CC2413

Fundamental Psychology for

Health Studies
Lecture 8
Memory

Lecturer:

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Memory
 Do you
think we
can
develop a
drug that
can delete
our
“Memory”?
If yes, do
you want
to try it?
Why or
Why not?

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Memory
 Lesson Plan
• (A) Introduction
• (B) Encoding
• (C) Storage
• (D) Retrieval
• (E) Forgetting
• (F) Conclusion
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Memory
 (A) What Is Memory (記憶
記憶)?
記憶

– Memory is a system that

• receives (接收) information from the senses,
• organizes (組織) and stores (儲存) the
information, and then
• retrieves (提取) the information as needed.

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Memory
 (A) Fig 7.2 Three key processes in memory

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Memory
 (A) Fig7.16 The anatomy of memory.

(海馬體
海馬體)
海馬體

All the brain structures identified here have been implicated in efforts to discover the anatomical
structures involved in memory. Although its exact contribution to memory remains the subject of
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debate, the hippocampus is thought to play an especially central role in memory.
Memory
 輸入/編碼
輸入 編碼)
(B) Encoding (輸入 編碼
• 1) Role of Attention (注意
注意)
注意
– _____ on certain stimuli while screening others out

– Why?

• 2) Automatic encoding
– Flashbulb memories (閃光燈記憶)

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Memory
 (B) Encoding
• 3) Level of Processing
– Incoming information is processed at 3 different
levels (Craik and Lockhart,1972) :
結構)=
結構 shallow
• Structural (結構
• Phonemic (語音)
語音) = intermediate
• Semantic (語義)
語義) = deep

• _________ processing = more lasting memory codes

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Memory
 (B) Fig 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory

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Memory
 (C) 3- stage of Memory systems

Fig 7.6 The Atkinson and Schiffrin model of memory storage

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Memory
 (C) Storage
感能記憶)
感能記憶
• 1) Sensory Memory (SM) (感能記憶
– Brief preservation of information in original
____________ form

– Very limited duration (時期

時期)
時期
• Echoic / Auditory - Approx. 2 seconds
• Iconic / Visual - Approx. ¼ second

容量)
容量
– Very limited capacity (容量
• It disappears when no more attention is paid

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Memory
 (C) Storage
• 2) Short-term /Working Memory (STM) (短期
短期/
短期
工作記憶)
工作記憶
– Serve as a work space for mental operations
• i.e., a station in which information is transferred to long term
memory
• encoding in STM is mostly structural or phonemic

– Limited duration (時期

時期)
時期
• about _____ seconds
without rehearsal
• Maintenance rehearsal
(保持性複述
保持性複述 vs.
保持性複述)
• Elaborative rehearsal
(精致性複述
精致性複述)
精致性複述
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Memory
 (C) Storage
• 2) Short-term /Working Memory (STM) (短期
短期/工作
短期 工作
記憶)
記憶
容量)
容量
– Limited capacity(容量
• Memory span: 7 +/- 2 items (Miller, 1956)

Chunking (組塊法
• ___________ 組塊法)
組塊法
– Grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit
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Memory
 (C) Storage
長期記憶)
長期記憶
• 3) Long-term Memory (LTM) (長期記憶
輸入)
輸入 in LTM is mainly semantic (i.e. meaning is
– Encoding (輸入
encoded)
• Duration (時期) and Capacity (容量) → ________________ (無限
無限)
無限

– Organization (組織
組織 of information
組織)
• Form schemas (略圖 語義網絡模型
語義網絡模型)
略圖 - a semantic network model (語義
略圖) 網絡模型

– Types (種類
種類 of LTM
種類)
• Explicit memory (外顯記憶)
– Episodic (情節): e.g. wedding
– Semantic (語義): e.g. dogs have four legs
• Implicit memory (內隱記憶)

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Memory
 (C) Storing (儲存
儲存 & Organization (組織
儲存) 組織 of LTM
組織)
Fig 7.8 Semantic network model (語義網絡模型
語義網絡模型 Much of the organization of LTM
語義網絡模型).
depends on networks of associations among concepts.

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Memory
 (C) Types (種類) of Long-term Memory (LTM)
LTM

程序)
程序 /
Procedural (程序
陳述)
陳述
Declarative (陳述 Nondeclarative
(Explicit 外顯記憶)
外顯記憶 (Implicit 內隱記憶)
內隱記憶
factual information motor skills, habits,
classically conditioned reflexes

情節)
情節
Episodic (情節
語義)
Semantic (語
events experienced
general knowledge
by a person

Slumdog Millionaire
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Memory Kenting
 (D) Retrieval
• 1) Retrieval cues (提取提示
提取提示)
提取提示
– a stimulus for remembering
– Free recall (記起) vs. Recognition (認出)

• 2) Encoding __________ (明確性)

明確性 principle
– Context (背景)
– Mood (情緒)

• 3)Serial-position effect
• ________ effect (初始效應)
• ________ effect (新近效應)
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Memory
2009/10/16 CC2413 0910 1st sem. L8 18
Memory
 (E) Forgetting (遺忘
遺忘)
遺忘
• 1) Why can’t we remember?

輸入失敗)
輸入失敗 (pseudo-
– Ineffective encoding (輸入失敗
forgetting)
• due to lack of attention, rehearsal or overloading

– ________ (衰退
衰退 theory
衰退)
• Memory traces fade with time

– ______________
Interference (干擾
干擾 theory
干擾)
• Retroactive (逆向) interference
• Proactive (順向) interference
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Memory
 (E) Fig 7.12 Retroactive and proactive interference

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Memory
 (E) Forgetting
• 1) Why can’t we remember?
– Motivated forgetting
• ________________(潛抑 潛抑 - painful memories
潛抑)
are pushed into the unconscious

肥姐感
肥姐感言 : 你想人生過得快樂 ，就要有
少少失憶症 ，將唔開心的事忘記了，
將唔開心的事忘記了，
只記著些開心的事。
只記著些開心的事。

– Biological Factor
• Alzheimer’s disease (老人痴呆症)
• Brain injury may cause severe
loss of memory

Amnesia (失憶 失憶)
失憶

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Memory
 (E) Forgetting
逆行性遺忘)
• Retrograde amnesia (逆行性遺忘
– loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of
amnesia
順行性遺忘)
順行性遺忘
• Anterograde amnesia (順行性遺忘
– the loss of memories for events that occur ___________ the
onset of amnesia.
茶煲阿四

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Memory
 Can you
imagine
how life
would be
without the
ability to
form LTM?

Textbook
Ref: p. 252
Case of H.M.

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Memory
 (F) Conclusion
• 1) How can we improve our memory?
• Engage in adequate rehearsal
• Emphasis _________ processing
• Organize information
• distributed practice
Schedule ___________
• Minimize interference
• 記憶法)
記憶法
Use verbal / visual ____________ (記憶法

• Method of Loci
taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path
where images of items to be remembered are
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associated with certain locations
Memory
 Sleep
Deprivation
impairs
cognitive
abilities, such
as
concentration
and memory!

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Memory
2009/10/16 CC2413 0910 1st sem. L8 26
Memory
 (F) Conclusion
• 2) Memory: Processes, Types, & Strategies

• 3) Focus of the Next Topic

– Personality & Psychological Disorders

• 4) References
**Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology (International
edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations (Briefer version.,
7th ed., pp. 204 - 233). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning.
** Assigned Readings - Ch 6 Memory

• 5) Video Demonstration
– BBC The Human Mind (24:07 – 30:07)

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Memory
 (F) Conclusion
• 6) Web Resources
1) The Memory Exhibition
• http://www.exploratorium.edu/memory/index.html
2) The Memory Improvement techniques
• http://www.mindtools.com/memory.html
3) Human Memory Models
• http://www.akri.org/cognition/hummod.htm
4) Memory Links
• http://www.exploratorium.edu/memory/links.html#collective
香港記憶學總會 Hong Kong Memory Study Association
5)香港記憶學總會
• http://www.hkmsa.org/intro.html

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Memory