INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

LECTURER
Dr Zeratul Izzah Mohd Yusoh Industrial Computing Le el !" #I $ing %& ''1 &(%%

CONTENTS
Positioning o) EC and the *asi+ EC metaphor Histori+al perspe+ti e ,iologi+al inspiration-

Dar$inian e olution theor. /simpli)ied01 2eneti+s /simpli)ied01

Moti ation )or EC 3hat +an EC do- e4amples o) appli+ation areas

POSITIONING OF EC
$niverse

Borg

Vogons

Earth

etc

Biotop

Society

Stones # Seas

etc

Art

Science

Politics

Sports

etc

Life Sciences

Social Sciences

E"act Sciences

etc

%ou are here

Mathematics

Physics

Computer Science

etc

Software Engineering

Computational !ntelligence

etc

Neural Nets

Evolutionary Computing

Fu y Systems

POSITIONING OF EC
EC is part o) +omputer s+ien+e EC is not part o) li)e s+ien+es5*iolog. ,iolog. deli ered inspiration and terminolog. EC +an *e applied in *iologi+al resear+h

POSITIONING OF EA

SUBCATEGORIES OF EA

THE MAIN EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING METAPHOR

EVOLUTION En ironment Indi idual 6itness PROBLEM SOLVING Pro*lem Candidate 7olution 8ualit.

Fitness chances for survival and reproduction Quality chance for seeding new solutions

BRIEF HISTORY 1: THE ANCESTORS

9 1:;<" Turingproposes =geneti+al or e olutionar. sear+h>

9 1:&!" ,remermann
optimization through e olution and re+om*ination

9 1:&;" Re+hen*erg
introdu+es e olution strategies

9 1:&?" L@ 6ogel" A$ens and 3alsh

introdu+e e olutionar. programming

9 1:(?" Holland
introdu+es geneti+ algorithms

9 1::!" #oza
introdu+es geneti+ programming

BRIEF HISTORY 2: THE RISE OF EC

1985: first international conference (I !"# 199$: first international conference in %urope (&&'(# 199): first scientific % *ournal (+I, &ress#

199-: launch of %uropean % .esearch (etwor/ %vo(et

DARWINIAN EVOLUTION 1: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

All en ironments ha e )inite resour+es
/i@e@" +an onl. support a limited num*er o) indi iduals1

Li)e)orms ha e *asi+ instin+t5 li)e+.+les geared to$ards reprodu+tion There)ore some Bind o) sele+tion is ine ita*le Those indi iduals that +ompete )or the resour+es most e))e+ti el. ha e in+reased +han+e o) reprodu+tion Cote- )itness in natural e olution is a deri ed" se+ondar. measure" i@e@" $e /humans1 assign a high )itness to indi iduals $ith man. o))spring

DARWINIAN EVOLUTION:SUMMARY
Population +onsists o) di erse set o) indi iduals Com*inations o) traits that are *etter adapted tend to in+rease representation in population Indi iduals are =units o) sele+tion> Dariations o++ur through random +hanges .ielding +onstant sour+e o) di ersit." +oupled $ith sele+tion means thatPopulation is the =unit o) e olution> Cote the a*sen+e o) =guiding )or+e>

ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPE METAPHOR

(WRIGHT, 1932) 9 Can en isage population $ith n traits as e4isting in a n+1Edimensional spa+e /lands+ape1 $ith height +orresponding to )itness 9 Ea+h di))erent indi idual /phenot.pe1 represents a single point on the lands+ape 9 Population is there)ore a =+loud> o) points" mo ing on the lands+ape o er time as it e ol es E adaptation

EXAMPLE WITH TWO TRAITS

NATURAL GENETICS
The in)ormation reFuired to *uild a li ing organism is +oded in the DCA o) that organism 2enot.pe /DCA inside1 determines phenot.pe 2enes phenot.pi+ traits is a +omple4 mapping
Ane gene ma. a))e+t man. traits /pleiotrop.1 Man. genes ma. a))e+t one trait /pol.gen.1

7mall +hanges in the genot.pe lead to small +hanges in the organism /e@g@" height" hair +olour1

GENES AND THE GENOME

2enes are en+oded in strands o) DCA +alled +hromosomes In most +ells" there are t$o +opies o) ea+h +hromosome /diploid.1 The +omplete geneti+ material in an indi idualGs genot.pe is +alled the 2enome 3ithin a spe+ies" most o) the geneti+ material is the same

EXAMPLE: HOMO SAPIENS

Human DCA is organised into +hromosomes Human *od. +ells +ontains !' pairs o) +hromosomes $hi+h together de)ine the ph.si+al attri*utes o) the indi idual-

REPRODUCTIVE CELLS
2ametes /sperm and egg +ells1 +ontain !' indi idual +hromosomes rather than !' pairs Cells $ith onl. one +op. o) ea+h +hromosome are +alled Haploid 2ametes are )ormed *. a spe+ial )orm o) +ell splitting +alled meiosis During meiosis the pairs o) +hromosome undergo an operation +alled crossing-over

CROSSING OVER DURING MEIOSIS

Chromosome pairs align and dupli+ate Inner pairs linB at a centromere and s$ap parts o) themsel es

0utco1e is one copy of 1aternal2paternal chro1oso1e plus two entirely new co13inations "fter crossing4over one of each pair goes into each ga1ete

FERTILISATION
'per1 cell fro1 Father %gg cell fro1 +other

(ew person cell (5ygote#

AFTER FERTILISATION
Ce$ z.gote rapidl. di ides et+ +reating man. +ells all $ith the same geneti+ +ontents Although all +ells +ontain the same genes" depending on" )or e4ample $here the. are in the organism" the. $ill *eha e di))erentl. This pro+ess o) di))erential *eha iour during de elopment is +alled ontogenesis All o) this uses" and is +ontrolled *." the same me+hanism )or de+oding the genes in DCA

MUTATION
A++asionall. some o) the geneti+ material +hanges er. slightl. during this pro+ess /repli+ation error1 This means that the +hild might ha e geneti+ material in)ormation not inherited )rom either parent This +an *e
+atastrophi+- o))spring in not ia*le /most liBel.1 neutral- ne$ )eature not in)luen+es )itness ad antageous- strong ne$ )eature o++urs

Redundan+. in the geneti+ +ode )orms a good $a. o) error +he+Bing

MOTIVATIONS FOR EC: 1

Cature has al$a.s ser ed as a sour+e o) inspiration )or engineers and s+ientists The *est pro*lem sol er Bno$n in nature isthe /human1 *rain that +reated =the $heel" Ce$ YorB" $ars and so on> /a)ter Douglas AdamsG Hit+hEHiBers 2uide1 the e olution me+hanism that +reated the human *rain /a)ter Dar$inGs Arigin o) 7pe+ies1

Ans$er 1 Ans$er !

neuroE+omputing e olutionar. +omputing

PROBLEM TYPE 1 : OPTIMISATION

3e ha e a model o) our s.stem and seeB inputs that gi e us a spe+i)ied goal

e6g6 7 ti1e ta3les for university8 call center8 or hospital 7 design specifications8 etc etc

0pti1isation e9a1ple 1: :niversity ti1eta3ling

%nor1ously 3ig search space ,i1eta3les 1ust 3e good ;!ood< is defined 3y a nu13er of co1peting criteria ,i1eta3les 1ust 3e feasi3le =ast 1a*ority of search space is infeasi3le

PROBLEM TYPES 2: MODELLING

3e ha e +orresponding sets o) inputs H outputs and seeB model that deli ers +orre+t output )or e er. Bno$n input

%volutionary 1achine learning

+odelling e9a1ple: loan applicant crediti3ility

>ritish 3an/ evolved credita3ility 1odel to predict loan paying 3ehavior of new applicants %volving: prediction 1odels Fitness: 1odel accuracy on historical data

PROBLEM TYPE 3: SIMULATION

3e ha e a gi en model and $ish to Bno$ the outputs that arise under di))erent input +onditions

0ften used to answer ;what4if< ?uestions in evolving dyna1ic environ1ents e6g6 %volutionary econo1ics8 "rtificial @ife

SIMULATION EXAMPLE: EVOLVING ARTIFICIAL SOCIETIES

7imulating trade" e+onomi+ +ompetition" et+@ to +ali*rate models Ise models to optimise strategies and poli+ies E olutionar. e+onom. 7ur i al o) the )ittest is uni ersal /*ig5small )ish1