

de, 38n Strange

tunes For-

R., translator, 39
Le

Breton, Nicholas, The

of Two
1$^] A

Extravagant,

(Sorel), 44
tory HisMoon
the

Excellent World
my

Princes, Masters,
X55

Bergerac, Cyrano
of the
and
the

de, Comical

Mad

States
21,

of

155 ; Grimello's

Fortunes,

Sun,
X63

168 Isle of Man,

Brief and
British
most

Merry

History of Great
The

Bernard, Richard, The

1x8, I2X,

Britain, 211
Recluse,
99, British 2x8 2130.

(Mrs.

wood), Hay-

Bemers,
noble

Lord, History of the

knight, Arthur

of Lytell

Visions, The,
see

Brytaine, 4

Broghill,Lord,

Boyle, Roger

250

Brothers,

The,

or

Treachery punished,
of Saiyricon,

38,
humor 53

42;

Don

Quixote,
;

44,

158;

55, 227

of, 45

Exemplary

Novels,

Brown, Thos., version

9;

179

Chamberlayne,
the

P., Pharonnida,
217

30,

Brown,
97

Tom, Dialogues of

Dead,

33;

Love

in its Empire,
on

Chandler, F. W., William, translated

171

cellanies, picaresque mis-

Browne,
Bunyan,
131

Polex-

43n,

45,

46, 47n heroes, 4; 16;

eled modon

andre, 32,

Chi4"books, dealing with

of Allegories,
122-24; Bad"

John, Sources
Pilgrim* s

imitations
on

of

Arcadia,

; ;

Progress,
Death
;

Euphues,

18 ; influence

190 man, to

Life

and

of Mr,

fiction, 115 Character," The,

95
90 ; in

46, 124-25
the

Grace

abounding
125
;

periodicals,
nation, by Incli-

Chief of Sinners,
125 ;

The

Holy War,

imitators

of, 125-

Character

of Love The, 198

guided

26 ; influence

of, 126-27
44
see

Burlesques, French,
Burton,
Crouch

Character-sketch, The, types and

Nathaniel

fluence in-

Richard,

of, 96-97;
C overly culmination

Sir

Roger

de

of, 137

Burton,

Richard of

or

Robert,

donym pseu4,

Character-sketches,48
Character

Nathaniel

Crouch,

study, subjective in Players

54 ; in

note

4a

Tragedy,

memoirs,

62

Bynnerman,
Amadis

Henry,

Treasurie

of

Characterization
31 ; in

in heroic

romances,

of Gaule, 5

dialogues, 97
in

Characters,
Cabinet

Ethiopian
in

History,'
14;

Open'd, The,
Aristocratic
to

202

11-12;

idealized

Arcadia,
23 ;

Canons,
Canons
29,

fiction
i

formed con-

prominent
Eromena,
miscellaneous

personages, 34 ; in

in
;

recognized,

Celenia, 35
in in

in

derived from
30

classical models,

romances,

New of

Atlantis, 60, 87-88;

and

novel

Capello

Bianca, 187

manners,

65

in

Mrs.

Manley's
Rowe's

Captain Singleton (Daniel Defoe),

129-30, 216

works, works,

86, 87;
94;
loi

in Mrs.

Mrs.

in
; in

Haywood's
works, works,

Carleton, R., Diana, Mantua,

contracted
41,

Duchess

of

works,
122,

Bunyan's

189, 191 1600-1740, Spanish Poland,

3;

123,

125 ; in Defoe's

Carolingian
Casimer,
202

romances

130,

133
on

with

cycles, 5 6x, 62,

Charlanne
romances,

translations
32

of heroic

King

of

Chaste story, The, and of Shakspere,

8n

Seraglian, The,

38, 196
188

Casket

Cheating Gallant, The, 62,

Chinese Chinese

Cassandra
208

Others

of the

Sex,

Letters,
Tales Mandarin
or

232

the

Adventures

of
iii,

Castiglione, The
of the

Courtier
;

of,

source

the
221

Fum-Hoam,

hero, 31
33,

89

Cclenia,

35,

231

Chivalric Persiles and and

Romances,

3-7:

Arthurian
;

Cervantes, Galatea, 37; Sigismunda,

Carolingian

cycles in, 3-5

38 ; Liberal

Lovers,

Spanish

cycles, 5 ; narratives

by

251

Ford,

6-7;

contribution

of,

to

Comical

Views
47

of London

and

minster, West-

early novel, 7, 116;

in heroic romances,

elements

of,
Commercial Commonwealth

28;
structure

tions redacin
122

class,Rise of the, of Oceana

20,

of, 115-16;
Pilgrim's Progress
Choice Rare
52,

(James

similar

to,

Harrington),

176 Closets,

Banquet
Fancies
179 and

of

Witty

Jests, Novels,

Companion
213

for the Ladies

Pleasant

Compendious
and Amorous

History of George the

The, 46; good

Choice
173

Novels

Tales,

Farmer,

61

Compleat Mendicant, Pilgrimage of Salignac de

the
man as

Christian
la Mo

hero

in, 49, 206 Pike, The

ixi

FenSlon,

215

Conant, Martha
216 Tale in

Oriental

Chronicle Cimmerian

of Tyburn, Matron,
51

The, The,

England,

181

Conduct Conduct

book, Euphues books,

133, 137
the

a, ;

17

Cinthio,
"Grcular

89-91

by

Defoe,

plot" in Roxana,
232

131

13a,

City Jilt, The,

Classical of
7-9;

Confession of R" B.
7-14;

hangman,

Romances,
term,
7;

tion significatales,
Greek

172

Milesian

Congreve, William,
from

on

novel

as

tinguished dison

Latin

fiction, 9-10;

romance,

50 ;

erotic

tales, 10-14
176

analogy drama,

between

fiction

and

Clelia, 33,

67, 68; Incognita, 67-69;

CUop"tre "Cleophil"
Cloria

(La

CalprenMe),

28, 36

pseud, of Congreve

quotations, 67-68, 203 (D. Defoe), Consolidator, The

127, 208 but

21,

Clidamus, 167
and

Constant

Narcissus, 25, 33, 175

2x0

Unhappy

Lovers,

The,

Codrington,

R., Life and

Death

of

Constant Solenus

Lovers,
and of

The,

story

of

Robert, Earl
Collection

of Essex, 171 Novels,

206

Perrigonia,
Alexis and

4^-43*

of Pleasant

228;
no

story

Sylvia,
English

Colloquialism introduced
114

into novel,

Contemporary
Jack
see

manners

in

Colonel

History and
of,
Don

markable Re-

novels, 63;

in

Defoe's

works, 132

Life of.

Contemporary
on

narratives. Elements

Comedy,
Comic

Influence

novels, 66
44;

in,

114

romances, 44;

Quixote,
44-45;

Continuation Don

of Comical
de
la

History

of

French,

English,
48;

fluence in-

Quixote

Mancha,

208

of, 45,
116

rized, rarely vulga-

Coralbo, 176
Costeker, John
ing Littleton, Entertain,.,

Comical upon Comical

Bargain,
Trick,
209

The,
of

or

Tricks

History .of
Perrigonia, 42-43 Cotterel,
Sir

Solenus

and

; 228

History
History
the

Francion,
the

44,

Charles,
33, 173 ;

translated

176
Comicaf and Comical

Cassander,

exchanged
"

of
168

Moon

epistles with
Orinda," 36
Count

the

Matchless

Sun,

21,

Pilgrim, The,

218

d'Amboise,

191,

201

252

Count Count

de Soissons, 200

roguery, 192
use

47;

optimism

in, 117, by, 119;

of Gabalis, The,

of

news-narratives

Counterfeit Lady
Countess Countess

Unveiled, The, 184

156
Urania

early History

literary training, 127-28;

of Bedford's Arcadia,
of

of

the

Wars
The

of Charles
Consolidator,

Montgomery's Wroth),
16

XII,
21,

127, 127,

214;

(Lady Mary
Countess Court

208;

The
127,

Apparition of
209; ;

of Salisbury, The,
201

195

Mrs.

Neal,

Robinson

Secret, The,
romances,

Crusoe, 128-29, 215

Capt, Singleton,
Flanders, Jack,

Courtly
to

Transition
i

from,
119,

129-30, 129-30,

216;
217;

Moll

novel

of

manners, 195

Colonel

Crafty Lady, The, Cranley, Thomas,

166

129-30,
119-20;

2187" Criminal

literature
12^
220; 132,

Amanda,
used

and
30;

narratives

of adventure,
119, 129-31,

Roxana,

Credence, Devices
Criminal

by Bunyan

Journal
218

of the Plague Campbell,

Year,

for gaining:, 125 ; by Defoe, 127

; Life and

Adventures
132,

of Mr.
cellaneous 216; mis132 ;

biography, raised
Prof.,
defines

to

realm

Duncan

of literature, 119;

by Defoe, 130
character-

narratives, Family
134,
214;

The

Cross,

Instructor, Religious
219;

90,

i3"-"33"

sketch, 96 Crouch,
Worthies Female

Courtship,
on

Nathaniel,
4;

reworked

old Nine
199;

90, prose

i33-34"

influence
;

stories,

History
of
the

of

fiction, 134-35
215;
;

The

Dumb

World,
;

Philosopher,
Pirates,
216

The

King

of

Excellency, 226 of Mother

Paudion

Life and

Due

Preparations
218;
The

Adventures

Ross, 233
and Am-

for the
...Life

Plague,

i2gn, 219
;

Crowne,
Cruel

John,

Highland Rogue,
A New
;

History of

phigenia, 33, 40, 179

Mistress, The,
and

232

of John Sheppard, 220; the World, Voyage Round

Cupid

Psyche, Episode
;

of,

221

Account

of

the
221

conduct
;

of

Cynthia,
199

41-42

quotation from, 42 ;

the

late /. Gow,

Life and
223; 207,
220,

Actions

of Jonathan
attributed

Wild,
202,

Cyprian Baron),
171

Academy,
40 ;

The

(Robert from,
41 ;

books
211,

to, 49,

quotation

212,

2i5n,

216,

218,

223n

Dekker, D., T., D., W.,

as

Thos., O

per

se

O, 46
157

The

translator,

39 41

Belman

of London,

Gent., Taxila,

Delightful Novels, The, 8,

Lovers,

52, 113 in

Dancer, John, The

233

English

Delightful Novels
eight choice

exemplified

Histories, 198
stories of popular

Daphnis
Davys,

and

Chloe

(Longus),
The

11

Deloney, Thomas,
heroes,
117;

Davies, J., translator, 182,

Mrs.

19 in

Historie
160

of John

of

Mary,
220

Reformed
de
214

Winchomb, Luna,

Coquette, 70,
Dean

John, Pursuit
de

torie of the His-

of Killerine,The, The, sin,

of Laearillo Dept, Arthur,

to

Tormes,

162

Decameron,
Defoe,
view

i6o

The

Plaine

Man's
121,

Daniel, Reflective in,

12

point of
of

Pathway

Heaven,

118,

171

and

romances

Descriptive narratives, 47-48

253

Desmarets

de

Saint-Sorlin,Ariana,

Digressions, Use
69

of

humorous,

68-

38

Desperadoes, The,
Dialogue, The,
a

229

Discovery of
in social ence influhitherto

New the

World;
South
20;

or

device

description of
Disguised

Indies

treatises, 90; of, 97 Dialogue

and between

examples and
Dick
212

unknown,

157

Prince, The
loi-a

wood), (Mrs. Hay-

Braeenface
Disorders and Distressed
210

; 226
200

Tim

Meanwell,
between

of Bassett,The,
Child in the

DiiUogue

Francesco

Wood,

The,

Aurelia, 198
Dialogue
in

novelle, 62;
66

in

tive narra-

Distressed

Orphan, The,
223

109;

lined, out-

comedies, Dialogues Dialogues

i09n.,

by Defoe, 97, 133-34

de
208

Divell de la

Married

Man,
and

The, 171 Venus,

206

M,

le

Baron

Diversions Domestic

of Mars

Hontan,

ress, history in Pilgrim's Prog123

Dialogues of Lucian, Imitations

97

of,
Domestic

life in
95 ;

sketches Mrs.
taste

in

odicals, peri-

Dialogues of the Dead, Dialogues of

Dialogues ing and
97 the

50,

196 works,

Hajrwood's
for themes

Dead

(Prior), 97
and

99,

102;

of the Dead
the Dead

the Liv^

from, 137
Domestic
120-21

(Tom

Brown),

tragedies, Examples

of,

Diana

(Montemayor),
Duchess
41,

37

Don

Belianis, Spanish romance, Carlos, 186

Diana,

of
189

Mantua

(R.

Don Don

Carleton),
Dianea

Heneriques
Juan

de

Castro,

197;

(Loredano), 38,

175
mances, ro-

translation Don
45; Don

of, 57-58 Lamberto, satire, 6-7;

Diction, Elegance
13;

of, in Greek

in Cyprian Academy
40-41

178

and

other

romances,

Quixote (Cervantes), of, 136; 158 Sebastian, King

44;

ularity pop-

Didactic
Z06

narratives

of

Mrs.

Aubin,
Don

of Portugal,
166 109, 215
on

Didactic

purpose

in Greek

romances,

195

38-39
Didactic stories
in

Donzella

Desterrada,

periodicals,95;
99 111-13;

Double

Captive, The,
Influence
120-21

by Mrs.
Didactic
1X2;

Haywood,
story. The,

Drama, fables,
the

of

the,

tion, fic-

the

apologues, 112;

cative edu-

Dramatists
romances,

found
13

material

in Greek

treatise, 113

Didacticism, in Lyiy,
romance,

17;

in heroic

Drudge,

The,

or

the

Jealous

travagant, Ex-

31, 70;

36

in

Reformed
love

48, 183

Coquet, of, 114;

in

sentimental, 74;

Dryden, John,
27, 30 ;
on

on

heroic

romances,

in Robinson 131

Crusoe, 129;

the noble

savage,

82

Roxana,
Sir

Dryden's wrought
60

Conquest

of

Granada,

Digby,

Kenclm,

his Du

Source Bartas

of, 36
on

courtship into romance,

Sidney,

15

254

Duke

of Alangon
Barlaam

and

Queen

Blisa"

Erastus

or

the
or

Roman Love

Prince, 185
and

heth, 56 Dunlop
.

Eromena;
and

Revenge,

on

Josaphat,
Manners

38n, Eromena,

164
or on

Dutch

Rogue,
Dr.

The, 46, 195

Good

The

Noble

Stranger;
30,

Dykes,

Oswald,
113

modelled
33;

French

romances, 195

for Schools,
Educative

story

of,

34;

Eryci Puteani
treatise, Mrs.
113; 1x3

Comus

sive

Phagesi-

Barker's and

posia Cimmeria,
Essex

xo, 165

Bxilius, 104-5, English Element

romances,

French

Champion,

The,

45,

195

examples,
of

Ethiopian dorus),

History,
11-12

The

(Helio-

actuality in allegorical
27

Euphormianis Pordage),
40

Lusinini
47,

Satyricon,
158

EHana

(John

(John Barclay),
of

Elizabethan
roguery

literature, Romances in, 45

romances.

Euphues Euphuism

(John

Lyly), 17-18
on

modeled
13

Greek

mances, ro-

Elizabethan

Redactions

of,

116

Euphuistic Subjective analysis of, in Works,

103

Romances,

17-18;

acteristics char17-

Elvira, 233 Emotions,

Mrs.
18 ; other

of Lyly's Euphues,

examples,

i8n

Haywood's
and
the

Evagoras, Exemplary
Exilius

x88

Emperour
50, 194

Empire Betrayed,
167

Novels

(Cervantes),
3xn,

53

(Mrs. Barker),
214

Endimion

de Gombauld,
233

104-5,

25,

English Adventures,
English 58-59;
Adventures
186

1x3,

(Roger Boyle),
The, 230
a

Extravagant Poet, The, 48, Extravagant Shepherd, The, Fable, The, origin and
of, 113
112, 206

193 44, 175

English Nobleman,
English

Nun, of
a

The,

comical
47,
or

scription de206 the

1x2;

examples,

influence

Nunnery, The,
57,

Fables

English
Dutchess

Princess, Queen,
The

of Aesop, The,
of Pilpay, 112, Queen, The,

173

189 46,

Fables Faerie

English
179

Rogue,

(R. Head),
of

and

Pilgrim's
resque Pica-

Progress,
. .

121-22

Entertaining History
and

Solenus

Fair

Jilt, The

(Apbra Behn),
in, 46
;

Perrigonia,

The,

(J, L. Cos77 ;

material

heroine

in,

teker), 42-43, EntrStien,

230

228

82-83,

200

V,

des

Beaux

Esprits,
Greek

Fair

One

of Tunis, The, 184

Faithful Shepherd, The

in
mances, ro-

(Guarini), 37
218

Episodes, Dramatic,
13 ;

False

Duchess,
Letters
2x5

The,

fabricated, in
no

Familiar historical

of Love

and

lantry, Gal-

novels, 56;

extraneous,
traneous, ex-

in Pilgrim's Progress, 123-24;

in

Family

Instructor, The
90,

foe), (Daniel De214

132

Roxana,

131

132-33, in

134,

Epistles of Col. Henry Epitome

Kings of
all the

Martin,
Lives

197 the

Family life
Famous Fatal

Defoe's

works,

of

Whore,

The, X58
33,
191

of France,

168

Prudence,

256

Generous

Rivals, 69,
2x4

The,

narrative

Greene,

Robert, 16,

comedy,
Gentleman

Guarini, The
182

Faithful Shepherd, 37

Apothecary, The,
Unfortunate

Gulliver's Travels

(J. Swift),
Heroik

21-22

Gerardo',The
164
German Ghost

Spaniard,

Guthrie, J., Life and

of the Eighth Christendom,

tions Ac-

Champion

of

Princess, The,
story, raised

233
to

232 4

realm

of

Guy of Warwick,
Gusman Hind

literature, 1x9 Gibbs, Richard, The of Love,

Gil Bias Gods
199 44

and

Hannan

Out-

New

Disorders

stript, 177 Happy

Slave, The 38, 188
de Bre* ((Gabriel

(Lesage),
Revenge

against
26

Murder

mond),

(John Reynolds),
Godwin,

Harrington,
Man in the

James, Comonwealth
176

of

Francis, The
20-21,

Oceana,

20,

Moone,
Golden Golden

168
9

Hartlib, Samuel, Kingdom

caria, 23n, Hattige
or

of Ma-

Ass

(Lucius Apuleius),
Jean

170

Eagle, Tale of the, 1x8; 188 Ogier

de, Bndy-

the Amours
192

of the King
the

Gombauld, mion,
2$

of Tamaran, Haywood,
Mrs.
43;

Eliza,

on

mances, ro-

Gomberville, Polexandre, 28 (jonsales,Domingo, Francis, 2on52

Good win, pseud, of GodMemoirs Schools

tics, general characterisFemale

a

98-99

Dunciad,
Island

98

of
to

certain
19,

jacent ad222

Manners
113

for

(Dr.
Secret

Utopia,
the Court

60, 98,
Present

Dykes),
(yood
savage

History of the of
Lassellia,

trigues In-

introduced

into fiction,
99,

of Caramania,
99, ; 220;

63, 81

225;

The Fatal
cluse, Re-

Goodman,

Nicholas,

HolUmdes

Rash

Resolve, 99,
222;

220

The

Leaguer, 165 Gough's Strange Discovery,

Govemour Grace

Secret, 99,
13 99,

The

British

2x8; Letters
to
a

of
The
224;

Lady
220

of Cyprus,

201

of Quality Chief of
125

Chevalier, 99,
220; loo-i, ;

Abounding
(John

to

the

Idalia, 99-100; Lover,

cenary MerThe

Sinners Grand

Bunsran),

Cabinet-Counsels

Unlocked,

Padlock,
Prince,

lox

The
;

Disguised Surprise, Spectator,

Table,
with
99"

178
Grand Great

101-2,

226

The

Pyrates, The, 185

102,

223;
23 x;

Princess The The

of Ijaveo, 99,
Tea

Alcander, The, 196 Great Scanderbeg, The, 202

erotic

102,

Female

98,

102-3; 223;
103 ;

Greek and
and

tales, xo-14;
ion22;

origin of Daphnis

102-3,

compared
The in

Mrs.

examples, Chloe,
1 1

Behn,
220

Injured Husband, Excess,

a
221

Ethiopian History,
and
13-X4;

Love

La

IX-12;

structure

style,X2-X3; Argenis
a

Belle
22in

Assemblie,
;

translation,
222

influence

of,

Fantomina,
z

Mary Secret,
223;

typical,24
Greek
romances,

Stuart,

translation, 222;

Ethiopian History
;

222;

The

Unequal Conflict,
Novels de and

pattern

for, xi

influenced

heroic,

Histories, Life of Mme,

PhUidore

Poems,

28,

30 ;

miscellaneous

romances

Villesache, 225 ;
; The

modelled

after,37-38

and

Pacentia, 225

257

Irish

Artifice, 2z6;
227;

The

Fair

Heroine

Musqueteer,

The, 189,
Domestic Lives

207

Hebrew,
227
\

Persecuted

Virtue,

Heywood,

Thomas, of,
120;

dies trage-

Love-Letters persons

lately passed

of

Nine

between
227

of

distinction,

Worthy Highland

Women,

169
213

Visions, The, 48,

Head,
179;

R., The
Madame Death
;

English Wheedle, of
Mother

Rogue,

46,

Highwaywoman Clay, The,

We have
179

celebrating Marcy
Libidinoso, 156;
our

182; Life

and

Shipton, described,

Hind, John, Eliosto brought

174

196
"

Nugae

Venales,

198
;

hogs

to

Heliodorian

poesie/' 30

fair market,
Hind's Elder

38

Brother, .174

Heliodonis, The
11-12;
a

Ethiopian History,
for

Historical Historical

anecdotes, 116 novels,

55-56; Queen
55-59,

source

dramatists,
14; 29-30

terized, charac-

13;

source

of

Arcadia,
romance,

tern patwith Don

examples, dealing Elizabeth,

de

for heroic Hell

56-57;
;

Reformed,
66-67
175

169

Heneriques
Romance the Great

Castro, 57-58

Helvetian

Hero,

The,

narrative

English Adventures, 58-59

Historical
tween

comedy,

of the Wars
Giant G.

be^ and
59

Heptameron,

mighty
Knight

Hero, Chivalric
14;

type

of, 5, 7;
30-31
;

toral, pas-

the

Nasonius, 167 Behn, 85-86;

heroic, 29,
man

ordiFair

Histoire

de Larrons,

ary

good

as,

49 ; in The

Histories, by
Mrs.

by

Mrs.

79-83;
of
ular pop-

82-83 ; in Mrs. Jilt,

94;
"

Rowe's type,
123 ;

works,
117; in

Manley,
1x7

Robin

Hood

heroes, History
and and

Pilgrim's Progress,
Heroe Heroic

Crusoe

novel

distinguished, 51 Life of (Daniel

de Castro

the ideal practical, 128

History
173
;

Remarkable

of Lorenzo, The,
romances,

Colonel
129-30;

Jacque
218

Defoe),

27-37

three stages

of deyelopment features

of, 28; important

of
mance, ro-

History

of Agnes
83 of

(Mrs.

of,
29-30;

recognition
canons

Behn),
History
191

derived
30;

Appian

of Alexandria,

from and and

classical

models,
30-31
;

hero

heroine,
pure

sentiment,
lations, 31 ; trans-

History

of Blanchedyne, 166
117,

moral
33-33;

tone,

History of Bovinian,
History of

176 present

imitations, 33-35;
;

Cang-Hy,
of China, Evoradmus,
15s

the
20511

influence
on,

of, 35-37

plays founded of
the

Emperor History
History of Denmarke,

36; rarely vulgarized, 1x6

Adventures

Prince

of

Heroical

Knight

of the Sea, 5; iS4

Heroik

of Executions, of Genghiscan,
of
and

The, 22B 106, 218 IV,

179 217

Life ,,,of Henry

in Greek

the fourth,

History History

158
Heroine
romance,
; 12;

Henry

King

of

France

Navarre,

pastoral type

of, 14
1
1

heroic

type of
The 94;

History

of Hypatia, The, of

of,
Fair Mrs.

29,

30-3

33 ; influence 74;

History
231

Hypolite

and

Amynte,

Portugese

letters on, Mrs.

X04

in

Jilt, 82;
Barker's,

Rowe's,

History of John History of King

of Bourbon,

219

Appius, The,

226

258

History
Count

of Leonora
de

Cespedes

and

Donneau

de
the

Visi, 215
two

Belfior,21S of ths

History of
wood, n6,

children

in the

History of Montelior, Knight

Oracle

216

(E. Ford), of Omatus

6

History of
King
Artesia

Wars

of... Charles

XII,

History of Nieerotis, 199

History Ford),
and

of Sweden
214

(Daniel Defoe),
and Zara

(".
6

127-28,

Holland, S., Wit (E. Ford),

Mirabel's

Fancy
del

in

History of Parismus History of Prince

rise

Maze, 176

45;

Don

Fogo,

infancy,
and Her

and

disgrace, 6in
EliMobeth

Homais,
Honourable Hotel
29;

Queen

of Tunis,

193

History

of Qneen
the

Prentice, The, 159 Rambouillet,

Influence ideals for

favorite
172, 192

Earl

of

Essex,

$6,

de

of,
of,

revulsion
usage

against
a

History of Queen
to

Margaret

daughter

72;

of,

model

social

Henry

II,

172

treatises, 90
the

History of Reynard
193

Fox,

116,

Howell,
171;

James,
A Relation

Dodonc^s

Grove,

of

the

Life of
176

History of St, Elieabeth, 165

History
181

Christina, Queen
Hue
and 199

of Sweden,

of

Tarquin

and

Lucretia,

Cry after Conscience, An, Daniel,

poetry,
29n; the

125,

History
History History

of

that
159

Worthie

Knight

Huet, Bp. Pierre

of
prose
or

on

use on

Mervine,

29-30;
on canons

of the Bucaniers,
of the
S7

195

heroic derived

romances,

Civil

Wars

nada, of Gra-

from

Greek

romance,

30

Humanitarian

novel, Oroonoko

the

History of the
183

five Wise
French Grand

phers, Philoso-

first,80

Hume,
Rogue,
Vixiers

James, Pantaleonis
10, 47,

Vaticinia,

History of History of
and

the the

183
met Maho186

Satyr a,
Humorous
79

165

stories by Mrs.

Behn, 78-

Achtnet

Coprogli,

History of the Greene

the

Knight
; 155

and

Huon Husband
181

of Bordeaux,

Princess

Beroshia, Sn

forced
Luke,
154

to

be jealous, The,

History of the Loves

and

of Lysander of, 67
; 200

Sabina, 51

story

Hutton,
Hymen's

The

Blackdog

of

History of the
Ferti

Marichalless
202

de

la

Newgate,

Senneterre, 62, of the

most

Praeludia, 32, 174 of Douglas

...with

History
Arthur

noble

knight

Hypolitus, Earl

of Lytell Brytaine
4

(Lord

the Secret-History of Mack-Beth,

57,
210

Berncrs), History 83,

201

of

the

Nun

(Mrs. Behn),
Ibrahim,
33,

38. 174 Bissel), 25, 167

History
Oroonoko

of

the

Royal

Slave;

or

Icaria Idalia

(John (Mrs.
220

(Aphra
;
200

Behn),

80-82;

Haywood),

Story of,
fined, deimi-

quotation, 81
History

99-100,

of

the

Serrail, 166 by

Ideal

commonwealths,
19 ;

19-23

History of the Siege of Toulon

More's

Utopia and

259

tations,19-21
21-22;

Gulliver's

Travels,

Johnson,

Capt. Charles, Lives of

230 the
; most

and noted

other
on

works

of Swift, 22;
;

Adventures

influence

novel, 23

other

amples, ex-

highwaymen,
and

beries History of Rob-

23n

Murders
230

of the
Rowe,
Relation

most

Ildegerte,queen
Idealism
in

of Norway,
122

33,

217

famous Johnson,

Pyrates,
on

Bmiyan,
story, Use
in

Johnson, Dr.,
of, in social
God's

Mrs.
True

95

IllegalLovers, The,
Illustrative

226

John,

of
156;

Wonderful

Mercies,

treatises, 90;
Illustrions

Mr,

adman,

12s

Academy

of Love, 47, 170

French

Lovers,
22$

The

Johnson, Richard, St, George's three

sons, I
am

(Mrs. Aubin), xo6, 107-8,

Illustrious Persian Illustrious Shepherdess, The,

157;
an

Looke

on

me

London
159;

Maid, The,

203

honest

Englishman, of

176

Seaven

Champions
X59 ;

dom, Christen-

Imaginary
97

Conversations, of Landor,
i6x
;

History of Tom

Thumb,

History

of George d Greene,

Immorality,

Reaction

against, in
89, 1x4 Alexowits,

165
Journal

early i8th century,

of the Plague Year

X32, 218

(Daniel
in foe, De-

Impartial History of the Life and

Actions

Defoe),

of

Peter

Journalistic point
127

of

view

220 Gear of Muscovy, Incognita (Congreve), Extract

from

Jusserand

on

Emanuel
in isn;

Ford,
the
on

6;

Introduction Inconstant

to, 50

67-69 ; 203
1S2

English

Novel

Time

of

Lover,

The,

Shakespeare,
and
17;
on

Euphues"

Ingelo, Nathaniel, Bentivolio

Urania, 27, 178
Innocent

Zelinde, 39

Just 218
170

Reward

of Rebels, The,

xi7n,

Adultery, The,
to
a

Instructions
50

Young

Nobleman, Keach,

Benjamin,
Thomas, 196-97
The

The

Travels
195

of

Instructive

novels, Mrs.
Milesian
romances,

Barker,
tales, 7;
41

105

True

Godliness, 125,

Intrigue, in 17th
novels

in in
53-

Keach,
"5..

Progress

of Sin,

century of

cloak

and'

sword,

King of Bantam,
"78-79;

(Aphra Behn),
197

54 ; with
names,

characters

under

feigned
; in

quotation, 79;
211

59 ; in

novelle,62
manners,

lish Engin

King of Pirates, The,

Kirkman,
old
sen,

novel narrative of Mrs. favorite

of

63-66; 66;
;

Francis,

new

versions

of Citi-

comedies,

in works novel

stories, 4;
46, 184

The

Unlucky

Manley, 85, 86
type with

of,

Mrs.

wood, Hay-

Knights of the Blade, Koerting, Prof.,

on

174

98 Intrigues of Love,
Irish Rogue, Island
201
202

three
28

stages

of

heroic

romance,

The, 46,

Kutz, Otto, The

211

Faerie
I22n

Queen

and

of Content, The,
The

Pilgrim's Progress,
La

Isle of Man,
X2I,

(R. Bernard), 118,

163

Calpren^de, Use
12;

of suspense

in,

Cassandra, ClSopdtre, Pharabest examples of heroic

ro-

Jackson's

Recantation,

185

mond,

260

mance,

28; patterned after Helio29;

Letters

to

Lycidas (Mrs. Behn),

CCXl Sociable
92-93

77-

donts,
36-37
La

translations

of,

32;

78, i9in Utters,

The

influence

of,

on

English

fiction,

ess (Duch; 179

of Newcastle),

Fayette, Mme. Cleves, 55,

200

dc. Princess
Catharine,

de

Leucippe
Liberal

and

Clitophon

(Achilles
38, 42
..m

Tatius), II, 13
The d' Lovers

La

Mothe, Marie Diverting Works Aulnay,

209

(Orvantes),
and
216

of Countess

Life, Adventures Life and

Baron

Pyracies of

Capt" Singleton, 129-30,

The,
. . "

Lady's
222

Philosopher's Stone, (Mrs. Haywood), of Mr.

William

Actions

of George Henry

de

Goerts, 216
que Domini-

Lassellia Late

99,

220

Life and

Storie

Lilly,

Actions of Lewis Cartouche, 218 Adventures

The, 171

Life and Trappan'd,

179

of Buscon of Mr, of Mr.

the

Lawyer's Clarke
Le

witty Spaniard, 177

of

Guys,

Sir

Robert, translator
25

Life and Life and

Adventures
134,
230

land, Cleve-

Barclay's Argenis, Legend

Legends, X16-17

of Captain Jones, 185

Adventures

can Dun-

Literary

treatment

of,
132,

Campbell
216

(Daniel

Defoe),
del

Lesage, Gil Bias,

189

44;

humor

of,

45

Life and Campo, Life and Lucy Life and Life

and

Adventures
220

of Pedrillo of the

L'Estrange, R*, translator,48;

Letter, A, concerning
the country

112,

Adventures

Lady
224

of

(Mrs. Aubin), 106,

Amours
226

107,

Muley
182

Arxid, King

of Taleletta,
form,

of the of

Count

de

Tourenne,
as a

Letter, The,
74;

narrative

Death

Edward

the

in

periodicals,95
imitation

Black
the

Prince, 184
Death

Letters

in

of

Nun's
73, 20s

Life and
155

of Gamaliel

Ratsey,

five letters (Mrs. Manley),

Letters moral
90,

and
93-94,

entertaining (Mrs.
227

Life and
162

Death

of

Griffin Flood, Rheinboldt,

Mr.
124-25

Howe),
Letters

of

Lady (Mrs^

of Quality Haywood),
Nun,

to

Life and
215

Death

of John of

Chevalier
220

99,

Life of
a

and

Death

Badman
; 192

Letters

Portugese
; other

48;

(John

Bunyan),
material Death

described, 70-72
and

renderings
;

Picaresque Life and

in, 46
J, A.
212 a

imitations, 72-73
"4,

influence

of Mr,

torious no-

of, 73-75,
77 ;

136

; on

Mrs.

Behn,
99 59,

highwayman,
Life and
Death

imitated

by Mrs.
Turkish
J

Haywood, Spy,
23,

Letters
/^

of

Life and
more,

of Mumper, Intrigues of Mrs.

Piracies

207

Parri-

24:iZS" J5* ' ^ ' by Defoe, 128;

Letters Letters
204

continuation
199

of,

227

Life

and

of Capt. Avery, of Lorrain, Duke

of Abelard of Love

and and

Heloise,

73 73,

61

Gallantry,

Life

of Francis

of Guise, 193

261

Life of Mahomet,
Life of Merlin,

22S
170

Love Love

story, The upon

popular,
222

1x9-20

Tick,

Life of Mme, Aubin), Life of Sethos,

Life of
the

de

Beaumont
217

(Mrs.

Love

Victorious

over

Fortune, 196 Cleopatre,

X06, xo7n,
113,

LoTeday,
3^,
200

R., translated

229

174

Life of St, Francis

Xavier,
de zo8n

Lover's Lover's
77"

Secretary, The, 108-9, ^'3

Countess

Gondee

Watch,
X98n

The

(Mrs. Behn),

(Mrs. Aubin), 106, Peter Life of the renowned

bus son,
191

d* Au"

Love's Love's

Academy, Journal,
and

216 1S2

Lining

of

the

Patch^work
73, 105,
224

Screen

Love's Loves

Poesie, X98
Adventures
174

(Mrs. Barker),
Little Black

of Clerio and
of Mantua

Lady, of

The

(Aphra

Logia,
Loves and

Behn), 78, 196

Lives and Amours
to

of Charles, Duke Margaret, The,

i8x

the

Empresses,
ars Caes-

Counters

of

consorts

the

first twelve

Rovers,
Loves

Lives 168 Lives

188

of Rome, 221 of Saint EUear

of Lysander of
Osmin

and and

Sabina,

200
221

and

his Wife,

Loves Loves

Doraxa,

of Sundry

Philosophers, The,
The,

of Sundry

Notorious

Villains,

X84 Loving Enemy,

172

London-Bawd,
London

The,
48,

212

Lucas,
The

Theophilus,
2x3

Memoirs

of

Spy
23,

Compleat,
207

(""
of the

Gamesters, Lucky
83,
20Z

Ward),

Mistake,

The

(Mrs. Behn),

Long,

Kingesmill, translator
24

Argenis,
Look Love Love

Lylyi John, Euphues, 17-18

and
212

Longus, Daphnis
ere

Chloe,

11

Lyttleton, George,
Persian
at

Letters
to

from

you

Leap,
228

in

England
231

his friend

A la and

mode,
Arms

Ispahan,

of the Greek Sight, 178

without

ces, Prin-

169
Love Love
at

Macaulay Mack-Beth,
tion, Discre-

on

Afra
see

Behn, 83
Prince, 89 Aretina, 26-

First
a

Hypolitus

in

Passion
21 X

Machiayelli, Mackenzie,
Z7t

The

119,

Sir George,

Love Love
112,

in

all its Shapes, 230

178
Pranckes

Led
225

Astray

(Mrs.

Plantin),
Nobleman
230

Madde

of Merry

Mall

of

Banckside, 158
between
a

Love and Love

Letters

Mall, The, 47,

Man
in in

211

his Sister, 73, Letters

between
201

204,

the Moon, the

20-21

The, 48, 158 (Domingo

Gon-

Polydorus

and

Man

Moone
; 168

Messalina,
Love Anne Letters

sales),

from
213
a

Henry

VIII

to

Manley,
Barker, Manley,

Capt., Story 105-6 Mary

of de
la

of, by

Mrs.

Buleyn,
to

Love-letters

Gentleman

(Aphra

mary Riviere, Sumworks.

the

Behn),
Love

76-77
211

life and
and

85-86

Lottery, The,
11

Queen

Zarah

Zarasians,

262

59i

85, 208;

Secret

Memoirs Persons
19, 20,

and

Memoirs Memoirs
222

of Mile,

de

St. Phale, de

61

Manners
the

of several Atlantis,
211

from 60, 85,

at

of

the

Baron

Brosse,

New

87-88,
the

Memoirs
the

of Europe eighth

Memoirs Memoirs

of the Court

of Spain, 203
Aventures
211

close
212;

of

century,

of the Life and

86,

The

Adventures
213;

of

of Signor Roselli,6x,
Memoirs Count Memorials
170

Rivella, 86-87,
her

History 86,
to
222

of
; A

of

the

Life of
204

Emeric,

Life

and

Times, Journey

of Teckely,

Stage-coach 86,
The
223 ; Bath

Exeter,
221

of Margaret Lover, The

loo-i,
224

de

Valois, wood), Hay-

Intrigues, 87,
$2,

Power

of Love,
with

87, 217;
Behn

Mercenary
Mercury
Meroveus

(Mrs.

works and in

contrasted Mrs.

Mrs.

Haywood, of
205
;

88;

Letters, five

Gallant, The,
a

184
the 194

imitation

the Court

Nun's

Prince

of
33,

Blood-

letters,73,
212

Intrigues,

royal
Middle

of France,

class. Serious

portrayal of
tories his-

Marivaux,
232; La

Le Vie

Paysan

Parvenu,
no

no,

the, 98;

glorification of, in

de Marianne,

of popular
Pas-

heroes,

1x7 Bar-

Markham,
toralls parte

Gervase, of

translator,
1

Milesian loam

tales, defined
and

7-8;

Julietta,
159

56

Second

Josaphat, 8; Apollonius

of Arcadia,
Stuart, Queen
Orinda"

of Tyre, 8-9
222

Mary

of Scots,
see

Milk

for Babes, Meat

229

for

Strong

"Matchless

Dutchess

Men,
Miracles

of Newcastle Matchless

of the Age, 208 for Mindes, The, 164

37-43
;

Rogue,
in

The,
of

222

Mirrour

May

den

Confolens,

155

Miscellaneous
on

Romances,
or

Memoir,

Influence art, 62

the,
in

rative nar-

Moorish

Moslem three

setting
Italian

ployed, em-

37-38;
Gulliver's

mances, ro-

Memoir

structure,
22

38; Crusoe,
and
romances

some

tions, English redac39-44;

Travels,
128

; in

Robinson

romances,

four

with
;

Spanish
affected

setting,
mance, ro-

Memoirs
232

and

History of Prince

Titi,
41-43 end
43

of

court

Memoirs

of
132

Cavalier

foe), (Daniel De-

Misoponeri Satyricon,
Memoirs

9-10

of
ideal

an

Island

adjacent
in

Mock'Clelia, The,
to

44,

190

Utopia (Mrs. Haywood)

an

form
19;
a

Modem
50;

Novels,
203

Types of fiction in,

commonwealth,
60, 98;
at
222

secret

memoir,

Mogul
close

Tales, 231

Memoirs
the

of Europe eighth century

212

the

of

Moll

Flanders,

see

Fortunes

and

(Mrs, Manley),
de

Misfortunes of
Montelion, Knight
of
6 37

86,
Memoirs
231

the

Oracle,

of of
228

Gaudentio

Lucca,
and her

Don

Juan

Lamberto, Diana,
as

Montemayor,
Miss Cadier Moorish

Memoirs

history
37

setting for

mances, ro-

Father,

264

Behn,
la R.

75-85

works

of

Mary

de

Novelle, in
secret

17th

century, similar of

51-52;

Manley,

85-88;

transition

histories

to,

60;
and

in taste and social of

ideals of conduct, 89 ;
;

characteristics

Italian

treatises, 89-91
91-93;

Duchess Eliz.
;

French, 62-63
similar

narrative of

comedies interest
seded super-

Newcastle,
93-95
;

Mrs.

to, 66 ; center

Rowe,
"

periodicals, 95
98-103;
Mrs.

the

in, 98; in collections, 1x3;

romances,

character," 96 Haywood,
;

; the dialogue,97 ;

136

Mrs.

Mrs.
106the

Novels
209

of

Don

Quevedo

Villegas,

Barker, 103-6
8; occasional
oriental
iii-ia;

Aubin,

pieces, 108-10;
iio-xi

Novels Novels Novels

of Blieabeth,

192

tale,

the

fable,
the

of G. F. Loredano, 194 of Scarron, 177

the apologue, 112-13;

educative of
14;

treatise, 113;
1

summary

development,
contrasted

700-1

740,

113-

Obliging
Occasional

Mistress, The,
and

190

with

romance

of

anonsrmous

pieces,
108;
Double

chivalry,116
Novel of incident. Influence tales of Novel fable of
on on

108-10;
of oriental influence Lover's

Unhappy

Lovers,

Secretary, 108;
109; 109-10;
no; 110;

the,

11 1;

Captive,
Orphan,

The

Distressed Alexis and

the, 113
terial ma-

intrique, Picaresque
favorite type

Sylvia,
Mother,
La Vie

The Le

Unnatural
son
no

in, 46;
Mrs.
112;

with

Pay

Parvenu,

Haywood,
of

98 ; and

apologue,

de Marianne, du

rarely vulgarized,116
manners.
1-2;

Ollenix

Mont-Sacr^

The

Pas-

Novel in

Beginnings Euphues
of

of,
the

toralls of Julietta, 37, Oriental Oriental

156

England,
17;

fabliaux. Source

of,
and

first,
romances

contribution to,

anti-

Tale, Examples
of the, Tale
xxx

ence influ-

48 ;
49;

signs of
the

velopment deOriental

III

of, French, 62-63

Italian and

in

England

(M.

P.

; Virtue

Rewarded,
Helvetian
ers, Lov;

Conant),
Oriental

63; Adventures

of the
The

Tales

in

periodicals, 95;
99

Hero, 63-64;

Unhappy
by

by Mrs. Orinda,
90

Haywood,
of

64-65 ; the
and

idealistic, 65-66
Mrs.

Circle

the

"matchless,"

social treatises, 90;

loi

Haywood,

; and

popular

tory his;

Oroonoko,
Slave

see

History of the Royal (Otway), 58,

on

combined influence
on,

by Mrs. Aubin, 106

fable and

of

apologue
to,

Orphan, The
Polexander

74

113 ; contribution
;

of Defoe
137

Osborne, Dorothy,
and

translations

of

134-35

rapid rise of,

and

L'illustre
35

Bassa,

Novels

of the Cloak

Sword,

52-

32

; on

Parthenissa, 34,
Gallantries, 199
The

55 ; characteristic 52-53;

features and

of plot,
amples, ex-

Ottoman

French
53;

Spanish
53-54;

Otway,
Overthrow

Orphan, 58,
of

74

Triana,

The
Broth;

Capts.
233

Ward

and

Player's Tragedy,
^^* 55 ;

54 ; The

Daneke,

The,

by Mrs.

Behn, 83-84
99;
219

by of
Padlock Painter's

Mrs. John

Haywood,
of Bourbon,

History

(Mrs. Haywood),
Palace

lox source

of Pleasure,

266

of

some

of Mrs.

Manley's stories, popular Spanish

translated

Personal

slander

in
;

biographical
in works of

87

narratives, 61-62
d'OHvia
5

Palmeryn
romance,

Mrs,

Manley, 85
Arbiter, Satyricon, 9-xo

Petronius

Palmeryn
from Pamela
name,

of

England
5

Pharamond Pharonnida

(La Calprenide),

33, x88 30,

Spanish,

(P. Chamberlayne),

(Richardson),
15;

source

of

33

moral

purpose

in, 90;
to,
130,

Philips, Mrs.

Catherine, Literary
of Almaof Don

Moll

Flanders

similar

coterie of, 35-3^1 103

Phillips,John, translator
Pandion and
33,

Amphigenia
40,

(John (John

hide

and

Pharamond,
44,

33 ;

Crowne),
Panfaleonis

179

Quixote,
The

158

Vaticinia,
10, 25, 47, 33,

Philosophus Autodidactus, sive Epistola

iz3n,

Hume), Panthalia,
Paru and Parthenissa
17s ;
see

165 178
4

Abu

Jaafar

Ebn

Tophail,

X83

Vienne, (Roger Appendix

Picara, La, 180 Boyle),

"

33-34;

Picaresque
45;

Miscellanies, described, of,

45-47;

"

examples

decline

Pastoralls Pastorals Patchwork

of Julietta,The,
in early i6th Screen

37,

156
37

of, 47f 48; condensations

of, xi6
by

century,

Picaresque narratives Satyricon,

xo

influenced

for the Ladies, A

105,
221

(Mrs. Barker), Pathway

of
to

Peace, The, 118,

system.

170

Picaresque novels. Examples of, 53 Picaresque stories in periodicals, 95 Pilgrims, The^ 192 Pilgrim of Casteel,The, Pilgrim's Progress
not
a

Patronage
the,
2

Breaking
Le

down

162

Pay

son

Parvenu,
233

(Marivaux), F., The

Devil

(John Bunyan),
37;
as a 121rative, nar-

xio,

literary romance, of, Mercy

121-23,

Penault, P. de Moulin
of Mascon,
177

24;

sources

122-23;

episode of quoted, quoted,

190

Mrs.

Peppa,

20

Brisk

and

123-34; 124;

Pepys, Mrs., Fondness

romances,

of, for heroic

Matthew's

illness

36

popularity of, 135-26;

14,

"PeMect

courtier," in Arcadia,
17 217

Pilgrim's Progress
to

from

Quakerism

in Euphues,

Christianity, 207

Perfidious Brethren, The, Periodicals, Contribution

novel, 95;
137

Plaine

of,

to

Man's to Pathway Heaven, (A. Dent), 118, 121, 171 Plantin, Mrs. Arabella,The Ungrate-' The

Perplexed
194

Prince, The,

59,

xi7n,

ful,
1X3,

113,

225;

Love

Led

Astray,

225 54, 304

Perplexed Princess, The,

Persian Persian Persian
228

195
ixi,

Player's Tragedy,
214

and

Turkish

Tales,
228

Plays founded
romances,

on

episodes

in

the

Anecdotes,
Letters

36 The,
or

by C

de

Secondat,
of Mrs.

Pleasant
all

Companion,
52 ; 330

Wit

in

Shapes,

Personal

element

in works

Pleasant

Novel, A,

190

Behn, 84-85

Plot in Zelinde, 39 ; in Cynthia, 42 ;

266

in noTels

of manners, of

65 ;

tial essen-

Power

of Love

in

Seven

Novels

feature

narratiye, 95

; in

(Mrs. Manley),
Practises

52, 86, 87, 217

Roxana,
Plots in

131 ;

development of,

137
mances, ro-

of Elieabeth

Caldwell, 156
of

English miscellaneous
39

Prevost, Abbe,
134

imitator

Defoe,

Poetical
103-4

Recreations

(Mrs. Barker),

Prince Princess

d*Amour, de

Le, 17S

Cleves
;
aoo

(Mme.

de

La

Poetical

Works

of Philip, late duke

Fables

Fayette), 55
Princess
99"

of Wharton,
Polexandre

in, 112;

225

of Ijaveo (Mr"
231

Haywood),

lations (Gomberville), 28 ; trans-

X02,

of,
Polite Political

32-33;

171

Princess

of Montferrat, 193

Conversation

(Swift), 97
see

Prior, M., Dialogues of the Dead^ 97

a

Romances,

Ideal

monwealthsProgress of ComProse
and

Rake,

The,

229

poetry,
29-30

Little distinction

Political significance tories, in popular hiszi7n

between,
Prose

Influence fiction.

of Defoe

on,

Political tract. The, 119 Politics in

secret

134-35

histories,59;

in

Proverb Manners

literature. Dykes'

Good

pseudo-biographies, and
61

memoirs,

for Schools,
of Mrs,

1x2-13

Pseudo-histories

Haywood,
vice de-

Polyandre

(Sorel),
The

44

98-99
sieur of Mon-

Pope, W.,

Memoirs

Pseudo-letter, Vogue Pseudo-memoirs,

and
62 ;

of,

75;

Du Vail, 182 Popular fiction distinct

1-2;
1

in social treatises, 90 from

2;

ary, litercussed, dis-

Characteristics

of, of,

had
15-21;

no

merit,

examples, by Mrs.

60-62;

value

variety of

types

Manley, 85-86
20;

of, 1x5

vulgar redactions

of aristocratic Psittacorum

Regio,

181

fiction,1 15-16;
folk-tales and
1 1

legends,
popular

Psyche,
Queen

226

historical anecdotes, of and

6-1 7;

histories moral

Elizabeth, heroine novels, 56

of historical

heroes, 117;
tracts, 1x8;

religious

news-narratives, 119; stories,

Love in
119-20;
a

Quevedo-Villegas, Visions
of, translated
trange,

and

courses DisL'Es-

popular Amanda,

love
119-20;

by

sion Pastion relamestic do-

48

without of

Discretion, 1x9

Richardson

to, X2o;

tragedies,120-21 Popular heroes. Tales of,

117 175

Rash

Ramble, The, 47, Resolve, The

99,
220

^28

(Mrs. Haywood)^

Pordage, Samuel, Eliana, 40,

Portents, features
Portraicture

Reading public, Change in, 2

Realism
in

in Cynthia, 42 Nine Worthies

heroic

romance,
49;

31 ;

of the
162

growth
the

of, in

romances,

in
114;

of the World,
Portuguese

Portuguese
Fair

Letters, 72,
;

Letters, The, See Letters

Nun Conversion

in The

Jilt,83

in Duchesa
93 ; in Mrs.

of

Portuguese
and

of Newcastle's

Works,
106;
no;

Possession

of

Aubin's

works,

in
in

The

natural Un-

penitent, 159

Mother,

oriental

267

tales, 1 1
1x6;
in

; in

popular redactions, works,

of
122;

form,
tale on, Romance Romance

29;
xxi

influence

of

oriental

Bunyan's
taste

growth of

for, 136
romances,

of Cassandre, 33, of Tarsis

x-49
;

173

Redactions, Vulgar,
115-16, value

and

Zelie, X96
of
tinental con-

of, 116

Romances,

Imitations

Reeve, Qara, translator of Barclay's

Argents, 25

models, 3 ; chivalric, 3-7 ; classical, 7-14; arcadian, 14-16;

Reformed
70,
220

Coquet, The

(Mrs. Davys),
161

euphuistic, x7-x8; allegorical, 18-27; miscellaneous, 37-43;

political and heroic, 27-37;

ces, anti-roman-

Reformed Reformer,
Relation senia

Spaniard, The,
The

(E, Ward),

48, 207
50-51;

43-49;

defined

by Congreve, of, xx5-x6; tales,xii

of

of the Country of the Jannever

redactions made

tillnow

described, 181

France Romanticism

English, 136
in oriental

Religious Courtship (Daniel Defoe),

90, 133-34, 219

Rosalinda,
of, 118
205

229-30 2X3n

Religious tracts, Examples Revengeful Mistress, The,

Revived

Rover, The, Rowe, of

in Moral
94,

Mrs.

Elizabeth,
43;

on

the of

mances, ro-

Fugitive, The,
John,
The

202

exponent
93-94; 94,

mental senti-

Reynolds,

Flower

piety, Death,
and
93,

Friendship
226;
Letters
90, 93-

Fidelitie, 26, 172;

God's

Revenge

against Murder, 26, 162

Entertaining,
other
94-95

Richardson, Samuel, Reflective point

of view

227;

works

and

larity popu-

in, 12;
15;

source

of
17; 99;

name

of, Rowlands,

Pamela,

and

Lyly,
novel
to
or

tated imitories hismance, ro-

Samuel,

Greene's

Ghost

by Mrs.

Haywood,
relation Pamela
233; 137

Haunting, Conie-Catchers, X55

Roxana,
see

of, combine
116;

and

The
X93

Fortunate

Mistress,
226

popular
Virtue of

Royal Loves,

fiction, 120;
Rewarded,
novel Rival

Royal Shepherdess, The, Sacchetti, 8

progress

toward,

Mother,
70, 203

The,

narrative

edy, com-

Sad

and

Lamentable

News

from

Rumford,
202

X85
Discourse

Rival

Princesses, The,
Crusoe

Robinson imitated character

(Daniel

Defoe),

Sadeur, Jacques, New

Terra

of

by Mrs.

Aubin, 106; the in, 129

Incognita Australis,203
23n,

of the hero, 128 ; second

;

Sadler, John, Olbia,

X78
and Exe^

part, 128-29 ; didacticism

2x5

Sadler, T., Confessions

cution

fering of the five prisoners sufat

Rogue,
de Rohde Rolls Roman
44,

The,

or

the Life of Gusman

162
xx

Tyburn, x88
Life

Alfarache,
on

St

Theodora,

of,

8
19 ;

Ethiopian History,
1x3

Satire, in ideal commonwealths,

in

series.Origin of,
Bourgeois,
47n

Gulliver's
a

Travels,

21

in Tale letter

Le

(Furetiire),
160

of
as

Tub,
form

22;

adoption of
74

for,

Roman Romance

Histories

of Florus,
as

Satyrieon
10; 47,

(Petronius Arbiter),
X79

9-

recognized

literary

268

Scandal

in secret

histories, 59, 60;

6x
229

Self-analysis,popular,
interest

72,

ing increas-

in pseudo-memoirs,

in,

114

Scarborough Miscellany, The, Scarron, Le

humor Scarron's School
Roman 45

Sentiment,
31 ;

in

heroic

romance,

29,

Comique,
Romance,

44;

cult of, 73 ; growth

of, shown
103

of,

in Mrs.
44, 186

Haywood's
in
\

works,

Comical

Sentimentalism,
37;
I X I

heroic

romances.

of Slovenrie, The, 156

Sir
2X

popular, 72
;

in oriental tales,
x

Scipion, 178
Scott,

revival

of, Love,

14

Walter,

on

Gulliver's

Settle's Fatal Seven

13

Travels,

Champions
4

of Christendom,
under the

Scud^,

Mile,

de, Text
heroic

of,

cut

by

The,
Seven Turks Shelton

translators,32;
fiction,36-37 Almahide,
37

tions conversaon

Years

Slavery
Don

of, 33 ; influence
;. Moorish

English setting in
of,

of Algeres, 170
translated

Quixote, 44,

158
romances

Scuddrys, The, Heroic

27;

Sicilian

Grand
28

Cyrus,

Almahide,

Tyrant, The, 187 Siden, Opt., History of the Sevarites of Severambi,

186

CUlie,
Secret Secret

Second-Sighted Highlander, History of Mama

History
207

21311

Sidney, Sir Philip,Arcadia, 14-16;

contrasted with
on

Oello, 230
Betty
land, Ire-

Lyly,

17 75

of Miss

Siegel, P.,
Sir

Aphra
200

Behn,

Simplicissimus,
Zarah and
59,

Secret

History of Queen

Roger

de

Coverly Papers,
of

95 ;

the Zarasians

(Mrs. Manley),
the

culmination
137

character-sketch,

8s, 208
Secret

History of History
and

Court

of the of

Skimmer,

The, 231
and beries Rob-

Emperor
Secret

Justinian, 185 of
the Duke

Smith, Alexander, Lives

of the
213
most

notorious

waymen, High-

AUmgon
203

Queen

Elisabeth,
the Loves

; Secret most

History

of

of the
2x4 ;

celebrated and Tragical and ventures Ad-

Secret

History

of

the

House

of
trigues In-

Beauties,

Comical

Medici, 198
Secret

History
the

of the Lives
most

History of the Present of

Court

of the
Cara-

noted

Bayand

of
99,

mania Secret

(Mrs. Haywood),
and
two

liffs, 219;
225

Memoirs

of Life Wilde,
224

Times

History of the Prince

Turks,
Memoirs Memoirs

of the
Social
217
90-91 214

of Jonathan

Nasarenes Secret Secret Earl Secret

194

treatises, 89-91, examples of,

Remarkable
a

of Bar-le-duc,
of Robert

Dudley,
Vemay,

Some

Passages

in

the
210

of Leicester, 208
Services

Life of
de Sonne

Private

Gentleman,

of M.

of the Rogue, Berger

44;

The, 46, x68

44;

Sorel, Le
Collection

Extravagant,
Histoire

Select Select Select

of Novels,
out

219

Polyandre,
de

Comique

Dialogues
Discourses Wits

of Lucian, 165 of the

and
most

Francion,

44 in

Spanish cycles
s-7

chivalric

ces, roman-

eminent

of France

Italy,

189

Spanish Decameron,

53,

200

269

Spanish Gallant
169

of Dantisso, Th",
contemporary in

Rivals, 69; Mrs.

84-85
;

Behn's,
97 ;

79,

Spanish intrigue and

manners

combined

English

novels, 63

ous
in of fable
113;

dialogues,
and
123;

ence influon,

apologue
Defoe's

Bunyan's

127,

134; 137

progress

in development

of,

Spanish
160

Mandeville

of

Myracles,
and

Sufferings and
of cloak

Death

ful, of the Faith-

Spanish novels

sword,
; 52-53

208 ;

Cynthia resembles
114

the, 42

Supernatural, The,
119;

in

tives, news-narra-

in Defoe, 132

Spanish setting in 17th century

41

mances, ro-

Surprise,
102,
223

The

(Mrs.

Haywood),
in Greek

Spectator, The,
in, 48, 96
moral
;

Character

sketches

Surprise and
12,

suspense 30'

mances, ro-

social treatises in, 90 ;

themes
iix

in,

95 ;

oriental
X12

Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver's

21-22, 22;
224,

Travels,
a

tales in,

apologues in,
to 223

225n;
on

Tale

of

Tub,

Spence, Ferrand, translator,39 Stage-coach Journey

Exeter

influence

fiction, 22-23;
22, 97;
on

Polite Mrs.

Conversations, Haywood, Mrs.,

223

(Mrs* Manley), 86,

98
The Whimsical

Stanglmaier, Karl, Mrs, Jane Barker,

io3n

Symmons, Lovers,

Stanhope, H.,
Unfortunate

The

Fortunate
231

and Table

Lovers,

of Cebes, the
Prince

Theban,
iii,

159

Steele, Richard,
Stock
94

Writings
age, 95

of,

press ex-

Tachmas, of

of Persia,
to

187

ideal of the themes in Mrs.

Taffy's Progress works,

Count Tale Tarsus
a

London,
22

209

Rowe's

Tub

(J. Swift),

and

Zelie, 226

Strange
Vinevil
218

Adventures and

of

the

Tatler, The, Social treatises in, 90;

moral sketch themes

his family, 106, io7n,

in, 95

character

in, 96
; 203

Strange Apparition which

to

appeared ment, Judg-

Taxila, 41 Tea-Table,

Lady Grey, Example

171

194

The
in

(Mrs. in,

Haywood),
90;

Strange

of

God's

novels

embryo in,
95 ;

moral

Strangements
Strangest
a

news

from
The

the

land

themes

sentimentality

of Chivalry, 193

criticized,102-3
" .

Adventure,
discourse
154

taining Con.

Teixeira,

Jose, Strangest of Dom

and Chariclea
14

ture,., Adven154
to

of Dom

bastian, Se-

Sebastien,

Theagenes

similar

Structure, Style, in
Swift's

in

Greek

modem
romances,
12;

novel,
or

development

of, 137
Greek
romances, 13*

Theopolis

the

City of God,
True

183
and

Timberlake, Strange

Henry,

22;

in

heroic

Discourse

of the Travails
155

romances, romances,

28;
40

in

miscellaneous

of
of Title

two

English Pilgrims,
Mrs. Aubin's

; in

Novelle, 63 65-66;

; in

novels

pages, xo7n

tive, descrip-

manners,

in

The

Gener-

270

Toland, John, Description of Epsom

in
a

Unfortunate Duchess, Unfortunate Lovers, Ungrateful, The Unhappie Unhappy Unhappy

Pair
204

The,

2^2

Letter

to

Eudoxia,
157

47,

212

The, 207
168

Tom

of Lincoln, 4,
Angelica, 169

Unfortunate Politique, The, Prosperity, 165

Lovers, The,
or

Tragi'comical
and

History of Alexander
Times

(Mrs. Plantin), 112

the

Tragi-comical History of Our

under the and

tory His-

Borrowed

Names
166

of

of James
Lovers;

Welston,
or

108, 229
Timorous

Lisander

Calista,59,
the
the

the

Tragical History of
du

Chevalier Countess

One, Story
Loves

of

the, 64-65;

Vaudray
331

and

Vergi,

Unhappy
Illustrious
amne.

of Herod
221

and

Mari-

Tragical History of Two

The,
of

Families, 187 Tragicke

Travels Princes Travels Loves

Unity

narrative
129

in

Robinson

of Hippolito and of
219 three

Crusoe,

Isabella, 164
and Adventures

Unlucky Citizen
Unnatural

(Kirkman), 46, 184

The, no,
231

Mother,

of Sarendip, of
Don

Unsatisfied Lovers,
de

The, 196
terned pat-

Francesco Terra

Urf6, Honor*

d', AstrSe, 28;

Quevedo

Through
20,

Australis

after Heliodorus, 29

Incognita,
Travels Travels
160

197 and

Utopia (Sir Thomas Jealousy,

204

More),

19-20 17

of Love

Utter, Robt
Vain

P.,

on

Euphues,
Death

of Persiles and of Amadis

5;
one

Sigismunda, Prodigal Life and

Hellier and
A
. . .

of

Treasurie

of Gaule
source

(H.
of

TK

the Murderer,

193

Bynnerman) Arcadia,
14

Valentine

Orson,

Vane, Henry,
Land Veiled

Pilgrimage
179

into the

Trepan, The, 176

of Promise, punished,"
novels,
lox

Triana, 53-54;
Trip through Triumph
Force

175

histories,Types of, 59-60

in
;

the Town,

A, 231
and the

"Vice

Mrs. in Mrs.

wood's HayAn-

of

Friendship
197
over

of Love, of Love

bin's, 106-7
Fortune,
190

Triumph
166

Viceroy of Catalonia,
Vie
no,

190

Troubled-spirited Man's
Troublesome in Love,
and 174

Departing,
Adventures

de

Marianne, La
232

(Marivaux),

Hard

Villegas, see
Vincentio
and

Quevedo-Villegas Margaret, 156 vice. Struggle between,

of in Mrs.
; in

Tryal of Mrs,
Turkish Two
seven

Mary
210

Carleton,
first kept

179

Virtue
no

and

Tales,

Journals;

the

by

Virtue, Reward

Barker's narratives

Two

sailors in Greenland, 229 Lancashire Lovers, The, 170

Capt. Manley, 105-6

of Mrs.

Aubin,

106;

in histories

Tyburn

Calendar, The,
The,

207

of popular Virtue

heroes, 117
204

Rewarded, 63,
rewarded,"
31 ;

Unequal Match,

194

"Virtue

in Mrs.

heroic

mances, ro-

Unexpected Choice, The, 182 Unfortunate Court Favorites of England,

204

in

Haywood's

novels, 1 01
7 ; in

in Mrs.

Aubin's, 106120

popular love story,

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