8.

1 Arc Length
b

If f ! is continuous on [a,b], then the length of the curve y = f(x), a " x " b, is L = Example: Find the length of the curve. (a)

"
a

1 + [ f !( x )] dx .

(b)

(c)

p. 568 36. A steady wind blows a kite due west. The kites height above ground from horizontal position x = 0 to x = 1 2 80 feet is given by y = 150 ! ( x ! 50 ) . Find the distance traveled by the kite. 40

38. The Gateway Arch in St. Louis was constructed using the equation y = 211.49 20.96cosh(0.03291765x) for the central curve of the arch, where x and y are measured in meters and x ! 91.20 . Set up an integral for the length of the arch and use your calculator to estimate the length correct to the nearest meter.

8.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution A surface of revolution is formed when a curve is rotated about a line. In the case where f is positive and has a continuous derivative, we define the surface area of the surface
b

obtained by rotating the curve y = f(x), a " x " b, about the x-axis as S =

" 2! f ( x )
a

1 + [ f !( x )] dx .

Example: Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve about the x-axis. (a)

(b)

8.3 Moments and Centers of Mass Our main objective is to find the point P on which a thin plate of any given shape balances horizontally. This point is called the center of mass of the plate. Case I: Two masses m1 and m2 are attached to a rod on opposite sides of a fulcrum and at distances d1 and d2 from the fulcrum. The rod will balance if m1d1 = m2d2. (Law of the Lever)

The numbers m1x1 and m2x2 are called the moments of the masses m1 and m2. In general, if we have a system of n particles with masses m1, m2, mn, located at the points x1, x2, xn on the
n

x-axis, it can be shown that the center of mass of the system is located at x = moments (numerator) is called the moment of the system about the origin.

!m x
i=1 n

i i

. The sum of the individual

!m
i=1

Example: Point-masses mi are located on the x-axis as shown. Find the moment M of the system about the origin and the center of mass.

Case II: Consider a system of n particles with masses m1, m2, , mn located at the points (x1,y1), (x2, y2), (xn, yn) in the xy-plane. By analogy with the one-dimensional we define the moment of the system about the y-axis
n n

to be M y = ! mi xi and the moment of the system about the x-axis as M x = ! mi yi .

i=1 i=1

x=

M y ! mi xi = m ! mi

y=

M x ! mi yi = m ! mi

Example: The masses m1 = 6, m2 = 5, m3 = 1 are located at the points P1(1,-2), P2(3,4), P3(-3,-7). Find the moments Mx and My and the center of mass of the system.

Case III: Consider a thin plate (lamina) with uniform density # that occupies a region R in the plane. The center of mass of the plate is called the centroid.

x=

1 A

! xf ( x )
a

dx

y=

1 A

! 2 [ f ( x )] dx
a

Example: Find the centroid of the region bounded by y = 1 x2 and y = 0.

If the region lies between two curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) where f (x) $ g(x), then use the following:
x= 1 A
b

"
a

x [ f ( x ) ! g( x )] dx

y=

1 A

1 " 2 {[ f ( x )] ! [ g( x )] } dx
2 2 a

Example: Find the centroid of the region bounded by y = x2 and y = 8 x2.

Formulas You Need to Know for Test

b

L=

"
a b

1 + [ f !( x )] dx

S=

" 2! f ( x )
a

1 + [ f !( x )] dx
b

x=

1 A

! xf ( x )
a

dx

y=

1 A

! 2 [ f ( x )] dx
a