Reconstructionan analysis (typed) w/ Ch. 10, sec.

1 & 2
As the nation embraced a period of reconstruction, a time of rebuilding, why does the author say the former Confederacy lay in ruins? The souths economy was in a state of collapse. The value of land had fallen significant. Confederate money was worthless. Much of the transportation system no longer worked, with many bridges destroyed and miles of railroad messed up and useless. Also the emancipation of African Americans had destroyed the agricultural system and until the South developed a new system, it could not maintain its agricultural output. Study each of the 3 plans for ReconstructionLincolns 10% Plan, Johnsons Plan, and Congressional Reconstruction or Radical Reconstruction. Then, make a list of the strengths and weaknesses for each. Be prepared to support your beliefs. Lincolns plan: -offered general amnesty to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the Unions proclamations over slavery -when ten percent took the oath, they could organize a new state government - wanted moderate policy to reconcile South with the Union instead of punishing it Jonhsons plan: - amnesty to all who take oath of loyalty except the wealthy who had property over $20,00 but who could apply for pardon individually - required stated to ratify the 13th amendment abolishing slavery Congressional Reconstruction - passed 14th and 15th amendments - military reconstruction act divided the south into five military districts - new state constitutions required to guarantee voting rights - empowered African Americans in government and supported their education What was Lincolns main intent with his plan? -moderate policy to reconcile South with Union without punishment What were the three main goals of the Radical Republicans? - prevent leaders of Confederacy from returning to power after the war - wanted the Republican party to become a powerful institution in the South - wanted the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote What does Lincolns quote, no persecution, no bloody work refer to in terms of (a) his action, and (b) what he took action against? - he didnt want to take harsh action against the state with the Wade-Davis bill - pocket vetoed it Create a cause & effect diagram for the development of the Freedmens Bureau. - helped newly freed African Americans obtain food, find work, and get an education - to help the freedmen feed themselves, Sherman reserved all abandoned plantation land within 30 miles of the coast form Charleston, South Carolina to Jacksonville, Floride for the use of freed African Americans. - the refugee crisis prompted Congress to establish the Bureau of Refugees, freedmen and Abandoned Lands also known as the Freedmens Bureau - it was gives the task of feeding and clothing war refugees in the South using surplus army supplies.

- also helped formally enslaved people find work on plantations: negotiated labor contracts with planters, specifying the amount of pay workers would receive and the number of hours they had to work - also established special courts to deal with the problems between workers and planters - made an important contribution in the field of education to educate formerly enslaved African Americans and provide buildings for schools, paid teachers and helped to establish colleges for training How did President .Johnson, upon his succession to the presidency after Lincolns death, alienate the Republicans with his moderate plan to bring the South back into the Union and win Southern loyalty. - amnesty proclamation to supplement the one Lincoln had issued earlier - Southern voters had elected to Congress were angry when realizing that Southern voters had elected to Congress many former Confederate officers and political leaders, such as leaders of the Confederacy and many republicans found this unacceptable and voted to reject the new Southern members of congress In the wake of some former Confederate leaders election to Congress, new Southern state legislatures passed a series of laws known as black codes. Though these laws varied from state to state, explain how they severely limited African American rights. - they intended to keep African Americans in a condition similar to slavery - african americans were generally required to enter into annual labor contracts and their children had to accept apprenticeships in some states and could be whipped or beaten while serving in these apprenticeships - several states set specific work hours for African Americans and required them to get licenses to work in nonagricultural jobs - enraged many northerners Below is a list of some black codes, examine them and then explain why the Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles, warned, the entire South seems to be stupid and vindictive, know not their friends, and are pursuing just the course which their opponents, the Radicals, desire. - these were unfair to the blacks - even after they had been emancipated they were still treated as slaves with limited rights -many radicals wanted to punish the South instead of giving them moderate treatment and pardoning them
Source: Houghton-Mifflin, Cengage . . . Sec. 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, That no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer. Whoever shall violate this provision shall pay a fine of two dollars and fifty cents, or in default thereof shall be forced to work four days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as provided hereinafter. . . . Sec. 3. . . . No negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish. Any negro violating this provision shall be immediately ejected and compelled to find an employer; and any person who shall rent, or give the use of any house to any negro, in violation of this section, shall pay a fine of five dollars for each offence. Sec. 4. . . . Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro. But said employer or former owner may permit said negro to hire his own time by special permission in writing, which permission shall not extend over seven days at any one time. . . . Sec. 5. . . . No public meetings or congregations of negroes shall be allowed within said parish after sunset; but such public meetings and congregations may be held between the hours of sunrise and sunset, by the special permission in writing of the captain of patrol, within whose beat such meetings shall take place. . . .

Sec. 6. . . . No negro shall be permitted to preach, exhort, or otherwise declaim to congregations of colored people, without a special permission in writing from the president of the police jury. . Sec. 7. . . . No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish, without the special written permission of his employers, approved and indorsed by the nearest and most convenient chief of patrol. . . . Sec. 8. . . . No negro shall sell, barter, or exchange any articles of merchandise or traffic within said parish without the special written permission of his employer, specifying the article of sale, barter or traffic. . . . Sec. 9. . . . Any negro found drunk, within the said parish shall pay a fine of five dollars, or in default thereof work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. Sec. 11. . . . It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall be immediately handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol. . . .

Identify each of the following with a thorough definition and/or explanation. Civil Rights Act of 1866: the act granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States except Native Americans. It allowed African Americans to own property and stated that they were to be treated equally in court and gave the federal government to sue anyone who violated these rights 14th Amendment: this amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law and also declared that no state could deny any person equal protection of the laws Military Reconstruction Act (1867): republicans passed this act that wiped out Johnsons programs, divided the former Confederacy into five military districts and a Union general was placed in charge of each district Johnsons impeachment: he challenged the Tenure of Office Act which said that all orders from the president to through the headquarters of the general of the army-Grant and required the Senate to approve the removal of any government official whose appointment had required the Senates consent but Johnson fired Stanton and the HOR impeached him three days later 15th Amendment: the right to vote would no be denied to anyone no matter race or color Republican Rule in the South by 1870: by March 1870, enough states had ratified the amendment to make it part of the Constitution and radical reconstruction changed Southern politics by bringing hundreds of thousands of African Americans into the political process for the first time and changed Southern society Carpetbagger: as reconstruction began many Northerners moved to the South Scalawag: white Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction African Americans entrance into politics: with the right to vote(15th amendment) African Americans could organize politically, Within a few years many African Americans went from enslaved laborers to legislators and administrators working in nearly all levels of government -served as delegated to state constitutional conventions and win elections to numerous local offices from mayor to police chief to school commissioner. (11)How did African Americans try to improve their lives in their own communities that developed during Reconstruction?

- establish their own thriving communities and gain an education - religion played big role, began building their own churches which became the center of African American communities because they housed schools and hosted social events and political gatherings - sought an education - build a comprehensive public school system in the south and by 1876 bout 40 percent of all African American children attended school (12) What did rising resentment among some Southern whites lead to and how did Congress respond? - many southerners despised the black republican governments which they believed vindictive Northerners had forced upon them - unable to strike openly they opened secret societies - the largest group was the Ku Klux Klan which was started in 1866 by a former Confederate soldier, and grew rapidly; its goal was to drive out the carpet baggers and intimidate African American voters so as to regain control of the South for the Democratic party -they rode in bands at night and terrorized supporters of Republican governments, broke up Republican meetings, drove Freedmens Bureau officials out of their communities, burned African American homes, schools, churches and attempted to keep Africans American sand white Republicans from voting - some African Americans and Republicans formed their own militia groups and fought back -Congress passed three Enforcement Acts to combat the acts of violence in the South The first one make it a federal crime to interfere with a citizens right to vote. The second one put federal elections under the supervision of federal marshals and the third act aka the Ku Klux Klan Act outlawed the activities of the Klan. Local authorities and federal agents acting under these acts arrested more that #,00 Klan members throughout the South. Southern juries however convicted only about 600 and fewer served any time in prison.