Cell Traffic Estimation

1
S-72.3270 Cellular Radio Network Planning Methods

Capacity planning slides
(for the assignment)

S-G Hggman

2

Cellular radio network capacity planning

Contents:
What is meant by capacity?
Prediction of offered traffic
Traffic models
Cell dimensioning in TDMA/FDMA-systems
Impact of 2G+ on capacity planning
Impact of 3G on capacity planning

3

What is meant by radio network capacity?
Several definitions:
1. The maximum number of simultaneously ongoing calls/cell or
calls/service area
In a pure FDMA-system:
.
_
serv area ch
N bs bs ch
cell reuse
A N
C N N
A M
= =
2. Offered traffic that can be served with a certain blocking probability.
Blocking probability is a QoS requirement defined by the operator, e.g.
2%
3. Served traffic with a given blocking probability
4. Amount of transmitted data with given QoS requirements per time,
bandwidth and service area unit e.g. as Mbit/s/MHz/km
2

5. Capacity requirements may be different in up-link and down-link
(asymmetric radio link)

4

Prediction of offered traffic
Traffic prediction is based on
demographical data, where people live and move, economical resources
penetration/penetration growth expectations
user profiles e.g. typical user behaviour (call rates and duration) e.g. for
different types of subscription
vehicular traffic counts (including pedestrians)
cellular traffic models
- voice
- data
- circuit switched
- packet switched
experiences from cellular networks in similar environments
would result in traffic density/digital map pixel type of data

5

6

Circuit switched cell traffic estimation

The voice traffic T
ij
from different user groups j (e.g. having different types
of subscriptions) in different environments i is

T F C T N
ij i p o ij
ij ij
=

F
i
is the coverage probability in different environments, e.g. vehicles,
pedestrian areas, indoor etc. This parameter is defined by the operator
C
p
ij
is the penetration of mobile phones in the different combinations of
user environments and groups
T
o
ij
is the average offered traffic from a subscriber in a certain
combination of user environment and group
N
ij
is the number of persons in a certain combination of user
environment and group

7

Estimating the number of persons in different user
environments and groups
Number of persons in vehicles N n
L
S
n
A
L S
s
B
1 1 1
2
=
L
s
is the length of the streets/roads in the cell, with rectangular cells and
blocks L n N L N L n
L
L
L
L
L
L
s s s
B B
= + = +
F
H
G
I
K
J
1 1 1 2 2 1
1
1
1
2
2
2
a f
S is the average distance between the vehicles
n
1
is the average number of persons in each vehicle (different e.g. in
cars and buses)
The approximation is valid for a square cell where
A is the cell area
L
B
is the side length of a square block (or road network mesh)
Number of pedestrians N
L
S
A
L S
B
2
2
=
S is now the average distance between the pedestrians

8

The average offered traffic/user

For voice traffic with Poisson-distributed calls and exponentially distri-
buted call duration the average offered traffic/terminal is given by Eq. (3):

T
oi
i
i
=

(3)

i
is the number of calls/time unit/terminal,
1/
i
is the average duration of a call

The traffic unit is Erlang. 1 Erlang traffic means that a traffic channel is
used all the time.
Typical values of average offered traffic/terminal during the busy hour:
business users 20 30 mErlang = 1.2 1.8 min/h
domestic users 10 15 mErlang = 0.6 0.9 min/h
The busy hour is the 1h period during workdays having the highest traffic

9

Example. The average traffic generated from a cellular phone is assumed
to be 25 mErlang. In a downtown macrocell with 3 km radius the block
size is 200200m and average vehicle spacing is 30 m, and there is 500
pedestrian along 1000 m of street. The operator provides F = 0,90 for
vehicle mounted phones and F = 0,75 for pedestrian users. The penetration
is 10 %. There is one person in each car

In this case the number of vehicles is
2
1
2 3
9425
0.2 0.03
N

= =

and the number of pedestrians
2
2
2 3
500 141370
0.2
N

= =

The total predicted traffic is then

0.9 0.1 0.025 9425 0.75 0.1 0.025 141370
21.2 265.1 286.3 Erlang
T = +
= + =

10

Estimation of the blocking probability

With Poisson-distributed call arrivals and exponentially distributed call
duration distribution and blocked calls being dropped, the Erlang B-
model gives the blocking probability.
Now the traffic is composed by contribution from different user groups,
each perhaps obeying the Erlang B-model. Then the call arrivals are still
Poisson-distributed but the composite call duration is hyperexponentially
distributed.
In practice the Erlang B-model is used with the traffic value averaged
over all user groups
The approximative method is claimed to give rather good results

11

Blocking probability with Erlangs B-formula

Assumptions:
Offered traffic Poisson-distributed
Call duration exponentially distributed
Blocked calls dropped and dont effect offered traffic

Probability that n traffic channels out of N available channels are in use:
P
T n
T k
n
n
k
k
N
=
=
!
!
0
, where T = is the offered traffic,
= arriving call rate, and 1/ = average call duration
Blocking probability = probability that all N channels are occupied
B
T N
T k
N
k
k
N
=
=
!
!
0

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
n
T = 25.00 Erlang
N = 29
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
-0
P
r
o
b
{
n

T
C
H
s

o
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
}

13

T = 21.04 Erlang
N = 29
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
-0
P
r
o
b
{
n

T
C
H
s

o
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
}
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
n

14

100%
10%
1%
B
1
10
100 T/Erlang
N=32
N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=10
N=30
N=20
ERLANG_Bx.dsf

15

Cell dimensioning in TDMA/FDMA-systems
Following steps are included in the capacity planning procedure:
Prediction of spatial traffic distribution, e.g. by identifying different
regions (usually with uniformly distributed traffic), e.g. downtown/
business areas, hot spots, city areas, industrial areas, suburbans,
villages, rural areas etc.
Determination of maximum offered traffic/cell with a proper traffic
model, which traffic can be served with an operator defined blocking
probability target. This capacity depends on the number of traffic
channels in a cell. This number depends on the total number of available
channels and the average reuse factor in different propagation
environments for the actual cellular system. Also signaling capacity
should be considered
Based on this the capacity based cell size is determined
Then is checked if coverage can be granted for this cell size with the
actual equipment parameter values. If needed, cell size is reduced
Determination of the needed number of traffic channels in each cell
Checking the preliminary traffic capacity of the capacity plan

16

Example
System parameters
Penetration (all user groups): 25 %
Offered traffic/user (all user groups): 20 mErlang
Coverage probability target: vehicular users 95%, 1 user/car, pedestrian
users 80%
Multiuser access methods: 1) FDMA, 28 TRX/cell 2) TDMA/FDMA, 4
TS/carrier, 7 TRX/cell (This numbers are based on assumptions about
total number of traffic channels and reuse factor)
Blocking probability target: 2 %
Service area divided into 4 homogenous Regions with spatially uniformly
distributed users
In Region A the vehicular generated traffic is handled by macrocells and
pedestrian generated traffic by microcells, in other Regions all traffic is
handled by macrocells

Approach: Minimum excess capacity, starting from Region with highest
traffic density, cells possibly overlapping to adjacent Regions will reduce
the area in these to be covered correspondingly

17

Geometry of the service area

Region types:

A: dense city
B: city
C: suburban
D: rural
A
B
C
D

18

Parameters of the Regions in the Service Area

Region
Size, L
1
L
2
-area of
o3ther Regions
Block size,
L
B1
L
B2

Vehicle
spacing, S
v

Pedestrian
spacing, S
p

A 55 km
2
= 25 km
2
0.20.2 km
2

25 m 4 m
B
1515 25 km
2
=
200 km
2
0.250.25 km
2
50 m 10 m
C
4040 225 km
2
=
1375 km
2
0.1250.25 km
2
200 m 125 m
D
120120 1600 km
2

= 12800 km
2
22 km
2
1000 m 550 m

Basic assumption: Vehicles, pedestrians, and the teletraffic are assumed to
be spatially uniformly distributed in each Region.

19

Cell layout
An ideal cell would have
a circular shape.
To get complete cover-
age a certain overlapp-
ing must be allowed.
Minimum overlapping
with hexagonal struc-
ture, which is the most
common in theoretical
investigations
Fractional overlapping:

2
3
6
2 2
1
0.173
R R
FROL
R

=
=

hex_quad_cells

20

Cell layout:
Another possible cell
structure giving
complete coverage is the
quadratic cell structure
In this example the
quadratic cell structure
gives easier calculations
and will be used
Fractional overlapping:
Also half squares may
be used corresponding
to 180 degree sector-
isation
2
2
2
1
0.363
R
FROL
R
=
=

hex_quad_cells

21

Estimation of population in the Regions

Region
Length of street/road
network
1 2 2 1
1 2
2
B B B
L L L L A
L
L L L
= + =

Number of cars
N
1
= L/S
Number of
pedestrians
N
2
= L/S
A L km =

=
2 25
0 2
250
.
N
1
250
0 025
10000 = =
.
N
2
250
0 004
62500 = =
.

B L km =

=
2 200
0 25
1600
.
N
1
1600
0 050
32000 = =
.
N
2
1600
0 010
160000 = =
.

C
L
km
= +
F
H
I
K
=
1375
0 125
1375
0 25
16500
. .

N
1
16500
0 2
82500 = =
.

N
2
16500
0 125
132000 = =
.

D
L
km
=

=
2 12800
2
12800

N
1
12800
1
12800 = =
2
12800
23273
0.55
N = =
Hint. Don't forget to subtract the area of inner Regions

22

Estimation of offered traffic in the Regions

Region
Vehicle originated
traffic
T F C T N
N
N
p o 1 1 1 1
1
1
0 95 0 25 0 02
0 00475
=
=
=
. . .
.

Pedestrian originat-
ed traffic
T F C T N
N
N
p o 2 2 2 2
2
2
0 80 0 25 0 02
0 004
=
=
=
. . .
.

Total traffic and
traffic density
T T T = +
1 2
/Erlang
= = +
T
A
T
A
T
A
1 2
/Erl/km
2

A
T
1
0 00475 10000
47 5
=
=
.
. Erlang

T
2
0 004 62500
250 0
=
=
.
. Erlang

T = + =
= + =
47 5 250 0 297 5
1 90 10 00 11 90
. . .
. . .

B
T
1
0 00475 32000
152 0
=
=
.
. Erlang

T
1
0 004 160000
640 0
=
=
.
. Erlang

T = + =
= + =
152 0 640 0 792 0
0 76 3 20 3 96
. . .
. . .

C
T
1
0 00475 82500
391 9
=
=
.
. Erlang

T
1
0 004 132000
528 0
=
=
.
. Erlang

T = + =
= + =
391 9 528 0 919 9
0 285 0 384 0 669
. . .
. . .

D
1
0.00475 12800
60.8 Erlang
T =
=

1
0.004 23273
93.1 Erlang
T =
=

60.8 93.1 153.9
0.00475 0.00727
0.0120
T
= + =
= +
=

23

Minimum number of cells with different number of
TCs/BS.

Traffic channels/BS and maximum traffic/BS Region Offered
Traffic

Offered
traffic
density
4 8 12 16

20 24 28
Erlang Erl/km
2
1.09 3.63 6.61 9.83 13.18 16.63 20.15
B
A
macro

C
D
A
micro

792.0
47.5
919.9
153.9
250.0
3.96
1.90
0.669
0.012
10.00
80.57 60.09 47.62
2.86
55.32
9.25
15.03
39.31
2.36
45.65
7.64
12.41

The Region with the highest traffic density is treated first, as this approach
would minimise equipment in most cases. In this case Region B is
investigated first, because the traffic density is highest there
(In Region A only car generated traffic is served by macrocells, while
pedestrian generated traffic is served by microcells)

24

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14
B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20
B21
B22 B23 B24 B25
B27
B28
B26
B29 B30 B31 B32 B33 B34
B35
B36 B37 B38 B39
B40
B41 B42 B43 B44 B45
0.48 km
0.48 km = 5 - 2x2.26 km
0.82 km
0.82 km =7x2.2615 km
5x5 km
2
15x15 km
2

25

Cell dimensioning in Region B, 1/3
Region B cell size of cell completely inside the region:

x
km
km
x km R km
B
2
2
2
200
39 31
5 09
2 26 2 26 2 1 59
= = =
= = =
Region B total area
minimum cell number .
.
. . .

NOTE!
If no cell is completely inside the Region the procedure is different. The cell
size should be determined to give maximum allowed traffic in the cell with the
largest traffic value

Offered traffic in edge cells partly covering Region C (overlapping area
from geometrical considerations):

Cells B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B14,B21,B28,B35,B40,B45:

T S S
B B C C
= +
= + =

3 96 2 26 2 26 0 82 0 669 2 26 0 82 14 13 . . ( . . ) . . . . Erlang

26


From the Erlang B-table:
22 TRXs in the FDMA-system giving a capacity of 14.90 Erlang/cell
6 TRXs in the TDMA-system giving a capacity of 16.63 Erlang/cell

Corner cell B7 partly covering Region C:

T S S
B B C C
= +
= + =

3 96 2 26 0 82 0 669 2 26 2 26 0 82 10 24
2 2 2
. ( . . ) . . ( . . ) . Erlang

17 TRXs in the FDMA-system giving a capacity of 10.66 Erlang
5 TRXs in the TDMA-system giving a capacity of 13.18 Erlang

Offered traffic in edge cells B29,B30,B36,B41 partly covering Region A:

T S S
B B A A
= +
= + =

3 96 2 26 2 26 0 48 1 90 2 26 0 48 17 99 . . ( . . ) . . . . Erlang

27



Corner cell B31 partly covering Region B:

T S S
B B A A
= +
= + =

3 96 2 26 0 48 1 90 0 48 19 75
2 2 2
. . . . . .
e j
Erlang


In all other 27 Region B cells completely inside the region:

T S
B B
= = = 3 96 2 26 20 15
2
. . . Erlang


28

Offered traffic in the uncovered parts of Regions A and C
and minimum number of cells in these Regions
Uncov-
ered
area
Offered
traffic
density
Offered
Traffic
Traffic channels/BS and maximum
traffic/BS
Region
4 8 12 16 20 24 28

km
2
Erl/km
2

Erlang 1.09 3.63 6.61 9.83 13.18 16.63 20.15
A
macro

C
D
A
micro

20.43
1349.73
12800.00
25.00
1.90
0.669
0.012
10.00
38.8
903.0
153.6
250.0

15.03
1.93
44.81
7.62
12.41

Region A can be covered with two 180 sectorized macrocells in the same
base station site, the offered traffic being 38.8 2 19.4 Erlang/cell T = =
The cell size is 4.182.09 km
2
giving a sector radius 4.52 2 3.20
A
R km = =

29

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14
B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20
B21
B22 B23 B24 B25
B27
B28
B26
B29 B30 B31 B32 B33 B34
B35
B36 B37 B38 B39
B40
B41 B42 B43 B44 B45
0.48 km
0.48 km = 5 - 2x2.26 km
0.82 km
0.82 km = 7x2.26
15 km
15x15 km
2
A1
A2

30

C1 C6
C7 C8
C9 C10
C11
C12 C13 C14
C15
C2 C3 C4 C5
C16
C17 C18
C19
C20 C21 C22
C23 C24
C25 C26
C27
C28
C29
C30
C31 C32
C33 C34
C35
C36 C37 C38
C39 C40
C41 C42 C43
C44
C45
C46 C47 C48
C49
C50
C51 C52 C53
C54 C55
15.82 km
15.82 km
(8/3)x15.8240 = 2.19 km
2.19 km
A
B

31

Cell dimensioning in Region C, 1/2

Maximum cell size in Area C:
2
2 2
Region C uncovered area 1349.73
30.12 5.49
minimum cell number 44.81
km
x km x km = = = =
This means that 40/5.49 = 7.29 8 cells are needed in one direction. Now it
is possible to match the cell size to the inner edge of the uncovered area,
x = 15.82/3 = 5.27 km x
2
= 27.81 km
2
5.27 2 3.73
C
R km = =

Offered traffic in different cells:
Cells C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C16,C24,C32,C40,C45,C50,C55:

( )
0.669 5.27 5.27 2.19 0.012 5.27 2.19 11.00 Erlang
C C D D
T S S = +
= + =


32

Cell dimensioning in Region C, 2/2

Cell C8:

( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
0.669 5.27 2.19 0.012 5.27 5.27 2.19 6.57 Erlang
C C D D
T S S = +
= + =


The offered traffic in the 40 remaining cells is

2
0.669 5.27 18.58 Erlang
C C
T S = = =


33

Offered traffic in the uncovered part of Region D and
minimum number of cells in this Region

The uncovered area in Region D is now
2 2 2
120 42.19 12620km =

Uncov-
ered
area
Offered
traffic
density
Offered
Traffic
traffic/BS
Region
4 8 12 16 20 24 28

km
2
Erl/km
2

Erlang 1.09 3.63 6.61 9.83 13.18 16.63 20.15
D

A
micro

12620.00

25.00
0.012

10.00
151.4

250.0

15.03
7.51

12.41

34

A
B
C
D1 D2
D3
D4 D5
D6
D7
D8
2.19 km
2.19 km

35

Cell dimensioning in Region D, 1/2

Area D cell size:

2
2 2
Region D uncovered area 12620.00
1680.43
minimum cell number 7.51
40.99
km
x km
x km
= = =
=

It is now possible to match the cell size to the outer edge of Region D. Then
the length of cell side is decreased to
40.00 40.00 2 28.3
D
x km R km = = =

Cells D4,D7: (Traffic in Region C already served)

0.012 40.00 (40.00 2.19) 18.15 Erlang
D D
T S = = =


36

Cell dimensioning in Region D, 2/2

Cell D5:

( )
2 2
0.012 40.00 2.19 19.14 Erlang
D D
T S = = =


In the remaining 5 Region D cells:

2
0.012 40.00 19.20 Erlang
D D
T S = = =


37

Macrocell layout
resulting from
the capacity plan
D1 D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
C1 C6 C7 C8
C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15
C2 C3 C4 C5
C16
C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24
C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32
C33 C34 C35 C36 C37 C38 C39 C40
C41 C42 C43 C44 C45
C46 C47 C48
C49 C50
C51 C52 C53 C54 C55
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14
B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B21
B22 B23 B24 B25 B27 B28 B26
B29 B30 B31 B32 B33 B34 B35
B41 B42 B43 B44 B45
A1
A2
B36 B37 B38 B39 B40

38

Microcell dimensioning in Region A
Offered traffic in Region A and minimum number of cells in this
Region
Uncov-
ered
area
Offered
traffic
density
Offered
Traffic
traffic/BS
Region
4 8 12 22 23 24 28

km
2
Erl/km
2

Erlang 1.09 3.63 6.61 14.90 15.76 16.63 20.15
A
micro

25.00 10.00 250.0 16.78 15.86 15.03 12.41

Largest possible cell area 2.015 km
2
maximum cell diagonal 1.003
km. Due to propagation behaviour, cell coverage is almost square
shaped with 45 degree angle to the street net
The cell size should be tuned to give full coverage with the base stations
on streets, a graphical analysis shows that this will happen with a cell
diagonal of 2 km
Then 18 cells are required, and the critical distance to cell border at 90
degree angle is R
Am
= 1.000 km

39

Offered traffic in cells Am5 Am8 , Am11 Am14
10.00 2.00 20.00 Erlang
Am Am
T S = = =

Offered traffic in cells Am1, Am2, Am4, Am9, Am10, Am15, Am17,
and Am18
2 10.00 1.00 10.00 Erlang
Am Am
T S = = =

Offered traffic in cells Am3 and Am16
4 10.00 0.50 5.00 Erlang
Am Am
T S = = =

40

Coverage area (path loss <150 dB) calculated with
COST231 Walfisch Ikegami model
f=960 MHz
h
bs
=15 m
h
ms
=1.6 m
h
roof
=30 m
w=25 m
b=100 m
W
I
_
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
.
d
s
f
1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
1.4 km
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

41

Am1 Am2 Am3
Am4
Am5
Am6
Am7
Am8
Am9
Am10
Am11
Am12
Am13 Am14
Am15
Am16
Am17 Am18

42

Summary of capacity planning preliminary results

Region T N
cell
N
BS
R/km N
TCH
T
impl

A
macro
47.5
38.8*

1.93

2

3.20
228=56
(228=56)
40.3
(40.3)
A
micro
250.0 12.41 18 1.00
828+820+212=408
(828+817+224=380)
279.9
(256.6)
B 792.0 39.31 45 1.59
3228+1224+120=1204
(2828+426+1222+117=
1169)
857.5
(827.2)
C 919.9
903.0*

44.81

55

3.73
4028+1420+112=1412
(4027+1418+112=1344)
997.1
(937.9)
D 153.9
151.4*

7.51

8

28.28
828=224
(627+226=214)
161.2
(152.3)
Total 1913.3
+250.0
110+
18
2896+408, 724+102 TRX
(2783+380)
2336.0
(2214.3)
The values in parentheses are for the FDMA system
* Traffic originated from overlapping coverage from cells in adjacent
Regions has been subtracted

43

Impact of 2.5G on capacity planning
HSCSD
Multiple-slot connections would need a modified traffic model

GPRS/EDGE
Packet switched transmission has other QoS parameters than voice
transmission: e.g. throughput, transmission delay
Permanent traffic channel allocation to GPRS will decrease the voice
capacity
The additional interference caused by GPRS will create a need for higher
reuse factors
GPRS might cause a need of allocating more time-slots for signalling
purposes
Traffic models for multiple-slot packet data are needed

44

Impact of 3G on capacity planning

The scope is limited to UMTS UTRA-FDD using DS-CDMA
Joint capacity/coverage planning is needed due to cell breathing (with
high traffic loads MS or BS power is insufficient to serve users near cell
border)
There is no hard blocking limit but still a practical capacity limit which
depends on total power behaviour in up-link and maximum BS transmit
power in the down-link
User spatial distribution within a cell has an impact on the capacity
Admission control is needed
Soft/softer hand-over can consume capacity if implementation is bad
Traffic models for multiple-rate services are needed
Asymmetric connections should be considered
Pilot signal will consume capacity

45

CDMA up-link capacity

The signal to interference ratio after despreading must be higher than the
target signal to interference ratio giving desired bit error rate

, , ,
1 1 1
other cell
interference
own cell
interference
j
j i
rx b b
i o
N
N M
o o
target
j rx k l rx k l n
k l j
GP E E
I I
P P P

= = =

= = =

+ +

If only a single rate service is considered, and the other cell interference is
expressed as a fraction of the own cell interference the above expression
simplifies to

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1
rx
i o
rx n rf
GP G
f N P P f N

= =
+ + + +

46

G is the processing gain (spreading factor)

rx
P is the power received in the serving base station from user i

, , rx k l
P is the power received in the serving base station for user i from
the interfering user l in cell k

n
P is the receiver input noise power

,
, ,
j k l
are channel activity factors, averaged and individual
M is the number of interfering cells

k
N is the number of active users in cell k
N is the number of active users in the considered cell
f is the other to home cell interference ratio, which depends on user
spatial distribution and path loss exponent

rf rx n
P P = is the signal to noise ratio in the considered receiver
,
b b
i o
o o
target
E E
I I

= =

are the actual signal to disturbance ratio
and the signal to disturbance ratio giving desired BER-level, respectively
perfect power control
uniform user spatial distribution in each cell

47

Now the average maximum number of active users in the up-link is

( )
1 1
1
1
o rf
G
N
f

= +

+

Example
Processing gain G = 256
Channel activity factor = 0.5
Other cell interference to signal ratio f = 0.6
Signal to noise ratio: i)
RF
= 10 (10 dB) , ii)
RF
= 0.1 (10 dB)

( )
3.16
b o
target
E N = (5 dB)

i)
1 256 1 1 162.0 0.2
1 101.8 101
1.6 0.5 3.16 0.5 10 1.6
N
+

= + = =

ii)
1 256 1 1 162.0 20.0
1 89.4 89
1.6 0.5 3.16 0.5 0.1 1.6
N
+

= + = =

48

The signal to noise and interference ratio after de-spreading for user i
when multiple access interference is present:

( )
( )
( )
1
i i i i
j
i
i
j
i
i
b b b b
j b b
o o I j
o
j
o
j
j
b o
b
b b b
j j
b o
o
b j j
j
E E E E
P E R
N MAI N S f
N
N
W
W
E N
E
E R E
E N
N
E G
W
= = =
+ +
= =
+
+

If we now desire that the signal to noise and interference ratio should be
the same as the target SNR to obtain a given error performance without
MAI:

0
i i
b b
o
o o
E E
N MAI N

= =

+

49

The single signal to noise ratio in the case of MAI,
i
b
o
E
N

=

, can be
solved from the above expression:

1
j i
o
b b
o
j j
E E
G

and the necessary increase in signal to noise ratio due to MAI is

1
1
o
, where the fractional load

j i
b b
o
j j
E E
G
=

The logarithm of this ratio is sometimes called the interference margin

50

20
10
0
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l

l
e
v
e
l

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
dB
load factor,
0.1 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
Interference margin in CDMA networks
15
5

51

When the fractional load approaches 1, the increase in signal to noise
ratio due to MAI is infinite,
and is therefore only a theoretical value corresponding to the so called pole
capacity. The practical maximum load is said to be 50 90 % of the pole
capacity. .

In the case of single rate service with the same channel activity factor for
all users, the fractional load is

,
, 1 1 1
own cell frac-
other cell fractional
tional load
load
k
j i k l N
i N
N
N K
b b b b
b b
o o o
j i k l j i k l
E E E E
E E
G G G

= = =
= = +

( )
1
o
N f G = +

( )
1
1
pole capacity
o
G
N
f
= =
+

or in practice the same value as was obtained before

52

Down-link capacity
Down-link capacity can be obtained by a similar approach as the
determination of up-link capacity.
However, ideally there should be no own cell MAI, as the different
orthogonal spreading codes are perfectly synchronized. In practice
multipath propagation will partly destroy the orthogonality depending
on the amount of delay spread in the propagation channel.
Also the effect of other cell MAI will vary according to the location of the
mobile terminals.
The average down-link fractional load expression:
1
1
N
i i
dl j j
i i
f
G

=

= +

,

j
is the orthogonality factor which is 1 for perfectly orthogonal signals,
in practice varying from 0.4 to 0.9
The instantaneous capacity, which depends on user rates, performance
requirements, and the spatial distribution of the users, will ultimately be
limited by the available base station transmit power

53

Problem 7: What is the total traffic in bit/s in a multi-rate CDMA cell,
where the rate parameters are given in the table, and a
fractional load of 70% of the pole capacity is allowed

net rate
SNR
o

o
G

f
fraction of total load
a) b)
9.6 kbit/s
7 dB 5.01
256 0.40 0.6 100% 60%
48 kbit/s
5 dB 3.16
64 1.00 0.6 0% 30%
384 kbit/s
3 dB 2.00
8 1.00 0.6 0% 10%

( )
1
1
N
i i
i i
f
G

=
= +

a)
( )
5.01 0.4
1 0.7
256
256 0.7 kbit
55.9 55.9 9.6 536.6
5.01 0.4 1.6 s
cell
f N
N R

= + =
= = = =

54

b)
( )
[ ]
[ ]
5.01 0.4 3.16 1.0 2.00 1.0
1 0.6 6 3
256 64 8
1.6 6 0.00783 3 0.0494 0.25 0.712 0.7
kbit
0.983 0.983 6 9.6 3 48 384 575.6
s
cell
n n n
n n n n
n R

= + + +

= + + = =
= = + + =

55

Problem 8.

A practical definition of the up-link capacity of a DS-CDMA system could
be the number of users, when a new user would increase the interference
margin by 0.2 dB. We shall investigate a single-cell system and a multiple-
cell system with the following parameters :
processing gain G = 128,
target signal to interference ratio
o
= 5,
activity factor = 0.5,
other to home cell interference ratio f = 0.6.
a) Determine the up-link capacity of this system
b) Determine the corresponding fractional load in %, and interference
margin in dB.

56

SOLUTION:
a) Using the definition of Interference Margin based on the fractional
load, and then inserting the expression of the fractional load of a single
rate service, we get
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
1
1
0.2 10lg
1
1
1
10lg
1
1
1
10lg
1 1
1
(1 )
10lg
1 1
N
N N
N
N
N
o
o
o
o
IM IM
N f
G
N f
G
G N f
G N f

+
+
+

= =

=

+ +

+
=

+ +

57

Now it is possible to solve N:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0.2 10
(1 )
10
1 1
(1 ) 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 (1 ) 1 1
o
o
o o o
o o
o o o
G N f
a
G N f
G N f aG a N f a f
a G a f a G a f
N
a f f a f

+
= =
+ +
+ = + +
+ +
= =
+ + +

Insertion of the numerical values gives for the single cell system:

( )
( )
0.02 0.02
0.02
10 1 128 10 5 0.5
28.98 28
10 1 5 0.5
N

= =

and for a multiple-cell system:

58

( )
( )
( )
( )
0.02 0.02
0.02
10 1 128 10 5 0.5 1 0.6
9.78 9
10 1 5 0.5 1 0.6
N
+
= =
+

b) The fractional load is

( )
( )
5 0.5 28
0.547, in the single cell system
1
128
5 0.5 9 1 0.6
0.281, in the multiple cell system
128
o
N f
G

+

= =

+

and the corresponding Interference Margins are
1
10log 3.44 dB, in the single cell system
1 0.547
1
10log
1
1
10log 1.43 dB, in the multiplee cell system
1 0.281
IM
| }
=
, ]

| } \
= =
'
, ]
| } \

=
, ]

Cell Traffic Estimation

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Cell Traffic Estimation

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S-72.3270 Cellular Radio Network Planning Methods

, where the fractional load

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